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Coordinates: 17°10′N 121°10′E

Cordillera Administrative Region

Cordillera Administrative Region, also known as Cordillera Region (Ilocano: Rehion/Deppaar
Administratibo ti Kordiliera; Tagalog: Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera), designated as CAR, is an Cordillera Administrative Region
administrative region in the Philippines, situated within the island of Luzon. The only landlocked region in the CAR
insular country, it is bordered by the Ilocos Region to west and southwest, and by the Cagayan Valley Region to Region
the north, east, and southeast. It is the least populous region in the Philippines, with a population less than that
of the City of Manila.

The region comprises six landlocked provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province.
The regional center is the highly urbanized city of Baguio.

The landlocked region, officially created on July 15, 1987,[2] covers most of the Cordillera Central mountains of
Luzon, and is home to numerous ethnic peoples. The landlocked Nueva Vizcaya province has a majority-Igorot
population, but was placed by the American colonial government in the Cagayan Valley region instead during
the early 20th century.

Contents
History
Background
Creation of the region
Modern history
Geography From top, left to right: Batad Rice Terraces;
Administrative divisions Tayum Church; Lubuagan, Kalinga; Colors of
StoBoSa, Hanging coffins of Sagada
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Languages
Religion
Infrastructure Flag
Seal
Roads and Bridges
Culture
Tourism
Beaches
See also
References
External links

History

Background

Colonial Era

During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, Christianization and eventual

subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial Location in the Philippines
government.[3] Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial Coordinates: 17°10′N 121°10′E
government in strategic areas of the mountain region. Among them were Amburayan, Country Philippines
Cabugaoan, Kayapa, Quiangan, Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet, Bontoc, Banaue,
Island group Luzon
and Tiagan.[4][5][6]
Regional Baguio
On August 18, 1908 during the American regime, Mountain Province was established center
by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876. Ifugao, which was Area
An old U.S. Army map
part of Nueva Vizcaya province,[7] and the former Spanish comandancias of • Total 19,422.03 km2
showing Mountain
Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto, were annexed to the (7,498.89 sq mi)
province covering the
present areas of newly created province as sub-provinces.[8][9] Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 Population (2015 census)[1]
Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and its corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and • Total 1,722,006
and Apayao La Union. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the • Density 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur.[3][10][11]
Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
ISO 3166 PH-15
After Philippine Independence code
Provinces 6
Abra

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On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and Apayao
independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province.[12][13] Ifugao and Benguet
Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region,[14] with Benguet and Mountain Ifugao
Province placed under the Ilocos Region. Kalinga
Mountain Province
Cordilleran history during Martial law Cities 2
Baguio
After the declaration of Martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, the region became the focus of militarization Tabuk
as a result of local objections to the government's push for the Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga, Mountain
Municipalities 75
Province and Tinglayan, Kalinga.[15][16][17] Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Barangays 1,176
Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Cong. 7
Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR),[18] in an effort to districts
neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam.[17]
Languages Ilocano · Ibaloi ·
Kankanaey · Kalanguya ·
Empowered by Martial Law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals
Kalinga · Ifugao · Itneg ·
by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other Isneg · Pangasinan ·
offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal Filipino · English · others
papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child.[17](p9) By December
1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely fire
on any animals or permit-less humans at will.[17]

On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinated Macli-ing Dulag a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe
of Kalinga.[19] The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press
could be openly critical against Marcos and the Military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity which eventually led
to cordillera autonomy.[20]

Creation of the region Detail of the Wall of Remembrance

at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in
On July 15, 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Quezon City, showing names from
Region. The provinces of Abra, Benguet and Mountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao the first batch of Bantayog
(of the Cagayan Valley) were annexed as part of the newly created region. Nueva Vizcaya was not included in the region Honorees, including that of Macli-ing
despite having an Igorot majority at the time.[2][21] Dulag.

