EEng 7025 Satellite Communication Technology

• Chapter 7 : Satellite applications

• ARABSAT ,NILESAT and Other satellite series
• Remote sensing
• Mobile satellite service :
GSM , GPS, INMARSAT
Satellite navigation system , DTH
• Special services – Email, video conferencing
and Internet connectivity

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 ARABSAT
Now ranked World’s 10th largest Satellite Operator
• Established in 1976
• All Arab states are shareholders
• 20, 26 & 30.5 degree East
• Providing services on four satellites
• 4th Generation in 2006 & 2008 with
2 new satellites
• 5th Generation in 2009 & 2010 w/3
additional sats.
 Highest TV viewership of operators in
the MENA region
 130 Million viewers, 240+ chnls
 69% market share of MENA fixed
satellite services
 Most profitable & financially-secure
regional operator
 The only full-service regional
operator
 Diverse Arab League nations’
ownership and full political
independence
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 ARABSAT
The Region’s Only Full-Service Operator
• Direct to Home (DTH) Broadcasting
• Occasional Use / Ad Hoc / Special Events
• Radio Programs Exchange
• Regional Voice / Data / IP Trunking
• VSAT and Business Services
• Internet Trunking & Broadband Access

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 ► ARABSAT Fleet:
26°E
20°E 30.5°E
BADR-2

Arabsat-2B
Arabsat-5C BADR-3
(2009)

BADR-C Arabsat-5A
(2 009)

BADR-4
BADR-5
(Q3-06)
(2009)

BADR-6
(2008)

► Today, Arabsat operates 4 satellites, at 2 of its 3 orbital positions.

► We're adding 2 new 4 th Generation satellites, in Q3-2006 & 2008.
► Complemented by 3 additional 5 th Generation satellites, in 2009.
► This will provide in-Orbit Back-up and major Growth Capacity at our
primary 26° East DTH neighborhood, and for our Voice & Data customers. 4
 Arabsat Fleet Facts

Badr-C Badr-2 Badr-3 Arabsat- Badr-4 Badr-6

2B
Orbital Slot 20° E 26°E (Hot Spot) 26°E (Hot Spot) 26°E 30.5E 26E 26E
(Hot Spot) (Hot Spot) (Hot Spot)

Ownership Arabsat Lease (Panamsat) Lease (Eutelsat) Arabsat Arabsat Arabsat Arabsat

Available  24 C  20 FSS Ku  10 BSS Ku  22 C  12 FSS Ku  24 C

Transponders -  12 FSS Ku  20 BSS Ku  20 BSS Ku

EIRPs (at Edge  35-40 dbW  41-50 dbW  44-48 dbW  35-41 dbW (C Band)  41-50 dbW  35-40 dbW (C-
of Arab World)  -  43-47 dbW (Ku Band) band)
 41-50 dbW (Ku-
band)
Primary  Analogue TV  Occasional TV  Digital TV  Trunking  Digital TV  Analogue TV
Applications  To support small (digital) (Bouquets)  Occasional TV  Data services  Digital TV
 - digital TV  Backhauling (analogue & digital)
transmitters  Digital TV  Backhauling
transmissions  Digital TV
 Analogue TV  Internet
 Small network  Analogue TV
VSAT or domestic  Regional and
applications domestic telephone
networks

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 ► ARABSAT: Performances of a Leader:
• An Impressive Number of Viewers Are Tuned to ARABSAT:
130 Million Viewers: More than ever!
Outstanding Market Penetration: 69% of all Sat. TV in MENA;
PLUS large direct coverage of Europe, all through only one single transponder @
26°East.
Still 58+ Million Viewers in ANALOGUE C-band.

• 26° East: The Arab World’s Increasingly Successful Neighborhood!

Highest DIGITAL Market Share ever: 60.6% of all Digital TV.

• More and more regional Broadcasters join in ARABSAT system:

240+ channels: Largest number than ever!
67 channels have been added to our system in the last 2 years.

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 ARABSAT Organization: Split in 4 Regions.

• 4 Newly Established Regional Representations:

 Cairo => Egypt & Libya
 Dubai => GCC,
Asia.
 Paris => Europe,
Maghreb,
USA.
 Riyadh => KSA,
Levant,
Sudan.
.

