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I. Logarithmic Functions
The natural logarithmic function is the function defined by
𝑑𝑡
𝑙𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑥 0
𝑡
The domain of the natural logarithmic function is the set of all positive numbers. We read ln
.
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Note that the logarithmic formula for integration is applicable when the denominator is a
function raised to the power of 1 (u) and the numerator is the differential of that function
(du).
Also, the absolute value sign is used for u, since the logarithm function does not exist for
negative values.
𝑢
𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 1
𝑛 1
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑛|𝑢| 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 1
{
In essence, you use the power formula to integrate functions where the denominator has a
power that is not equal to 1 (or -1 if we bring it up to the numerator). You use the logarithmic
formula to integrate functions with the form du/u, or u-1du.
𝑥 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
Again, for fractions, check first if we have a proper fraction before doing any integration
(see Module 2, page 1). In this case, the degree of the numerator > the degree of the
denominator (2 vs. 1). This is an improper fraction, so we need to divide numerator by
denominator first using long division (from Algebra), and obtain
𝑥 2 3
𝑥 1
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
Therefore,
𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
Where: u = x +1 (denominator)
Note that the denominator has a power of 1, hence we can use logarithmic integration for
this term.
The numerator is complete and does not need any correcting factor.
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𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
| |
3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5𝑥 1
Since the binomial in the denominator has a power of 1, we check if the expression will yield
the form du/u, the form of logarithmic integration.
If u = 5x3 1 (denominator),
Since the variable of the differential du, which is x2dx, is present in the numerator, we can
use the logarithmic integration, and just put a correcting factor for the coefficient of 15.
3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 15𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
5𝑥 1 5𝑥 1 15 5𝑥 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡
3.
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1
Since the power of the denominator is 1, let us try testing the logarithmic formula. Again, the
integrand must be of the form du/u.
If u = cos3t 1 (denominator)
The numerator already contains the expression sin3tdt, then we only need to write -3 in the
differential and -1/3 before the integral sign as correcting factor.
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 1 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1 𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 1 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡
| |
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1
Other trigonometric functions: these are also of the form du/u, therefore the logarithmic
integration can be used.
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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 | | 𝑜𝑟 | |
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
1 1 1
𝑒𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 3𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥| 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥| 𝐶
3 3 3
Where u = 3x, and du = 3dx
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 | |
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
1
𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑢 𝑑𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠? 3 cot 𝑑
2
3. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 | |
1
𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 5𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑑 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 2 𝑑 | |
2
Where u = 2z and du = 2dz
4. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 | |
4. sec 2 𝑐𝑠𝑐2 𝑑
The natural exponential function is the inverse of the natural logarithmic function; it is
therefore defined by:
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𝑒 𝑖𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑙𝑛
𝑎 𝑒
𝑒 𝑒
Properties of the exponential function (also from algebra and differential calculus):
1. 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 𝑥
2. 𝑎 𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 0
3. 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
4. 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝐶
𝑎
2. 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎
Solved exercises. Evaluate the indefinite integral and simplify your answers.
1. 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Check if we can use formula 1 above. Both u and du must be present in the integrand.
Here, u= 2 5x ; du = -5dx
Only dx is present in the integrand so we need to put a -5 before dx and -1/5 before the
integral sign as correcting factor.
1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 5𝑑𝑥
5
Hence, eudu is complete and we can use formula 1of the exponential integration:
𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝐶
1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 5𝑑𝑥
5
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1 𝑒
2. 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
Notice here that this is an improper fraction. Hence we need to divide numerator by
denominator first (from algebra). When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide each
term of the polynomial in the numerator by the monomial in the denominator.
1 𝑒 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑒
For e-x ; u = - x du = -dx (correcting factor: -1)
Therefore,
1 𝑒 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑒
3. 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Although this is a product of an algebraic term (x2) and an exponential term 𝑒 , we have
to notice that the algebraic term x is part of the differential of the exponent of e. We can
2
Then we can see that indeed, the x2 is part of the differential of u. we only need a correcting
factor of 6 for the differential and 1/6 before the integral sign.
