Fig. 2 shows a graph. of the vertical component of the electric Then Yagi-Uda arrays of shaped dipoles are optimised.
e optimised. Two
-
field as a function.of;time at a positim.above the image,plane: rls
0.70,, 0 = 4433,and. @,= 450: The solid line agpin denotes the
FDTD results using. the near-field to. near-field transformation,
and the line with, the short dashes. denotes the FDTD computa-
tions made with a, mesh that extends to, the field point. These two
curves. O W K P I B ~ in the Figure. The line with the wide dashes was
computed using,the transformation in [3] (eqp I with. thr normal
components ofrhe. fie4d omitreded);Clearlyc~ the. transformation. from
[3] does not produce the comeet near field.
Acknowledgpmo;. Tha auihors acknowledge helpful discussions
with .I.G. M a h e y of the. Gem& Tech Research Institute. This
work was, supported in part by: the Jojnt Services Electronics Pro-
g a m . under contracts,DGAL-03,9O-C-000,4 and DAGH-04-93-G-
00371and by/ the Pittsburgh Supercomputing. Ctnter under grant
ECS930OOSP.
0,IEE 199fi. 2s. MayIYY4
Eler/ronimLrrrers. OJ&S Noi. 19940885,
K. L. Shlager and, G:..S: Smith (Jchool, oj, Ekctricd und Computer
Atlanfa, GX 303310250,,
Ehgheening, Georgilr,Institute of: T@cknulog~,:,
U,%%))
References
YEE,.K.S.,,lNGHAM,U.,aIIdcSHtAGER. K.:"Time
to, the^ fac-fidd,based, on, FDTD. calaulation
AP-39.. pp,. 4 MW1'3,
LUEBBERS,R.J.,. KUNE. w:,,SCNEIBER, M.. and HENBRERGBR. F.: 'A
finite-diffemae time-domnin. near zone to far zone
transformation?>, IEEZ Trans;,.1991, AP139, pp. 429433
CRAJXXCK. I.J.,. and RAILTON:.C..J.; 'Application of the F,DTD
method and a full, time,domain near field transform to the problem
of?radiafion,f?oma PCB'; Wertron. Left, 1993, 29, (23),.pp. 2017-
2wx
BATH,MA,. MCLQOD. R.R., and ZIOLKOWSKi,,R.W~:'A nrdr and far-
field proj,eetion.algorithm for finite,difference time-demein codes':
J. Elecfromagnefio Wuve,r and Applications, 1992, 6, (l), pp. 5-1'8
SHLAGER..K.L.,. SMITH, G.s.,, and MALONEY:,J.G.: 'Optimieation of
hwttie antennas. for pulse. radiation'; to be published in IEEE.
T b n z . Antennas Propagat, July 1994
Radiation pattern optimisation for Yagi-Uda
arrays of shaped dipole antennas
W. Chen, L. Jen and S. M. Zhang
Indexing term4 Antennua, Antennu urroys, Anlrvlnu rudiution
putteror
Yagi-Uda arrayp of shaped dipoles are optimised for IOW sidelobe
patterns. Sir-element arrays are considered. The study shows that
this type of antenna array can be designed to achieve not only.
hi&er directivity.but also lower sidelobes and much greater front-
to-back ratie than the usual straight-wirearrays.
Introductiun: There is continuing interest in shaped dipole anten-
nas and their arrays [l-31. Three-element Yagi-Uda arrays of
shaped dipoles have been optimised experimentally [4] and theo-
retically [2]. However,,these theoretical researches concentrate only
on directivity,.Radiation patterns are not included in the optimisa-
tion. The three-element array designed experimentally by Ldnd-
storfer [4] seems still the best array which makes a coinpromise
between directivity and sidelobe levels. Generally. speaking, theo-
retical optimisation will lead to superior arrays with lower
sidelobes.