Modern history

On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga
with the enactment of Republic Act No. 7878.[22][23]

Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites.[24][25] An affirmative vote for the law on regional
autonomy is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao (now the BARMM) in southern Philippines. The first law Republic Act No. 6766, took effect on October 23, 1989[26] but failed to muster a majority
vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990.[24][25] The second law, Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997,[27]
also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide plebiscite on March 7, 1998.[24][25]

At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council.

Recent events

In September 2000, the municipal council of Itogon, Benguet, withdrew support for the San Roque Dam project. The project had met a lot of resistance,
because of the reported failure of its proponents to update its Environmental Certificate of Compliance (ECC) and to submit a watershed management plan
required for a project of that magnitude. The San Roque Dam was to become one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten the living environment
of the Igorot.

The Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), an indigenous rights organization in the region, in co-operation with other organizations, had highly resisted this
project and thus booked a little victory. However, in May 2001, president Arroyo declared that the San Roque Dam project would continue anyway because it
had already started and therefore was difficult to stop. At the same time she promised to not sacrifice the environment, to resettle the people who will lose
their houses, to compensate other people, and to initiate no other large-scale irrigation projects in the future.

In December 2000, the Supreme Court of the Philippines dismissed a petition that questioned the constitutional legality of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
(IPRA), and act which came into existence in 1997 giving the peoples of the Cordillera decisive influence over the establishment of foreign mining companies.
In this act, ownership over the lands was regarded as communal, rather than individual and thus coincided more with the view on ownership of the Igorot.
The IPRA was totally different in tone than the 1995 Mining Code.

Without consultation from the people of the Cordilleras, the Mining Code gave companies the freedom to devastate tribal lands, allowed 100% foreign
ownership, and gave companies the right to displace and resettle people within their concessionary areas. Some influential people filed a lawsuit with the
Supreme Court against the IPRA, because it contradicted with the Mining Code and would therefore be unlawful. The petition was dismissed in a 7–7 vote by
the Supreme Court.

A bill creating an autonomous Cordillera was filed in Congress in 2014, but it was not backed by strategic politicians in the region due to lack of support from
the national government. However, in 2017, all provincial congressmen within the CAR jointly filed a new Bill creating an autonomous Cordillera, the first
time in three decades where all provincial district representatives called in unison for autonomy. The move was made due to the election win of President
Duterte, who publicly supported the creation of an autonomous Cordillera. However, questions lingered on the issue of Nueva Vizcaya's exclusion from the
proposed region, despite being culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras, leaving Nueva Vizcaya Igorots left out from the proposal.[28][29]

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Geography
The region is the only landlocked region in the Philippines, bounded on the northeast and east by
the Cagayan Valley, and on the southwest and west by the Ilocos Region.

The region is primarily mountainous, positioned in the Cordillera Central mountain range, which
includes Mount Pulag, the highest mountain in Luzon.[30]

Within the region are several streams and rivers including the Chico River, which is a tributary of
the Cagayan River. Other major rivers include[31][32]

Abra
Abulog
Agno
Ahin
Amburayan
Apayao
Bued Relief map Political map
Siffu

Administrative divisions

Cordillera Administrative Region is politically subdivided into 6 provinces. It has 2 cities; the highly
urbanized city of Baguio, and the component city of Tabuk. There are 1,176 barangays in the region.
Geographically, the western half of Nueva Viscaya is part of the main Cordilleras, while its eastern half is part of the
Caraballos, the meeting point of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre. There have been moves to reunify Nueva Vizcaya
with the Cordilleras, however, no such legislation has yet been introduced in Congress.

