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S&T CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

• 5G TECHNOLOGY: Fifth generation cellular technology. Characteristics are increased
download and upload speed, reduced latency, 100 times faster than existing speed,
wider area in frequency spectrum that means less network congestion, It has
application in new technology such as Internet of Things, AI etc.

• LOW LATENCY: Low delay, simply computer network when optimist to process large
amount of data at very high speed and with minimum delay is said to be having Low
Latency. For example Counter Strike players will be familiar with the thing that if there is
low latency game runs smoother.

• INTERNET OF THINGS: Connecting any device with an internet this includes

cellphones, lamps, headphones, watching machine even oil rigs, jet engines of Airplane
etc. In short it is giant connection of interconnected things. There can be people-
people, people- things, things-things connection

• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: Literally making machine that are intelligent and can
imitate human behaviour. Technically It is the ability of a computer program or a
machine to think and learn. AI tries to make computers "smart". They work on their
own without being encoded with commands. John McCarthy came up with the name
"artificial intelligence" in 1955. Machine Learning is subset of AI.

• MACHINE LEARNING: It is the application of AI. ML provides systems the ability to

automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
For example Scientists are creating a robot which observe humans while humans
cleans house, they watch and learn and do the same for humans without explicit
programming.

• DEEP LEARNING: It is a subset of Machine Learning concerned with algorithms

inspired by data structures and function of the brain.

• 5G HACKATHON: Aimed at shortlisting India’s cutting edge ideas which can be

converted into workable 5G Products. 5G in news because DoT allowed 5g trials from
June 2020.

• BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY: Blockchain is data structure that holds transactional

record while ensuring security, transparency and decentralisation. It is a chain of blocks
which are controlled by no single authority.

• DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE in Blockchain technology set

up by NIC i.e. National Informatics Centre.

• NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE: Centre for delivery if IT services and digital

initiative under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

• NATIONAL MISSION ON INTERDISCIPLINARY CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS:

Launched by Department of Science and Technology. It has roadmap to develop
blockchain, AI, IOT, Big Data analytics etc.

• VIDEO CONFERENCE: It is a technology that allows users in different locations to hold

face-to-face meetings without having to move to a single location. This technology is
particularly convenient for business users in different cities or even different countries
because it saves the time, expense and hassle associated with business travel. Uses

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for video conferencing include holding routine meetings, negotiating business deals
and interviewing job candidates. In COVID like situations it is difficult to communicate
person to person, in such scenario high level meetings between government officials,
businessmen are conducted via Video Conferencing.

• QUANTUM COMPUTING: Quantum computers could spur the development of new

breakthroughs in science, medications to save lives, machine learning methods to
diagnose illnesses sooner, materials to make more efficient devices and structures,
financial strategies to live well in retirement, and algorithms to quickly direct resources
such as ambulances. 

• QUBITS: Conventional computers uses bits whereas Quantum Computers use a

quantum bits known as QUBITS. Imagine a sphere, a bit can be either pole of the
sphere i.e. 0 or 1, whereas QUBIT can exist at any point on the sphere. So this means
QUBIT can store enormous amount of data with less energy. 

• NM QTA: National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications announced in

Budget 2020 it is largest ever science mission.

• EDGE COMPUTING: In cloud computing data is stored and accessed over internet, in
contrast edge computing allows data to be stored and access locally. Generally, cloud
storage has issues such as high latency, security issues etc but edge computing allows
minimum latency, high security, more reliability, less expensive as data is stored near
end user. Useful in banks, gaming servers, hospitals etc.

• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Hyper text means a structured text, which

connects to related sections (hyperlink) for cross referencing. HTTP is an application
protocol for hypermedia information. Eventually HTTP is the foundation of data
communication for the World Wide Web.

• WORLD WIDE WEB: An information system on the Internet which allows documents
to be connected to other documents via hypertext links, enabling the user to search for
information by moving from one document to another.

• PEGASUS SPYWARE: Came via WhatsApp, android version is called Chrysaor

Malware. Pegasus spyware developed by Israeli company NSO. The code got installed
without phone is answered. 

• DEEP FAKE: Using AI algorithms a person’s words, head movements and expressions
are transferred onto another person in a seamless fashion that makes it difficult to tell
that it is a deepfake, unless one closely observes the media file. As technology
improves quality of deep fakes is getting better.

• DEEP NUDES: Computer generated images and videos using apps like FaceApps,
These apps use AI or Machine Learn. US First Lady Michelle Obama’s facial features
were used and superimposed onto the video of pornstar. Similarly, facial features of
Daisy Ridley, Scarlett Johnson, Maisie Williams and Taylor Swift also used. 


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