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 ► Broadcasting: Geographic Expansion
coverage, extending reach to:
• The African Continent & Central Asia
 C-band Digital Broadcasting, now fully operational, will cover 90% of Africa + Central Asia on new
4th Generation satellites.
Provides much extra value to the neighborhood currently reach.
• Around the World
primary partner for broadcasting your channels to the world
establishing strategic partnerships with global satellite operators & integrators to give direct access
to other DTH neighborhoods outside MENA.

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 ARABSAT Services

Broadcasting Trunking Broadband

Digital DTH Regional Telecom Internet Services

Free-to-Air Pay TV
Domestic Telecom Telecom
Ops
VARs Pay TV

Analogue DTH

Enterprise Networks
Occasional
Transmissions

Internet Trunking
Backhauling

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 ARABSAT : Direct-To-Home TV Broadcasting
Digital TV Broadcasting Service
The service can include the turnaround of analog & digital signals at
ARABSAT Re-broadcasting Facilities

BADR-C
ARABSAT 2D/3A BADR-2/3/4
ARABSAT 2C

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ARABSAT : Direct-To-Home TV Broadcasting
HD-TV & Analog TV Broadcasting Service

BADR-2/3/4
BADR-C

Analog
Receiver

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ARABSAT - Domestic Network Services
•Typical applications:
• Tele-Education
• Telephony
• Voice
• Data
• Tele-Medicine
• Video Conferencing
• Remote Monitoring
• Retransmission of Radio and TV Programs

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 ARABSAT - Internet Services
Internet services from ARABSAT teleport in Spain (with GlobeCast) on
Arabsat-2B Ku-band, and in Germany (with CeTEL) on Arabsat-2B C-band.

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 ARABSAT : BADR-4 / Detailed Features
Launch date
Orbital Location
Design Lifetime
Maneuver Lifetime Capacity
Eclipse
Frequency Bands
Number of Transponders
Transponders’ Bandwidths
TWTAs Redundancy
Polarization
Cross-Polarization Isolation
Saturation EIRPs
(Main Contour)
-- 4th Generation --
Q3/Q4 - 2006
26º East
15 Years
16.6 Years
Full Operation
Ku-band/FSS: 13.75-14.00 GHz Uplink
12.50-12.75 GHz Downlink
Ku-band/BSS: 17.30-18.10 GHz Uplink
11.70-12.50 GHz Downlink
Ku-band/BSS: 20 (BoL), 16 (EoL)
Ku-band/FSS: 12
Ku-band/BSS: 34 MHz
Ku-band/FSS: 36 MHz
Ku-band/BSS: 20 TWTAs, for
20 (BoL) Transponders, or
16 (EoL) Transponders.
Ku-band/FSS: 16 LTWTAs, for
12 Active Transponders.
Note: BSS & FSS TWTAs are sharing
common 2 redundancy rings.
Linear
30 dB
Ku-band/BSS: 48 dBW
Ku-band/FSS: 48 dBW 14
 NILESAT
The launch of NILESAT 101 on 28 April
1998, delivering more than 100 digital TV
channels as well as radio and multimedia
services to more than five million homes over
the whole of North Africa from Morocco to
the Persian Gulf, Egypt became the first
African country to have its own direct TV
broadcast satellite.

A second satellite, Nilesat 102, was launched in 2000, and the Nilesat
system now broadcasts more than 150 digital TV channels and provides
additional services such as data transmission, turbo internet and
multicasting applications.
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 NILESAT
• Under the in-orbit delivery contract to the Egyptian radio and TV
union Nilesat, Astrium supplied the two direct-broadcast satellites
(based on the Eurostar-2000 version of the company's Eurostar series)
and the two control centres (in Cairo and Alexandria), together with
comprehensive operator training for the Egyptian engineers for
control of the satellite once in orbit.

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 NILESAT
• Orbit
• NILESAT parked at the geostationary orbital position of 7° West.

• NILESAT carries 12 Ku band 100 W high power wide beam transponders

of 33 MHz bandwidth to provide digital communications and terrestrial
Direct to Home (DTH) TV, Radio Broadcasting, Multimedia and Data
services for countries in North Africa, South Europe and Middle East.

