1.

Modelling
2. Define and assign(material(E), section(I), support)
3. Analysis (stability, definitation, time period, stress/forces, Reaction)
4. Deisgn(Manually or automatically)
5. Report
6. Detailing (working drawing)

1. Modelling
What to model?
Structural component (beam, column slab, staircase etc.)
Represented by what?
Structural object (joint, linear, Area)
a. joint object
Dimension, position only, ends of linear or area object (by default)
Significance of joint: Connection or support is defined
Analysis result: deflection at connection and reaction at support
b. Linear object
One dimensional object
Length
eg. : beam, column, braces, strut, cables, etc.
There is joint at start (i) and end (j)
Unknown: AF, SF, BM, Torsion, deflection
c. Area object
2D object
eg. Slab, wall, footing, shell, plate, etc.
at lest 3 joints (i,j,k) at corners
where? Z Y
co-ordinate system
X
Global co-ordinate system Origin is fixed for all members of the model
x,y,z axes
Local co-ordinate system joint object
x1
y2
z3
5 joint means 5 local coordinate
linear object (origin always at i)
local 1 = i to j
local 2 = towards the direction perpendicular to
the axis about which MOI of the section I
maximum, upward.
local 2 by default in column is along global x and all
other member 2 is upward such that local 3 is
horizontal.
Local 3 = remaining axis

arrow shows local 2 because of max MOI.

modeling loading analysis result
global co- ordinate global and local co- ordinate local i.e. for force along z we
look for F3.

Internal forces at a section

major forces minor forces
Axial p
shear force v22 v33
bending moment M33(caused by V22 and in M22 (caused by V33
perpendicular direction of V22) perpendicular direction of V33)
Torsion T

V33
2
V22
i j

1
3 M33(perpendicular to V22 in direction of 3)

3
3. Area object i l
origin = c.g 2 i 2
local 1 = i to j j 1 1
local 2 = j to k k k
local 3 = remaining
j
SAP (Here only dir. of 2 is maintained
1. set of unit : force, length, temp. not the angle jk makes with ij
2. default/existing because 1 should be at 90deg with 2)
3. grid only/ templates
grid : Mesh of construction lines.
enter No. of lines along x,y, z axis,spacing,first grid location
Unequal spacing : right clk in grid : edit(modify)
x :A B C
Y=123
A B C D E F
ORDINATE 0 14 29 42’ 57’
SPACING 14’ 13 13 15 0

SPACING : Immediate right distance. For A, it is distance between A and B but ordinate means origin is
fixed at one point and distances are measured from the origin.

right click : breaks continuity when in draw mode.

For quick draw : click in member i.e. on grid line not on joint and drag for quick selection.
spectacle symbol (perspective toggle) make 3D in both window. In one window rotate
the view to look bldg from top then click on