Province or HUC Capital Population (2015)[1] Area[33] Density Cities Muni. Barangay
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Abra Bangued 14.0% 241,160 4,165.25 1,608.21 58 150 0 27 303
A view of Baguio City as seen in
Apayao Luna 6.9% 119,184 4,413.35 1,704.00 27 70 0 7 133
November 2012
La
Benguet 25.9% 446,224 2,769.08 1,069.15 160 410 1 13 140
Trinidad
Ifugao Lagawe 11.8% 202,802 2,628.21 1,014.76 77 200 0 11 175
Kalinga Tabuk 12.4% 212,680 3,231.25 1,247.59 66 170 1 7 152
Mountain
Bontoc 9.0% 154,590 2,157.38 832.97 72 190 0 10 144
Province
Baguio † — 20.1% 345,366 57.51 22.20 6,000 16,000 — — 129
Total 1,722,006 19,422.03 7,498.89 89 230 2 75 1,176

† Baguio is a highly-urbanized city; figures are excluded from Benguet.

† Regional center

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City/Municipality Population (2015)[1] Area[34] Density Class Income class Province

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Aguinaldo 19,408 538.05 207.74 36 93 Municipality 2nd Ifugao
Alfonso Lista 32,119 347.46 134.16 92 240 Municipality 3rd Ifugao
Asipulo 15,261 182.87 70.61 83 210 Municipality 5th Ifugao
Atok 19,668 214.99 83.01 91 240 Municipality 4th Benguet
† Baguio City 345,366 57.51 22.20 6,000 16,000 Highly Urbanized City 1st Benguet
Bakun 15,357 286.91 110.78 54 140 Municipality 3rd Benguet
Balbalan 12,195 542.69 209.53 22 57 Municipality 3rd Kalinga
Banaue 21,837 191.20 73.82 110 280 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Bangued 48,163 105.70 40.81 460 1,200 Municipality 1st Abra
Barlig 4,819 228.64 88.28 21 54 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Bauko 31,065 153.00 59.07 200 520 Municipality 4th Mountain Province
Besao 7,040 173.62 67.04 41 110 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Bokod 13,756 274.96 106.16 50 130 Municipality 4th Benguet
Boliney 3,573 216.92 83.75 16 41 Municipality 5th Abra
Bontoc 24,643 396.10 152.94 62 160 Municipality 2nd Mountain Province
Bucay 17,115 102.16 39.44 170 440 Municipality 5th Abra
Bucloc 2,501 63.77 24.62 39 100 Municipality 6th Abra
Buguias 43,627 175.88 67.91 250 650 Municipality 3rd Benguet
Calanasan 12,604 1,256.15 485.00 10 26 Municipality 1st Apayao
Conner 26,051 694.30 268.07 38 98 Municipality 2nd Apayao
Daguioman 2,088 114.37 44.16 18 47 Municipality 5th Abra
Danglas 4,192 156.02 60.24 27 70 Municipality 5th Abra
Dolores 11,315 47.45 18.32 240 620 Municipality 5th Abra
Flora 17,391 324.40 125.25 54 140 Municipality 3rd Apayao
Hingyon 9,227 62.02 23.95 150 390 Municipality 5th Ifugao
Hungduan 9,400 260.30 100.50 36 93 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Itogon 59,820 449.73 173.64 130 340 Municipality 1st Benguet
Kabayan 15,260 242.69 93.70 63 160 Municipality 4th Benguet
Kabugao 15,537 935.12 361.05 17 44 Municipality 1st Apayao
Kapangan 19,361 164.39 63.47 120 310 Municipality 4th Benguet
Kiangan 17,048 200.00 77.22 85 220 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Kibungan 17,292 254.86 98.40 68 180 Municipality 4th Benguet
La Paz 15,437 51.41 19.85 300 780 Municipality 5th Abra
La Trinidad 129,133 70.04 27.04 1,800 4,700 Municipality 1st Benguet
Lacub 3,403 295.30 114.02 12 31 Municipality 5th Abra
Lagangilang 14,255 101.44 39.17 140 360 Municipality 5th Abra
Lagawe 19,333 208.91 80.66 93 240 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Lagayan 4,499 215.97 83.39 21 54 Municipality 5th Abra
Lamut 25,279 159.65 61.64 160 410 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Langiden 3,198 116.29 44.90 28 73 Municipality 5th Abra
Licuan-Baay 4,689 256.42 99.00 18 47 Municipality 5th Abra
Luba 6,339 148.27 57.25 43 110 Municipality 5th Abra
Lubuagan 8,733 234.20 90.43 37 96 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Luna 19,063 606.04 233.99 31 80 Municipality 2nd Apayao
Malibcong 3,428 283.17 109.33 12 31 Municipality 5th Abra
Manabo 10,761 110.95 42.84 97 250 Municipality 5th Abra
Mankayan 35,953 130.48 50.38 280 730 Municipality 1st Benguet
Mayoyao 17,331 238.05 91.91 73 190 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Natonin 10,272 252.00 97.30 41 110 Municipality 4th Mountain Province
Paracelis 28,121 570.16 220.14 49 130 Municipality 2nd Mountain Province
Pasil 9,644 189.00 72.97 51 130 Municipality 5th Kalinga
Peñarrubia 6,640 38.29 14.78 170 440 Municipality 6th Abra