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 NILESAT
• High Definition
• Nilesat DVB Transmission Platform can broadcast High Definition (HD)
channels using MPEG4 video compression tools.
• It is expected to witness a growth in the number of HDTV channels in
the MENA region.
• It is a digital TV with high Video resolution.
• Improving the contrast and picture quality exceeding the DVD.
• The first HD service in the region started on Nilesat in 2006.
• Nilesat satellites carries now more than 24 HDTV of different content.

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 NILESAT
• 3D TV
The first 3D TV channel in the region was broadcast on Nilesat satellites during the
World Cup 2010.
• IPTV
• IPTV is a multimedia services such as television / video / audio / text / graphics /
data delivered over IP based networks.
• Nilesat has a ready to use IPTV Transmission platform for delivery of broadcast
quality television programming Internet Protocol (IP) infrastructure up to the
consumer – both live and Video on Demand (VOD) content.
Backhauling
• Nilesat provides the backhauling services over satellites within the coverage
area, with different compression techniques such as MPEG2 and the bandwidth
efficient MPEG4 depending on the broadcaster's preferences. Currently more
than 30 Iraqi channels are using this service backhauling in addition to Omani
and Kuwaitis channels.
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NILESAT

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 Other Satellite Series
European Télécommunication Satellite Organisation (EUTELSAT)

South-East Asia - Asia Cellular Satellite (ACeS)

First ACeS satellite, GARUDA-1

India, North Africa and the Middle East (THURAYA)

THURAYA-1 satellite
THURAYA-2 satellite

E-SAT

IRIDIUM satellites

GLOBALSTAR satellite
INTELSAT

INSAT 1A , INSAT 1B ,INSAT IC

INSAT 2A, INSAT 2B, INSAT 2C etc……
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 WhRemote Sensing Systemsat is
What is remote sensing?
remote sensing used for?
Remote sensing is a technology foe sampling electromagnetic radiation
to acquire and read non-immediate geospatial data from which to
pull info more or less features and objects on his Earths land surface, seas, and air.
What is remote sensing used for?
Remote sensing is a method for getting information about of different objects
on the planet, without any physical contacts with it.

Image Source: cimss.ssec.wisc.edu

 Advantages of Remote Sensing
Advantages of Remote Sensing
• Provides a view for the large region
• Offers Geo-referenced information and digital information
• Most of the remote sensors operate in every season, every day, every
time and even in real tough weather
 Remote Sensing Systems
Definition
Science and art of obtaining information about an object, area or
phenomenon through an analysis of data acquired by a device
that is not in direct contact with the area, object or phenomenon
under investigation.

{
Human eye
• Passive Camera
Radiometer
Radar

• Active { Sonar
Laser
Remote Sensing Systems
- Ground based
- Aircraft
- Space shuttle
- Satellite
Remotely sensed Data

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 Satellite pictures
Remote sensing -Satellite Pictures
Satellite imagery consists of
photographs from which
collected by satellites.

Image Source: www.wonderwhizkids.com Japan Satellite View

 SatelliteSatellites offer a Global Views
What doesoffer
satellitea imagery
Globalgive
View
you?
-Information on land cover, land use, habitats, landscape and infrastructure
-multiple engagements by time series
-Mapping and monitoring changes and predict future

Application of Remote Sensing

Urbanization & Transportation
• Urban planning
• Roads network and transportation
planning
• City expansion
• City boundaries by time
• Wetland delineation
 ApplApplication of Remote Sensingication of
Agriculture Remote Sensing

The application of remote sensing in

agriculture include:
- Soil sensing
- Farm classification
- Farm condition assessment
- Agriculture estimation
- Mapping of farm and agricultural
land characteristics
- Mapping of land management
practices
- Compliance monitoring

 Wageningen UR 2002
AppApplication of Remote Sensinglication of
Remote Sensing
Natural resource Management

• Forestry: biodiversity, forest, deforestation

• Water source management
• Habitat analysis
• Environmental assessment
• Pest/disease outbreaks
• Impervious surface mapping
• Hydrology Md. Bodruddoza Mia

• Mineral province
• Geomorphology
 Remote Sensing
Geostationary Satellites
A geostationary satellite is one of the
satellites which is getting remote sense data
and located satellite at an altitude of
approximately 36000 kilometres and
directly over the equator.

