Unit-4: Synchronous Machines

1
 Unit-4: Synchronous Machines
• Important Parts of the Synchronous Machines are-
Stator (Armature windings),
Rotor (Field windings) and
Damper windings (To prevent hunting in Generator and to provide
starting torque in Motors)

• The most commonly used machine for the generation of electric

power is the Synchronous generator called an alternator, as it
generates ac.

• The armature winding is placed on the stator and the field poles on
the rotor.

• When the rotor is rotated by a prime-mover, it works as an

alternator (Synchronous generator).

• To run it as a synchronous motor,

-Three-phase supply is connected to the stator winding
(Armature), and
-A dc supply (for the field) to the rotor winding to produce
magnetic poles.
2
Construction of Stator and Rotor

R Dubey (9810381076) 3
Advantages of having armature winding on the stator
and field winding on the Rotor
• It is easier to provide insulation to armature winding for high
voltages, as the stationary winding is not subjected to
mechanical stress due to centrifugal forces and also more
space is available.
• The external three-phase circuit can directly be connected with
fixed terminals on the stator, without the need of slip-rings.
• For dc supply to the rotor field winding, only two slip-rings,
each capable of handling much smaller current and requiring
insulation for much lower voltages, are needed.
• The revolving field system is light in weight, and therefore can
run with high speed.

4
(a) Non-salient or Cylindrical Type (b) Salient or Projected Poles Type

5
R Dubey (9810381076) 6
R Dubey (9810381076) 7
Induced EMF per phase in the Stator (Armature Winding) of the alternator:
Main rotating flux:
f
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f
ns = E s t = + N st Φrot ω sin ωt
`a ` a
P+ 2
= N st Φrot ω cos ωt @ 90
b c
o

N
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fffω
f
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ω = 2 A π ns E st = sta
p2
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wwrot

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Φlink t = Φrot cos ωt E st = p2 A π f N s Φ f A K w , Φ f = Φrot
`a ` a
`a
dΦ
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ftfffff
f
E s t = N st link
`a
dt Pffff
The rotating flux generates the induced voltage in the stator at a frequency , f = n s .
2
the induced emf per phase in the stator due to the field Φ f is E f and lags by
πffff
A or 90
o
w. r. to Φ f = Φrot
2

R Dubey (9810381076) 8
 Pitch-Factor Kp of a short-pitched coil
• The factor by which the emf per coil is reduced because of the pitch
being less than full-pitch is known as pitch factor (or coil span
factor) kp. Thus,
phasor sum of the coil-side emfs 2 E cos ( β / 2)
kp = = = cos ( β / 2)
arithmetic sum of the coil-side emfs 2E

(a) Full-pitch coil in a 4-pole machine.

(c) Short-pitch coil in a 4-pole machine.
(b) Phasor sum of coil-side emfs.
(d) Phasor sum of coil-side emfs.
For the nth harmonic, the pitch factor is given by
k pn = cos ( nβ / 2)
Suppose that we wish to remove 6th harmonic altogether.
k p 6 ≡ cos (6 β / 2) = 0 ⇒ 6 β / 2 = 90° or β = 30°
R Dubey (9810381076) 9
 Distribution Factor (kd) of a distributed windings
• The distribution factor (or breadth factor) kd for q slots per pole
per phase is defined as
• phasor sum of component emfs AD 2 × AF 2 R sin (qα / 2)
kd = = = =
arithmetic sum of component emfs q × BC q × 2 × BG q × 2 R sin (α / 2)
sin (qα / 2)
or kd =
q sin (α / 2)

If q (the number of slots per pole per phase) is very large, the angle
α becomes very small, then
sin (qα / 2)
kd =
qα / 2

• The total angle qα

(expressed in electrical radians)
is called the phase spread (σ).

Calculation of distribution factor, for q = 3.

10
R Dubey (9810381076) 11
The miff distribution along the air gap is a square or
rectangular wave wave due to slotting, which is main cause
of harmonics in the induced voltage.

