04 Pavement

GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS (SPECIFICATIONS)
PAVEMENT
4. PAVEMENT
from page 52 to page 125
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4. PAVEMENT
4.1 Chemical Stabilization
4.2 Filtering Course
4.21 Description
This work involves procurement and incorporation of crushed, i.e., local material
for filtering courses, behind the retaining walls, in the drainage, at the places
determined by the project and according to the requirements of the Engineer.
The Engineer, in accordance with the project defines the place of incorporation of
the filtering course and the necessary grain size distribution of the filter material.
The whole work must be done in accordance with these technical conditions and
the proportions given in the project.
4.22 Applied Regulations
MKS B.B0.001/84 Natural aggregate and stone, taking of samples;
MKS B.B8.040/82 Testing of aggregate regarding pollution with organic
matter;
MKS U.B8.039/82 Approximate determination of pollution with organic
matter;
MKS U.B1.018/80 Determination of grain size distribution;
MKS U.B1.046/68 Determination of compression modulus by the round
plate test method;
MKS B.B8.038/82 Determination of the content clay lumps in aggregate;
MKS U.S4.062/90 Construction of filtering course behind walls.
4.23 Materials
For the filtering courses, mainly natural sandy-gravel materials, sandy materials,
i.e., crushed stone materials can be used.
4.231 Sandy-Gravel Materials
This material may be composed of granular gravel, sand and filler in such a ratio
that, depending on the grain size distribution of the material of which it is
composed, the requirements from Item 4.23 of these conditions are fulfilled.
4.232 Crushed Rock Material
Crushed rock material consists of crusher-run stone grains, sand and filler,
according to the requirements of Item 4.24 of these conditions.
4.233 Mixed Material
Mixed material consists of grains of gravel or crushed rock, which, if necessary,
can be added to the natural material in order to obtain the required grain size
distribution, according to Item 4.24 of these conditions.
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4.24 Quality of Materials

The materials for the filtering courses must be composed of grains, which
correspond to the requirements of the regulations in view of:
- Content and properties of organic ingredients;
- Grain size distribution.
- The materials for the filtering courses must fulfill the following requirements:
- Content of organic ingredients may colour the sodium hydroxide acid solution
up to dark yellow at the most;
- The grain size distribution of the filtering course must satisfy the following
ultimate ranges:
d 15 d 50 d 15
 5;  25 and 5
d 85t d 50t d 15t
If a drainage filter course is applied, the following condition should be satisfied in

addition to the stated ones:
d 85
2
gp
The grains size distribution curve of the filtering course material must be
approximately parallel to the grain size distribution curve of the foundation - the
surrounding soil.
The rock, i.e., the gravel materials for the filtering courses should not contain
clayey lumps: clay, mica and graphite shales, clayey sandstones as well as marly
particles. Before starting the works, the characteristics and the properties of the
material must be tested, in accordance with the requirements of these technical
conditions, by tests on three samples of each material.
4.25 Performance
4.251 Obtaining of Materials
The Contractor should inform the Engineer about the place where the material for
the filtering course shall be taken before the beginning of exploitation. The
Contractor should also propose the necessary tests and receive consent for use by
the Engineer. The borrow pits for material and the quarries must be previously
cleared up in an appropriate way.
4.252 Preparation of the Road Bed Surface and the Slope Base at the Walls
The surface of the course, on which incorporation of the filtering course is
anticipated by the project, must be prepared according to the requirements in the
project and these conditions, before the beginning of its incorporation.
4.253 Incorporation of Filtering Material
If the filtering material is used for making the filtering courses below the
pavement structure, then it shall be brought to the site of the appropriately
prepared sub-grade, after approval of the sub-grade by the Engineer. As a rule, the
filtering material should not be driven and poured onto a prepared and approved
sub-grade, but by frontal or lateral tilting onto the already spread course of the
filtering material.
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Adequately equipped vehicles, i.e., devices for spreading, that enable proper
distribution of the material into equal courses and layers, should be used. The
thickness of the layer of the spread material must correspond to the required
thickness of compacted material, in accordance with the project, i.e., these
technical conditions.
The filtering course is incorporated in one or more layers, each individual layer
being adequately shaped according to the project, or the instructions by the
Engineer, and compacted before the beginning of driving and pouring of the
material for the next course.
4.254 Profiling
After spreading of each layer of filtering material, it should be graded according to
the profile in the project.
4.255 Compaction
After the completion of profiling of the filtering course, it should be compacted
over its full width, applying adequate tamping devices.
If the level of compaction doesn't correspond to the requirements in the project,
additional compaction should be done according to the instructions of the
Engineer.
All the places inaccessible for compaction by a roller must be compacted by other
tamping devices, as suggested by the Engineer, who also determines the
conditions under which such devices should be employed.
4.256 Quality Control
At the beginning of the incorporation, quality control should be done for the grain
size distribution of the filtering material and the foundation base.
On this basis, the Engineer decides on the way and the scope of further parallel
and technological tests. The minimum control tests that must be done involve:
3
Testing of the grain size distribution at the other filters at each 50m and at least
one test per each finished structure.
The Engineer may modify additionally the scope of the testing if larger deviations
from the determined results are found during further control tests.
The compaction of the incorporated filtering course may be determined also
applying other recognized methods, as well. In such a case, the Engineer must
specify the criteria for evaluation of the compactness.
4.26 Quality Requirements for the Filtering Course Surface
4.261 Evenness
The surface of the filtering course may deviate from the surface measured by a
thread or crosses or a 4m1 long level, for 20 mm at the most. The measuring
points and the mode of measuring of the evenness are determined by the
Engineer, by profiles, i.e., at a distance of maximum 25m1.
4.262 Elevations
According to the elevations in the project, the surface of the finished filtering
course may deviate, at a selected place, for  20 mm at the most.
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4.27 Approval of Incorporated Filtering Course and Measurement

The Engineer approves the incorporated filtering course according to Items 4.255,
4.256 and 4.26 of these conditions.
All the observed deviations from the stated requirements in respect to quality
must be repaired and eliminated by the Contractor.
3
The amount of the incorporated filtering material is calculated per m of actually
performed work within the project.
4.28 Payment
The quantities defined in Item 4.27 of these conditions are calculated according to
3
the agreed unit price per m of incorporated filtering material.
The agreed price must include all the works related to procurement, preparation,
incorporation, transportation, etc., wherefore the Contractor is not entitled to
demand any additional payment for the completion of the works.
4.3 Lower Base Course - Sub-base
4.31 Mechanically Stabilized Lower Base (Sub-base) Course
4.311 Description
This work involves procurement and incorporation of materials for base courses
defined by the project.
4.312 Applied Regulations
MKS B.B0.001/84 Natural aggregates and stone, taking of samples;
MKS B.B8.012/87 Natural stone, testing of compression strength;
MKS B.B8.010/80 Determination of water absorbed by natural stone;
MKS B.B8.030/86 Determination of bulk density of aggregate under given
compaction;
MKS B.B8.032/80 Determination of specific gravity of aggregate;
MKS B.B8.031/82 Determination of bulk density and water absorption;
MKS B.B8.036/82 Determination of content of aggregate particles that
pass through sieves with opening of 0,02 mm;
MKS B.B8.039/82 Approximate determination of pollution with organic
matter;
MKS B.B8.047/87 Testing of grain shape of stone aggregate;
MKS B.B8.035/84 Determination of moisture content of soil;
MKS U.B1.018/80 Determination of grain size distribution;
MKS U.B1.038/68 Determination of optimum water content according to
Proctor;
MKS B.B3.050/64 Clay and mud content;
MKS U.B1.046/68 Determination of compression modulus according to
round plate method;
MKS U.E9.020/66 Conventional and modern road base;
MKS B.B8.001/81 Testing of stone resistance to ice;
MKS B.B8.044/82 Testing of aggregate resistance against ice by use of
sodium sulfate;
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MKS B.B8.045/78 Testing of wearing resistance of stone and stone

aggregate by using the "Los Angeles" method;
MKS U.B1.042/69 Determination of California bearing ratio.
4.313 Materials
Crushed stone material is used for mechanical stabilization of base courses.
4.3131 Crushed Stone material
The crushed stone material consists of grains of crusher-run stone, quarry fines,
sand and filler, according to the required ratio in Table 1.
4.314 Quality of Stone Material
The material for mechanically stabilized lower base (sub-base) courses must be
composed of grains that comply with the prescribed requirements as follows:
No. Type of testing Required results

Crushed aggregate
Testing of stone:
1. Compressive strength Minimum 120 MPa
2. Water absorption Maximum 1%
3. Frost resistance Resistant after 25 cycles
4. Wearing according to "Los Angeles" Maximum 40%
5. Mineralogical - petrographic analysis Satisfying
6. Suitability Favourable
Testing of aggregate:
1. Grain shape Unfavourable up to 40%
2. Friable grains Up to 7%
3. Content of mud-clay and organic Up to 5%
particles
4. Sensibility to frost effect According to MKS
(particles of 0,02 mm) U.E9.020/66, Item 6.11
5. Aggregate resistance to frost Permanent loss of weight:

- for fractions of up to 8 mm Up to 10%
- for fractions larger than 8 mm Up to 12%
6. Bulk density After modified Proctor
7. Specific gravity -
8. Grain size distribution According to Table 1
9. Unevenness level Minimum 15
10. Wearing according to "Los Angeles" Maximum 40%
11. CBR (incorporated according to Minimum 80%

modified Proctor)
Each attest on the previous tests should be accompanied by a report on the sample
taking signed by the Engineer, authorized officials from the institution
performing the testing and the Contractor.
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Table 1
Opening of square sieve, in mm Passing through sieve [%]
0,1 2 – 15
0,2 3 – 20
0,5 7 – 28
1,0 13 – 38
2,0 20 – 48
4,0 29 – 60
8,0 40 – 75
16,0 54 – 90
31,5 73 – 100
50,0 min. 90
63,0 100
NOTE: - Other boundary curves of grain size distribution of the lower base (sub-
base) course can also be used,if approved by authorized institutions
and the designer of the pavement structure, provided that a consent is
given by the Employer.
- Before initiation of the works, each material should be tested according
to Item 1.27 of these Technical Specifications. It is necessary that the
characteristics on each material be defined on three samples. To define
the grain size distribution, testing on at least 10 samples of material is
necessary.
- In the beginning of application in a trial section with a length of 50 to
100m1, the following should be determined: grain size distribution,
level of unevenness, sensitivity to ice, thickness of the layer under filled
and compacted state, achieved compaction (minimum 5 results),
evenness measured by a long level, thread or crosses, data on
equipment (type, number of machines, number of runs of each machine
and vibrations).
4.315 Performance
4.3151 Supply of Material
The Contractor should report to the Engineer the place for supplying material for
the lower base course prior to the beginning of the exploitation. The Contractor
should submit to the Engineer analysis on the quality of material and obtain his
approval for application.
The borrow pit for material and the quarries should be previously well cleaned
from barren soil and other harmful materials.
4.3152 Preparation (Subgrade Surface)
The subgrade surface - the formation of the lower course must be prepared prior
to the beginning of incorporation of the material of the base course, all in
accordance with the requirements in the project and in Items 3.4 and 3.6 of these
technical conditions.
4.3153 Bringing of Material for the Base Course
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Immediately after the preparation of the subgrade and its approval by the
Engineer, the material for the sub-base can be driven to the area of the
appropriately prepared subgrade. The material must not be brought on to the
prepared and approved subgrade - formation of the lower course, but by frontal
and side tilting over the already spread layer of the base course material.
For transportation of the material, adequately equipped vehicles should be used,
i.e., devices for spreading of the material, enabling uniform thickness and width of
layers. The thickness of the spread material course should correspond to the
required thickness of the compacted course of the material anticipated with the
project.
When the material is applied in several courses, each individual course should be
adequately formed and compacted before the beginning of bringing the material
for the next course.
Vehicles with muddy wheels must not be driven over the already spread and
compacted material of the base course.
4.3154 Mixing and Profiling
After the spreading of each layer of the base course , a corresponding water
quantity should be uniformly added to ensure optimum moisture content of the
material which is required for compaction, as stated in Item 4.1155 of these
technical conditions. The homogenized mixture should be leveled in the required
profile, according to the project. Evening out and compaction of the mixture
according to Item 4.155 of these technical conditions must be done, as a rule, on
the day of mixing.
4.3155 Compaction
When mixing and profiling of each layer is completed, each course must be
compacted over its whole width applying vibration rollers.
Rolling is done from the lower to the higher edge. The number of roller runs,
required for optimum compaction of the courses, is determined by previous tests,
according to Item 1.26 of the general technical conditions. The compaction level of
the material must be controlled by parallel testing.
Any defects found during rolling must be eliminated upon request of the
Engineer.
Places inaccessible for the roller, must be compacted up to the required level of
compaction, applying other compaction devices, as determined by the Engineer,
who shall also determine the conditions for employment of such devices.
In addition to the required compaction level, it is necessary that, before the
completion of the rolling, the compression modulus of the incorporated course be
determined as it must correspond to the requirements in the project. Otherwise,
the Contractor is obliged to additionally perform compaction of the course until
the required value of the compression modulus is reached.
4.3156 Storing of Material
If the Contractor stores the sub-base course material before its incorporation,
storage area should be previously prepared and cleared up in an adequate way.
4.316 Mode of Control and Criteria for Quality Assessment
4.3161 Compaction
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The suitability of the compaction devices and the technological approach must be
previously assessed according to Item 1.26 of these technical conditions by means
of trial sections. The compaction and the density of the finished lower base course
shall be determined by Proctor's test and round plate method. The density of the
incorporated material is determined on at least 5 samples according to Proctor, on
a 50 - 150m1 long road section.
Assessment of the compaction of the base course surface is made by at least 5
measurements of the compression modulus on the same road section.
According to the Proctor procedure, at least 100% of the average density should
be obtained during incorporation.
The minimum required compression modulus, measured by a  30 cm round
plate, should be 100 MPa, if not otherwise stated in the project.
The minimum scope of tests which should be performed, shall involve:
- Testing of the compaction degree and moisture content of the material of the
2
tested course at each 500m .
- Testing of the deformability of the course at each 50 - 100m 1. Two
measurements performed close one to another should be considered as one
result.
2
- The grain size distribution test of the course material is done at each 4000m ,
and even more frequently in case of change in the grain size distribution.
2
- Testing of the sub-base sensitivity to ice effect, at each 4000m of incorporated
course.
If during the control tests, the Engineer detects deviations of the results, the scope
of testing can be additionally modified - increased.
4.3162 Evenness of Course
The maximum allowable deviation of the evenness of the base course, as
measured with a 4m1 long level, threads or crosses, in random direction of the
road axis, can be 10 mm at the most.Measurements are done by transversal
profiles at a distance of 30m1 at the most. The measuring points and the mode of
measuring of the evenness are determined by the Engineer.
4.3163 Levels
The elevations of the base course, at an arbitrarily taken place, can deviate from
the designed ones for 10 mm at the most. The elevations of the individually
measured places, must be determined by leveling at transverse profiles at
maximum distance of up to 30m1.
4.317 Approval of Completed Base Course
The Engineer approves the completed base course according to the criteria in the
project and Item 4.116 of these technical conditions. Any deficiencies regarding
the specified requirements on the quality must be eliminated or repaired by the
Contractor.
4.318 Measurement
3
The quantity of material incorporated in the base course is measured in m ,
according to the project. As a rule, for the thickness of the incorporated course,
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the proportions from the project are taken, unless otherwise additionally
modified by the Engineer.
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4.319 Payment
The quantities determined in Item 4.118 of these technical conditions are payable
3
according to the agreed unit price per m material incorporated in the lower base
course - in compacted state.
The agreed price covers all the works related to procurement and transportation,
incorporation and other necessary for completion of the works.
4.4 Upper Base Courses Composed of Bituminized Granular Rock
Materials Produced by Hot Procedure (BNS and BNHS)
The present upper base courses of bituminized granular rock material produced at
bitumen mixing plant stations applying a hot procedure are defined by
MKS.U.E9.021/86 standard.
In these technical specification, the upper base courses are referred to as
bituminized base courses and are marked by the abbreviation BNS.
Under permanent road exploitation, the bituminized base courses serve as
wearing courses, in which case they are referred to as bituminized base wearing
courses and are marked by the abbreviation BNHS.
According to the greatest grain diameter in the stone material, the following types
of BNS are distinguished:
- BNHS 16 with grains from 0 - 16 mm;
- BNS 22 with grains from 0 - 22 mm;
- BNS 32 with grains from 0 - 32 mm;
- BNS 45with grains from 0 - 45 mm.
4.41 Description
The preparation of BNS and BNHS involves procurement of standardized fine
aggregate and binder (bitumen), production of asphalt road mixes for BNS and
BNHS and incorporation of asphalt mixes for BNS and BNHS, according to the
MKS.U.E9.021/86 and the conditions of the project on the pavement structure.
Production and incorporation of asphalt road mixes for BNS and BNHS are done
under favorable weather conditions, with no precipitation and at temperature of
the base and the air (without wind) of +5oC.
Depending on the type of the base course (BNS and BNHS), the bituminized
upper base courses are adequately applied, in accordance with the traffic load
(from very heavy to light). As a rule, they are incorporated above the lower base
course, with the exception of BNHS, which also serves as a covering - wearing
course and is, as a rule, incorporated over the upper base course (BNS).
4.42 Main Materials
The main materials used for production of asphalt road mixes for BNS and BNHS
are standardized rock aggregates, sand, filler and binder - bitumen.
4.421 Rock Aggregates
Depending on the type of traffic load (very heavy, heavy, moderate, light, very
light) the following rock aggregates are used (Table 4.41).
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Table 4.41 Use of stone materials for BNS and BNHS
Type of rock Traffic load