Polar-Orbiting Satellites
A polar orbit is a satellite which is located
near to above of poles. This satellite
mostly uses for earth observation by time.
Components of a Remote Sensing System
 Remote Sensing
Four Fundamental Properties For Design
• Image depends on the wavelength response of the sensing instrument
(radiometric and spectral resolution) and the emission or reflection spectra of the
target (the signal).

- Radiometric resolution
- Spectral resolution
• Image depends on the size of objects (spatial resolution) that can be discerned.
- Spatial resolution
• Knowledge of the changes in the target depends on how often (temporal
resolution) the target is observed
- Temporal resolution
 Radiation - Target Interactions

• Spectral response depends on target

• Leaves reflect green and near IR

• Water reflects at lower end of visible

range
 Spectral Resolution

• Example: Black and

white image
- Single sensing device
- Intensity is sum of
intensity of all
visible wavelengths

0.4 mm 0.7 mm

Black &
White
Blue + Green + Red
Images

Can you tell the color of the

platform top?
How about her sash?
Remote sensing-Spectral Resolution (Cont.)
• Example: Color image
- Color images need
least three sensing
devices, e.g., red, green,
and blue; RGB

0.4 mm 0.7 mm

Color
Images
Blue Green Red

Using increased spectral

resolution (three sensing
wavelengths) adds
information
In this case by “sensing”
RGB can combine to
get full color rendition
 Mobile satellite service –Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
• Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM) – 2G Systems
• Nordic Telecom and Netherlands PTT, the Group Special Mobil (GSM) study
group was formed in 1982.
• The aim of this study group was to define a pan-European public land mobile
system.
• Middle of the 1980s, the mobile industry’s attention had focused on the need
to implement more spectrally efficient 2G digital type services, offering a
number of significant advantages including greater immunity to interference,
increased security and the possibility of providing a wider range of services.
• In 1987, 13 operators and administrators signed the GSM memorandum of
understanding (MoU) agreement and the original French name was changed
to the more descriptive Global System for Mobile communications (GSM),
although the acronym remained the same.
• In 1999, 296 operators and administrators from 110 countries had signed the
GSM MoU
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 Mobile satellite service –Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
• Radio Interface : The ITU allocated the bands 890–915 MHz for the uplink
(mobile to BS) and 935–960 MHz for the downlink (BS to mobile) for mobile
networks.

• Upper 10 MHz in each band was initially reserved for the introduction of GSM
operation, with coexistence in the UK with TACS in the 935–950 MHz and
890–905 MHz bands.

• Modulation method adopted by GSM is Gaussian-filtered minimum shift

keying (GMSK) with a BT (3 dB bandwidth X bit period) value of 0.3 at a gross
data rate of 270 kbit/s.

• This enables a compromise between complexity of the transmitter (which is

important when trying to maintain a low-cost terminal), increased spectral
efficiency and limited spurious emissions (which is necessary to limit adjacent
channel interference). 38
 Mobile satellite service –Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)

• GSM specifies five categories of terminal class, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 GSM terminal classes

39
 Mobile satellite service –Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
• The power level can be adjusted up or down in steps of 2 dB to a minimum of
13 dBm.

• The power control is achieved by the mobile station (MS) measuring the signal
strength or quality of the mobile link, which is then passed to the base
transceiver station (BTS).

• The BTS, in turn determines if and when the power level should be adjusted.

• BTSs are categorised, in a similar manner, into eight classes ranging from
2.5 to 320 W in 3-dB steps.

• In order to limit co-channel interference, both the mobile and the BTS operate
at the minimum power level required to maintain signal quality.
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 Mobile satellite service –Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
• GSM’s multiple access scheme is based on a TDMA/FDMA approach,
combined with optional slow frequency hopping, which can be used to
counteract multipath fading and co-channel interference.
• Each band is divided into 124 carrier frequencies using FDMA, and separated
by 200 kHz.
• Each carrier frequency is divided in time, using a TDMA scheme, into eight
time-slots for full-rate operation (or 16 for half-rate).
• Full-rate channel supports a gross data rate of 22.8 kbit/s and allows data to
be transmitted at 12, 6 or 3 kbit/s.
• Half-rate channel, which occupies half a TDMA slot, supports a gross data rate
of 11.4 kbit/s.
• Data can be transmitted at 6 or 3.6 kbit/s.
• The full-rate TDMA frame structure is shown in Figure..