R Dubey (9810381076) 12
R Dubey (9810381076) 13
R Dubey (9810381076) 14
Synchronous Generator loading and armature reaction:

• The generator is loaded , I a flows in the armature winding.

• The load current produces a rotating flux, Φa due to mmf F a .

• F a is called armature reaction, which rotates at synchronous speed and in the

direction of the rotor.

•Thus the resultant mmf will be

Phasor sum Fr=Ff + Fa

•This rotating flux Фa induces a ac three phase voltage in the stator winding.

•This voltage is-

- subtracted from the induced voltage.
- represented by a voltage drop on the synchronous reactance.

•Thus the equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator is a voltage source and a

reactance connected in series.
15
 F r lags F f by an angle δ and E r lags E f by the same angle δ
Fr = F f + Fa
Φr = Φ f + Φa
but E a = j I a X a [ E r = E f @ j I a X a

If X l is the leakage reactance, then total reactance, X s = X a + X L

is called synchronous reactance then,

V t = E r @ I a R a + jX l = E f @ j I a X a @ I a R a + jX l
b c b c

V t = E f @ I a Z s , where Z s = R a + jX s = synchronous impedance A

In generating action : the field poles F f are driven ahead of the resultant field F r by an
angle δ by the prime mover.
In case of motor : the field poles F f lags behind the resultant field F r by an angle δ
due to the load.
“δ’ is also called power angle or torque angle.

Torque developed due to interaction of two fields:

f g2
πffffPffff 16
T= Φr F f sinδ and T ∝ F f A F r A sinδ
2 2
R Dubey (9810381076) 17
Nature of armature reaction:
Assuming that the armature resistance and leakage reactance are negligible so that

V t = E r due to Φr

In motoring action cases will exactly reversed in all the three cases as the direction
of I a is reversed.

18
 OCC, SCC and MEASUREMENT OF SYNCHRONOUS
IMPEDANCE
• The synchronous impedance Zs of an alternator can be determined by
plotting its open-circuit and short-circuit characteristics.

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R Dubey (9810381076) 20
21
Zpu=ZΩ/ZB

22
Alternator phasor diagram for constant
E f = 1.0 Pu

R Dubey (9810381076) 23
 Alternator characteristics
(a)Terminal voltage Vs field current- the field current equivalent to OF’ is
required to compensate Fa and Pal i.e. armature reaction miff and leakage flux
equivalent miff .
OF = Fa + Fal

R Dubey (9810381076) 24
(b) Variation in Terminal Voltage Vs Load current
(Effect of armature reaction on terminal voltage)

R Dubey (9810381076) 25
(c) Compounding curves: variation of alternator excitation if Vs load
current at constant speed & terminal voltage.

Compounding curves: V- curves of synchronous m/c constant load (real power)

and variable excitation (reactive power).

R Dubey (9810381076) 26
Voltage Regulation of Alternators

R Dubey (9810381076) 27
Air gap line

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R Dubey (9810381076) 29
We have used,φaα Fa and Ea α φa, but it will be correct only before saturation .
After saturation , the used value of Xs is more than the actual , because used Xs is the
ratio of voltage of w.r.t air gap line and current w.r.t scc , instead of occ and scc. Thus
more value of Ef is used which gives % regulation more than the actual one (pessimistic
result).

R Dubey (9810381076) 30
Phasor diagram of synchronous machines (alternator):
Taking armature current as reference:

Case 1 Lagging pf load:

E f =V t + I a Ra + j I a X s
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2 2
E f = qV t + V z + 2V t V z cosα
whereα = Ψ @ θ
αis the angle between the vectorV t andV z the drop voltage
b c

Case 2 Leading pf load:

in this case , α = Ψ + θ
thus
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2 2
Ef = qV + V + 2V V cosα
t z t z

31
Phasor diagram of the alternator (at lagging pf):
Phasor diagram taking V t as reference and Ra is taken into account:
It is clear from the phasor diagram,
L M L M
LE fM > LV tM
L M L M

for the lagging Pf

magnitude of excitation emf :

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c2 b c2
= s V + I R cosθ + I X sinθ + I X cosθ @ I R sinθ
b
Ef t a a a s a s a a