aggregates Mark Very
for stone mixes heavy Heavy Moderate Light Very
Highwa light
y
Separated crushed
aggregate
according to A Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes*
MKS.V.B.3.100 by
adding of stone
powder /filler/
Crushed aggregate
separated in at
least 3 fractions B No Yes Yes Yes Yes
with maximum 
45 mm with added
filler
Non-separated
aggregate with
max  45 mm
corrected by
adding of sand and V No No Yes Yes Yes
filler.Non-
separated gravel
with adding of min
30% rock mixes
mass composed of
crushed aggregate
of 45 mm and
filler.
Non-separated
gravel or crushed
rock with max  G No No No Yes Yes
45 mm corrected
by adding of sand
and filler
*The grain composition is within narrower limits.
4.422 Binder
For production of asphalt mixes for BNS and BNHS, different types of bitumens
(BIT 60; BIT 90; BIT 130 and BIT 200) are applied. The selection of the type of
bitumen to be used depends on the traffic load (Table 4.42)
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Table 4.42 Use of types of bitumen for BNS and BNHS

Traffic load
Type of bitumen Very Heavy Moderate Light Very light
heavy
BIT 60 Yes Yes Yes No No
BIT 90 Yes* Yes* Yes Yes No
BIT 130 No No Yes Yes Yes
BIT 200 No No No Yes Yes
*In favorable climatic conditionsThe type of the used bitumen depends
particularly on the thickness of the course and the climatic conditions as well.
4.43
Quality of Main Materials
4.431 Quality of Sand for BNS and BNHS
The sand used for production of asphalt mixes applying the hot procedure can be:
natural and crushed.
The grain composition of natural and crushed sand is characterized by particles
(grains) from 0,09 mm to 2,0 mm. (Table 4.43)
Table 4.43 Grain size distribution of sands
Passes through sieve % (m/m)

Square opening Natural or crushed sand
of sieves (mm)
Small 0/1 mm. Medium 0/2 mm Large 0/4 mm
0,09 Max. 10* Max.10* Max. 10*
0,25 - - -
0,71 - - -
1,00 Min. 90 - -
2,00 100 Min. 90 Min. 65
4,00 100 Min. 90
8,00 100
* For sands of eruptive origin - 5% (m/m) at the most, Table 4.24
Other properties defining the quality of natural and crushed sands are given in
Table 4.44
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Table 4.44
MKS Property Natural Crushed sand

sand
Standard Eruptive Carbonate
Particles smaller than
B.B8.036 0,09 mm in % (m/m) 5 5 10
at the most
Sand equivalent in % at
U.B1.040 70* 60* 60**
least.
Content of clay lumps,
B.B8.038 0,5 0,5 0,5
in % m/m at the most
Organic impurities in
U.B1.034 0,5 0,5 0,5
% (m/m) at the most
* To be tested, if it does not satisfy the conditions according to
MKS.B.B8.036/82.
** If particles smaller than 0,09 mm participate with more than 10%, sand of
carbonate origin can be used, provided that the sand equivalent is greater than
60%.
While producing crushed sand from carbonate fine aggregate, the grains of the
latter must satisfy the condition according to Los Angeles procedure for the
defined types of traffic loads.
4.432 Fine Aggregate and Crushed Stone
Fine aggregates represent fractions of stone grains from 2 - 32 mm. Stone grains
of 32 - 63 mm diameter represent crusher-run stone.
Defined by the grain composition are the main nominal fractions of granular
materials (fractions: 2/4 mm; 4/8 mm; 8/16 mm and 16/32 mm) that serve to
compose asphalt road mixes for BNS and BNHS, (Table 4.45).
Table 4.45 Main fractions BNS and BNHS
Square opening of Main nominal fractions*

sieve with side 2/4 mm 4/8 mm 8/16 mm 16/32 mm
length mm Passes through sieve % mm
0,09 max. 3 max. 1 max. 1 max.1
1 max. 5 - - -
2 max. 15 max. 5 - -
4 min. 90 max. 15 max.5 -
8 100 min. 90 max.15 max. 5
16 - 100 min. 90 max. 15
31,5 - - 100 min. 90
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63 - - - 100
(In addition to the main nominal fractions, the MKS.U.E9.021/86 define also the
interfractions (8/11; 11/16; 16/22; 22/32; 32/45).
The physical-mechanical properties of the fine aggregate and the crusher-run
stone to be used for production of BNS and BNHS are presented in Table 4.46
Table 4.46
MKS Physical-mechanical properties Required value
Compression strength of stone:

1* - for heavy and very heavy traffic load min. 140 MN/m2
- for other traffic loads min.
120 MN/m2
Crushing resistance by Los Angeles procedure:
2* - for heavy and very heavy traffic load max. 28% (m/m)
- for other traffic loads max. 30% (m/m)
3* Freezing resistance by Na2S04 loss procedure max. 5% (m/m)
4* Water absorption for fraction 4/8 mm max. 1,6% (m/m)

5* Unfavorable grain shape (L : d  3:1) max. 20% (m/m)
Adhesion with bitumen BIT 130, covered
6*
grain surface min. 90/80 %
*Testing according to Macedonian standards
1* - MKS B.B8.012/87 2* - MKS B.B8.045/78 3* - MKS B.B8.044/82
4* - MKS B.B8.031/82 5* - MKS B.B8.048/84 6* - MKS U.M8.096/67
4.433 Stone powder - Filler
The stone filler is a mix of fine grains with a size of 0,063 to 0,71 mm. As a rule, it
is prepared by grounding of carbonate rocks.
The filler is defined by the MKS B.B3.045/82 standard. For the production of BNS
for very heavy, heavy and moderate traffic loads, stone powder of I category must
be used.
4.434 Binder - Bitumen
The quality of bitumen types (BIT 60, BIT 90, BIT 130 and BIT 200) that are
applied in production of BNS and BNHS is defined by the MKS U.M3.050/75.
4.435 Grain Size Distribution of Stone Aggregate Mixes to be Used for
Asphalt Mixes for BNS and BNHS
The grain size distribution of the stone aggregate mixes defines the type of BNS.
The ultimate curves defining the BNS type are presented for each type of BNS
(Table 4.47).
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Table 4.47
Square Passes through sieve % (m/m)

opening
of sieve
mm BNHS16 BNS22 BNS22s BNS32 BNS32s BNS45
0,09 5 - 12 4 – 14 5 - 11 3 - 12 4 – 10 3-8
0,25 9 - 30 7 – 37 8 - 17 5 - 18 7 – 15 5 - 12
0,71 15 - 40 12 – 53 13 - 27 9 - 27 12 - 23 9 - 19
2,00 26 - 55 21 – 65 20 - 40 17 - 40 20 - 35 17 - 30
4,00 38 - 70 30 – 74 34 - 53 24 - 52 29 - 46 25 - 42
8,00 58 - 88 44 – 85 50 - 70 34 - 68 41 - 62 37 - 56
11,20 74 - 98 54 – 92 61 - 81 42 - 78 50 - 71 44 - 64
16,00 95 - 100 70 – 100 75 - 84 53 - 90 61 - 82 57 - 74
22,40 100 97 – 100 97 - 100 70 - 100 76 - 94 65 - 84
31,50 - 100 100 97 - 100 97 – 100 78 - 94
45,00 - - - 100 100 98 - 100
63,00 - - - - - 100
*The mark BNS22s points to a narrower grain size range compared to that of
BNS22, etc.
4.436 Technological Thickness of Courses for Different Types of BNS and

BNHS
The thickness of the course for BNS and BNHS depends on a number of factors:
type of traffic load, bearing capacity of the sub-base - subgrade, local conditions,
climate and alike.
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The thickness is defined by proportioning of the pavement structure in the project.

The smallest thickness of the course depends mainly on the process of production,
the incorporation and the type of BNS itself, defined by the grain composition of
the stone aggregate.
The technological thickness for individual BNS types and particularly for BNHS is
presented in Table 4.48, depending on the type of traffic load.
BNS and BNHS - the smallest technological thickness and applied bitumen
Table 4.48
Type of traffic Type of BNS Type of Technological /designed/

load and BNHS bitumen /BIT/ thickness in compacted
state /cm/*
MKS.U.C4.010
Very heavy 45** 6 to 10

/highway/ BNS 22sA 60 7 to 14
90*** 9 to 18
BNS 22sA
45** 6 to 10
BNS 22sB
/Heavy/ BNS 32sA
60 7 to 14
BNS 32sB
BNS 45A
90*** 9 – 18
BNS 45B
BNS 22A
BNS 22B 60 6 to 10
BNS 22V
/Moderate/ BNS 32A
BNS 32B 90 6 to 14
BNS 32V
BNS 45A
BNS 45B 130 9 to 18
BNS 45V
BNHS 16A
BNHS 16B
BNHS 16V 90 4,50 to 6,50
BNHS 16G
/Light and very BNHS 22A
light/ BNHS 22B
BNHS 22V 130 5,0 to 10
BNHS 22G
BNHS 32A
BNHS 32B
BNHS 32V 200 6 to 14
BNHS 32G
* The thickness may deviate /MKS.U.E9.021/.

** BIT 45 may be used for courses with d over 10 cm.
*** BIT 90 is applied at an altitude of over 800m 1.
**** Marshall's method does not hold for BNS 45. Special tests are required.
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4.437 Preliminary (Trial) and Final Recipe for Production and

Incorporation of Asphalt Road Mixes for BNS and BNHS
The physical-mechanical properties of the constructed BNS and BNHS courses
depend, first of all, on the quality of the main materials (fine aggregate, sand, filler
and bitumen), the properly selected grain size distribution, the amount of binder,
availability of mechanical equipment for production of asphalt mixes and its
incorporation, the weather conditions, the bearing capacity and the purity of the
course above which they are built-in.
To define the quality of the asphalt mixes for certain types of BNS and BNHS a so
called trial mix (MKS U.E9.021/86 - Item 7), i.e., preliminary recipe is prepared.
The preliminary grain size distribution with verified physical-mechanical
properties is approved by the Engineer, provided that it satisfies the requirements
specified in Table 4.49
The preliminary grain size distribution (recipe) contains also all the attests on the
main materials to be used for construction of BNS and BNHS (Item 4.42, Item
4.43 of these terms).
Table 4.49 Physical-mechanical properties /preliminary recipe/
Type of traffic load

Very heavy Heavy Moderate Very light Very light
and light and light
Physical- BNS 22sA BNS 22sA BNS 22A BNS 22A BNHS
mechanic - BNS 22sB BNS 22B BNS 22B 16A
al BNHS
- - BNS 22V BNS 22V
properties 16B
- - - BNS 22G
BNHS
BNS 32sA BNS 32sA BNS 32A BNS 32A
16V
- BNS 32sB BNS 32B BNS 32B
BNHS
- - BNS 32V BNS 32V 16G
- - - BNS 32G
Stability
8 6 6 3 4
60o[KN]
Stiffness
[KN/mm] 2,5 2,2 2,2 1,8 1,4
min.
Voids
content 5-9 4–9 4-9 3-9 1-4
% v/v
Filled to be verified to be verified to be to be verified to be
voids % verified verified
The Contractor is obliged to submit the preliminary recipe to the Engineer 15 days
prior to asphalting.
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After the approval of the preliminary recipe by the Engineer, a trial section is
constructed. The place for construction of the trial section is selected by the
Engineer.
The trial section serves for determination of the technological process of
production of asphalt mixes for the corresponding BNS or BNHS (through the
bitumen mixing plant station) its transport to the place of incorporation (finisher,
compaction devices, mode of rolling, number of compaction runs, evenness of the
course, electronic control of the smoothing bar of the finisher and alike).
The approval procedure for production and incorporation of asphalt mixes for
BNS and BNHS is considered to be completed with the report on production and
incorporation of the asphalt mixes for BNS and BNHS based on laboratory results
from trial samples of BNS and BNHS taken from the trial section that satisfy the
conditions presented in Table 4.410.
For each modification of the content of the verified recipe, the procedure is
iterated that is, a new trial section has to be constructed.
Table 4.410

BNS properties
/of finished course/ Very heavy Heavy and Light and Light and
/highway/ moderate very light very light
BNHS
Voids content % v/v 4 –8 3-9 2 - 10 2-6
Compaction degree % 98 98 97 97
4.44
Asphalt Road Mixes for BNS and BNHS)
Asphalt mixes are produced by a hot procedure at a bitumen mixing plant station
with a discontinuous production (cyclic) process and a capacity of minimum
100t/h (for construction of highways and roads with heavy traffic load).
The bitumen mixing plant station must be safe during the production. It must
have proper automatic devices for overdosing, drying and heating of the stone
aggregate as well as preheating and heating tanks for bitumen, devices for precise
dosing of hot fractions with a well functioning balance, precise dozing of filler
(cold) and heated bitumen, proper mixer for the impact process and alike.
The Contractor must prove the proper functioning of the parts of the bitumen
mixing plant station that are vital for the production by attests on the performed
service of the station prior to the beginning of production of asphalt mixes for
BNS and BNHS.
The capacity of silos for the produced asphalt mixes must correspond to the
production capacity of the bitumen mixing plant station. The silo must be
equipped with devices for heating of the stored asphalt mixes. The capacity of the
bitumen heating tank and the preheating tanks must be in accordance with the
capacity of the bitumen mixing plant station and enable permanent production in
compliance with the planned dynamics of construction works.
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the capacity of the bitumen mixing plant station and enable permanent
production in compliance with the planned dynamics of construction works.
The tanks must have properly functioning thermometers. The capacity of the
bunkers for storing of the stone fractions (nominal and sub-fractions) must be in
accordance with the production capacity of the bitumen mixing plant station and
the planned dynamics of construction of BNS, i.e., BNHS.
The bunkers must be constructed in such a way that they prevent mixing of
fractions with impurities of organic and humus origin.
The capacity of the vertical silo for the stone powder (filler) and the mechanical
equipment must also correspond to the production capacity of the bitumen mixing
plant station and the planned time schedule of construction of BNS and BNHS.
4.441 Temperature of Bitumen and Asphalt Mixes for BNS and BNHS
The temperature of bitumen in the heating tank and the temperature of the
asphalt mixes while being poured from the mixer, depending on the type of the
applied bitumen, are presented in Table 4.411
Table 4.411 Allowable temperature
Type of bitumen Temperature of Temperature of asphalt mixes

for pavements bitumen in tank Co when poured from mixer Co
Optimum Maximu Optimum Maximum

m
BIT 200 130 140 140  10 160
BIT 130 135 150 145  10 165
BIT 90 140 160 150  10 170
BIT 60 150 165 160  10 175
BIT 45 160 175 170  10 180
4.442 Transport of Asphalt Mixes