41
Mobile satellite service –Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)

Figure GSM TDMA 26-frame structure.

42
Mobile satellite service –Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM) Mobile Station (MS)
Figure GSM simplified network architecture.
Mobile equipment (ME)
Subscriber identity module (SIM).
International mobile subscriber identity
(IMSI),
Base Station System (BSS)
Base station controller (BSC)
Base transceiver Station (BTS)
Network Management and Switching
Subsystem (NMSS)
Mobile switching centre (MSC)
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
Temporary mobile
subscriber identity (TIMSI)
Authentication centre (AuC)
SMS centre (SMSC)
Operation Subsystem (OSS)
Equipment interface register (EIR)
Visitor location register (VLR)
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Home location register (HLR)
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
• MEO systems: GPS (Global Positioning System)
Structure: three major segments
1. space segment (SS)
orbiting GPS satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV)
• 2. control segment (CS)
master control station (MCS),
alternate master control station,
four dedicated ground antennas and
six dedicated monitor stations
• 3. user segment (US)
user devices
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Global Positioning System (GPS)

45
Global Positioning System (GPS)

46
Global Positioning System (GPS)

47
 INMARSAT - International Maritime Satellite
• Inmarsat was founded in 1979 to serve the maritime community, with the
aim of providing ship management and distress and safety applications via
satellite.

• Commercial services began in 1982, and since then, Inmarsat’s range of

delivered services has broadened to include land and aeronautical market
sectors.

• Inmarsat was formed on the basis of a joint co-operative venture between

governments.
• 1990s, Inmarsat had 64 member countries.

• In April 1999, Inmarsat became a limited company with its headquarters

based in London. 48
 INMARSAT - International Maritime Satellite
• The Inmarsat system consists of three basic elements.
• 1. The Inmarsat space segment, which consists of geostationary satellites
deployed over the Atlantic (East (AOR-E) and West (AOR-W)), Pacific (POR)
and Indian Ocean regions (IOR).

• 2. Land Earth stations (LES), that are owned by telecommunication

operators and provide the connection to the terrestrial network
infrastructure.

• Presently there are about 40 LESs deployed throughout the world, with at
least one in each of the satellite coverage areas.

• 3. Mobile Earth stations (MES), which provide the user with the ability to
49
communicate via satellite.
 INMARSAT - International Maritime Satellite
• The satellites have a payload comprising two transponders supporting space
to mobile links in the L-/S-bands (1.6 GHz for the uplink, 1.5 GHz for the
downlink) and Space to Earth links in the C-/S-bands (6.4 GHz for the uplink,
3.6 GHz for the downlink).
• INMARSAT-3 satellites employ spot-beam technology to increase EIRP and
frequency re-use capabilities.
• Each INMARSAT-3 satellite has a global beam plus five spot-beams.
• The satellites offer a spot-beam EIRP of up to 48 dBW, eight times the power
of the INMARSAT-2 global beams.
• Bandwidth and power can be dynamically allocated between beams in order
to optimise coverage according to demand.

50
 INMARSAT - International Maritime Satellite
• The satellite configuration is listed in
Table and world wide coverage area of
INMARSAT as shown in Figure.
Table : Inmarsat satellite configuration

51
Figure Inmarsat service coverage (courtesy of Inmarsat).
 INMARSAT - International Maritime Satellite
• INMARSAT-B high-speed data (HSD) services offer 64 kbit/s digital communications
to maritime and land users, and provide the capability to connect to the ISDN via an
appropriately connected LES.

• Channels are assigned using a BPSK TDM channel. INMARSAT-B operates in the
1626.5– 1646.5 MHz transmit band and the 1525–1545 MHz receive band.

• INMARSAT-C terminals provide low data rate services at an information rate of

600 bit/s.

• Half-rate convolutional coding, of constraint length 7, results in a transmission rate

of 1200 bit/s.

• Signals are transmitted using BPSK modulation within a 2.5-kHz bandwidth.

• INMARSAT-C operates in the 1626.5–1645.5 MHz (transmit) and 1530.0–1545.0

MHz (receive) bands, using increments of 5 kHz. 52
 INMARSAT - International Maritime Satellite
• INMARSAT-M was introduced into commercial service in December 1992 with
the claim of being the first personal, portable mobile-satellite phone.

