2019 AP® STATISTICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS

Formulas

(I) Descriptive Statistics

Ç xi
x
n

1 2
sx
n 1 
Ç xi  x 

n1  1s21  n2  1s22
sp
n1  1  n2  1
ŷ b0  b1 x

b1
 
Ç xi  x yi  y 

Ç xi  x 2
b0 y  b1 x

1 Èx  x Ø È yi  y Ø
r ÇÉ i ÙÉ s Ù
n  1 Ê sx ÚÊ y Ú

sy
b1 r
sx


Ç yi  yˆi 2
sb n2
1

Ç xi  x 2

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 2019 AP® STATISTICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
(II) Probability

P ( A ª B) P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A © B )

P ( A © B)
P ( A B)
P ( B)

E( X ) µx Ç xi pi

2
Var( X ) s 2x 
Ç xi  µ x  pi

If X has a binomial distribution with parameters n and p, then:

È nØ k nk
P( X k) ÉÊ k ÙÚ p (1  p)

µx np

sx np(1  p)

µ pˆ p

p(1  p)
s pˆ
n

If x is the mean of a random sample of size n from an infinite

population with mean µ and standard deviation s , then:

µx µ

s
sx
n

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 2019 AP® STATISTICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
(III) Inferential Statistics

statistic  parameter
Standardized test statistic:
standard deviation of statistic

Confidence interval: statistic “ critical value  ™ standard deviation of statistic 

Single-Sample

Standard Deviation
Statistic
of Statistic
s
Sample Mean n

p(1  p)
Sample Proportion n

Two-Sample

Standard Deviation
Statistic
of Statistic

Difference of s12 s 22
sample means 
n1 n2

Special case when s1 s2

1 1
s 
n1 n2

Difference of p1 (1  p1 ) p2 (1  p2 )
sample proportions 
n1 n2

Special case when p1 p2

1 1
p 1  p  
n1 n2

observed  expected 2
Chi-square test statistic Ç expected

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