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( x 3)
dx
Example:
x 1
1 x 1 2 1 x 1 2 1 x 1 2
(a) log c (b) log c (c) log c (d) None of these
2 x 1 2 2 x 1 2 2 x 1 2
( x 3)
dx
(t
2 t dt
4 )t
x 1 t 2
x t2 1 x 3 t2 4
x 1
2
t2 x 1 2
t
dt 1 1
2 2. log c log c .
2
2 2
2 .2 t2 2 x 1 2
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
dx dx dx dx
Integrals of the form . a b cos x and a b sin x .
a sin x b cos x a b cos x c sin x
To evaluate such form of integrals, proceed as follows:
x x
1 tan 2 2 tan
(1) Put cos x 2 and sin x 2 .
2 x 2 x
1 tan 1 tan
2 2
x x
(2) Replace 1 tan 2 in the numerator by sec 2 .
2 2
x 1 x
(3) Put tan t so that sec 2 dx dt.
2 2 2
dt
(4) Now, evaluate the integral obtained which will be of the form at 2
bt c
by the method discussed earlier.
dx
Integral of the form a sin x b cos x : To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute a r cos , b r sin and so
b
r a 2 b 2 , tan 1
a
dx 1 dx 1
So, a sin x b cos x r sin(x ) r cos ec(x )dx
1 x 1 x 1 b
log tan log tan tan 1 c
r 2 2 a b
2 2 2 2 a
sin x cos x
dx
Example:
2 2 sin( / 4 x ) 2
1 dx 1 dx 1 1
Solution: (c) I cosec ( / 4 x) dx log tan ( / 8 x / 2) c .
1 1 2
sin x cos x
2 2
1 cos x sin x
dx
Example:
x x x x
(a) log 1 cot c (b) log 1 tan c (c) log 1 cot c (d) log 1 tan c
2 2 2 2
1 cos x sin x
dx
Solution: (c) Given I
sec 2 x / 2 . dx
1 (1 tan
dx
I I
2
x / 2) 2 tan x / 2 1 tan x / 2 1 tan 2 x / 2 2 tan x / 2
2
(1 tan x / 2) 1 tan 2 x / 2
2
sec 2 x / 2 . dx 1 / 2 . sec 2 x / 2 . dx
I
2 tan 2 x / 2 2 tan x / 2
tan 2
x / 2 tan x / 2
1 1
t t (t 1) t t 1 dt I t 1 t
1 dt dt dt dt
Put tan x / 2 t sec 2 x / 2 .dx dt therefore I I
2 2
t
t 1 tan x / 2 1
I log(t 1) log t c I log c I log c I log 1 cot x / 2 c
t tan x / 2
1
Example: The antiderivative of f (x ) whose graph passes through the point (0, 0) is
3 5 sin x 3 cos x
1 5 1 5 1 5
(a) log 1 tan x / 2 (b) log 1 tan x / 2 (c) log 1 cot x / 2 (d) None of these
5 3 5 3 5 3
sec 2 x / 2 dx
dx 1 1 5
Solution: (b) y log(5 tan x / 2 3) c log tan x / 2 1 c
(3 5 sin x 3 cos x ) 10 tan x / 2 6 5 5 3
Passes through (0, 0)
1 5
c 0 then y log 1 tan x / 2 .
5 3
a b cos x , a b sin x , asin x b cos x , (a sin x b cos x) , a b sin x c cos
dx dx dx dx dx
Integrals of the form 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x
To evaluate the above forms of integrals proceed as follows:
(1) Divide both the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x .
(2) Put tan x t sec 2 xdx dt.
1 3 sin
dx
Example: 2
x
1 1
(a) tan 1 (3 tan 2 x ) c (b) tan 1 (2 tan x ) c (c) tan 1 (tan x ) c (d) None of these
3 2
sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx
Solution: (b)
sec 2
x 3 tan 2 x
1 4 tan 2
x
Put 2 tan x t
dt
sec 2 x dx
2
1t
1 dt 1 1
I 2
tan 1 t c I tan 1 (2 tan x ) c .
2 2 2
4 sin
dx
Example: 2
x 5 cos 2 x
sec 2 x dx P ut 2 tan x t
Solution: (c)
4 tan 2
x 5
2 sec 2 x dx dt
2 tan x
t
1 dt 1
tan 1 c
2 2
( 5) 2
2 5 5
(2 sin x cos x )
dx
Example: 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) log(2 tan x 1) c (c) c (d) c
2 2 tan x 1 2 2 cot x 2 2 tan x 1
cosec 2 x dx
(2 cot x )
dx dx
Solution: (c)
(2 sin x cos x )2 sin x (2 cot x )2
2 2
dt
t
1 1
Put (2 cot x ) t cosec 2 x dx dt c c
2
t 2 cot x
cos x dx
Example:
cos 3 x
1 1 3 tan x 1 1 3 tan x
(a) log c (b) log c
2 3 1 3 tan x 2 3 1 3 tan x
1
(c) tan 1 ( 3 tan x ) c (d) None of these
6
cos 3 x dx 4 cos
cos x cos x
Solution: (a) Let I dx
3
x 3 cos x
4 cos
dx
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x , we have I 2
x 3
1
t
1 3t
dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 1 1
I . log 3 c log c
1 3t 2 3 1 2 3
t 1
2
3 2. 1 1
t 2 3 1 3t
3 t
2
3 3 3
1 1 3 tan x
I log c.
2 3 1 3 tan x