• The system provides 4.8 kbit/s telephony using improved multi-band

excitation coding (IMBE), which after 3/4-rate convolutional coding increases to
a transmission rate of 8 kbit/s.

• Additionally, 2.4 kbit/s facsimile and data services (1.2–2.4 kbit/s) are also
provided.
• INMARSAT-M maritime operates in the 1626.5– 1646.5 MHz (transmit) and
1525.0–1545.0 MHz (receive) bands, with a channel spacing of 10 kHz.

• The land mobile version operates in the bands 1626.5–1660.5 MHz (transmit)
and 1525.0–1559.0 MHz (receive) bands, again with a channel spacing of
10 kHz.
53
 Satellite navigation system
• Satellite Navigational System:
• Benefits:
Enhanced Safety
Increased Capacity
Reduced Delays
• Advantage:
Increased Flight Efficiencies
Increased Schedule Predictability
Environmentally Beneficial Procedures

54
 Satellite navigation system
• Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

55
 Satellite navigation system
Basic GNSS System
• Core Constellations
• GPS
• GLONASS
• Galileo (under development)
• Augmentation Systems
• Aircraft-Based Augmentation System (ABAS)
• Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)
• Uses geostationary satellites
• India, Japan, Europe, US
• Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS)
• Ground-Based Regional System (GRAS)
 Satellite navigation system
Satellite Navigation … Basically Multilateration

a c
Multilateration:
By knowing your distance from at least 3
points of known-position, you can determine
your own position.
b

For Satellite Navigation: a, b & c are satellites, and a fourth is needed to solve for
clock variations.
 GNSS Ranging and Timing
Actual Path

Earth’s
Ionosphere
Assumed Path

•Approach: tarrival – ttransmitted ~ distance from satellite

•Assumes straight path of radio frequency signals
•Earth’s ionosphere actually disrupts/bends that path
•Augmentations correct for that bend using dual-frequency measurements
•Currently not possible directly in aircraft; some signals not
protected.
Satellite navigation system
Satellite Navigation’s Mission
SBAS/GBAS Implementation
SBAS/
GRAS

GBAS
Satellite navigation system
Satellite Based Augmentation System
(WAAS used as example)

L1, L2

FAA288-021
Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Architecture

Pseudolite

Pseudolite
Processor GBAS
Reference Station
GNSS
Receiver (Integrity
Pseudolite
VHF Accuracy
Transmitter
Availability)
Monitor
Status
 Satellite navigation system

Planned GNSS Modernization

• Addition of satellite constellations
• Galileo, additional GLONASS satellites
• Improves user availability
• Addition of civil signals
• 1164-1215 MHz band
• Facilitates user ionosphere corrections
• Possible broadcast of integrity signal
• May limit need for external augmentations
• Increased power, improved coding
• Better resistance to interference
 Satellite navigation system
GNSS Frequency Bands
Frequency (MHz) Function

108-117.975 GBAS/GRAS broadcast link

1164-1215 GPS L5, Galileo E5, future

SBAS, GLONASS L3
1215-1240 GPS L2 (site-by-site ground use
only)
1559-1610 SBAS, GPS L1, GLONASS,
Galileo E1
 Satellite navigation system
Spectrum Issues
• GNSS signals are very weak
• ~ 50,000 times weaker than the minimum specified edge-of-coverage DME signal
• Aviation spectrum managers must be constantly watching to ensure
spectrum incursion from in-band/adjacent band systems does not cause
interference.
• One example: ITU Footnotes 5.355 and 5.359
• Allow fixed service in GNSS bands in some countries
• Countries encouraged to remove their names from the footnotes.
 DTH - Direct to the Home
• Concept behind DTH is to deliver TV and other broadcast services directly to
the individual user’s home or portable device.

• Doing that required a step improvement in satellite performance to reduce

the size and the cost of the user installation.

• DTH service must be controlled through scrambling or encryption so that

users are encouraged to pay for services.

• Several U.S. companies approached the DTH market in the early 1980s, but
unfortunately none survived long enough to establish a permanent service.

• In 1983, use the Canadian Anik C satellite to deliver a limited DTH service to
a segment of the U.S. market.