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c2 b c2
= s V + I X sinθ + I X cosθ
b
Ef t a s a s if R a is negligible

32
Alternator or generator under load (Leading pf):

¾ isolated loads with a leading pf

ƒ current leads the terminal voltage, E
ƒThe voltage drop across the synchronous reactance, E x leads the
current by 90
ƒThe induced voltage, Eφ generated by the flux φ is equal to the phasor
sum of E and E x

¾note that Eo always leads E by the angle δ

ƒFor lagging loads Eo is greater than E
ƒFor leading loads E is greater than Eo

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c2 b c2
= s V + I R cosθ @ I X sinθ + I X cosθ + I R sinθ
b
Ef t a a a s a s a a
33
R Dubey (9810381076) 34
 If1
If2 may not be in the
direction of Ia. Ff1

900
Vt
φ

Fa
If2

Ia

Thus , used If2 is of lesser magnitude compare to actual value and Ef is less
which gives lower value of regulation than the actual one(optimistic result).

35
R Dubey (9810381076) 36
• ZPFC is drawn by loading the machine as a generator with pure inductive load or
synchronizing the machine with the mains and regulating its excitation to yield ZPF
operation.
•ZPFC is a plot between armature terminal voltage Vt and field current for constant
value of armature current and speed.
•In the diagram, OA is the field current required to circulate the short circuit current
equal to the rated current of the armature .
•B point is obtained by noting the field current for the rated voltage Vt at ZPF load.
•Only two points A and b are sufficient to draw ZPFC.

Vt sin ϕ + IaXl
−1
ψ = tan
Vt cos ϕ + IaRa jIa Xl
E=Er
ψ IaRa
φ Vt Ia

37
 r t t
i.e. Ife

i.e. BH=OA
DE
EH =
tan α

=Ef
FG=BE=BH-EH
DE
EH = α=initial slope of OCC
tan α =Slope of air gap
line 38
39
A 220V, 50Hz, 6 pole star connected alternator with ohmic resistance of 0.06Ω/phase
gave the following data for open circuit, short circuit and full load zero-power factor
characteristics-

If mA 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4

Ef in V (measured 16.73 33.5 50.2 67.0 84.3 99.3 112 134 151 164 173.2 179.0

between phase to
N)

Isc in A 6.6 13.2 20.0 26.5 32.4 40.0 46.3 59.0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Zpf terminal ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0 16.73 50.8 80.8 102 120 132.7

voltage (phase to
neutral)

Find the percentage voltage regulation at full load current of 40A at 0.8
power factor lagging by
(a)EMF method
(b) MMF method
(c) ZPF (potier) method
40
 220
ff
f
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Vt =pw
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Solution: Rated per phase voltage , 3
(a) EMF method: minimum value of Z corresponding to
S Ef
maximum value of SC current should be used.

134
ZS = f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
= 2.271
59 jIa XS
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= q 2.271 @ 0.06 = 2.27 Ω phase
` a2 ` a2 *
XS
taking current I a as reference,
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δ
b c2 b c2
Ef = s V cosφ + I R + V sinφ + I X
a a a s

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Vt
a2 ` a2
= 127B0.8 + 40B0.06 + 127B0.6 + 40B2.27
q
φ
`

= 196.7V
196.7
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f@127
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%regulation = = 54.9%
127

41
(b) MMF method
Field current I f to produce rated voltage Vt =127V is approximately 1.69A from OCC.
1

I f1 = 1.69A
Field current required to circulate the rated armature current is 1.2A from SCC
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2 b 2 Iw
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f 2 = 1.2bA
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=r I + I + 2 I I cos 90 @ φ
b c c c
If f1 f2 f1 f2

φ = cos@ 1 0.8 = 36.8

` a
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2 2
= q 1.69 + 1.2 + 2 B 1.69 B 1.2 B cos 53.2 = 2.59A
` a ` a ` a
If
corresponding to I f = 2.59 E f = 163.5V from OCC A If
163.5
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f@
f
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f127
f
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f
% regulation = B 100% = 28.75% I f2
127