Defining material
M20 in beam and M25 in column
Defining section
assigning section to members
display option (ctrl+W)
steel : rolled section like pipe, I-section
Rebar : used in building as reinforcement.
Replicate (ctrl + R) or edit>replicate
divide frame(draw a continuous line between to
points on grid having other intermediate point and
use divide frame to break it )
IMPORTING STANDARD SECTION
bottom cord : bottom member of truss
top cord : top member
bottom girder (BG)
example : BC: ISHB450; TC: ISMB250; BG: ISWB600;VM: ISLC350;DM: ISMC250;TR: ISA 100 100 8
DEFINE>group
assign>add to group (ctrl+shift+g)
select>select>select lines parallel to >click straight click on the line and then all the lines parallel to
line object
select>select>groups (ctrl+G)
display options (ctrl + w)> general tab>view colors colors of group appears i.e. members appear in
of >check on selected group>click on select group
button>press apply
define>frame section>import new property>
C:>program files>computer and
structure>sap2000 18>indian.pro file
spectacle symbol to get perspective view then
quick draw on all grid. To get another plane rotate
using arrow key.
define>material>Add new material>select region,
grade,matrial
for reinforcement use rebar as material
define>frame section>select material and section
and click ok>add new property.
(for beam go to concrete reinforcement and select
beam because column is default)
also change the clear cover of beam to 25mm both
top and bottom
in beam rebar is not seen.
1. select
select>select>select line parallel to >zaxis
assign>clear display assign
beam parallel to x and y
or : get previous selection then ctrl+K to invert
selection i.e. : select>invert selection
general option tab>view tab>extrude>
if thickness is more then modeling or unit is
mistake.
select member to be replicated then press ctrl+R
select member>edit>edit lines>type no. of
members in which the continuous line is to be
broken.
write name of group(say BC), click ok
assign the name of group by selecting the group
e.g. if vertical members are a group then select all
the members parallel to z-axis and then assign the
name.
the clicked line will be selected.
to select group
their respective group color.
to select standard section
support is placed to separate two or more structure like ground and superstructure
Restrain one or more DOF’s
Monolithic(made up of one material like concrete not masonry) is always fixed support (continuous
support)
Rollar : one material rests upon another
pinned : riveted, welded like that of truss which is done by third party and the joint efficiency is not
100%
select joint
assign>joint>restriant select in which direction to restraint
assign>joint>local axis… inclined support, rotate local axis of joint
ctrl+w check the box of local axis for frame/joint
Local axis : Red = local 1; green = local 2; blue = local 3
Rollar Θ2 ≠zero, u1 ≠ zero=> release
U3=0 => restraint i.e. Reaction
Hinge Θ2 ≠ 0 => release
U1=0, u3 = 0 => restraint (Reaction)
Fixed Θ2 = 0,u1=0,u3=0 => restraint (reaction)

LOAD
Load pattern It is category of load e.g. DL, LL, EL, WL, etc
Load case Type of analysis
Linear non-linear
Static dynamic
Linear analysis : stiffness is constant
If external condition is considered for stiffness
then it is non-linear analysis e.g. if d1,d2,d3 are
deflection in beam in case of no t ot c, t,c then
d3>d1>d2.
Dynamic : due to dynamic load (time dependent
load i.e. load changes in short duration)
Loading Point load, frame load
Load combination Combination of load i.e. DL+LL+EL, etc.
All load pattern are load case by default but all load case is not load pattern.
Self-weight multiplier : if it is set to 1 then SAP takes the self-weight of structrue automatically.
How to apply load
Define>load pattern Define load pattern like LL,EQ,WL, etc. and click ok
Assign>joint load>forces To assign joint load by selecting the type of load
Assign>frame load>point load Absolute distance or relative is measured from
joint i (joint i is the beginning joint while drawing
member)
Move the model
Select the model>edit>move>enter delta x,y,z The model shifts by the delta values
ANALYSIS
Analysis>set analysis option>plane
Analysis>run analysis Model is used to know time period
Neglecting self weight of member Define>section properties>frame section>select
the section>click on set modifiers>set the zero
value for which is not to be considered
Right click on the member when there is AF,SF or To see the detail of SF,AF,BM,deflection
BM diagram
Load combination Define>load combination>add new combo
Write name of combo, put multiplier in each load
case and click add after putting multiplier for each
load case
Sap convention of shear force is : upward = negative from left
Q. cantilever 2m; 7KN/m at fixed 0 at free=LL; 5KN/m UDL=LL;15KN at free=DL;for 1.5(DL+LL),del
max>=2mm; M20=RS.16000,12’*9’;M25=18000 m3,10’x9’

AREA LOAD
Uniform-only method for area analysis Total weight of the element is transferred equally
to the confining joints
Advantage
Area analysis is possible if converted into finite
elements
Disadvantage
Load not applied to beam even if converted into
finite elements because beam loading becomes
point loading
Uniform to frame Total load applied to the area is transferred to the
confining frame by yield line theory
Advantages
Beam/frame can be loaded automatically with
actual loading
Disadvantage
Area analysis is not possible but representing area
load is possible
Shell Takes load of both in-plane and out-plane
Membrane Takes load in-plane only
plate Takes load out-plane only like that of masonry wall