The number of trucks and their capacity and the transporting distance (bitumen
mixing plant - place of incorporation and unloading into a finisher) should be
coordinated in time with the capacity for incorporation (full trucks should not
wait to be unloaded into a finisher, on one hand, while on the other, the finisher
must not wait for the asphalt mixes).
In this way, the finisher is enabled to operate continuously, without undesirable
transverse and longitudinal uneven spots.
The loading space of the truck must have a proper functioning hydraulics for rear
unloading. It should be clean and, for each round, it should be sprinkled with stuff
that prevents sticking of the asphalt mixes to the bottom and the sides of the
truck. The trucks should also have a tarpaulin to protect the asphalt mixes against
rain, dust and cooling during the transport.
4.443 Incorporation and Compaction of the Asphalt Road Mixes (BNS and
BNHS)
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The surface on which BNS is incorporated must be clean, dry and technically
approved (compactness, evenness and alike) by the Engineer.
The Engineer issues an approval for the beginning of the incorporation of the
asphalt mixes.
Prior to the incorporation (in the case of a necessity decided by the Engineer) the
dry, clean and compacted area is timely and uniformly sprinkled with bitumen
emulsion that provides the necessary adhesion between the courses. As a rule, the
bitumen emulsion represents an unstable bitumen emulsion (0,25 - 0,50 kg/m 2),
rarely diluted bitumen. Immediately before the incorporation of the asphalt mixes
for BNS or BNHS, the bitumen emulsion must be thoroughly dry (evaporated) and
well glued to the surface of the base. Application of asphalt mixes upon
insufficiently dry bitumen emulsion is forbidden.
The incorporation is done mechanically and by a finisher whose capacity
corresponds to the capacity of the bitumen mixing plant station.
For highways and heavy traffic load, it is allowed to use a finisher with electronic
control of the bar and with at least one vibration compaction beam along the
whole width of the formation level of the course which is being incorporated, with
a capacity of minimum 80% compactness for a 15 cm course thickness.
Manual incorporation, at inaccessible places, is approved by the Engineer who
also provides the relevant instructions.
Depending on the used type of bitumen, the temperature of the asphalt mixes
must amount to at least:
- BIT 200 110oC;
- BIT 130 115oC;
- BIT 90 120oC;
- BIT 60 130oC.
For highways and main roads, incorporation along the whole width of the
formation level of BNS is recommended. If this is not possible from objective
reasons, in case of double or triple coursed upper base courses of BNS, the
longitudinal connection is sheared alternatively for 20 cm.
The compaction devices selected with the trial section and defined in a written
form by the report from Item 4.437 of these conditions must be properly
functioning in order that the whole surface of the course is tamped uniformly.
Compaction should start from the lower edge to the higher, and the finisher
should always be in the direction of the upgrade of the vertical alignment of the
road.
The individual traces of the rollers should overlap.
Standing of the roller at one place during the incorporation of the course is
forbidden.
Places that are inaccessible for compaction by rollers must be tamped by other
compaction devices, upon approval of the Engineer.
4.45 Preparation of Base for Asphalting
This work should be done in accordance with Item 4.9 of these technical conditions.
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Quality control consists of:
- Previous checking of quality;
- Parallel tests on asphalt;
- Control tests on asphalt.
4.461 Previous Checking of Quality
These tests are conducted by the Contractor. They involve:
- Tests on main materials for preparation of the trial mix for BNS as follows:
For bitumen:
- Softening point according to PK;
- Penetration at 25oC;
- Relative particle density at 25oC.

For filler:
- Grain-size distribution;
- Voids according to Rigden;
- Relative particle density at 25oC.

For stone aggregate:
- Grain-size distribution by fractions;
- Water absorption of fraction 4/8 mm;
- Wearing according to "Los Angeles" for maximum grading;
- Grain-size distribution of stone mixture
- Percentage and type of bitumen, percentage of individual stone fractions and
physical-mechanical properties of asphalt mixture.
4.462 Parallel Testing of Asphalt
These tests are conducted by the Contractor and they include the following:
- Parallel tests on main materials;
- Parallel tests on produced asphalt mixture;
- Parallel tests during application and from an incorporated BNS course.
4.4621 Parallel Tests on Main Materials
During the production, samples are taken for testing of the main materials as
follows:
- Stone flour, one sample at each 100t - grain size distribution;
- Quarry fines by fractions at each 500t of supplied - grain size distribution;
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- Bitumen at each 50t of supplied bitumen PK, penetration and penetration

index at 25oC.
4.4622 Parallel Tests on Produced Asphalt Mixture
Parallel tests on produced asphalt mixture involve laboratory testing on the
content and the physical-mechanical properties as well as parallel control of
temperature of the produced asphalt mixture.
By the tests on the content of the produced asphalt mixture, the following is
determined:
- Bitumen quantity;
- Grain size distribution.
By the testing of the physical-mechanical properties, the following is determined:
- Stability according to Marshall, at each 4000m2;
- Flow according to Marshall, at each 4000m2;

- Hardening according to Marshall;
- Particle density by test sample according to Marshall;
- Natural particle density of asphalt mixture;
- Voids content in test sample according to Marshall.
The samples of asphalt mixture are taken from the bitumen mixing plant station
or from the place of application.
The content of the asphalt mass and the physical-mechanical properties are
checked at least once daily during the production and at each 4000m 2 of
constructed area, at the most.
4.4623 Parallel Tests During Application and on Samples from Incorporated
BNS Course
During the incorporation, the following tests are conducted:
- Temperature of asphalt mixture in each truck;
- Evenness of constructed area of BNS;
- Thickness of incorporated course, at each 2000m2;
- Width of incorporated track, at each 100m1;
- Vertical alignment of incorporated course and position of axis;
- Compaction level, at each 4000m2 of constructed course by taking samples
from the ready course;
- Quantity of a base uniformly sprinkled with bitumen emulsion before
asphalting, at least once daily.
4.463 Control Tests on Asphalt
The control tests on the asphalt are conducted by the Employer and they involve:
4.4631 Control Tests on Main Materials, as Follows:
- Filler, at each 400t of supplied filler;
- Quarry fines and sand, at each 1500m3 of supplied fractions;
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- Bitumen at each 500t of supplied bitumen.

4.4632 Control Tests on Produced Asphalt Mixture
The same tests are conducted as in Item 4.4622 of these technical conditions, but
in a decreased scope. The scope of testing is determined by the Engineer.
4.4633 Control Test during Incorporation and from Incorporated Course
These tests are conducted according to Item 4.4623 of these technical conditions,
but in a decreased scope. The scope of testing is determined by the Engineer.
4.47 Measurement
For approved asphalt course, measurement is done by definition of its thickness
and it is expressed in m2.
4.471 Tolerance
The allowable deviations of the grain size distribution of the stone mixture are
shown in a table in MKC U.E9.021.
- Quantity of binder may deviate for 0,3% m/m in respect to the trial mixture;
- Evenness of a completed course by a long level of 4,00 m in all directions may
deviate at the most:
During incorporation of a course, max. 8,0 mm;
During incorporation of two courses max. 10,0 mm (for the lower course).
- Vertical alignment: the allowable deviations are + 10 mm, i.e., -15 mm at the
most.
- Transverse inclination: the allowable deviation is  0,4% of the designed
transverse inclination.
- Course thickness: the allowable inclinations are defined in Item 10,4 of MKS
U.E9.021.
4.472 Payment
The payment for an incorporated course is done according to the agreed unit prices
for a defined thickness of the course and for the determined quantity in m2.
4.5 Asphalt Concrete Finishing (Wearing) Course
4.51 Description
Asphalt concrete prepared by a hot procedure is applied for finishing - wearing
courses of pavement structures. The production and incorporation are defined by
MKS.U.E4.014/90.
Preparation of asphalt concrete includes: procurement of standardized fine
aggregate, binder (bitumen), production, transport and incorporation of the
asphalt concrete mixes in the finishing course of the pavement structure.
The incorporation of the asphalt concrete is done under favorable weather con-ditions,
without precipitation and wind and at air and base temperature of over 5oC.
The asphalt mixture prepared with a polymer-modified bitumen can be built in
only in favourable weather conditions, without rainfalls, wind or surface and air
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temperature of 100S (expected during a longer period and starting from the
transport to the completion of the building-up and the compression of the asphalt
mass.
Depending on the applied type of fine aggregate and the type of binder (bitumen),
asphalt concrete is applied for finishing - wearing courses of pavement structures
exposed to all kinds of traffic load, ranging from very heavy, heavy and moderate
up to light and very light loads.
Asphalt concrete is marked by the abbreviation AC.
4.52 Main Materials

4.521 Fine Aggregate
Depending on the type of traffic load, the following types of fine aggregate are
applied:
- fine aggregate obtained by crushing of rock and
- fine aggregate obtained by crushing of natural gravel.
The application of fine aggregate is defined in Table 4.51

Table 4.51

Type of fine aggregate Very Heavy Moderate Light Very light
heavy
Crushed fine aggregate Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Naturally separated fine
No No No No Yes
aggregate
The type of fine aggregate is, as a rule, defined by the project on the pavement
structure. Depending on the grain size distribution of the stone mixes (fine
aggregate and stone filler) and the greatest grains in the mixes, asphalt concrete is
classified into 7 categories as follows:
AC4; AC8, AC11, AC11s, AC16, AC16s and AC22s
4.522 Binder
The type of binder (type of bitumen) depends on the type of AC and the type of
traffic load.
Data on application of different types of bitumen are presented in Table 4.51
Table 4.51
Type of asphalt Type of bitumen for pavement structures

concrete AC BIT 200 BIT 130 BIT 90 BIT 60
AC 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes
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AC 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes

AC 11 No Yes Yes Yes
AC 11s No Yes Yes Yes
AC 16 No Yes Yes Yes
AC 16s No Yes Yes Yes
AC 22s No Yes Yes No
To improve the rheological properties of bitumen as a binder for asphalt

concrete, various additives (natural asphalt, polymers, elastomers) can be used if
needed and under special conditions. If additives are used, special technical terms
for production and incorporation of AC must be prescribed.
The methods of analysis of the polymer-modified bitumen should be carried out
as according to the European norms (given in the Table) and the quality criteria
should meet the requirements of the enclosed table which correspond to the
requirements of ONORM-B.3613.
In compliance with the requirements of EN-14023, polymer-modified bitumen
with characteristic which correspond to the climate conditions can also be used.
Methods of Criteria, Criteria,

Measuring
Characteristics analysis
PmB 60- PmB 60-
90 9
0
Sampling -
MKS
B
.
H
8
. - -
6
1
2
EN-58:2004
Preparation of samples for analysis - EN-
1
2
5
9
4 - -
:
2
0
0
4
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Penetration at 250S 1x10-1 MKS

B
.
H
8
.
6
1
2
EN- 60-90 50-90
1
4
2
6
:
1
9
9
9
Softening points according to RK 0
C MKS
B
.
H
8
.
6
1
3
min.50
EN- min.65
1
4
2
7
:
1
9
9
9
Plasticity interval (ch..5.1.9) 0
C EN-
1
4
0
2
3 - -
:
2
0
0
5
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Penetration index -
MKS
B
.
H
8 - -
.
6
1
4
Ductility at 130S cm EN-
1
3
5
8
9 >40 -
:
2
0
0
3
Ductility at 250S MKS
B
.
H
8 - >50
.
6
1
5
Reversible elastic deformation at 250C % EN-
1
3
3
9
min.65
8 min.80
:
2
0
0
3
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PAVEMENT
Breaking point according to Fraass 0

C MKS
B
.
H
8
.
6
1
6
max max
EN-
1( -15 ) (-19 )
2
5
9
3
:
1
9
9
9
CCl4 soluble ingredients mas.% MKS
B
.
H
8 - -
.
6
1
7
Soluble ingredients EN-
1
2
5
9
2 - -
:
1
9
9
9
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Relative density ( 250S) - MKS

B
.
H
8
.
6
1 - -
8
EN ISO
3
8
3
8
Mass loss after five hours at 163 0S mas.% MKS 0.5 0.5
B
Decrease of penetration after heating % .
max.40 max.40
H
Reversible elastic deformation at 25 0C % min.65
8 min.80
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Breaking point according to Fraass after C0 .

heating 6
1
9
EN-12607-1
EN-
EN-
3
- -
9
EN-
9
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Homogeneity upon storage ( ∆ Pk) - tube C0 EN-

test 1
3
3
9
9 2 2
:
2
0
0
3
Ignition point in open container according C0 MKS
to "Cleveland" B
H
8
.
6
0
min.250
1 min.250
EN ISO
2
5
9
2
:
As a rule, the type of bitumen is defined by proportioning of the pavement

structure and is a constituent part of the project.
4.523 Stone Powder (Filler)
To use asphalt concrete for finishing wearing courses for very heavy, heavy and
moderate traffic loads, the filler must be of Ist category and produced by
grounding of carbonate rocks.
4.53 Quality of Main Materials
The quality of main materials (fine aggregate, sand, filler and bitumen) is defined
by the MKS standards given in the text and the tables of these terms.
4.531 Quality of Stone Powder (Filler)
The stone filler is mixed with stone particles with a size of 0,063 mm to 0,71 mm.
The stone filler used for preparation of asphalt concrete must be produced from
calcareous carbonate rocks. For the asphalt concrete incorporated as wearing
course for very heavy, heavy and moderate traffic loads, stone filler of Ist category
is applied with no exception. The grain size distribution for fillers of Ist and IInd
category is presented in Table 4.52.
Grain size distribution of fillers of Ist and IInd category.
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PAVEMENT
Table 4.52
Square openings of sieves Passes through sieve % m/m

with a side of (mm) I-st category II-nd category
0,063 60 to 80 50 to 85
0,009 80 to 95 65 to 95
0,250 95 to 100 95 to 100
0,71 100 100
The remaining required properties of the filler are presented in Table 4.53
Table 4.53
Properties Required value
- Voids according to Rigden 30 - 40 % [v/v]
- Hardening index of bitumen 1,8 – 2,4
- Plasticity index at the most 4%[m/m]
The reversible /cyclonic/ filler obtained by dusting of fine aggregate and the
exhausted filler obtained during production of asphalt mixes can be used if
obtained from carbonate fine aggregate and their quality proved according to
MKS.B.B3.045 and tables 4.52 and 4.53 of these terms.
The reversible filler obtained at a bitumen mixing plant station from a silicate fine
aggregate must not be used for production of asphalt concrete because of the bad
absorption properties.
4.532 Quality of Sand
The sand must be natural or crushed, with grain size up to 4 mm and a grain size
distribution according to Table 4.54.
Table 4.54 Grain size distribution of sand
Sieve square Natural and crushed sand
opening withside Small Medium Large Sievingstandard