0
φ
90 90 @ φ

42
(C) ZPF method: potier triangle BDF is drawn. V t = rated
terminal voltage BH=OA=1.2A is drawn HD parallel to air gap
line. DE perpendicular to BH line.
Voltage drop I a X L = DE = 30V (from actual graph)
Armature leakage reactance,

30
ffff
ff 30
ff
ff
ff
Xl= = = 0.75Ω potier reactance
b c
I a 40
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ww
w
w
ww
w
w
2 b 2
= Vcosφ + I R + Vsinφ + I X = 148.6V
b c c
E r
a a a l

F Vsinφ
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f+
f
ffIff
f
f af
fX
f
ff
ff
f
lf
f 0
andψ = tan 1 = 45.6
G
@
Vcosφ + I a R a
DE 30
f g
ff
ff
ff
ff
f ff
ff
ff
ff
now, Fa = BE = BH @ EH = 1.2 @ α = 1.2 @ α = 0.84
tan tan
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w
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w
w
ww
w
w
ww
a2 ` a2
= r 2.134 + 0.84 + 2 B 2.134 B 0.84 B cos 90 @ ψ
` b c
If
I f = 2.79A, from OCC, E f = 169V
169
ff
ff
ff
f@
f
ff
ff
f127
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
% regulation = B 100 = 33%
127
43
Que. A 3-ø Y- connected synchronous generator rated at 10 kVA and 230.0 V has a
synchronous reactanace of 1.2Ω/phase and an armature resistance of 0.5Ω/phase.
Calculate the following-
(i)The % voltage regulation at full load with 0.8 pf(lagging)
(ii) the pf of the load such that the voltage regulation is zero on full load.
3
10
f
ff
ff
fB10
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
full load current I a = w
ww
w
ww
p3 B 230
= 25.1 A
230
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
i Rated terminal voltage V t = p w = 132.8V
`a
w
w
w
ww
3
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w
w
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w
ww
ww
w
w
ww
w
w2 b c2
=r V t cosφ + I a R a + V t sinφ +
b c
Ef Ia X S
w
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w
w
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ww
w
w
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w
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w
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ww
w
2 2
= q 11.8 + 109.8 = 161.8 V
` a ` a
Ef
161.8
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f@
f
ff
ff
f132.8
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
% regulation = B 100 %
132.8
= 21.8 %

44
` a
ii taking voltage as reference,
from phasor diagram,
E f = V t + I a R a cosθ + I a X S sinθ + j I a X S cosθ @ I a R a sinθ
b c b c

for voltage regulation to be zero A

E f @V t = 0
either I a R a cosθ + I a X S sinθ = 0 …A 1
`a

or I a X S cosθ @ I a R a sinθ = 0 …AA 2

` a

Rfff
f
af
ff
from 1 tanθ = @ [ cosθ = 0.92 leading
`a b c
XS
Xfffffff
from 2 tanθ = S which gives lagging pf which is not possible for zero regulation A
` a
Ra

45
Ques. An star connected 3-ø alternator delivers a 3-ø star connected load at a pf of 0.8
(lagging).A wire connects the load and the alternator. The terminal voltage at no load is
2500 and at full load & 1460 kW is 2200. determine the terminal voltage, when it
delivers a 3-ø star connected load having a resistance at 6Ω and reactance 8Ω per phase
respectively. Assume constant field excitation.
Solution- Z IL
3
ff
ff1fff
f
f 4ff6fff0ffff
B
ff1fff
f
f 0ffffffffffff
IL = ww
w
w
ww
w
w
p 3 B 2 2 0 0 B 0 .8
= 4 7 8 .9 A
w
ww
w
w
ww
2500 ∠ 5f 2200 ∠ 0f * p 3f
` a
f
fff
fff
fff
fff
fff@
ff
fff
fff
fff
fff
fff
fffff
fff
fff
f fff
IL =
Z 2500/√3
w
ww
w
ww
w
2500
ff
fff
fff
fcos
ff
fff
f5f
ff+
ff
fff2500
jf
fff
fff
fff
fsin5
ff
fff
ff@
f
fff
f2200
ff
fff
fff
f
*
ff
f
p
ff
ff3f
ffff
f
Z= b c
4 7 8 .9 0.8 + 0.6