Define>area section>add new section>select shell- Defining area for slab

thin type>enter same thickness for membrane and
bending
Draw>poly area Click n times for n polygon
Draw>quick draw Click in the space of rectangular gird
Draw>rectangle Click at one diagonal corner and drag to other
diagonal
Select area>assign>area>automatic area mesh To mesh area i.e. divide area into small parts
Building
1.Design slab manually
2.design staricase manually
3. Model
4. Define section/support condition
Beam/column  trial section
Slab  designed section
5. Loading
Auto  self-weight
Manually  DL (slab wt./FF/Staricase)
LLslab, staircase
6. Seismic load
Automatic Sap caluclates automatically
Manually Load is calculated and assigned manually by user
7. Result  analysis
8. Design (automatically, manually)
9. Footing (manually)
-For sap use SAFE to design footing

TO DO : 1. Complete model 2. Slab design (Critical slab)

for inclined grid Make rectangular grid>right click on grid>edit grid
data>check on (tick on/select) convert to general
grid
Editing inclined grid data Right click>edit grid data> select the grid to be
edited>click on button ‘modify/show grid
lines…’>enter the coordinates of two ends of the
line (x1,y1) at one end and (x2,y2) at other.

Convention Area : draw anit-clock wise

Quick draw follow anit-clockwise rule
Frame : draw towards positive
Once mass and weight is neglected or set to zero
of slab then while assigning DL for slab its dead
load is not considered but under the same load
pattern DL of beam and column is considered.

DL Slab
Wall
Staircase
LL Slab
Staircase=3 KN/m2
Parapet 1.5 KN/m at perimeter of roof beam
No load at internal beam of roof

Edit>show selection only To show selected only

Residential_bldg file of sap2000
Building Loads
3 storied of 9 feet height each
Beam
Column
Slab
Applying EQ load manually
Define Rigid floor diaphragm
Define EQx and EQy load pattern
Modify lateral load pattern
Auto seismic load
1.rigid floor diaphragm
2. define mass source
3. define EQx and EQy
4. Modify lateral load
Vb= Ah x summation Wi
Define mass source
Define EQx and EQy
Modify lateral load
To check before design
Time period
Deflection
Base shear
Slab : dl = 4.425 KN/m2 and LL = 3 KN/m2
Perimeter beam : DL = wall load = 7KN/m
Internal beam : DL = wall load = 3.5 KN/m2
Perimeter beam of roof:DL=parapet wall=1.5KN/m
Material = M20
section = 9”x12”
Name = b M20 9x12
Material = M25
Section = 12”x12”
Name = c M25 12x12
Material = M20
Section = 125mm thick
Name = slab M20 125mm
Assign>joint>constraint>diaphragm>add new
constraint>select z-axis>check on the last opt of
assigning diaphragm to each z-level
Self-multiplier =0; type = quake; use user loads
Click on Modify lateral load pattern of load
pattern; click on apply to center of mass> apply
the load> eqx  Fx and eqy  Fy
Ah from seismic parameter
Sum Wi from mass source
Define>mass source>modify>uncheck “Element
self and additional mass” >check on specified load
pattern then add DL multiplier =1 and LL =0.25 or
0.5
Define load pattern selecting the IS 1893 2002
code
Put z, I, R and soil type from code
Display>show tables>structural
output>modal>modal frequencies
For storey upto 20, Time period = 0.05 to 2 sec
Display>display show deformed shape>user
defined>scaling =1; if un-noticable deformation is
observed then modelling and analysis is ok.
Display>show table>structural output>base
reaction> compare the result with that of the
calculated. If it matches then modelling and