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City/Municipality Population (2015)[1] Area[34] Density Class Income class Province

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Pidigan 12,185 49.15 18.98 250 650 Municipality 5th Abra
Pilar 10,223 66.10 25.52 150 390 Municipality 5th Abra
Pinukpuk 32,026 743.56 287.09 43 110 Municipality 1st Kalinga
Pudtol 14,925 401.02 154.83 37 96 Municipality 4th Apayao
Rizal 17,038 231.00 89.19 74 190 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Sabangan 9,315 72.04 27.81 130 340 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Sablan 11,457 105.63 40.78 110 280 Municipality 5th Benguet
Sadanga 8,799 83.30 32.16 110 280 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Sallapadan 6,622 128.62 49.66 51 130 Municipality 5th Abra
San Isidro 4,574 48.07 18.56 95 250 Municipality 5th Abra
San Juan 9,867 64.08 24.74 150 390 Municipality 5th Abra
San Quintin 5,438 66.59 25.71 82 210 Municipality 5th Abra
Santa Marcela 13,613 196.32 75.80 69 180 Municipality 4th Apayao
Tadian 19,389 145.20 56.06 130 340 Municipality 4th Mountain Province
Tanudan 9,534 307.55 118.75 31 80 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Tayum 14,467 61.14 23.61 240 620 Municipality 5th Abra
Tineg 5,097 744.80 287.57 6.8 18 Municipality 2nd Abra
Tinglayan 12,868 283.00 109.27 45 120 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Tinoc 16,559 239.70 92.55 69 180 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Tuba 47,648 295.97 114.27 160 410 Municipality 1st Benguet
Tublay 17,892 102.55 39.59 170 440 Municipality 5th Benguet
Tubo 5,699 409.87 158.25 14 36 Municipality 4th Abra
Villaviciosa 5,392 102.93 39.74 52 130 Municipality 5th Abra
Tabuk City 110,642 700.25 270.37 160 410 Component City 5th Kalinga

Demographics
Population census of
Cordillera Administrative
Region
Year Pop. ±%
1990 1,146,191 —
2000 1,365,412 +19.1%
2010 1,616,867 +18.4%
2015 1,722,006 +6.5%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[35]

Ethnic groups

Cordillera is home to many ethnic tribes living on the Cordillera mountain range. They are commonly referred to as the Igorot.

Ethnic people of Abra

The Tingguians are composed of sub-groups known as the Itneg tribes which includes Adasen, Balatok, Banaw, Belwang, Binungan, Gubang, Inlaud,
Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit, and Muyadan or Ammutan.:[36] Their places in Abra are as follows:

1. Adasen — Lagayan, Lagangilang, San Juan and Tineg

2. Banaw — Daguioman, Malibcong, also found in Balbalan, Kalinga
3. Binungan — Baay-Licuan and Lacub
4. Balatok — in the villages of Amti, Kilong-olaw, & Danak, all in Boliney
5. Belwang — in the village of Dao-angan in Boliney
6. Gubang — Malibcong
7. Inlaud — Lagangilang and Peñarrubia, in Lumaba village of Villaviciosa, in the villages of Abang and Patoc in Bucay, in
Langiden, San Isidro, San Quintin, Danglas (also found in some parts of Nueva Era)
8. Mabaka — Lacub and Malibcong
9. Maeng — Luba, Tubo and Villaviciosa, (also found in San Emilio, Ilocos Sur, Banayoyo and other towns in Ilocos Sur)
10. Masadiit — Sallapadan, Bucloc and in the village of Sapdaan in Manabo, and in barangays Poblacion, Bawiyan, and
Dumagas in Boliney
11. Ammutan a.k.a. Muyadan tribe — in Manabo

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Ethnic people of Apayao
1. Isnag tribe — also known as Isneg comprising the sub-groups known as the Ymandaya and Imallod (Isnag refers to the
people, while Isneg refers to the dialect). Isnags are found not only in Apayao but also in the eastern section of Ilocos Norte
and northwestern portion of Cagayan. Their places of abode in Apayao are as follows:
2. Ymandaya (Isnag) — Calanasan (Bayag)
3. Imallod (Isnag) — Kabugao, Conner, Pudtol, and some parts of Luna (Macatel)
4. Malaweg — Conner

Ethnic people of Benguet

1. Ibaloi
2. Kankanaey
3. Kalanguya[37] A man from Tinglayan
4. Karao Tribe vested in traditional garb
holding a handcrafted
weapon first produced
Ethnic People of Ifugao during the Second World
1. Tuwali War; traditional Kalinga
cloth is draped over
2. Ayangan
Orthodox icons in the
3. Kalanguya manner of Russian
4. Ifannawer - Banaue nabozhnyks.

Ethnic people of Kalinga

1. Tubog
2. Banao
3. Tanudan
4. Tanudan
5. Tongrayan
6. Ifutfut: Fugnay, Ngifat, Lacnog, Tabuk
7. Iterkaw: Nambaran, Tabuk
8. Ifasao: Isla, Appas Tabuk
9. Ichananaw: Lacnog, Tabuk
10. Itongrayan: Luprupa, Ifunug, Amfato, Damsite, Tabuk
11. Isumacher: Sumacher, Filong, Man-ufer, Mallango, Fangad, Madopdop, Lacnog, Ipil, Bayabat, Tannubong, Bulo. Tabuk A Bontoc woman with a
12. Ylubuagen: Lubuagan snake skeleton in her hair.
Skeletons serve as a
13. Ipinukpuk
charm against lightning.
14. Kankana-ey
15. Bagbag-o
16. Ifontok
17. Ilocano

Ethnic people of Mountain Province

1. Bontoc — Bontoc 3. Baliwon — Paracelis
2. Balangao — Natonin 4. Applai: Bauko, Besao, Sabangan and Sagada

Languages

The region has been called "the most diversified ethno-linguistic regionin the Philippines"[30] with the many "sub-dialect variations" of its major
languages.[30] This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region.[30] However, this did not lead to variations in "cultural
development", and the majority of the people share a "similar cultural identity".[30]

Balangao, spoken in Natonin, Mountain Province.

Bontoc, spoken in Bontoc, Mountain Province.
Ibaloi, spoken in Benguet.
Ifugao, spoken in Ifugao.
Ilocano, spoken in Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Benguet, and Ifugao. It is the regional lingua franca.
Isnag, spoken in Apayao.
Itneg, spoken in Abra.
Kalinga, spoken in Kalinga.
Kalanguya, spoken in some parts of Benguet.
Kankanaey, spoken in western Mountain Province and some parts of Benguet.

Religion

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Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however, a slightly lower (around 60–70% of
the population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20–30% of the population.[38][39]
The traditional animist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people.