Compared with the conventional arrays of straight-wire dipoles
[SI, the shaped dipole array has more degrees of freedom for opti-
misation, which can lead to superior properties not only in direc-
tivity but also in radiation patterns. In this Letter, an emcient
mmputer program using the Galerkin procedure is proposed to
soke the electric field integal equation for the currents on wires..
11264 ELECTRONICS L E n E R S 4th August 1994
examples of six element arrays with high directivities%low sidelobe
levels and large front-to-back ratios are presented. The relation-
ship of the sidelohe level with the directivity and the input imped-
ance is discussed.
Fnrmulu&and method We describe the shapes of the curved wres
with the same function as in [2]
where y is the axis of the array and the shaped dipoles are all m
the x - y plane The subscnpt I represents the rth element For reh-
ability and accuracy, we choose the Galerkin procedure to solve
the electric field integal equation [6] and obtain a formula for the
moment between the nth expansion and the mth weighting
The. symbols have. the usual meaning. P, is the mth weighting
function. The fields in the. right hand side of eqn. 2 are produced
by the. nth expansion. With triangular expansions as a function of
x and after integpating by.parts, we reduce eqn. 2:
1
@n. dpm eXF4-j.U) rlz,rdJ,
d&&, R
(XI
We. notice. tbar the. derivatives of the triangulac functions are con-
stant. in every, segnent. the. second tam in the kernel takes no
computation. The a b v e , expression is praise and simple. With
carefully desigped computer progsams the array cam be solved effi-
ciently, altbcaugh dmMe inregals appear.
The steepest descent m&od is used in the optimisation of the
radiation propertjes. The objective €unction of optimisation is of
tbe f x m
M =D - WS~L(SSL,L+W F ~ ~ I F -BFRB P I ) (4)
where D is the directiv.ity,,SLL q r e s e n t s the. sidelobe level in the
&-plane and the &plane, which may be defined as the peak level
of the. hi&est sidelobe of the root-mean-square sidelohe. T h e
fmnt-to-back ratio (FER) is an important parameter for a Uapi-
Uda arzay and is induded in M. Unlike a straight-wire dipole
amay, the FER of a shaped dipoie. array is easily optimised to a
large value,, which will sometimes resist low sidelobe level if FER
is directly written in eqn. 4 as SLL. W,, and W,,, are weighting
coeacients which increase with optimisa~on,so that the array
first reaches a moderately large. dicectivity and then the sidelobes
are minimised. At the end of the optimisation W,,. is -4 and W,,,
is close to 0.05, i.e. almost only the sidelobe level is relevant.
Results and discussions: Anaiysis and optimisation of the shaped
dipole array are made using equal divisions of wire lengths. The
radius of the wire is 0.01 wavelength. All the pacameters defining
the shapes of arrays are variable in the optimisation. 31 expan-
sions per element are used for a stable estimation of low radiation
level near or helow, --24dB. Two examples of six-element Yagi-
Uda arrays, with one reflector and four directors, follow. They are
selectcd from the many arrays optimised. There, are many local
optima when the number of elements is large.
The structuces of these examples are shown in Fig. I. Owing to
symmetry only, half is plotted. Fig. 2 shows the radiation patterns
of example 1 in both the E-plane and the H-plane. The directivity
is 33.78dB and the.input impedance is 27.61 + j34. 4 9 a . The high-
est sidelohe appears in the E-plane at 49.2" as -23.73dB. We
notice the very low radiation levels in the region around the back
fire direction. The FER is as great as40.59dB. Although the direc-
tivity is 1.35dB less than the maximum which has been achieved
with only the directivity optimised, the radiation pattern and the
input impedance ase much better.