46
 Z= 1.08Ω I
w
ww
w
w
w
w
290.5 + j 217.9 * p3
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
fff
ff
ffff
ff
ff
= d e
478.9 0.8 * j 0.6
167.7
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f+
f
fff 125.8
jfff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
= Vt
383.12 * j 287.34 2500/√3

0.1225 + j 0.42 Ω
b c

6ffff+
b c
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f f
fff 8ffffffffffffffffffffffffff
jfff
V t = 2500 B b
6 + j 8 + 0.1225 + j 0.42
c b c

= 2401 @ j 35.5
= 2401.26 ∠ @ 0.84

47
R Dubey (9810381076) 48
R Dubey (9810381076) 49
R Dubey (9810381076) 50
 220
Solution: rated per phase voltage V t = pfw
f
f
f
w
w
w
w
f
f
ff
f
ff
w = 127 V
3

(a) EMF method: minimum value Z S of corresponding to maximum value of SC

current should be used.
Ef

134
ZS = f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
= 2.271
59
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w
ww
w
w
w
ww
Ω j Ia X S
= 2.271 @ 0.06 = 2.27 f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
q` a2 ` a2
XS
phase
taking current I a as reference,
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c2 b
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w
c2 δ Vt I a Ra
= s V cosφ + I R + V sinφ + I X
b
Ef t a a t a s φ
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w
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w
w
ww
w
w
w
ww
w
ww Ia
a2 ` a2
= 127 B0.8 + 40 B0.06 + 127 B0.6 + 40 B2.27
q`

= 196.7 V
196.7 @ 127
%regulation = f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
B100% = 54.9%
127

51
I f1 Vt

52
R Dubey (9810381076) 53
54
55
Power Transferred by the Alternator

R Dubey (9810381076) 56
R Dubey (9810381076) 57
IES 2005
Ques. A synchronous generator supplies rated power at 0.8 pf (lagging). Its resistance
and synchronous reactance are 0.1 and 1.0 pu. Calculate the terminal voltage if the open
circuit voltage is 2.1 pu.

Solution- rated power means rated current = 1 pu Ef

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www
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ww
d c2e b c2
= s V t cosφ + I a R a + V t sinφ + I a X S
b
Ef J Ia Xs
w
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w
w
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w
w
ww
w δ
2 b 2
= V B 0.8 + 1 B 0.1 + V B 0.6 + 1 B 1
b c c
2.1 r
t t
Vt
a2 2
2.1 = V t + 1.36 V t + 1.01 Ia Ra
`

on solving V t = 1.05 pu Ia

58
R Dubey (9810381076) 59
Operation of alternator with constant voltage and with varying load
and varying excitation:
Constant load means EfVt sin δ
Pe =
Xs is constant
Ef sinδ= constant as Pe is constant because Vt and Xs are constants.

9 Then Ef is varied by varying field current If . The power angle δ varies such that
Ef sin δ is constant.

9 on the phasor diagram the tip of Ef moves on a line parallel to Vt and at a distance
sin δ = P e X s

Vt

9 since Ia cosθ will be constant, the projection of current phasor on Vt remains

constant. i.e. the tip of the current phasor traces a line perpendicular to Vt & at a
distance Ia cosθ =Pe/Vt

60
 Normal excitation

PeXs
jIa2Xs Ef sin δ =
Vt
jIa1 Xs

PeXs
Ef sin δ =
Vt

The excitation corresponding to UPF is normal excitation while excitation larger than
this is over excitation (Lagging Pf) and less than this is under excitation (Leading Pf)
in case of alternator. Reverse is the case for motor.

61
•Effect of field current as an alternator connected to infinity –bus.