Auto combination
Defining auto combination
To design
Column : Pmax, M2(minor) ,max M3(major)
Beam : Max M3 (major) and corresponding shear
force (V3) (major)
Designing the structure
Design>concrete frame design>view preferences
>select IS 456: 2000
Design>concrete frame design>select design
combo…>combinations are seen on the list
box>uncheck the automatically generated code-
base design combinations
Design>concrete frame design>select design
combo…>start design/check of structure…
(to design the structure. After this step structure
appears in color code)
Interpreting design data : Color code
BEAM
Display>show table>select the table to be
displayed>file>export>to excel or file>export all
table>to excel
Design>design concrete frame design> display
design info…>select shear reinforcing in design
output
analysis is done correctly.
Design>concrete frame design>view revise
preference>design code>IS 456>ok
Define>load combination>add default
combination
Right click on column then find the maximum
values for different load combination and design
accordingly
Right click on beam then find the maximum values
for different load combination and design
accordingly (for beam only maximum moment is
found)
To select the code for design
To select the design combination
Design>concrete frame design>select design
combo…>display design info>summary
(to see the detail design according to code
stepwise)
Demand capacity ratio =
actual stress/permissible stress
if actual is 120 and to be resisted is 100 then ratio
=120/100=1.2  > 1 so failed
red-failed section
orange-optimized section
yellow
green
blue
Grey
Rebar area above beam represents the bars to be
provided on upper part of beam (i.e. tension side)
and below represents bars at bottom
(compression side)
Rebar area at end represents area of bar at end
and area at mid represents the bar area to be
provided at mid-span of beam.
To export table to excel
To see the shear reinforcing on beam and column
Envelop case : take max M22, Max M33, P (may be of different combination)
Don’t use envelop to design through sap2000.
Defining envelop Define>Load combination…>add new
combo>enter the name of combination
“envelop”>choose “envelop” in “load combination
type”>add all the combinations (14 combination
automatically generated) with scale factor = 1.
BM,SF for envelop Display>show forces/stess>frame/cable/tendons
>choose envelop in case/combo name>select M33
or V22 or other required > click ok> right click on
the member to see the max/min BM,SF,P, etc. at
each point

Cardinal points or insertion point Decides from which point to insert the section
Steps for insertion point Assign>frame section>insertion point
Choose Top (centre)>input the distance the top
centre needs to be moved (input the same value in
I and j ends of local 2 (if movement of beam is in z-
axis)
Offset is used to further move the section
To be assigned in the truss : DL=LL=8 KN/m2 ,Temp = 40 degree Celsius
IS800 is the steel code to be used.
Dummy beam : beam of dummy section. To make dummy beam create a beam section and set all the
values in the “Set modifiers” to zero.

Auto section
Import the desired section
Define>section properties>frame section>add new
property>click on “auto select list” template>enter
auto section name like “ISMB”>add all the ISMB to
auto selection by selecting all ISMB from “List of
selection” and clicking on “add->” > click ok>select
the required sections>assign the respective auto
section
Design check
Define>frame section>import new property>add
all I section, C section and Angle section or other
section as required
Selecting auto sections and assigning those
sections to the respective members
Design>steel frame design>view preference IS 800
>start design
>verify design vs analysis
Unlock the model and analyze again then design
then verify.
Do this until a message box pops up saying design
and analysis matched
Add new section (not standard) : It is efficient section and will never be displaced so no need to apply
batten in sap.
User defined section Define>section properties>frame section>add new
property>select “other” in frame section property
type>click on section designer>enter section
name>select material “A992Fy50”>click on general
steel section>click on section designer
A new window appears
Click on “I” toolbar>click on “C” to insert C-
section>click on the origin> C-section is inserted
To draw another C-section
Select the C-section>go to menu
“edit”>replicate>mirror tab>click on
“general”>enter the value of (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2)>click on ok>another C-section is draw
which is the mirror image of the original.
Mirror image is drawn about a line joining the
points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). This line should be such
that it should be at mid of both section.
New section is created and now this can be
assigned to the required members.