/mm/ 0/1mm 0/2mm 0/4mm
Passes through sieve % mm
0,09 0 to 10 0 to 10 0 to 10 MKS B.B8.036
0,25 30 to 45 15 to 35 12 to 25
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0,71 75 to 100 40 to 85 33 to 70
2 100 90 to 100 65 to 100 MKS B.B8.029
4 - 100 90 to 100
8 - - 100
The grain modulus Mz should be analyzed.The remaining required properties of

natural and crushed sand are presented in Table 4.55
Table 4.55
Property and SAND Testing standard
condition Natural Crushed MKS
Participation of 5 10 MKS.B.B8.036
particles smaller than
0,09 mm in % [m/m]
at the most
Sand equivalent at 70 60 MKS.U.B1.040

least in %
Participation of clay 0,5 0,5 MKS.B.B8.038

lumps in % [m/m] at
the most
Participation of 0,3 0,3 MKS.U.B1.024

organic particles in %
[m/m] at the most
 The stone grains of crushed send shall have crush resistance (Los Angeles) that
is necessary also for the crushed fine aggregate for the group of traffic density.
The use of natural and crushed sand in the grain size distribution of the asphalt
concrete, depending on the type of traffic load /very heavy; heavy, moderate, light,
very light/ is presented in Table 4.56
Table 4.56
Type of traffic load SAND
Natural [mm] Crushed [mm]
Highway and very heavy - 0/1;0/2

Heavy - 0/1;0/2
Moderate* 0/1; 0/2 0/1;0/2;0/4
Light* 0/1;0/2;0/4 0/1;0/2;0/4
Very light* 0/1;0/2;0/4 0/1;0/2;0/4
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Bicycle tracks, foothpaths,

0/1;0/2;0/4 0/1;0/2;0/4
parking lots (for cars)*
*The ratio of participation of natural and crushed sand is proved by a trial
asphalt mixes.
4.533 Quality of Fine Aggregates
Crushed and natural fine aggregates are used for producing of asphalt concrete.
Natural fine aggregates are used only for light traffic loads.
Crushed fine aggregates could be used for any group of traffic loads.
The requirements to be fulfilled are:
Physical and mechanical properties are given in table 4.57, for natural and table
4.510 for crushed fine aggregates.
Physical and mechanical properties for the rock material from which they are
produced are given in table 4.58
The grain size distribution is given in Table 4.59
Table 4.57
Property Quality condition Testing standard
Coating of grains with

100/90 MKS.U.M8.096
bitumen BIT 130, at least in %
[m/m]
Freezing resistance/NaSO4 - 5
12 MKS.B.B8.004
cycl./% [m/m] at the most
Water absorptionfractions 1,6 MKS.B.B8.031
4/8, in % [m/m] at the most
Crushing
resistance/LosAngeles/, 30 MKS.B.B8.045
in % [m/m] at the most
Organic particles % [m/m] at
0,3 MKS.U.B1.024
the most
Mineralogical-petrographic
To be tested MKS.B.B8.034
structure
Crushed Fine Aggregates
The crushed fine aggregates are produced by crushing of rock material or large
grain size gravel /under separate conditions for quality/
The stone which is used to produce the crushed fine aggregate must satisfy the
requirements given in Table 4.58 that depend on the traffic load.
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Table 4.58
Property Quality condition per type of traffic loads Testing

Highway, very Moderat Very light standard
heavy and heavy e and light
Compressive strength
160 140 120 MKS.B.B8.012
in dry state, at least
MPa
Water absorption %
0,75 0,75 1,00 MKS.B.B8.010
[m/m] at the most
Wearing by grinding
12 18 35 MKS.B.B8.015
cm3/50cm2 at the most
Frost resistancein %
5 5 5 MKS.B.B8.002
[m/m] at the most
Grain Size Distribution of Asphalt Concrete Mixes

The asphalt concrete mixes are produced by using the nominal fractions of crushed
fine aggregate (2/4; 4/8; 8/11;8/16; 11/16 and 16/22 mm) presented in Table 4.59
When constructing highways and roads for very heavy and heavy traffic, the main
fractions of crushed fine aggregate 4/8 mm and the interfractions of crushed fine
aggregate 2/4, 8/11, 11/16 and 16/22 mm must be used /according to the
MKS.B.B3.100 standard/.
Table 4.59 Nominal fractions
Sieve of Nominal fraction for separated natural and crushed Testing standard
square fine aggregate
opening 2/4 4/8 8/11 8/16 11/16 16/22 MKS
side
Passes through sieve % m/m
m/m
0,09 max. 3 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 MKS.B.B8.036
1 max. 5 - - - - -
2 max. 15 max. 5 - - - -
4 min. 90 max. 15 max. 5 max. 5 - -
8 100 min.90 max.15 max.15 max. 5 - MKS.B.B8.029
11,2 - 100 min. min. max. 15 max. 5
90 90
16 - - 100 100 min. max.15
90
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22,4 - - - 100 min.

90
31,5 - - - - - 100
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Physical-Mechanical Properties of Fine aggregate.

The physical-mechanical properties that the fine aggregate must have, depend on
the type of traffic load.
They are presented in Table 4.510 and are brought into accordance with
MKS.B.B8.045 and .MKS.B.B8.120.
Table 4.510 Physical-mechanical characteristics
Fraction of crushed fine aggregate
Type of Eruptive Carbonate

traffic load Crushing resist. Polishing Crushing resist. Polishing
in % [m/m] at value in at in % [m/m] at value in at
the most least VP % the most least VP %
Highway and 16* 48** - -

very heavy
Heavy 18 48 - -
Moderate 22 48 25 30
Light 22 45 28 30
Very light 22 - 30 -
*Testing is done according to MKS.B.B8.045**Testing is done according to

MKS.B.B8.120 and for basalt crushed fine aggregate, it must amount to at least
VP=45% (not 48%).
The remaining physical-mechanical properties of crushed fine aggregate, the

quality condition and the testing standards are the following:
Properties: Condition Standard
- Coating with bitumen [%] 100/90

MKS.U.M8.096
- Frost resistance, min. % m/m
- for eruptive 3
MKS.B.B8.044
- for carbonate 5
MKS.B.B8.044
- Water absorption max. % m/m 1,6 MKS.B.B8.031
- Participation of grains with
unfavorable shape, max. % m/m 20 MKS.B.B8.048
- Participation of friable grains
max. % m/m 3 MKS.B.B8.037
- Participation of clayey lumps
in individual fractions, max. % m/m 0,25 MKS.B.B8.038
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- Mineralogical-petrographic structure MKS.B.B8.004
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PAVEMENT
4.534 Grain Size Distribution of Fine aggregate and Filler for Asphalt
Concrete
According to the MKS.U.E4.014/90 standard, the grain size distribution for
asphalt concrete type AC4; AC8; AC11; AC11s; AC16; AC16s and AC22s must be
between the ultimate seaving lines presented in Table 4.511
Table 4.511
Size of Type of asphalt concrete
square
opening AC4 AC8 AC11 AC11s AC16 AC16s AC22s
of
sieve Passes through sieve % m/m
(mm)
0,09 8-18 4-12 3-12 3-11 3-12 4-10 2-8
0,25 17-33 11-27 8-28 8-18 8-25 8-17 7-14
0,71 30-51 20-41 16-38 16-30 15-36 15-28 11-23
2 55-75 38-56 31-54 31-48 27-49 27-43 23-36
4 100 56-74 49-69 49-65 40-62 40-56 30-47
8 - 96-100 75-90 75-87 60-80 60-75 46-54
11,2 - 100 97-100 97-100 74-90 74-86 57-75
16 - - 100 100 97-100 97-100 72-87
22,4 - - - - 100 100 97-100
31,5 - - - - - - 100
Technical
thickness AC4 AC8 AC11 AC11s AC16 AC16s AC22s
of course
mm
Smallest 20 30 35 40* 50 60 70
mm
Greatest 30 40 50 60 60 75 85
mm
4.535 Quality of Individual Types of Bitumen

The quality conditions for bitumen are defined by the MKS.U.M3.010/75
standard. The mode of testing of the individual properties of bitumen defined by
the standards pertaining to category B.H8, starting from MKS.B.H8.605 and
ending with MKS.B.H8.621, is presented in item 4.511 of these terms.
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Table 4.512 displays the required quality values for all types of bitumen used for
production of asphalt concrete mixes.
Table 4.512 Quality of bitumen
Type of bitumen
Properties of bitumen* Unit of BIT 200 BIT 130 BIT 90 BIT 60
Measur. t Required value
Penetration mm/10 160-210 120-150 80-100 50-70
Softening point in PK 0C 37-43 41-46 45-57 49-55
Penetration indices, min. - -1 -1 -1 -1
Ductility at 25oC min. cm 100 100 100 100
Failure point /FRASS/, 0C -15 -13 -11 -8

max.
Loss of mass after 5 hours

heating at 163oC
Penetration, max. % 40 40 40 40
Failure point 0C -12 -10 -8 -6
*The Contractor must timely provide an attest on the bitumen to be used for the
asphalt concrete, in accordance with the MKS.U.M3.010/75 standard.
4.54 Adhesion between Courses
The applied material for adhesion between the asphalt concrete wearing course
(AC) and the upper base course of BNS must provide a safe, homogeneous,
uniform and permanent adhesion.
The adhesion between the courses depends on the used bitumen binder, its
amount and uniform distribution over the base course. The following bitumen
binders are usually applied:
Bitumen emulsions and diluted bitumen.
- Bitumen emulsion is used for asphalt courses constructed of anion carbonate
fine aggregate /MKS.U.M3.022/
- Bitumen emulsion is used for asphalt courses constructed of cation silicate fine
aggregate /MKS.U.M3.O24/
Diluted bitumen is used for all types of stone aggregates.
The Engineer decides as to the need for uniform and sufficient mechanical
sprinkling of the base.
The sprinkling is usually done by the use of semi-stable bitumen emulsions with
bitumen content of at least 55% m/m or the use of diluted bitumen, which is
defined by the works on the trial sections described in Items 4.54 and 4.563 of
these terms.
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4.55 Mode of Construction

4.551 Procurement of Main Materials
Prior to the beginning of production and incorporation of the asphalt concrete
mixes, the Contractor must timely submit to the Engineer attests on the quality of
all the main materials and data on the producer of these materials, as follows:
- For stone filler - in accordance with Item 4.531 of these terms;
- For sand - in accordance with Item 4.532 of these terms;
- For fine aggregate - in accordance with Items 4.533, 4.534 of these terms;
- For bitumen - in accordance with Item 4.535 .
The attests on the stone filler, the sand,and the fine aggregate must not be older
than a year. For the bitumen, they must not be older than three months.
4.552 Preparation of Base Surface for Asphalting
As a rule, BNS is used for incorporation of the asphalt concrete course.
The Contractor may start with incorporation of AC after approval of the base by
the Engineer and his written approval for starting of the activities for
incorporation of AC.
After the approval by the Engineer, the Contractor is obliged to keep the base in
the state in which it has been approved by the Engineer until the beginning if
asphalting. Possible damage to the base must be repaired by the Contractor, who
is obliged to submit a written evidence with attests from the performed tests on
the repaired base.
4.553 Storing of Fine aggregates, Filler, Bitumen and Bitumen Mixing Plant
Station
Prior to the beginning of the production of the asphalt mixture, the Contractor is
obliged, in accordance with the planned dynamics of asphalting works, to timely
prepare the shock-yard for the bitumen mixing plant station and the depots for
fine aggregates and sand storing.
The capacity of depots must be in accordance with the production capacity of the
bitumen mixing plant - transport - incorporation line.
The depot for storing of fine aggregates and sands must ensure purity and prevent
mixing of individual fractions.
The capacity and the equipment of the silo for the filler must be in accordance
with the needs of the bitumen mixing plant station. The number and the
distribution and the capacity of the pre-dosing bins and their equipment should
comply with the production capacity of the bitumen mixing plant station.
The bins (pre-heating and heating) should be equipped with thermometers and
should provide indirect heating of bitumen.
The bitumen mixing plant station for production of asphalt mixes for construction
of highways, main and regional roads, must be characterized by an automatic
production and weight dosing and be of capacity of at least 100t/h.
The silo for storing of the produced asphalt mixture should provide indirect
heating and be of a corresponding capacity.
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The Contractor is obliged to perform detail service of all vital parts of the bitumen
mixing plant station and submit timely to the Engineer attests on the service
done, at least 15 days prior to the beginning of the asphalting works.
The Contractor is obliged to elaborate a project on the set-up of the vital parts of
the bitumen mixing plant station.
4.5531 Heating of Bitumen Stored in Tanks
The allowable temperature to which the bitumen can be heated depends on its
type:
- For BIT 200 - 140 oC;
- For BIT 130 - 150 oC ;
- For BIT 90 - 160 oC ;
- For BIT 60 - 165 oC.
4.554 Production of Asphalt Concrete Mixture (AC)
Asphalt concrete mixture is produced in a bitumen mixing station with
characteristics described in Item 4.553 of these technical terms.
The bitumen mixing plant should provide proper dosing. Each working cycle
should be done automatically and the asphalt mixture should be well
homogenized.
The temperature of the produced asphalt concrete mixture depends on the
bitumen type and amounts to :
- For BIT 200 - 130 to 150 oC;
- For BIT 130 - 135 to 155 oC ;
- For BIT 90 - 140 to160 oC ;
- For BIT 60 - 150 to 170 oC.
The highest temperature should not be more than +10 oC higher than the stated
temperatures.
4.555 Transportation of Asphalt Concrete Mixes for AC
The Contractor may start with transportation of the asphalt concrete mixture after
preparation of the site for its incorporation. The preparation involves:
Base prepared as described in Items 4.54 , 4.552 and 4.9
The finisher brought to the site and ready for work with set electronic control of
the iron.
The transport is carried out by dump tracks with clean loading space (which
should be sprinkled with liquid preventing gluing of the mixture to the bottom
and the sides of the bin at each batch) provided with tarpaulins for protection of
the asphalt mixture against dust, wind and cooling.
The number of the necessary trucks must be in accordance with the capacity of the
finisher and the rolling devices.
4.556 Incorporation of Asphalt Concrete Mixture (AC)
The surface of the base on which the asphalt concrete course is to be incorporated
must be timely prepared. It must be dry, clean and timely sprinkled with anion
instable emulsion or diluted bitumen - RB, i.e., suitable staff for adhesive
intercourse permanent binding.
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The surface which is directly smoothed by the iron of the finisher must be dry (the
water from the instable anion emulsion should be evaporated).
The amount of the necessary instable anion emulsion should be approximately 0,3
- 0,5 kg/m2. The necessary quantity is defined by a trial section (Item 4.564 of
these terms).
The incorporation is done mechanically and by a finisher which has at least one
vibration-compaction beam, with a capacity of at least 85% compaction of a
course with a thickness of 8,5 cm.
Manual incorporation is, as a rule, forbidden.. Exceptionally, the Engineer may
approve manual incorporation at inaccessible places. In that case, the compaction
shall be done by the use of corresponding compaction devices.
The temperature of the asphalt concrete mixture in the finisher, in the process of
incorporation, depends on the type of used bitumen as follows:
Type of bitumen Recommended temperature *Minimum

oC temperature
oC
BIT 200 130  10 110
BIT 130 135  10 115
BIT 90 140  10 120
BIT 160 150  10 130