Ia 1.0 pu
&
Pf
Pf

Pf=1
If
Leading Lagging

62
R Dubey (9810381076) 63
64
 Operation with a Large System- infinite bus

The power system is modelled as an infinite bus which maintains

constant frequency and constant voltage. Here, if we increase the
mechanical drive, we do not increase the frequency as in stand-alone
system; rather, we contribute larger real power to the grid. Likewise, if
we increase the dc field current, we do not increase the output voltage as
in stand-alone system; rather, we change the reactive power contributed
to the system.

65
If we increase the mechanical drive to the alternator, the rotor power
angle δR increases and as a result the real power, delivered to the infinite
bus increases.
The reactive power delivered by the alternator can be controlled by
controlling the dc exciting current If.

If we increase If, the magnitude of excitation voltage E increases. If we

keep the mechanical drive constant (i.e., the angle δR unaltered), three
conditions by just varying the dc excitation current If:

66
R Dubey (9810381076) 67
68
IES 2001
Q1. An star connected alternator is synchronized at no load with an infinite bus of
11kV, its steam input is then increased till its output power is 15MW. Now when its
excitation emf is increased to 130 % the machine starts operating at a pf of 0.8 lagging.
Compute the synchronous reactance of the machine. Neglect armature resistance.
Determine the pf, load angle and armature current of the machine before the excitation
emf is increased.

Solution . Alternator is synchronized at no load, thus

Ef1 = V 1
E f 1 .V t sin δ 1 15
= jIa2 Xs
Xs 3 Ef2
11 sin δ 1
= 5
3 Xs
δ1 Ia2
sin = 0 . 123 δ2
Xs θ2
When excitation is increased to 130%
Ef2=1.3Ef1 & θ2=cos-1(0.8)=370

69
From the phasor diagram,
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w
w
w
ww
w
2 b 2
= V cosθ + V sinθ + I X
b c c
Ef2 r
t 2 t 2 a2 S
ww
w
w
w
ww 3
2 A I a 2 = 15 B10
p
but 3 A 11 A cosθ
I a 2 = 984 A
putting the values of
11
f
ff
ff
ff
ff 11
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
E f 2 = 1.3 B p
w
ww and cosθ2 = 0.8 sinθ2 = 0.6 V t = w
w
w
w w
w
p3
w and I a = 984 A
w
w
3 2

we get X S = 2.73Ω
19.78
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
then sinδ1 = 0.123 X S [ δ = 19.78 [ θ1 =
2
Pf = cosθ1 = 0.985 leading
b c

Armature current, before the excitation is increased,

3 3
w
ww
w
w
w
p3 A 11 A cosθ = 15
f
ff
fB10
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff ff
ff
f15
f
ff
ff
ffB10
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
fff
ff
ff
ff
f
1 [ I a1 = p
w
ww
w
w
w =799.3A
Ia 1
3 A 11 A cosθ 1

70
R Dubey (9810381076) 71
Two alternators connected in parallel:
Frequency i.e. speed power characteristics of the two alternator connected in parallel is
shown in fig..
Active and reactive power supplied to the common load by each generator, are
controlled respectively by their prime movers throttles and field currents.

Condition 1: total load P L = P1 + P 2

Condition 2 : in order to increase load on G 2 and reduce the load on G1 , the frequency
power ch. & G 2 must be raised and the frequency power ch. & G1 must be lowered to
keep the frequency constant , by the adjustment of the governor setting.
Now, total load , 72
P L = P1. + P 2.
IES 1997
Q2. Two synchronous generators are supplying a common load. Generator 1 has a no-
load frequency of 510.5 Hz and regulation of 1 MW/Hz. Generator 2 has a no load
frequency of 51.0 Hz and regulation of 1MW/Hz. The total load 2.5 MW at 0.8 Pf
lagging are required to be shared.
(a)At what frequency, are the generators supplying this load and how much power is
supplied by each generator?
(b) A additional load of 1MW is attached to this system. What will be the new
frequency and power generator of each generator?
(c)How much is governor set- point of generator 2 to be adjusted to bring the system
frequency at 50 Hz for 3.5 MW system load?