1
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6
eu du
4. 𝑒 sec 𝑑
Although this is a product of an exponential term and trigo term, we notice that sec 2y is the
derivative of tany, which happens to be the exponent of e. hence we can use the
exponential integration for this.
If u = tany du = sec2ydy
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𝑒 sec 𝑑
5. 𝑥 10 𝑑𝑥
Again, we notice here that the x2 is part of the differential of u = x3 and we write:
If a = 10 u = x3 and du = 3x2dx
Then we can use the 2nd formula of the exponential integration (for a constant raised to a
variable power)
𝑎
𝑎 𝑑𝑢 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎
1
𝑥 10 𝑑𝑥 10 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
Observation: if you see a product of an exponential term and algebraic or trigo term, check
if you can integrate it using the exponential formula of integration.
1. 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2.
1 2𝑒
3. 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
4. 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Explain
What did you learn from Unit 3? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?
For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:
1. A , tudy
The following topics: Integrals yielding the natural logarithmic function, 453-457; The natural
exponential function, pages 463-464, 467,471.
2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Logarithmic and Exponential Formulas on pages 237-241
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Elaborate
Evaluation
You will have a quiz at the end of Module II. Unit 3 will cover Part 1 of the quiz. Please click
on the link that will be provided in Google classroom.
Review your differentiation formulas for trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, as
the integration formulas have been derived from here. Review also the common
trigonometric identities as they are used in simplifying functions. Pay attention specifically of
the algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that you will not be confused with the signs later on.
Explore
This module contains the introduction, and bridging of differential calculus to integral
calculus. It should be understood that all the differentiation formulas you learned in
differential calculus are also the same formulas that you will need to integrate functions
correctly.
Also, the first set of basic integration formulas are included in this module, and how you can
use them to integrate common functions. There is a proper procedure for solving each type
and they are clearly demonstrated here.
There are trigonometric functions which cannot be readily integrated using power formula
or the trigonometric formulas in Lessons 3 and 4. Hence there is a need for us to apply some
transformation formulas to make them integrable.
We begin with products of sine and cosine and distinguish 3 cases dependent on whether
the exponents are odd or even positive integers.
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Case I:
1. Factor
Illustration 1:
cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝐶 sin 𝑥 /3 𝐶
𝑛 1
Illustration 2:
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
- > expand
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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬
Note that for the 2nd and 3rd term, we use power formula where
u = cosx and du = -sinxdx
these 2 terms need a correcting factor of -1
Case II:
sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Factor the function with the odd exponent then use the transformation
Illustration 3
∫ 1 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> transform sin2x
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝐶
5 7
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬
Case III:
1. Factor
/
sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Then use the transformation:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
sin 𝑥
2
2. Factor
/
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Illustration 5:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
Again, cos22x needs to be transformed since it cannot be integrated by itself.
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥
2
1 1 cos4x
1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2
1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 2 8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 4𝑑𝑥
4 2 2 8 8 4
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Case IV:
1. Factor
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 1
2. Factor
cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 1
Illustration 6:
𝐭𝐚𝐧
| |
Illustration 7:
𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 3 csc 3𝑥 ; 𝑛 2
2nd term needs to be transformed again, since we do not have a formula for
∫ cot 3𝑥𝑑𝑥; ( ).
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1
cot 3𝑥 3 csc 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 3𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
3
1
cot 3𝑥 3 csc 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1 cot 3𝑥 1
csc 3𝑥 3𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝐶
3 3 3
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭
Case V:
1. Factor
Illustration 8:
csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑥 1 csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 1 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cot xcsc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 cot 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝐶
5 3
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭
Concept check: Evaluate the following integrals and use the appropriate transformations
when needed.
1. cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3. sin 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
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1
4. cot 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2
Explain
What did you learn from Unit 4? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?
For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:
1. A ,
The following topics: Transformations by Trigonometric Formulas, pages 584-593; and Inverse
Trigonometric Functions pages 507-511.
2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Transformations by Trigonometric Formulas on pages 243-246; Inverse Trigonometric functions
on pages 246-248.
Elaborate
Evaluation
You will have a quiz at the end of Module 2. Unit 4 will cover Part 2 of the quiz. Please click
on the link that will be provided in Google classroom.
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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 51