*Minumum temperature of incorporated for rolling the course of incorporation
of the asphalt mixture, the finisher is in the direction of the upgrade of the
vertical alignment of the road.
If the conditions allow it, asphalting should be done along the whole width of the
base formation, and if two non-parallel finishers are used, the longitudinal joint
should not be noticeable.
The longitudinal joints should be additionally processed by a detritus of diluted
bitumen RB in the quantity which is to be determined upon the construction of a
trial section.
As a rule, the asphalt concrete course is incorporated in one layer and along the
whole width of the road surface in the case of a two-lane road.
When two layers are incorporated, the longitudinal joints are separated from each
other for at least 20 cm, while the transversal (operational) joints, for at least 50 cm.
Each stoppage of work should be done along the whole width of the formation.
The resulting transversal joint should be normal to the road axis and vertically
cut. When continuing the incorporation works, the "operational" joint must be
uniformly coated with bitumen emulsion or diluted bitumen, while the
surrounding of the operational joint should be indirectly heated .The gas burners
for heating of the smoothing arm of the finisher (with propane-butane gas) must
be properly functioning, while the arm must be heated to the temperature of the
asphalt concrete mixture.
The rollers for the course compaction must provide gradual (compaction" of the
course up to the required level of compactness along the whole designed width of
the road surface. Rolling always starts from the lower to the higher edge of the
road surface.
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Places which are inaccesible for rollers must be compacted up to the required level
of compactness mechanically, using corresponding compaction devices.
Incorporation of a new course, or allowing traffic along the constructed asphalt
concrete course may start when the temperature along the whole thickness of the
course is about 20oC.
4.56 Conditions for Quality of Construction (of Asphalt Concrete Courses)
To achieve the required quality of asphalt concrete courses, the Contractor must
provide, within the bitumen mixing plant station, an equipped laboratory and
corresponding professional personnel for testing of asphalt.
4.561 Preliminary (Trial) Tests of Asphalt Concrete Course (Trial Mix -
Preliminary Recipe)
The Contractor is obliged to submit to the Engineer a preliminary recipe on the
asphalt mixture to be used for the asphalt concrete course, prepared under
laboratory conditions, at least 15 days prior to the plant starting with asphalting
works for the construction of an asphalt concrete course.
Submitted with the preliminary recipe are also attests on all main materials used
to prepare the trial mix (fine aggregates per fractions, sand, filler, bitumen, as well
as properties of stone used to produce the fine aggregates and the crushed sands),
in accordance with Item 4.551 of these technical conditions.
Content of the preliminary recipe:
- Participation of individual fractions of fine aggregates, expressed in % of the
total mass [%]
- Types and participation of bitumen, expressed in % of fine aggregates [%]
- Type and quantities of additives in the bitumen (arbocel, elastomers, natural
(Trinidad) asphalt and alike.
Required properties of asphalt mixture.
The preliminary recipe must be verified as to whether the planned main materials
enable achieving the required properties for the asphalting concrete mixture.
The preliminary recipe for the anticipated type of asphalt concrete must contain:
- grain size distribution according to Item 4.534
- type of bitumen according to Item 4.535 of these technical terms (the filler is of
I category).
For the adopted grain size distribution of the stone mixture (fine aggregates and
filler), the amount of bitumen must be defined by at least five different quantities
of gradually added bitumen (0,3 to 0,4% [m/m]). The average of the five gradually
added quantities should be the closest to the mix proposed by the preliminary
recipe (Marshall method).
Physical-mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture should be tested and the
results on all the five different amounts submitted.
Based on positive grain size distribution and physical-mechanical properties of
the asphalt mixture and the positive results on all the main materials, the
Engineer decides and gives a written consent for continuation of the testing.
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4.562 Quality of Required Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixture Prepared

according to Preliminary Recipe
The required values for the individual properties of the asphalt mixtures prepared
by a preliminary recipe and obtained under laboratory conditions for different
types of traffic loads are presented in Table 4.513
Table 4.513 Physical-mechanical properties of asphalt concrete for laboratory sample
Property Highway, very heavy, Moderate Light Very

Heavy light
AC11s AC16 AC22 AC8 AC11 AC16 AC8, AC11 AC4, AC8
AC11s AC11
Stability
8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 5,5
min [kN]
Stability-
flow ratio 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,4
o
at 60 C,
min [kN]
Total 4,5 4,5 4,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 1,5

partici- to to to to to to to to
pation of 2,5
voids in 5,5 5,5 5,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0
% (v/v)
Voids filled 66 66 66 70 70 70 74 80
with to to to to to to to to
bitumen 78 78 78 83 83 83 85 90
in % ( v/v)
* Voids in
stone To be defined
materi-al, in
% ( v/v)
* Water
absorption To be defined
in vacuum
% ( v/v )
* To be defined
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PAVEMENT
4.563 Job Mix - Final Recipe

The final recipe for asphalt concrete mixture serves as a proof that the asphalt
mixture designed according to the preliminary recipe, from Item 4.561 and 4.562
of these technical terms, is possible to be produced at the bitumen mixing plant
station.
An important prerequisite for the performance of the approval procedure is
checking of the main materials stored within the bitumen mixing plant station.
The Contractor's laboratory submits to the Engineer the results on the tests on the
stored materials.
The job mix is prepared by a hot procedure. The produced asphalt mixture is
tested in details under laboratory conditions.
The final recipe is considered verified when the results from three successively
taken samples of the produced mixture are as follows:
- The grain size distribution of all the three samples is within the limits of Table
4.511 of these technical terms. The allowable deviations are presented in Table
4.514
- The bitumen content in each of the three samples is within the limits of allowed
deviation of 05% m/m of the value defined in the preliminary recipe, while
the average value is within the allowable limits presented in Table 4.515 of
these technical terms.
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Table 4.514 Allowable deviation (grain size distribution)
Allowable deviation of grain size distribution of rock mixture of

Size of
individual samples from the trial mix  % [m/m]
square
Sieve
opening Asphalt concrete, marked S Other types of asphalt
concrete
mm AC11S AC16S AC22S AC4 AC8 AC11 AC16
0,09  1,5  1,5  1,5  2,0  2,0  2,0  2,0
0,25  2,0  2,0  2,0  3,0  3,0  3,0  3,0
0,71  3,0  3,0  3,0  4,0  4,0  4,0  4,0
2  4,0  4,0  4,0  4,0  5,0  5,0  5,0
4  4,0  4,0  4,0 -  5,0  5,0  5,0
8  4,0  5,0  5,0 - -  5,0  5,0
11,2 -  5,0  5,0 - - -  6,0
16 - -  5,0 - - - -
22,4 - - - - - - -
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Table 4.515 Allowable deviation (bitumen, voids)
Allowable deviation of obtained average value for grain

size distribution,for bitumen and voids content in rock
mixture - trial mix
Property Number of taken and tested samples
1–3 4–9 10 - 19 > 20
ACS AC ACS AC ACS AC ACS AC
Grain size 0,09 1,5 2,0 1,0 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,8
distribution 0,25 2,0 3,0 1,5 2,5 1,5 2,0 1,0 1,5
*
in % 0,71 3,0 4,0 2,0 3,0 1,5 2,5 1,0 2,0
[ m/m ]
2 4,0 5,0 3,0 4,0 2,0 3,0 1,5 2,5
for size of 4 4,0 5,0 3,0 4,0 2,5 3,0 2,0 2,5
square 8 4,0 6,0 4,0 5,0 3,0 4,0 2,0 3,0
opening 11,2 5,0 6,0 4,0 5,0 3,0 4,0 2,0 3,0
[mm]
16 5,0 6,0 4,0 5,0 3,0 4,0 2,0 3,0
Participation of 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,25
BIT, % m/m
Total content of 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,00
voids ** , % v/v
* Deviation should not be greater than the limited range
** Deviation should not be greater than the values stated in 4.513
After the completion of the tests on the trial mix and the approval of the final
recipe by the Engineer, the Contractor starts with checking of the final recipe for
the asphalt concrete mixture for the wearing course on a trial section.
4.564 Job Mix for Construction of Asphalt Concrete Course on Trial Section
The final recipe is verified by construction of a trial section.
The location and the stretch length of the trial section are selected by the Engineer
and the asphalt concrete course is incorporated over a previously approved base
(Item 4.552 of these technical terms).
The base on which the asphalt concrete course is constructed must be flat, clean,
dry and uniformly sprinkled with instable bitumen emulsion or diluted bitumen
(Item 4.54 and item 4.9 of these terms), and the weather conditions should be
favorable (Item 4.51 of these terms).
The working line (bitumen mixing plant station - finisher - rollers - electronics for
the finisher iron control) must be synchronized, and the iron heated to the
temperature of the asphalt mixture in the finisher distributors.
The production of asphalt mixture starts as in Item 4.554 of these terms, on the
basis of the data from the final recipe (calculated as per mass for a production
cycle at the bitumen mixing plant station).
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The transport is performed as stated in Item 4.555 of these conditions. The

incorporation and the compaction of the course is done according to Item 4.356 of
these terms.
The trial section is constructed by participation of: the Engineer (Assistant to the
Engineer - graduated engineer, specialist in asphalt works), responisble
professional person - graduated engineer from the asphalt laboratory of the
Contractor, and a professional consultant to the Employer for the upper course of
the road.
The following works are carried out during the incorporation at the trial section:
- Control of the operation of the finisher, the evenness and the compactness of
the course behind the finisher iron;
- Control of the production capacity of individual rollers and control of the
compactness degree by use of radio-isotopic measuring devices;
- Determination of rolling temperature;
- Determination of number of necessary compaction runs for individual rollers;
- Determination of inter-course adhesion (BNS  AC).
The following testing activities are carried out on the trial section:
- Measurement of evenness of surface;
- Measurement of course thickness;
- Taking samples from the constructed course and from the asphalt concrete
mixture (from the finisher).
Laboratory tests:
a) on asphalt mixture taken from the finisher and location of the place.
b) physical-mechanical properties of samples taken from the incorporated course
(at the place where the asphalt mixture has been taken from the finisher).
The laboratory tests serve to verify the results on the job mix, in accordance with
Item 4.563 and Tables 4.511, 4.512, 4.513, 4.514 and 4.515 of these technical
terms.
By quality verified in testing of the incorporated AC wearing course of the trial
section done as follows:
- Grain size distribution of stone mixture (fine aggregates plus filler);
- Quantity and properties of extracted bitumen;
- Stability according to Marshall 3 samples;
- Flowing according to Marshall 3 samples;
- Stiffness modulus 3 samples;
- Voids content 3 samples;
- Filled voids 3 samples;
- Particle density 30 measurement points (by isotopic sounding device);
- Compaction degree 30 measuring points;
- Course thickness 10 measuring points;
- Evenness of surface 5 measuring points.
The job mix of the AC wearing course is proved.
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4.565 Report on Procedure for Approval of the Job Mix for the Asphalt
Concrete Course
Presented in the report are the conditions, the mode and the dynamics of
production. The report contains particularly data on the bitumen mixing plant
station complex, the main materials, the transporting vehicles, the finisher, the
rollers, the equipment for sprinkling of emulsion, etc..
Entered into this report are all the results from the performed tests given in Item
4.564 of these technical terms, which serve as a proof that the final recipe, the
equipment and the technology of production, transport and incorporation
correspond to the quality requirements specified in the design documentation,
the technical conditions for asphalt concrete for wearing courses prepared by
applying a hot procedure (MKS.U.M4.014/90) and these technical terms.
The report is signed by the Engineer and the Contractor for the asphalting works.
4.57 Asphalting
The beginning of the asphalting works is approved by the Engineer under the
conditions presented in Item 4.565 of these technical terms and after the approval
of the base on which the asphalt concrete course is to be incorporated. ( Item 4.9
of these technical terms )
The quality control involves:
- Preliminary tests on main materials;
- Parallel tests of main materials, produced asphalt mixture, tests during
incorporation and tests on incorporated course;
- Control tests on main materials, produced asphalt mixture, incorporated
course and tests on samples from incorporated course.
4.581 Preliminary Tests on Main Materials to be Used for Preparation of the
Trial Mix
The scope of these tests and their type is defined according to MKS U.E4.014/90
in Item 13.1.
4.582 Parallel Tests
4.5821 Parallel Tests on Main Materials
- Testing of stone flour, sand and quarry fines is done at least once at each 3000
t of produced asphalt mixture;
- Testing of bitumen, at each 500 t of delivered bitumen;
The following properties are tested:
- Stone flour - grain size distribution;
- Sand and quarry fines - grain size distribution and content of particles
smaller than 0,09 mm;
- Bitumen - penetration at 25oC;
- softening point at 25oC;
- penetration index.
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4.5822 Parallel Tests on Produced Asphalt Mixture

- These tests involve laboratory determination of the composition and the
physical-mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture. They are done at each
4000m2, at the most, or once daily during asphalting.
- The temperature of the bitumen and the asphalt base mixture is controlled
daily.
4.5823 Parallel Tests During Incorporation
These tests involve:
- Measurement of the temperature of asphalt during incorporation - every day,
at least three times per day.
- Measurement of thickness of the incorporated course, at each 30m1;
- Measurement of evenness of the course, at each 20m1.
- Measurement of compaction by isotopic sounding device, at each 20m 1 and by
taking samples at each 4000m2.
(All the parallel tests specified in Items 4.581 and 4.582 are performed by the
Contractor with his own personnel and at his field laboratory).
4.583 Control Testing
These tests are done by the Employer and they involve:
4.5831 Control Tests on Materials for Asphalting Works.
4.5832 Control Tests on Produced Asphalt Mixture.
4.5833 Control Tests on Incorporated Course.
The scope of the testing is as follows:
Under Item 4.5831
One test at each 5000t. of produced asphalt mixture for: stone filler, sand, quarry
fines and bitumen.
Under Item 4.5832
One test at each 1000t of produced asphalt mixture. The composition and the
physical-mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture are tested.
One test at each 5000t of produced asphalt mixture for determination of the
properties of extracted bitumen.
Under Item 4.5833
One test at each 6000m2 of applied asphalt course.
Tested on samples taken from an incorporated course is the following:
- Total voids content in the asphalt course;
- Thickness of the course;
- Evenness of the course (in situ);
- Compaction level;
- Roughness and skid resistance (in situ);
- Inter-course adhesion;
- Grain size distribution of quarry fines and sand;
- Filler content;
- Bitumen content.
4.59 Measurement
Allowable deviations:
- Grain size distribution according to Table 4.511, and Table 4.514
- Bitumen content,  0,5% of the job mix;
- Evenness deviation,  4 mm at 4m1;
- Transverse inclination, 0,3% in respect to the designed one;
- Elevations,  10 mm in respect to the designed ones;
- Thickness of course, max. 10% of the designed thickness.
The measurement is done for an asphalt course (expressed in m 2) approved by
the Engineer.
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PAVEMENT
4.510 Payment
Payment of the approved quantity of constructed asphalt course is done according
2
to the agreed unit prices per m for an agreed course thickness.
4.5.11 Valid Standards For Asphalt Concrete Produced By Hot Procedure
MKS.U.E4.014/90 Construction of wearing courses with asphalt concrete

produced by hot procedure - technical specifications.
MKS.B.B0.001/84 Natural stone - taking of samples of stone and stone
aggregates.
MKS.B.B3.045/82 Stone flour for bituminous mixes - technical conditions.
MKS.B.B3.100/83 Stone aggregates. Fractionated aggregates for concrete and
asphalt.Main quality terms.
MKS.B.B8.002/78 Testing of natural stone. Resistance testing applying
natrium-sulphate solution.
MKS.B.B8.003/86 Natural stone. Testing of mineralogical-petrographic
structure.
MKS.B.B8.004/86 Stone aggregate – mineralogical-petrographic structure.
MKS.B.B8.010/80 Natural stone – determination of water absorption.
MKS.B.B8.012/87 Natural stone – determination of compressive strength.
MKS.B.B8.015/84 Testing of wearing by grinding.
MKS.B.B8.029/82 Stone aggregates. Determination of grain size distribution
- dry sieving.
MKS.B.B8.031/82 Stone aggregates - Determination of particle density and
water absorption.
MKS.B.B8.032/80 Testing of natural stone. Determination of particle density
with pores and voids; particle density without pores and
voids and particle density coefficient and porosity.
MKS.B.B8.036/82 Stone aggregates. Determination of fine particles, wet
sieving.
MKS.B.B8.037/86 Stone aggregates. Determination of friable particles.
MKS.B.B8.038/82 Natural and crushed stone aggregates. Testing of frost
resistance by natrium sulphate.
MKS.B.B8.045/78 Testing of natural stone. Natural and crushed aggregate.
Testing by Los Angeles apparatus.
MKS.B.B8.048/84 Stone aggregates. Determination of grain shape by
calipper.
MKS.B.B8.080/84 Calcium carbonate fillers. Taking and preparation of
samples.
MKS.B.B8.101/82 Testing of stone flour. Determination of particle density of
filler without voids.
MKS.B.B8.102/82 Testing of stone flour. Determination of voids content in
dry compacted state (Rigden).
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MKS.B.B8.103/82 Testing of stone flour. Testing of outward appearance.