73
Solution : frequency power ch. Equation of the two alternators-

f 1 = 51.5 @ 1BP1 and F2 = 51.0 @ 1BP2

but the machine are constrained to operate at common frequency A i A e A
f 1 = f 2 = f say
` a

51.5 @ P1 = 51 @ P2 [ P1 @ P2 = 0.5
a P1 + P2 = 2.5 [ P1 = 1.5 MW & P2 = 1.0 MW
` a

then f = 51.5 @ 1.5 = 50 Hz

b P1 + P2 = 3.5 [ P1 = 2.0 MW & P2 = 1.5 MW
` a

newfrequency f. = 51.5 @ 2 = 49.5 Hz

c in this case the system frequency is 50 Hz
` a

iε A 51.5 @ P1 = 50 [ P1 = 1.5 MW thus P2 = 2.0 MW

nd
for 2 generator, on load speed is to be adjusted @
f 02 @ P2 = 50 [ f 02 = 52 Hz

74
 Salient pole generator
The air gap is not uniform along d-axis and q-axis, thus a constant X S can not be taken
like non-salient (cylindrical type ) generators.
Phasor diagram can be drawn using two reaction theory (by Blondel) in which armature
reaction mmf Fa can be resolved into two sinusoidal components Fad along d-axis and
Faq along q- axis.

Ia = Iq + Id
Fa = Fq + Fd
Φa = Φad + Φaq

φaq

R Dubey (9810381076) 75
Phasor diagram - E f is taken as reference,
Where ψ =| θ + δ | (internal Pf angle)
If load is leading then
ψ =| θ − δ |
θ = Pf angle
δ = power angle
Vt
Ef = Vt + IaRa + jIdXd + jIqXq
Vt = Ef − IaRa − jIdXd − jIaXq
Where Xd=Xad+Xal and Xq=Xaq+Xal and

i.e. reactance due to armature reaction and leakage reactance in d-axis

and q-axis respectively.
2 2 Iq
Id = Ia sin ψ Ia = I d + I q =
cos ψ
Iq = Ia cos ψ

76
Calculation of voltage regulation:

AC must be a reactance drop as it is perpendicular to I a R a that means I a . Let it is

I a X , then ,
AD = AC cosΨ = I a X cosΨ = X I q = X q I q let X = X q
b c

E f . = V t + I a Ra + j I a X and CE = j I d X d @ j I a X sinΨ
= j Id X d@ X q
b c

Ef = Ef. + j Id X d@ X q [ Ef = Ef. + Id X d@ X q
b c b c

E bf = V t + I acR a + j I a X + j I d X d @ X q
b c

The term jI d X d @ X q is due to saliency and reduces to zero for non- salient pole
machine as X d = X q E @V
Voltage regulation = fffffffffffffffffff
f t
B100
Vt 77
Ex.- A salient pole synchronous generator has the following per unit parameters
X d = 1.2 , X q = 0.8 , R a = 0.025 calculate the excitation voltage E f on per unit basis and
regulation in % , when the generator is delivering rated KVA at rated voltage and at a pf
of (a) 0.8 lagging (b) 0.8 leading .

Solution .
taking V t as a reference, V t = 1.0 + j 0.0
a I a = 0.8 @ j 0.6 = 1 ∠ @ 36.9 [ θ = 36.9
` a o o

I a R a = 0.02 @ j 0.015
j I a X q = j 0.8 @ j 0.6 0.80 = 0.48 + j 0.64
b c` a

E f . = V t + j I a X q + I a R a = 1.5 + j 0.625 = 1.625 ∠ 22.2

o

δ = 22.2 thus Ψ = δ + θ = 59.52

o o

I d = 1.0 sinΨ = 0.862

I q = 1.0 cosΨ = 0.507
E f = 1.625 + I d X d @ X q = 1.9698 ∠ 22.2
b c
o

1.9698
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f@
f
ff
ff
f1.0
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
% regulation = B100% = 96.98 %
1.0