Vol. 30 No. 16
 Y Y
X
X
0 -5 0 0 0.5
a b
m procedure, to reduce the sidelobe levels This type of array can be
Fig. 1 Structures of Yagi-Uda arrays ofsu elements
a Example 1
b Example 2
I
0 90 iao
angle, d q
m 4
Fig. 2 Radiation patterns of array esamplt, J
__ E-plane pattern
_ - _ - H-plane pattern
Fig. 3 shows the E-plane and the H-plane patterns of example
2. A higher directivity is required and the radiation into the rear
half space is minimised. The directivity is 14.0568 and the imped-
ance is 12.72 + j26.55n. The highest sidelobe in the E-plane. as a
whole, is --27.61dB, and in the rear part -28.63dB. The highest
sidelobe in the rear part of the H-plane is below -27.84dB but the
radiation in the region of sidelobe in the front part is somewhat
higher. It seems that the highest sidelobe in overall space of about
-24dB is the lower limit for this type of array, but the front-to-
hack ratio and radiations in some directions can be designed to be
superior to this.
It is found, by computation, that the relationship between the
directivity and the sidelobe level is very complicated. For an initial
array with a moderate directivity, the directivity increases as the
sidelobe level decreases, until the latter reaches some low value
such as -19dB for six-element arrays. Therefore, if a sidelobe level
lower than -20dB is required, the array must suffer a loss in direc-
tivity. As for the input impedance, we can only select satisfactory
arrays out of the many local optimums. We find that the simulta-
neous optimisation of the directivity. sidelobe level and input
impedance gives results which satisfy only the requirement on the
impedance or only those on the other two parameters. However,
optimised arrays with greater directivities and lower sidelobes usu-
ally show worse input impedance. with smaller resistances and
larger reactances. This can also be seen by comparing the above
two examples.
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 4th August 7994 Vol. 30 No. 16
0 90 180
angle,deg
r565/31
Fig. 3 Rudurrron pamrm of away example 2
-._E-plane pattern
_ _ _ _ H-plane pattern
In conclusion, Yagi-Uda arrays of shaped dipoles have been
optimised, based on the method of moments using the Galerkin-
properly designed to have low sidelobes and a very large front-to-
back ratio
AcXnowledgment This work was supported in part by National
Natural Science Foundation of China
D IEE 1994 17 June I994
Electronics LetIers Online No: 19940877
W. Chen, L. Jen and S. M. Zhang (Institute Elertromagnetic Fields
and Microwave Techniques, Southwest Jiaotong Universit>’, Chengdu.
Sichuan 610031.Peoples Republic of China)
References
1 LANDEXU~FEL, F.: ‘On the optimum shape of linea aatennas’.
Symp. Dig., IEEE Symp AP, Amherst, Mass., 1976, pp. 27.2-275
2 LWNG c.H., and CHENG DX.: ’Directivity optimisation for Vagi-
Uda arrays of shaped dipoles’. IEEE Tram., 1483, AP-31, pp. 5U-
525
3 WANG. I.H., and JEN L.; ’Shaped dipole arrays with maximum gain’,
Electron h r t . , 1994, 30, (5). p p 374-375
LAWDSMRFER, F., and SACHER,RX.: ’Optimktion of wire
antennas’, (Research Studies & a s Ltd., Chichester, England, 1984)
5 KAJFEZ. D.: ‘Nonlinear optimisation reduces the sidelobes of Yagi
antennas’, IEEE Trans., 1973, AP-21, pp. 714--715
6 RICHMOND, J.H.: ‘on the variational aspects of the moment
method, IEEE Trans., 1991. AP-39, pp. 473-479
Biquads and allpass functions in current
mode wave active filters
J. Tingleff and C. Toumazou
Indexing terms: Current-mode circuits, Active fiters, Wave digital
filtorr
~ ~~
The authors present two features new to the current mode wave
active filter topology Bandpass biquadratic filter blocks wlth
quality factors lower than those of the overall transfer functlon
may be used for bandpass filters Allpass filters may be
implemented using the bwldmg blocks used for conventional tilter
simulation
Introduetion: The recently introduced current mode wave active
filter topology [I, 21 has so far been shown with first order lossy
integrators for the simulation of traditional LC ladder filters. In
this Letter, we illustrate the use of bandpass biquads for simula-
tion of LC ladder bandpass filters and LC filters using second
order lattice sections. By two series of numerical experiments, it is
shown how the quality factors of the biquads am lower than for
1265