MKS.B.B8.104/82 Testing of stone flour. Determination of hardening index.
MKS.B.B8.105/84 Testing of stone flour. Determination of grain size
distribution.
MKS.B.B8.120/82 Stone aggregates. Testing of polishing of crushed stone
aggregates.
MKS.B.H8.605/83 Testing of bitumen. Determination of paraffin number.
MKS.B.H8.610/80 Testing of bitumen. Taking of samples.
MKS.B.H8.611/80 Testing of bitumen. Preparation of samples.
MKS.B.H8.612/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of penetration.
MKS.B.H8.613/83 Testing of bitumen. Determination of softening point
according to P.K.
MKS.B.H8.614/83 Testing of bitumen. Penetration index.
MKS.B.H8.615/83 Testing of bitumen. Analysis of ductility.
MKS.B.H8.616/81 Testing of bitumen. Determination of breaking point
according to Frass.
MKS.B.H8.617/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of compounds
insoluble in carbon tetrachloride.
MKS.B.H8.618/81 Testing of bitumen. Determination of relative density of
particle density and particle density.
MKS.B.H8.619/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of loss of mass at t oC =
+ 163oC.
MKS.B.H8.620/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of dynamic viscosity.
MKS.B.H8.621/81 Testing of bitumen. Determination of kinematic viscosity.
MKS.U.B1.020/80 Geomechanic tests. Determination of soil consistency
(Atterberg).
MKS.U.B1.024/68 Geomechanic tests. Determination of combustible-organic
matter.
MKS.U.B1.040/68 Geomechanic tests. Determination of soil sand equivalent.
MKS.U.C4.010/81 Design of roads. Determination of total traffic load.
MKS.U.JC.600/64 Heating technique in construction - technical conditions
for design and construction of buildings.
MKS.U.M3.010/75 Bitumen for pavement structures. Quality conditions.
MKS.U.M8.082/67 Bituminous mixes for finishing courses. Determination of
apparent particle density of mineral and asphalt mixes.
MKS.U.M8.090/66 Asphalt mixes for pavements (Marshall)
MKS.U.M8.092/66 Asphalt pavement structures. Determination of particle
density of finishing wearing course and base course
(sample taken from an incorporated course).
MKS.U.M8.094/66 Asphalt pavement structures. Determination of water
absorption on samples taken from wearing courses
(constructed pavement).
MKS.U.M8.096/67 Bituminous mixes for finishing courses. Tests of behavior
under water.
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4.6 Asphalt Concrete according to Stone Mastix Asphalt (SMA) System
The asphalt concrete produced according to the SMA system is applied for
finishing-wearing courses of pavement structures.
The mechanical-physical characteristics of the main materials (fine aggregate,
sand, filler, stabilizer and bitumen), of the produced asphalt mixture and the
incorporated SMA course are defined according to DIN 1996-ZTV bit STB-84 and
AASHTOT-T.
/The application of SMA is recommended by the USA Federal Administration for
Highways./
4.61 Description
The production of SMA asphalt concrete involves:
- Procurement of main materials: fine aggregate, sand, filler, stabilizer (cellulose,
mineral and other fibers) and bitumen. The producer of the materials should
be noted on the product.
- Production, transport and incorporation of SMA asphalt concrete is done
under favorable weather conditions, without precipitation and at temperature
of the base and the air of over 10oC (with no wind of over 10 m/sec speed).
4.62 Required Properties of Main Materials
4.621 Fine aggregate
4.6211 The Required Properties of Fine Aggregate, for Grains Larger than 4
mm, must Fulfill the AASHTO Test Conditions as Follows:
The stone used to produce the fine aggregate should be firm rock and fulfill the
following criteria:
Crushing coefficient, AASTO-T-96 max. 30% m/m
Grain shape (ASTM.D.4791) for grains larger that 4,75 mm
with: side ratio 3:1 max. 20% m/m
of which side ratio 5:1 max. 5% m/m
Resistance in natrium sulphate, five cycles max. 15% m/m
Resistance in magnesium sulphate, five cycles max. 20% m/m
Grains that remain in 4,75 mm sieve should have
- one crushed surface min. 100% m/m
- two crushed surfaces min. 90% m/m
Water absorption (AASHTO-T85) max. 2% V/V
Resistance coefficient (AASHTO-210) 40
4.6212 Required Properties for Grains Smaller than 4 mm
The stone of which these are produced should originate from a sound rock and
must meet the requirements according to AASHTO-M-29).
Resistance in natrium sulphate, five cycles max. 15% m/m
Flow point (AASHTO-89) min. 25%
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The grain size distribution must be within the following ultimate curves:
Sieve mm. Passes % m/m through sieve
19.00 100
12.50 80-100
9.50 (max.75)
4.75 20-28
2.36 16-24
0.60 12-16
0.30 12-15
0.075 8-10
0.025 (max.3)
The job mix of fine aggregate for the grain size distribution, must contain the
following characteristics:
- Presence of grains that pass through a 0,075 mm sieve in % m/m
- Presence of particles that pass through a 0,020 mm sieve in % m/m
The final grain size distribution must be prepared from at least 10 sieving of each
fraction stored in a depot.
The rock from which large- and fine-grained gritting material is produced by crushing
and grounding, cannot have lower values of physical-mechanical properties than
those anticipated in Items 4.533 and 4.535 of these technical terms.
4.622 Required Properties for Sand
The requirements anticipated in Item 4.6212 for fine aggregate with grains
smaller than 4 mm cannot be lower than the required values for sand anticipated
in Item 4.532 of these technical conditions.
4.623 Required Properties for Filler
The filler which is added to the stone mixture must be of carbonate origin and
meet the requirements stated in Item 4.531 of these technical terms.
4.624 Required Properties for Stabilizer
Cellulose, mineral and other fibers are used as stabilizers of the asphalt mastic,
having the role of spatial (three dimensional) stabilizers of bitumen.
The required properties of stabilizers are conditions prescribed by the producers.
These are the following:
- Length and thickness of the stabilizer (fiber);
- Grain size distribution of stabilizer;
- Bulk and specific density;
- pH-value;
- Absorption of bitumen oils;
- Ashes content;
- Moisture content.
The type of the stabilizer and the required properties are prescribed by the
designer of the pavement structure.
If the type of the stabilizer is not anticipated in the project on the pavement
structure, the Contractor selects a stabilizer and proves its usability based on a
preliminary and a final recipe for preparation of SMA.
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4.625 Required Properties for Bitumen

The following types of bitumen are used for production of SMA:
- Bitumen with penetration 65;
- Bitumen with penetration 80 .
The required properties must satisfy the conditions from AASHTO-M-226,Table 2.
4.63 Construction Method of SMA
4.631 Production of Asphalt Mixture
The asphalt mixture is produced at a bitumen mixing plant station, applying the
hot procedure described in Item 4.553 of these technical terms, provided that the
plant be additionally equipped by a device for dosing of the stabilizer (fibers).
In producing the asphalt mixture for SMA, the cycle for one mix is prolonged for 5
to 15 seconds, which is conditioned by the time necessary for (weight) dosing of
the stabilizer and the need for homogenization of the asphalt mixture in the
mixer.
In the case when the SMA asphalt mixture is not immediately transported for
incorporation, the asphalt plant should be equipped with a thermally isolated silo
for storing of the hot asphalt mixture.
4.632 Transport of Produced Asphalt Mixture (SMA)
All the provisions for ordinary asphalt concrete according to MKS.U.E4.014,
presented in Item 4.555, apply also to the transport of the produced SMA asphalt
mixture.
4.633 Incorporation of SMA Asphalt Mixture
Incorporation is done by using the same mechanical equipment as for ordinary
asphalt concrete, according to MKS.U.E4.014 and under the following conditions:
The temperature of the asphalt mixture for BIT 65 should be T = 160 oC10oC,
and at least 143oC.
The base over which the SMA asphalt concrete course is incorporated must meet
the conditions stated in Item 4.9 of these technical terms.
The finisher iron, should be heated to the temperature of the asphalt mixture to be
incorporated (T = 160oC  10oC) immediately before asphalting.
Rolling must be done by smooth steel rollers only. Rubber rollers must not be
used.
Incorporation should be done without stoppage of the daily asphalting, i.e., the
capacity of the bitumen mixing plant station, the transporting trucks and the
finisher (with rollers) should be synchronized in time.
4.64 Required Properties for SMA Asphalt Concrete
To achieve the required properties of the constructed SMA course, the Contractor
must provide a field asphalt laboratory with professional staff for quality control
of the main materials during the production of the asphalting mixture and its
incorporation.
4.641 Preliminary (Trial) Tests of SMA Asphalt Mixture (Preliminary
Recipe)
The general provisions given in Items 4.561 of these technical terms apply.
For the SMA asphalt concrete the following requirements apply particularly:
Grain size distribution for SMA-11mm.
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4.6411 The ultimate range of stone mixture for SMA-11mm

Grain size distribution range according to ZTV bit Stb84:
Sieve with square opening mm Participation in % mm
<0,09 8% - 13 %
>2 70% - 80%
>5 50% - 70%
>8 25%
>11,2 10%
(crushed to natural sand ratio 1:1)
4.6412 Bitumen BIT 65 Content 6,5% - 7,5% m/m

4.6413 Stabilizer (Fiber) Content 0,3% - 1,5% m/m
4.6414 Asphalt Mixture SMA-11
- Test according to Marshall at ToC = 135  5
- Total voids content % V/V 2-4
4.6415 Incorporated SMA Course
- Thickness of incorporated SMA course cm 2,5 - 5,0
- Weight of incorporated course kg/m2 60 - 120
- Compactness degree of incorporated SMA course % 97
- Total voids content % V/V 6
4.642 Final Recipe (Job Mix) for SMA Asphalt Mixture
The final recipe serves as a proof that the main materials stored at the
construction site and the bitumen mixing plant station, make possible the
production of the asphalt mixture for SMA, which meets the requirements from
Items 4.6411, 4.6412, 4.6413 and 4.6414 of these technical terms. (Stability
according to Marshall is only informative and does not significantly affect the
selection.)
When the requirements regarding the grain size distribution, the bitumen content,
the stabilizer content and the voids content are fulfilled, a trial section is prepared
in accordance with the provisions from Item 4.563 of these technical terms.
The temperature during the production of the asphalt mixture for SMA ranges
from 165oC to max. 170oC, for BIT 65 , and max. 170oC for BIT 65, in the heating
tank.
4.643 Final Recipe (Job Mix) for SMA Asphalt Concrete
The procedure is identical to that in the provisions of Item 4.564 of these
technical terms.
The allowable deviations are:
Grain size distribution for SMA-11mm according to Item 4.6411 Tolerable
deviations from the grain size distribution adopted for the job mix are:
- on sieve 0,09 mm 1,5% m/m
- on sieve 5,00 mm 1,5% m/m
- on sieve 8,00 mm 1,0% m/m
- on sieve 11,2 mm 1,0% m/m
The allowable deviation from the bitumen anticipated in the final recipe (job mix)
is 0,3% m/m
Lack or insufficient adhesion between courses of the SMA constructed asphalt
concrete course and the base on which it is constructed is not acceptable (although
other properties of SMA are of the required quality).
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4.65 Construction, Evenness, Levels, Inclinations, Parallel and Control

Tests, Measurements, Approval and Payment of Performed SMA
Works
The provisions given in Item 4.5 of these technical terms hold for all the above
stated works.
4.7 Bitumen Binders in Construction of Pavement Structures
4.71 Bitumen for Pavement Structures (Bitumen - BIT)

According to MKS.U.M3.010/75, "road" bitumen, classified into five categories
(according to penetration), is used for construction of asphalt courses of pavement
structures. Each bitumen category must satisfy the following requirements:
Type of bitumen
Required property and Unit of BIT20 BIT90 BIT60 BIT45 BIT25

condition meas. 0
o mm/10 160- 80-100 50-70 35-50 20-30

Penetration at 25 C, from
210
- to
Softening point PK, from 0 37-43 45-51 49-55 54-60 59-66

C
to
Penetration index,at least -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
o m 1 1 1 0,5 0,15
Ductility at 25 C, at least
Breaking point according

o -15 -11 -8 -6 -3
to Frass, most C
Paraffin content, most % m/m 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5
o
Relative density at 25 C, 1 1 1 1 1
at least
o
Loss of mass at 163 C in 5 % m/m 1 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5
hours
Decreased penetration
% 40 40 40 35 35
o
after heating at 163 C,
most
Breaking point according

to Frass after heating at o -12 -8 -6 -4 -1
C
o
163 C, at least
o Pa.S to be tested
Dynamic viscosity at 60 C
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PAVEMENT
Kinematic viscosity at 2/S to be tested

m
o
135 C
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PAVEMENT
The required properties are tested in a laboratory, according to MKS, as follows:

- Penetration at 25oC MKS.B.H8.612/80
- Softening point, PK MKS.B.H8.613/80
- Penetration index MKS.B.H8.614/80
- Ductility MKS.B.H8.615/80
- Breaking point according to Frass MKS.B.H8.616/81
- Paraffin content (paraffin number) MKS.B.H8.605/83
- Relative density MKS.B.H8.618/81
- Loss of mass at 163oC MKS.B.H8.619/80
- Dynamic viscosity MKS.B.H8.620/80
- Kinematic viscosity MKS.B.H8.621/80
The mode of taking samples for testing is presented in MKS.B.H8.610.
4.72 Bitumen Emulsions
Bitumen emulsions represent dispersed bitumen in water containing emulgen.
These are applied to provide intercourse adhesion while incorporating the
individual bases of the pavement structures during the construction of BNS, AC
and SMA. They serve to assure safe, homogeneous and permanent adhesion of all
the courses of the pavement structure into a compact unit.
Depending on the quarry fines used for the asphalt course, the following
emulsions are applied:
- Anion bitumen emulsion made of quarry fines of a predominantly carbonate
origin. The quality of these emulsions is defined by MKS.U.M3.022.
- Kation bitumen emulsion made of quarry fines of predominantly silicate
origin. The quality of these emulsions is defined by MKS.U.M3.024.
The required properties of bitumen emulsions are the following:
- The quality is controlled by the producer in the course of production, and by
the Institute for Standardization that performs control tests, on which basis the
producer of bitumen emulsion submits an attest on quality when delivering the
material.
- Checking of quality of bitumen emulsion stored at a construction site.
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PAVEMENT
Anion emulsion mark AN AP AS AP-R
- Appearance brown / fluid / homogeneous /