Infrastructure

Roads and Bridges

Apayao – Ilocos Norte Road – As a lateral road, the highway is a significant element of the Cordillera Roads Improvement Project (CRIP),
connecting Northern Cordillera to the Ilocos Region. It traverses Apayao's Kabugao and Calanasan municipalities and turns west to Ilocos Norte's Solsona
This road project was started on January 7, 2013 and will be completed around December 2020.[40]

Culture
The Cordillera region is known for its unique musical instruments including the gangsa kalinga, nose flute, bamboo flute,
buzzer, bangibang, tongatong, diwdiw-as, saggeypo, and bamboo zither. It is also known for their danc

Tourism
Banaue Rice Terraces which is part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (World Heritage site)
Cassamata Hill National Park
Kabayan Mummies The Bontoc Museum, run by the
Mount Data, Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park Sisters of the Immaculate Heart
Mount Pulag, the highest mountain in Luzon at 2,922 metres (9,587 ft) above sea level of Mary, hosts many of the
Baguio Sites which includes Burnham Park, Minesview Park, The Mansion, Lion's Head, Camp John Hay Philippine materials used by the different
Military Academy, Bell Church, Wright Park, Baguio Garden, and Centermall Ethnic Tribes in the Mountain
Province.

Beaches

Due to its landlocked location, the region does not offer any swimmable beach. However, it has easy access to the capital
Manila.

See also
Cordillera Central (Luzon)
Luzon tropical pine forests
Maligcong Rice Terraces in Bontoc,
Mountain Province

References
1. Census of Population (2015). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)" (h
ttps://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/C
AR.xlsx). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.
PSA. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
2. "Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20141022184555/http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r
=14). CountrySTAT Philippines. Archived from the original (http://countrys
tat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=14) on October 22, 2014. Retrieved
September 18, 2014.
3. "Mt. Province" (http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=Mt.Prov
ince&func=all&pid=415). VisitMyPhilippines.com The Ultimate Travel
Guide for Tourists. Department of Tourism. Retrieved December 23,
2013.
4. Keesing, Felix Maxwell; Keesing, Marie Margaret; Keesing, Marie Martin;
Institute of Pacific Relations (contributor); International Research
Committee (contributor) (1934). Taming Philippine Headhunters: A Study
of Government and of Cultural Change in Northern Luzon (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=A0OsAAAAIAAJ). Stanford University Press.
pp. 67–69. ISBN 9780804721103. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
5. "Benguet History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019211257/http://w
ww.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?Itemid=268). Province of Benguet (official
website). Archived from the original (http://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.ph
p?Itemid=268) on October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
"Benguet was once part of Mountain Province."
6. "Historical Background" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150104031709/ht
tp://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.php/layout/2013-04-08-02-30-50/2013-04-
08-02-34-10). Provincial Government of Apayao. Archived from the
original (http://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.php/layout/2013-04-08-02-30-5
0/2013-04-08-02-34-10) on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
7. National Historical Institute (Philippines) [contributor] (1978).
Kasaysayan, Volume 3, Issues 1–4 (https://books.google.com/books?id=
9MbjAAAAMAAJ) (Digitized by Google on September 26, 2009). National
Historical Institute. p. 16. Retrieved January 2, 2015. "(Original file from
the University of Michigan)"
8. Ingles, Raul Rafael (2008). 1908 :The Way it Really was : Historical
Journal for the UP Centennial, 1908–2008 (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=lGHghPeg7qIC). Diliman, Quezon City: University of the
Philippines Press. pp. 330, 339. ISBN 9715425801. Retrieved January 2,
2015.
9. Worcester, Dean C.; Philippine Commission (1908). Seventh Annual
Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Commission for
the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1908 (https://archive.org/stream/report00i
ntegoog/report00integoog_djvu.txt) (Digitized by Google on November
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Philippine Standard Geographic Code (https://web.archive.org/web/20141203013416/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/regview.asp?region=14)
Cordillera Administrative Region (https://web.archive.org/web/20080914132024/http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/cordillera_administrativ
e_region.htm)
Tribal Art of the Cordilleras (http://tibaldoarts.tripod.com/index.html)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordillera_Administrative_Region&oldid=967816314"
This page was last edited on 15 July 2020, at 13:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia®
is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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