78
 b V t = 1.0 + j 0.0 and I a = 0.8 + j 0.6 = 1 ∠ 36.9
` a o

I a R a = 0.02 + j 0.015
j I a X q = @ 0.48 + j 0.64 = @ 0.048 + j 0.64
E f . = V t + I a R a + j I a X q = 0.54 + j 0.655 = 0.849 ∠ 50.0
o

Ψ = θ @ δ = 50.5 @ 36.9 =13.6

o o o

I d = 1.0 sin13.6 = 0.235

o

I q = 1.0 cos13.6
o

then E f = E f . + I d X d @ X q = 0.849 + 0.235 0.4

b c ` a

E f = 0.943 pu
0.943
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f@
f
ff
f1ffff
f
f
% regulation = B100 % = @ 5.7 % negative
b c
1

79
 Power angle characteristics of salient pole machine

After neglecting R a , the phasor diagram can be drawn as-

For a lagging power factor angle θ

The per phase power is given as-

80
 P = I d V t sinδ + I q V t cosδ
b c b c

V tffsinδ
V t sinδ = ab = dc = I q X q & I q = ffffff
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
Xq
E f @V t cosδ
similarly , V t cosδ = E f @ I d X d & I d = fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
Xd
putting in the equation of power,
Effff
ff
fV
f
ff
ff
fsinδ
tf
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff Vf
f
2
f
f
tf
fff1ffffff ff
f 1ffffff
P= + sin2δ
F G
@
Xd 2 Xq Xd

i.e. fundamental component and second harmonics with respect to the load angle δ
The second component exists even E f = 0 it is because of different reluctance along
the d-axis and q-axis, called the reluctance power.

81
82
83
 Synchronous Motor
How it is different from an Induction Motor ?

1. A synchronous motor always runs at synchronous

speed, whereas an induction motor runs at a speed
slightly less than the synchronous speed. Thus, it
is constant speed motor in true sense.

2. In synchronous motor, there are magnetic poles on

the rotor. Induction motor has no magnetic poles
on the rotor.

3. Induction motors are self starting but synchronous

motors are not self starting.

84
The starting torque of synchronous motor is zero:
When a 3Ø balanced voltage is applied to a 3Ø balanced winding of synchronous
motor, a rotating magnetic field with synchronous speed is produced.
If rotor is stationary (at starting), then stator field is equal to a stator field rotating at a
synchronous speed w. r. to the rotor field. Thus the angle between the two fields λ= ωst
is a function of time.
The total field energy if-
1fffμfff0fff π
Aff
ff
frl
ff
fff
ff 2 rotating
W f ld = Fr
2 g
1fffμfff0fffπ rl d e
ff
ff
fff
fff
f 2 2
W f ld = F s + F R + 2F sF cosω
2 g st

stationary
∂W
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
fff
f f
f μfff0fffπ
f
ffrl
f
ff
ff
ff
f
torque, T e = @ λ =
ld
A F s F R sinλ
∂ g
where g = length of air gap
r = radius of the rotor
l = axial length of rotor
μfff
0f
fπrl
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
T e = K A F s A F R A sinω s t let =K
g
the average value of this torque is Zero, as the average value of sinωst is zero. 85
This is because, the rotor poles are stationary with N & S-poles on it. Stator poles with
N & S poles on it are rotating with synchronous speed. When the N-pole of stator
comes near to S-pole of the rotor, rotor experiences the maximum torque and when the
S-pole of the stator comes to S-pole of the rotor, experiences the maximum torque in
the opposite torque due to repulsion. Thus , the average value of the torque is zero.

86
87
 Starting of Synchronous Motors
(a) Starting by Using Damper Winding

(b) Starting by Using a Separate Induction Motor.

(c) Starting By Using small DC Motor (Pony Motors)
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
 Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Motor
(a)Floating. (b) Motor on (c) Motor at
on bus-bar no-load. Mechanical Load.

96
 Effect of Change of Excitation
Phasor Diagrams for a Synchronous Motor
driving a constant load for
(a) Normal excitation, (b) Over excitation, (c) Under excitation.

97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
 Effect of Excitation on
Power Factor and Armature Current

105
An overexcited synchronous motor is used as a phase modifier
or compensator. 106
107
108
109
110