/ without solid admixtures
- Viscosity (Engler's viscosimeters, at 3 3 3 3

least 20oC, oE)
- Binder content, at least, % of mass 55 55 55 55
- Level of stability Instable semi stable semi

stable stable
- Resistivity during storing at least 8 weeks
- Remains in the sieve:

a) at delivery, in % of mass; 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
b) after 7 days, in % of mass; 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
- Behavior of bitumen film under water Good Good Good Good
Kation emulsion mark KN KP KS KP-R
- Appearance brown / fluid / homogeneous /

/ without solid admixtures
-Viscosity (Engler's viscosimeter, 3 3 3 3

at 20oC)
- Binder content, at least, % of mass 55 to 60
- Level of stability Instable semi stable semi

stable stable
- Resistivity when stored, at least 4 8 8 8

weeks weeks weeks weeks
- Remains in the sieve:

a) at delivery, in % of mass; at the most 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
b) after 7 days, in % of mass; 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
- Behavior of bitumen film under water Good Good Good Good
The following properties are tested:

- Viscosity according to MKS.U.M3.100
- Amount of bitumen according to MKS.U.M3.020/74
- Stability level according to MKS.U.M3.020/74
- Homogeneity according to MKS.U.M3.020/74
- Resistance in storage and
behavior under water according to MKS.U.M3.020/74
It is necessary to check the quality of bitumen emulsion as follows:
- Homogeneity during delivery and storing
- Resistance 7 weeks after storing
Broken down emulsion must not be used.
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PAVEMENT
4.73 Diluted Bitumen (RB)

Diluted bitumen is produced in plants by dilution of normal distilled bitumen,
with adding of corresponding oils, that partially evaporate after the incorporation
of the asphalt mixture.
For the AC - BNS intercourse adhesion, RB 30/50 is applied.
Required properties of diluted bitumen:
Types of diluted bitumen
RB0/1 RB5/1 RB30/5 RB100/1 RB200/

0 0 7 30
Viscosity according to nozzle

diameter:
- 4 mm (temperature of 20oC) 50 - - - -
0-1 5-10 30-50 100-170 200-
- 10 mm (temperature of 30oC)
300
- Distillation up to 190oC,% of
mass at the most 9 0 0 0 0
- up to 225oC, % of mass at the

10-27 11 6 3 2
most
- up to 315oC, % of mass at the 30-45 16-28 6-20 6-15 5-15
most
- up to 360oC, % of mass at the 47 32 25 20 15
most
- Properties of residual after

distillation
a./ softening point PK, oC 30-55 30-55 30-55 30-55 30-55
80-300 80- 80-300 80-300 80-300
b./ penetration at 25oC, 1/10 mm
300
>100 >100 >100 >100
c./ ductility at 25oC, cm >100
- Ashes, % of mass, at the most 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5

- Insoluble in carbon-tetrachloride,
less ashes, % mass 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
- Ignition point (Marcuson), at
least, oC 40 40 40 40 40
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4.74 Additives to Bitumen

To improve the properties of bitumen regarding:
- Improvement of absorption between bitumen and mineral aggregate
(additives);
- Improvement of rheological behavior of bitumen (polymers and elastomers).
- Increase in resistance of bitumen against aliphatic dissolvers.
Production of the polymer bitumen is carry out in plants with automatic dozing
and control of the components. (stabile and mobile).
The produced - delivered bitumen to the final user compulsorily should be
accompanied by appropriate certificate for quality. The certificate for quality is
issued by domestic or foreign institution that issues such type of documents.
The selection of the polymer (elastomer, plastomer etc) and defining of the
characteristics of the polymer bitumen for asphalt mixtures must fit to the
conditions of exploitation. They should be especially adapted for the climatic area
of the site (maximal and minimal temperatures).
Considering the fact that there are no national MK regulations for such type of
materials, the foreign regulations of the counties with similar climatic conditions
can be applied.
The quality of the stone materials is defined in the adequate items in Section 4.
All additives which are used must be thermally stable. As a rule, they should be
added to the bitumen upon its delivery from the bitumen plant. However, they can
also be added at the bitumen mixing plant station, during the production of the
asphalt mixture, provided that additional equipment for certain additives is
available.
The type and amount of additives, as are some polymers and elastomers, are, as a
rule, defined by the producer of the bitumen, by laboratory tests and based on
buyers' request for different needs, conditions and defined quarry fines.
Due to non-existence of Macedonian standards, the ONORM-H3013-B.3613 is
recommended for improvement of the stability of bitumen BIT90 and BIT60
(penetration and PK). (and other valid standards from this domain. )
4.8 Asphalt Gutters with Precast Curbs bellow and above Ground at High
Embankments
4.81 This work involves procurement of necessary materials and construction of
asphalt gutter, 0,50 and 0,75m1 in width, with a precast concrete curb bellow the
ground, made of concrete with compression strength MB40 and with ice
resistance of M-100, placed on a MB20 concrete base.
The shape and the size of the asphalt gutter with a precast concrete curb bellow
the ground are defined by the project - detail of the asphalt gutter.
4.811 The asphalt gutter has a finishing layer of asphalt concrete, grade AB11 according
to MKS U.E4.014, which is applied on the upper BNS subgrade (according to MKS
U.E9.021) and lower subgrade (crusher-run stone - sub-base, according to MKS
U.E9.020) of the highway pavement structure.
4.812 The precast concrete curbs below the ground (crushing strength MB40) resistant
to ice (M-100) are made, according to the detail in the project, on a concrete base
with crushing strength of MB20 (detail on asphalt gutter). They are placed at a
distance, with an expansion joint of 10 -15 mm which is infilled with cement
mortar. The precast concrete curbs above the ground (with crushing strength
MB40) resistant to ice (M-100) are made according to the detail in the project, on
a concrete base with crushing strength MB20 (at high embankments). They are
placed at distance, with a 10 - 15 mm expansion joint, which is infilled with
cement mortar.
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PAVEMENT
4.813 Measurement
Asphalt gutters are measured and expressed in m 1 for the corresponding width of
the gutter (0,50 or 0,75m1)
The precast concrete curb below ground, on concrete base, in asphalt gutters is
measured and expressed in m1.
The precast curb above the ground, incorporated on concrete base (in the case of
high embankments) is measured and expressed in m1.
4.814 Payment
4.8141 The asphalt gutters are payable per m1 of constructed gutter with a corresponding
width (0,50m1 to 0,75m1 ).
4.8142 The precast curbs below ground (in the gutter) and above ground (in high
embankments) placed on concrete base, are paid per m1 of constructed curbs.
4.82 Precast Concrete Low Water Beds
4.821 Precast Concrete Low Water Beds in Central Reserve of Highway
4.8211 Description
This work involves procurement, transportation and incorporation of precast
concrete low water beds in the central reserve of the highway.
The precast concrete low water beds must correspond to the requirements and the
conditions of the detailed project for their construction in respect to shape, size,
crushing strength of concrete (MB), ice resistance and the base on which they are
made. The strength characteristics of the precast concrete low water beds are:
crushing strength MB40 and ice resistance M-100.
4.8212 Measurement
The performed works on construction of a low water bed are measured in m 1.
4.8213 Payment
The performed works on construction of a low water bed are payable per m 1.
4.822 Dewatering Precast Concrete Lower Water Beds Incorporated in
Slopes
4.8221 Description
This work involves procurement, transportation and incorporation of precast
concrete low water beds
The precast concrete low water beds must satisfy the requirements from the
enclosed structural detail in the project in respect to shape, proportions, strength
characteristics and base on which they are constructed.
The crushing strength of precast concrete low water beds should be MB40, while
their resistance to ice should be M - 100.
4.8222 Measurement
Measurement is done per constructed low water bed and is expressed in m1.
4.8223 Payment
Payment for constructed precast concrete low water beds is done per amounts
expressed in m1.
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PART 2: REQUIREMENTS (TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS)
PAVEMENT
4.9 Preparation of the Asphalting base and local repairs of the pavement
4.91 Preparation of the base with cleaning

Preparation of the base, before overlaying with a new asphalt layer consists of
mechanical cleaning, dusting and washing if necessary.
Measurement
Preparation of the base for overlaying with new asphalt layer with cleaning,
dusting and washing if necessary is not to be measured separately.
Payment
Payment for this preparation is not done separately and it is understood that the
same is included in the unit rate of the asphalt layer that should be constructed.
4.92 Preparation of the base with spraying with bituminous emulsion
According to the rules, for the new pavement structures, the base accepted by the
Engineer does not need special preparation during the current asphalting.
The Engineer marks in writing areas where the special preparation is necessary.
Preparation of the previously cleaned base (according to 4.91) before overlaying
with new asphalt layer consists of mechanical uniform spraying of dry surface
with bituminous emulsion (according to Clause 4.8.2 in these Technical
Specifications), in order to provide permanent connection of the base with the
new asphalt layer. The bitumen distributor (sprayer) with automatic feeding of
the foreseen quantity of emulsion per m 2 should be used for spraying with
bituminous emulsion. Cleaning of the base (with washing if necessary) with
dusting, if necessary should be done before construction of each next asphalt
layer.
The temperature of the base during spraying must be more than +10 oC, having
dry weather, without rains.
During spraying, all visible constructive elements of the pavement structure
(lifted kerbs, channels etc.) must be protected.
The hand spraying is forbidden. The Engineer decides about the way of spraying
with bituminous emulsion on the places inaccessible for mechanical spraying
with distributor
The asphalting of the new layer shall be done after breakdown of emulsion and
evaporation of the water, when base surface is "dry" and the bitumen properly
"connected" with the base.
Measurement
Measurement of the prepared surfaces with bituminous emulsion is done on the
properly sprayed area with bituminous emulsion on the base, expressed in m2.
Payment
Payment of the prepared surface with bituminous emulsion is done according to
the agreed unit rate for m 2, that includes procurement of the emulsion, transport
to the site, preparation of the base and labor for mechanical and hand spraying.
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4.93 Treatment of the longitudinal and transversal asphalt joints

The longitudinal asphalt joints should be hand coated with PB 200 M (cut-back
bitumen). This should be done before laying of the second (next) strip.
The transversal joints should be cut vertically on the designed depth and coated
with PB 200 M. The surface of the removed layer should be treated as per Clause
4.9.
Measurement
Measurement for treatment of the vertical longitudinal and transversal joints is
done on the properly coated RB 200 M, expressed in m1.
Payment
Payment of the treated vertical longitudinal and transversal joints is done
according to the agreed unit rate per m', that includes procurement of PB 200 M,
transport to the site, treatment of the joint and labor.
4.94 Local repairs of the pavement with asphalt mixtures, including
previous preparation of the base.
After remedy of the local damages on the pavement by machine up to the
designed depth, cleaning and dusting of the lateral sides should be done. The
mechanical spraying with bituminous emulsion should be done, according to the
Clause 4.8.2 in these Technical Specifications. On the base prepared in such way,
the necessary asphalt mix should be built in (with machine or manually), with
compaction with mechanical compactors.
Measurement
Measurement of the repairs on the pavement is done in tons (t) built in asphalt
mix.
Payment
Payment of the carried out local repairs on the pavement is done according to the
agreed price for 1 ton built in asphalt mix.
4.10 Microsurfacing, Double Bituminous Surface dressing,
Abbreviation
Following abbreviations are used in the document:
AC: Asphalt Concrete

DBSD: Double Bituminous Surface Dressing
ISSA: International Slurry Association
LA: Los Angeles
PSV: Polished Stone Value
SBSD: Single Bituminous Surface Dressing
4.10.1 Definitions / Glossary
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PAVEMENT
4.10.1.1 Glossary
Micro surfacing is a mixture of polymer modified asphalt emulsion, mineral
aggregate, mineral filler, water and other additives, properly proportioned, mixed
and spread on a paved surface in accordance with following specifications and as
directed by the Project Manager. When gradation is 0/3 or 0/4 material is called
slurry seal.
Single Bituminous Surface Dressing shall consist of a single application of cutback

or straight run bitumen spread on the road surface covered with chipping or sand.
Double Bituminous Surface Dressing shall consist of two single layers of surface
dressing with different aggregate sizes, laid one after the other.
4.10.2 Preparatory works
4.10.2.1 Washing
Immediately prior to any maintenance works, the surface shall be systematically
cleared of all loose material, vegetation or other objectionable material.
Available equipment will be high pressure water cleaner.
Measurement: The quantity of cleaning and washing to be paid for shall be the
number of square meters cleaned and washed as approved by Project Manger.
4.10.2.2 Active cracks sealing

Where approved by the Project Manager, active cracks wider than 12 mm will be
filled with a appropriate crack filler to be approved by Project Manager.
Measurement: the quantity of crack sealing to be paid for shall be the number of
meters of cracks filled, regardless of depth of necessary filling.
4.10.2.3 Pot Holing – Local Repairs

The weaker areas must be corrected to provide a uniform support for the surface
treatment. Inadequate areas should be removed and main potholes (more than
2000 cm3) should be repaired using patching techniques.
Hole sides should be properly cut, cleaned and covered with emulsion. They will
be filled with AC or other material, approved by Project manager. The material
shall be correctly compacted, respecting the longitudinal profile of the road:
smoothness measured with 3 m straight edge will give subsidence less than 0.3 cm
in all directions.
Measurement: The quantity of local repairs to be paid for shall be in tons of

asphalt mixture, as agreed with the Project Manager.
4.10.3 Microsurfacing
4.10.3.1 Materials
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PAVEMENT
4.10.3.1.1 Aggregates
The aggregates shall be a manufactured crushed stone. To assure the material is

totally crushed, 100 percent of the parent aggregate will be larger than the largest
stone in the gradation to be used.
The aggregate must respect the following minimum requirements:
Test Standard Specification

PSV Minimum MKS.B.B8.120 >48
Los Angeles maximum MKS.B.B8.045 LA<30
Sand equivalent MKS.U.B1.040 65 minimum
The target aggregate gradation (including the mineral filler) shall be within one of
the following bands (percent passing according to sieving standards MKS
B.B8.036 and MKS B.B8.029):
Sieve Size 0/3 0/5 0/8 Stock pile

Tolerance
%<0.09 mm 6 to 16 5 to 14 5 to 12 +/-2%
%>2 mm 20 to 55 35 to 65 45 to 70 +/-3%
%>3.15 mm <10 +/-4%
%>5 mm <10 15 to 55 +/-5%
%>8 mm <10 +/-5%
The aggregate will be accepted at the job location stockpile or when loading into
the support units for delivery to the lay down-machine. The stockpile shall be
accepted based on five gradation tests minimum. If the average of the tests are
within the gradation tolerances, the material will be accepted. If it is out of the
tolerances, the contractor has to remove the material.
4.10.3.1.2 Emulsified asphalt
The emulsified asphalt shall be a quick traffic, polymer modified asphalt emulsion
conforming to the requirements specified in TL PmBE-DSK or in AASHTO M208
or ASTM D2397 for CSS-1h.
The polymer material shall be milled or blended into the asphalt or emulsifier
solution prior to the emulsification process.
The minimum amount and type of polymer modifier shall be determined in the
mix design. The minimum amount required will be based on asphalt weight
content and will be certified by the emulsion supplier. 3% polymer based on
asphalt weight is a minimum.
Specification
Softening point EN 1427 57°C minimum
Penetration at 25°C EN 1426 40 -80
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PAVEMENT
4.10.3.1.3 Mineral filler
Mineral filler, if required, shall be any recognised brand of non-air entrained