65
 DTH - Direct to the Home
• In1986, the real development of DTH in the United States came in the form of the
C-band backyard dish business as an adjunct to normal cable TV program
distribution.
• Large networks, like HBO, CNN, and Disney, sought to increase their revenues
overall by gaining backyard dish subscribers.
• DTH expanded aggressively through the late 1990s and early 2000s as EchoStar
built out its DISH Network and News Corporation acquired and further developed
DIRECTV.
• DTH systems in Asia were centred in two markets: Japan and East Asia.
• Japanese approach to DTH is best illustrated by the efforts of NHK to establish
early pre-eminence in the field. Two other Japanese DTH operators, Perfect TV and
DIRECTV Japan, entered the market using FSS Ku-band transponders supplied by
JSAT and SCC, respectively.
• Rest of Asia was to be the broadcasting domain of Richard Lee and his company
66
Satellite Television for the Asia Region (STAR).
 Special service : Internet connectivity and Email
• Internet has been developed significantly and the use of it has been
extended from research institutes, universities and large organisations into
ordinary family homes and small businesses.
• Internet was originally designed to interconnect different types of networks
including LANs, MANs and WANs.
• These networks connect different types of computers together to
share resources such as memory, processor power, graphic devices and
printers.
• They can also be used to exchange data and for users to access data in any
of the computers across the Internet.
• Internet is not only capable of supporting data, but also image, voice and
video on which different network services and applications can be built such
as IP telephony, videoconferencing, tele-education and telemedicine.
•

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 Special service : Internet connectivity and Email
• 1. World wide web (WWW)
• The WWW enables a wide range of Internet services and applications
including e-commerce, e-business and e-government.
• Internet have changed significantly, particularly the user terminals, user
software, services and applications, and human–computer interface (HCI).

• The hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) was created in 1990, at CERN, the
European particle physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, as a means for
sharing scientific data internationally, instantly and inexpensively.
• With hypertext a word or phrase can contain a link to other text.
• To achieve this, the hypertext mark up language (HTML), a subset of
general mark up language (GML), is used to enable a link within a web
page to point to other pages or files in any server connected to the
network.
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Special service : Internet connectivity and Email
• The basic elements for access to the WWW are:
• HTTP: the protocol used for the WWW to transport web pages.

• URL (uniform resource locator): defines a format to address the unique

location of the web page identified by the IP address of a computer, port
number within the computer system and location of the page in the file
system.

• HTML: the programming ‘tags’ added to text documents that turn them into
hypertext documents.

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• 2 File transfer protocol (FTP)
• FTP is an application layer protocol providing a service for transferring
files between a local computer and a remote computer.
• FTP is a specific method used to connect to another Internet site to receive
and send files.
• FTP was developed in the early days of the Internet to copy files from
computer to computer using a command line.
• With the advent of WWW browser software, we no longer need to know
FTP commands to copy to and from other computers, as web browsers
have integrated the commands into their browser functions

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• 3. Electronic mail (email)
• The email is like our postal system but much quicker and cheaper, transmitting only
information without papers or other materials.
• The early email allowed only text messages to be sent from one user to another via the
Internet. Email can also be sent automatically to a number of addresses.
• Electronic mail has grown over the past 20 years, from a technical tool used
by research scientists, to a business tool as common as faxes and letters.
• Everyday, millions and millions of emails are sent through intranet systems and the
Internet.
• Use mailing lists to send an email to groups of people.
• When an email is sent to a mailing list, the email system distributes the email to the
listed group of users.
• It is also possible to send very large files, audio and video clips.
• The success of email systems also causes problems for the Internet, e.g. viruses and
junk mail are spread through email, threatening the Internet and the many computers
linked to it.
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Figure (a) Internet groups (b) world wide web groups

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Spoofing – Breakthrough the network

IWU – Inter Working Unit

Figure : TCP / IP Satellite link Spoofing configurations 74

 Special service :Video Conferencing
• Video conferencing technology can be used to provide the same full,
two- way interactivity of satellite broadcast at much lower cost.
• For Multi-Site meetings, video conferencing uses bridging systems to
connect each site to the others.
• It is possible to configure a video conference bridge to show all sites at
the same time on a projection screen or monitor. Or, as is more typical,
a bridge can show just the site from which a person is speaking or
making a presentation.
• The technology that makes interactive video conferencing possible,
compresses video and audio signals, thus creating an image quality
lower than that of satellite broadcasts.

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Thanking U

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