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dx

(9) Integrals of the form


Q
P , (where P and Q and linear or quadratic expressions in x): To evaluate
such types of integrals, we have following substitutions according to the nature of expressions of P and Q in x :
(i) When Q is linear and P is linear or quadratic, we put Q  t 2 .
1
(ii) When P is linear and Q is quadratic, we put P  .
t
1
(iii) When both P and Q are quadratic, we put x  .
t

 ( x  3)
dx
Example: 
x 1

1  x 1  2 1  x 1  2 1  x 1  2
(a) log c (b) log   c (c) log c (d) None of these
2  x 1  2 2  x 1  2 2  x 1  2
     

Solution: (c) Put x  1  t 2  dx  2t dt

 ( x  3)
dx

 (t
2 t dt
 4 )t
 x  1  t 2
 x  t2 1  x  3  t2  4 
x 1
2

t2  x 1  2 
t
dt 1 1
2  2. log   c  log  c .
2
2 2
2 .2 t2 2  x 1  2 
 

Example:
Example:

Example:
Example:
dx dx dx dx
Integrals of the form  .   a  b cos x and  a  b sin x .
a sin x  b cos x a  b cos x  c sin x
To evaluate such form of integrals, proceed as follows:
x x
1  tan 2 2 tan
(1) Put cos x  2 and sin x  2 .
2 x 2 x
1  tan 1  tan
2 2
x x
(2) Replace 1  tan 2 in the numerator by sec 2 .
2 2
x 1 x
(3) Put tan  t so that sec 2 dx  dt.
2 2 2
dt
(4) Now, evaluate the integral obtained which will be of the form  at 2
 bt  c
by the method discussed earlier.

dx
Integral of the form  a sin x  b cos x : To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute a  r cos , b  r sin  and so

b
r  a 2  b 2 ,   tan 1
a
dx 1 dx 1
So,  a sin x  b cos x  r  sin(x   )  r  cos ec(x   )dx
1 x  1 x 1 b
 log tan    log tan  tan 1   c
r 2 2 a b
2 2  2 2 a

 sin x  cos x 
dx
Example:

(a) log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c (b) log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c


1
(c) log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c (d) None of these
2

2  2  sin( / 4  x ) 2 
1 dx 1 dx 1 1
Solution: (c) I   cosec ( / 4  x) dx  log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c .
1 1 2
sin x  cos x
2 2

 1  cos x  sin x 
dx
Example:

x x x x
(a) log 1  cot c (b) log 1  tan c (c) log 1  cot c (d) log 1  tan c
2 2 2 2
 1  cos x  sin x
dx
Solution: (c) Given I 

sec 2 x / 2 . dx
 1  (1  tan 
dx
I  I
2
x / 2) 2 tan x / 2 1  tan x / 2  1  tan 2 x / 2  2 tan x / 2
2

(1  tan x / 2) 1  tan 2 x / 2
2

sec 2 x / 2 . dx 1 / 2 . sec 2 x / 2 . dx
I
 2 tan 2 x / 2  2 tan x / 2

 tan 2
x / 2  tan x / 2
 1 1 
t  t (t  1)   t  t  1  dt  I   t  1   t
1 dt dt dt dt
Put tan x / 2  t  sec 2 x / 2 .dx  dt therefore I  I 
2 2
t
t 1 tan x / 2  1
I  log(t  1)  log t  c  I  log  c  I  log  c  I  log 1  cot x / 2  c
t tan x / 2

1
Example: The antiderivative of f (x )  whose graph passes through the point (0, 0) is
3  5 sin x  3 cos x
1 5  1 5  1 5 
(a)  log 1  tan x / 2  (b)  log 1  tan x / 2  (c)  log 1  cot x / 2  (d) None of these
5  3  5  3  5  3 

sec 2 x / 2 dx
 
dx 1 1 5
Solution: (b) y   log(5 tan x / 2  3)  c  log tan x / 2  1  c
(3  5 sin x  3 cos x ) 10 tan x / 2  6 5 5 3
Passes through (0, 0)
1 5
 c  0 then y  log 1  tan x / 2 .
5 3
 a  b cos x ,  a  b sin x ,  asin x  b cos x ,  (a sin x  b cos x) ,  a  b sin x  c cos
dx dx dx dx dx
Integrals of the form 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x
To evaluate the above forms of integrals proceed as follows:
(1) Divide both the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x .
(2) Put tan x  t  sec 2 xdx  dt.

 1  3 sin
dx
Example: 2

x
1 1
(a) tan 1 (3 tan 2 x )  c (b) tan 1 (2 tan x )  c (c) tan 1 (tan x )  c (d) None of these
3 2

sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx
Solution: (b)
 sec 2
x  3 tan 2 x

 1  4 tan 2
x
Put 2 tan x  t
dt
sec 2 x dx 
2

1t
1 dt 1 1
I  2
 tan 1 t  c  I  tan 1 (2 tan x )  c .
2 2 2

 4 sin
dx
Example: 2
x  5 cos 2 x

1  2 tan x  1  tan x  1  2 tan x 


(a) tan 1  c (b) tan 1  c (c) tan 1    c (d) None of these
5  5  5  5 
 2 5  5 

sec 2 x dx  P ut 2 tan x  t 
Solution: (c)
 4 tan 2
x 5
 
 2 sec 2 x dx  dt 
 
 2 tan x 
t
1 dt 1
  tan 1  c
2 2
( 5) 2
2 5  5 
 (2 sin x  cos x )
dx
Example: 2

1 1  1 1 1 1 
(a)   (b) log(2 tan x  1)  c (c) c (d)   c
2  2 tan x  1  2 2  cot x 2  2 tan x  1 

cosec 2 x dx
   (2  cot x )
dx dx
Solution: (c)  
(2 sin x  cos x )2 sin x (2  cot x )2
2 2

dt
t
1 1
Put (2  cot x )  t   cosec 2 x dx  dt   c  c
2
t 2  cot x


cos x dx
Example: 
cos 3 x
1 1  3 tan x 1 1  3 tan x
(a) log c (b) log c
2 3 1  3 tan x 2 3 1  3 tan x
1
(c) tan 1 ( 3 tan x )  c (d) None of these
6

 cos 3 x dx   4 cos
cos x cos x
Solution: (a) Let I  dx
3
x  3 cos x

 4 cos
dx
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x , we have I  2
x 3
1
t
1  3t
  
dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 1 1
I    . log 3 c  log c
1  3t 2 3 1 2 3
t 1 
2
3 2. 1 1
t 2 3 1  3t
 
 3  t
2
3 3 3
 

1 1  3 tan x
I  log  c.
2 3 1  3 tan x

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