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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

- ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION: Refers to the faithful transfer of information or

message (available in the form of electrical voltage and current) from one point to
another point.

- ANALOG COMMUNICATION: The information to be transmitted is generally in

continuous waveform ex FM Radio

- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: Discrete i.e. binary format - 0 and 1

- MODULATION: Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to long distances. Therefore,

they are superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as
modulation

- In modulation, some characteristic of the carrier signal like amplitude, frequency or

phase varies in accordance with the modulating or message signal. Correspondingly,
they are called Amplitude Modulated (AM), Frequency Modulated (FM) or Phase
Modulated (PM) waves.

- NOTE: In the process of transmission of message/ information signal, noise gets added
to the signal anywhere between the information source and the receiving end.

SOURCE: NCERT

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

- CORE: the inner light-carrying member with a high index of refraction.

- CLADDING: the middle layer, which serves to confine the light to the core. It has a
lower index of refraction.

- BUFFER: the outer layer, which serves as a "shock absorber" to protect the core and
cladding from damage.

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NATIONAL BROADBAND MISSION

• Laying of incremental 30 lakhs route km of Optical Fiber Cable and increase in

tower density from 0.42 to 1.0 tower per thousand of population by 2024. 


• Broadband access to all villages by 2022. 


• Develop innovative implementation models for Right of Way (RoW) and to work
with States/UTs for having consistent policies pertaining to expansion of digital
infrastructure including for RoW approvals required for laying of OFC. 


• Develop a Broadband Readiness Index (BRI) to measure the availability of digital

communications infrastructure and conducive policy ecosystem within a State/UT. 


• Creation of a digital fiber map of the Digital Communications network and

infrastructure, including Optical Fiber Cables and Towers, across the country. 


• Investment from stakeholders of USD 100 billion (Rs 7 Lakh Crore) including Rs
70,000 crore from Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).

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