Portland cement or hydrated lime that is free from lumps. Origin of filler must be
accepted by the Project Manager. The type and amount of mineral filler needed
shall be determined by the laboratory mix design and will be a part of the
aggregate gradation. An increase or decrease of less than one percent (1%) may be
permitted when the Micro-Surfacing is being placed if it is found to be necessary
for better consistency or set times.
4.10.3.1.4 Water
Water will be potable and free of harmful chemicals, salts and other
contaminants.
4.10.3.1.5 Additives
Additives may be added to the emulsion mix to provide the control of the quick-
traffic properties. They must be included as part of the mix design and be
compatible with the other components.
4.10.3.2 Mixture design

Contractor shall submit to the Project Manager for approval a mix design
prepared by a certified laboratory. The mix design will verify compatibility of the
aggregate, polymer modified-emulsion, mineral filler and other additives.
Mix design shall be a mix conforming to the requirements specified in ISSA A143
(January 2001) or to those specified in ZTV BEA-StB 98.
At a minimum, the following tests on mix shall be performed:

 Wet cohesion: 12kg-cm minimum for 30 minutes Minimum (set); 20kg-cm
minimum for 60 minutes minimum (traffic).
 Excess Asphalt by LWT sand adhesion: 540 g/m2 maximum
 Wet stripping: pass, 90% minimum
 Wet- Track Abrasion Loss: One hour soak 538 g/cm2 maximum; Six day soak
807 g/cm2 maximum
Residual asphalt shall be in the interval 5.5 to 9 % by dry weight of aggregate.
Mix design shall be submitted to Project Manager approval.
4.10.3.3 Equipment and application
4.10.3.3.1 Mixing and spreading equipment
All equipment, tools, and machines used in the performances of these works shall
be maintained in satisfactory working condition at all times to ensure a high-
quality product. All of these equipment shall be calibrated in the presence of the
Project Manager prior to construction.
4.10.3.3.2 Mixing equipment
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The machine shall be specifically designed and manufactured to lay Micro-

Surfacing. The material shall be mixed by an automatic-sequenced, self-propelled
Micro Surfacing mixing machine which shall be a continuous –flow mixing unit
able to accurately deliver and proportion the aggregate, emulsion, mineral filler,
additive, and water to a revolving multi -blade, double-shafted mixer and to
discharge the mixed product on a continuos-flow basis.
Individual volume or weight controls for proportioning each material to be added
to the mix shall be provided.
4.10.3.3.3 Spreading equipment
The mixture shall be agitated and spread uniformly in the surfacing box by means
of twin-shafted paddles or spiral augers fixed in the spreader box. A front seal
shall be provided to insure no loss of the mixture at the road contact point. The
rear seal shall act as a final strike-off and shall be adjustable. The spreader box
and rear strike-off shall be so designed and operated that a uniform consistency is
achieved to produce a free flow of material to the rear strike-off. The spreader box
shall have suitable means provided to side shift the box to compensate for
variations in the pavement geometry.
A secondary strike-off shall be provided to improve surface texture. The secondary

strike-off shall have the same adjustments as the spreader box.
Metal or stiff rubber strike-off shall be used.
4.10.3.3.4 Auxiliary Equipment
Suitable surface preparation equipment shall be provided by the contractor as

necessary to perform the work including high pressure water cleaning equipment,
4.10.3.3.5 Weather constraints
Application is not allowed in the following cases:

 when pavement or air temperatures is below 7°C and falling,
 if there is a risk of freezing in the next 2 days,
 with continuous rain, or heavy rain.
4.10.3.3.6 Surface preparation
Immediately prior to applying the micro surfacing, the surface shall be cleared of
all loose material, vegetation or other objectionable material. Manholes and other
specific service entrances shall be protected by a suitable method.
Surface preparation shall be approved prior to surfacing.
If not specified by the Project Manager, tack coat is not required.
Active cracks will be pre-treated by an acceptable sealer, prior to the application of

the micro surfacing. Localisation of treatment and type of sealer have to be
approved by the Project Manager.
Preparatory works are expected when rutting or local subsidence, measured by

placing a 3 m straight edge over the surface, exceeds 2 cm: milling and
replacement or use of rut filling spreader box if not excessive. Method has to be
submitted to approval.
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PAVEMENT
Preparatory works are expected when local structure failure is localised: milling
and replacement of one or more layer by asphalt concrete.
Prior to start micro surfacing, visit will be undertaken with the Project Manager in
order to agree about surface preparation.
4.10.3.4 Application and Controls
Rate of application (for single application; but in most of the cases two passes are
required):
Type Rate
Microsurfacing, one pass, Interurban 8 to 16 kg/m2
Microsurfacing, one pass, Urban streets 5 to 11 kg/ m2
Slurry seal 0/4, one pass, Urban or 4 to 6.5 kg/m2
Interurban
The micro-surfacing shall be of the desired consistency upon leaving the mixer. A
complete coverage must be obtained. No streaks shall be left in the finished
surface.
The micro surfacing shall possess sufficient stability in order to avoid early
breaking in the spreader box. The mixture shall be homogeneous during and
following mixing and spreading. It shall be free of excess water or emulsion and
free of segregation of the emulsion and aggregates fines from coarser aggregates.
Handworked surfacing shall be reduced as much as possible.
The daily production is checked with 2 (at least) bitumen content analysis.
Tolerance is +/-5 % of bitumen content.
Application rate is controlled continuously and locally when required by the
Project Manager. Tolerance is +/-10% of required rate.
Texture is controlled using EN 13036-1. 20 tests are undertaken per application

day. Average shall be above 0.6 mm and all values above 0.4.
The first 200 m are considered as a trial section. Formal approval of the Project
Manager is needed before continuing laying. To receive the approval, Contractor
shall submit all test results which should conform to specifications.
4.10.4 Double Bituminous Surface dressing

4.10.4.1 Materials
4.10.4.1.1 Aggregates
Cover aggregates shall consist of screening of crushed stone.

Refer to 3.3.1.1 for specifications of aggregates.
For 11/16 aggregate passing for 0.5 mm sieve is less than 2.
4.10.4.1.2 Binder
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Bitumen for DSBD application shall be rapid curing cationic emulsified bitumen
conforming with NF T 65011 standard for low traffic sections as described by the
Project Manager or other binder like polymer modified asphalt emulsion (see
3.1.1.2) to be approved by the Project Manager, depending on localisation of works
and period of laying.
4.10.4.2 Equipment and application
4.10.4.2.1 Equipment
All plant and equipment used for heating and spraying of emulsion (or binder),
spreading, rolling and brooming of cover aggregate shall conform to NF P 98-160
or to an another standard to be approved by the Project Manager.
4.10.4.2.2 Weather constraints
Application of bitumen and aggregate and subsequent rolling shall be completed

between sunrise and sunset and under favorable weather conditions as
determined by the Project Manager. The atmospheric temperature shall be above
15 degrees C and the weather shall not be rainy, dusty or unduly windy.
4.10.4.2.3 Surface preparation
Immediately prior to applying the micro surfacing, the surface shall be cleared of
all loose material, vegetation or other objectionable material. Manholes and other
specific service entrances shall be protected by a suitable method.
Surface preparation shall be approved prior to surface treatment.
Active cracks will be pre-treated by an acceptable sealer, prior to the application of
DBSD.
Preparatory works are expected when rutting or local subsidence, measured by

placing a 3 m straight edge over the surface exceeds 2 cm: milling and
replacement of asphalt concrete.
Method has to be submitted to approval.
Preparatory works are expected when local structure failure is localised: milling
and replacement of one or more layers. All pavement repairs shall be completed
before application.
Prior to application, visit will be undertaken with the Project Manager in order to
agree about surface preparation.
Where applicable, the positions of traffic markings shall be surveyed and recorded
to enable their accurate replacement after the seal coatings have been applied.
4.10.4.2.4 Trial sections
Before commencement of site seal coat applications, the Contractor shall

construct trial sections using varying application rates for bitumen and for
aggregates as selected by the Project Manager. Each trial section shall be 2 lanes
wide by 50 m long, at approved locations on or close to the site.
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PAVEMENT
Each trial section shall be constructed using the same materials, mixing, spraying,
spreading, rolling and brooming equipment, and construction procedures,
proposed for use in the works.
The objectives of these trials shall be to determine the adequacy of the

Contractor’s equipment, the most suitable application rates for emulsified
bitumen and the various gradations of aggregate.
The Contractor shall not proceed with any applications until the methods and
procedures established in the trials have been approved.
4.10.4.2.5 Rates of applications
Approximate Rate of Application (to be adapted and approved by the Project

Manager, depending on existing surface condition, temperature, location):
Aggregate (kg/m2) Binder (kg/m2)

Coarse aggregate (11/16) seal 12.5 – 20 (10 to 11 litre) 1 – 1.8 (minimum residual =
coat 1)
Medium aggregate (5/8) seal 10 – 15 (6 to 7 litre) 0.9 – 1.8 (minimum residual
coat = 1)
The Project Manager may order additional trial sections and alter the previously
established rates of application during progress of the works.
4.10.4.3 Construction
Where the seal is to carry traffic prior to final sweeping, speed signs shall be erected
to control the speed of traffic.
When bituminous coatings are applied to sections which are to be promptly opened
to traffic, and the ambient temperature is contributing to slow curing and excessive
pickup, the Contractor shall suspend operations until the Project Manager approves
continuation of sealing Works.
The surface to be treated shall be dry or slightly damp and the moisture content of
aggregates at the time of application to the coated surface shall not exceed 3% by
weight.
The bitumen emulsion or cut back shall be applied by means of a pressure

distributor uniformly and continuously over the section to be treated. The rate of
application shall be as approved by the Project Manager.
The length of spray run shall not exceed that which can be covered by the aggregate
spreading equipment.
The application width of bitumen shall not be more than 150 mm wider than the
width covered by the aggregate spreader. Under no circumstances shall operations
proceed in such a manner that the bitumen will be allowed to chill, set up, dry, or
otherwise impair retention of the cover aggregate.
The contractor shall keep a complete record of bitumen used, based on distributor
tank measurements and on areas to which the bitumen has been applied. These
records shall be submitted to the Project Manager as verification of the accuracy of
125
PAVEMENT
the tachometer as well as verification of application rates designated by the Project

Manager.
Distribution of bitumen shall be so regulated and sufficient material left in the

distributor at the end of each application, that there will be a uniform distribution
across the spray bar. In no case shall the distributor be allowed to expel air with the
bitumen, thereby causing uneven coverage.
The angle of the spray nozzles and the height of the spray bar shall be adjusted and
regularly checked to ensure uniform distribution. The height of the spray bar above
the pavement surface should remain constant throughout the spraying process.
Distribution shall cease immediately upon any clogging or partial blocking of any
nozzles and corrective measures shall be taken before application is resumed.
4.10.4.4 Application of aggregate
If directed, aggregates shall be washed prior to use in order to eliminate or reduce

any dust coating or salts before delivery to the spreader.
Operation of the aggregate spreader at speeds which cause the particles to roll over
after striking the bitumen covered surface will not be permitted.
Immediately upon application of bitumen, aggregate of the required gradation shall

be spread at the rate designated by the Project Manager. Spreading shall be
accomplished in such a manner that the tires of the hauling units or aggregate
spreader do not come in contact with the uncovered bitumen surface.
Where adjacent spreads are to be made, the first aggregate spread shall not extend
closer than 150 mm to the edge of bitumen application. The adjacent spread of
bitumen shall overlap this 150 mm and complete aggregate coverage shall be
achieved on the second spread promptly upon completion of the first spread to
ensure a smooth riding surface.
Immediately after aggregate has been spread, deficient areas shall be covered by
additional aggregate. Piles, ridges or uneven distributions of aggregate shall be
removed and corrected to insure against permanent ridges, bumps, or depressions
in the completed surface. Additional aggregate shall be spread in whatever
quantities necessary to prevent pick-up by rollers or traffic, after which the surface
shall be rolled as directed.
Care shall be taken to prevent aggregate from entering ditches or inlets of any type.
The contractor shall be responsible for removal of any such aggregate materials or
other debris arising out of his operations.
4.10.4.5 Rolling and brooming
Aggregate shall not be spread more than 150 m ahead of initial rolling operations.
Rollers shall not stop, start or turn on the surface being rolled. Any damage to the
surface arising out of non-compliance with these requirements shall be made good
as directed, at the Contractor’s expense.
Initial “breakdown” rolling shall proceed behind the spreader (after any
adjustments by hand methods for uneven distribution, etc). One complete coverage
126
PAVEMENT
shall be achieved using 2-axle self propelled steel-wheeled rollers of 6-8 tons weight
and operating at a maximum speed of 5 km/h. Initial rolling shall be completed
within 30 minutes of spreading aggregate.
The Project Manager may order the alternative use of pneumatic-tired rollers for
initial rolling of the achievement of adequate embedment of the aggregate is liable
to result in excessive crushing when steel-wheeled rollers are used.
Immediately following completion of the initial rolling, the surface shall be rolled
using self propelled pneumatic-tired rollers operated at a maximum speed of 8
km/h, until at least 3 complete coverages have been achieved.
If necessary during rolling operations, additional screenings shall be lightly spread

by hand methods and re-rolled, to make good any small areas visibly deficient in
cover material.
Light drag brooming of the surface shall be carried out 24 hours after completion of
rolling and in such a manner that embedded aggregate particles will not be
dislodged. This brooming shall result in uniform distribution of loose screenings
over the surface which shall then be re-rolled using pneumatic-tired rollers until at
least 2 complete coverages have been achieved.
Light drag brooming and re-rolling shall be repeated 24 hours after the initial
brooming, if so directed.
Excess screenings shall be salvaged and stockpiled or disposed of as directed.
Each coat of DBSD shall be maintained and protected from traffic for at least 3 days
after completion of rolling.
At the end of the 3-day maintenance period for each seal coat, or earlier if directed,
the surface shall be finally swept, using a rotary broom, to remove loose screenings.
Surplus screenings shall be stockpiled or disposed of as directed.
Adequate traffic control shall be taken during the maintenance periods.
4.10.4.6 Tolerances and records
The contractor shall be responsible for ensuring the accurate calibration of pressure
distributors and for the correct rates of application of bitumen as designed by the
Project Manager.
Readings shall be taken of bitumen tanker contents and temperature immediately

prior to, and immediately upon completion of each spraying run and the actual
application rate in kg/m2 shall be calculated. Complete records shall be maintained
of all such measurements and the specific locations, width and lengths of the
respective runs.
The tolerances on temperature adjusted application rates shall be plus or minus 5%

of the designated rate.
Applications varying by more than 5% but less than 10%, after temperature
adjustment, below the specified rate of application shall, if accepted, be subject to a
10% reduction.
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PAVEMENT
Applications varying by more than 10% after temperature adjustment, above or

below the specified rate of application shall be rejected and the unsatisfactory
material replaced or made good as directed, at the Contractor’s expense.
The contractor shall maintain, on a daily basis, complete records of the volumes and
tonnage of each type of aggregate delivered to the site and used in each section of
the works for seal coat applications.
All records and calculations of bitumen applications, and aggregate delivery and
use, shall be submitted to the Project Manager at the end of each day when seal coat
applications have been carried out. No measurements will be made of bitumen
applications which are not supported by adequate, verifiable records.
4.10.4.7 Texture
Texture is controlled using EN 13036-1. 20 tests are undertaken per application day.
Average shall be above 1.1 mm and all values above 0.4.
4.10.5 Measurement
The quantity of seal coat to be paid for shall be the number of square meters for
each application as entered in the bill of quantities. No separate payment shall be
made for bituminous material, or cover aggregates.
4.10.6 List of the standards used in the present documents

4.10.6.1 Valid standards :
All the following standards are part of the contract. In case of conflict between these
standards and the specification of this sections, the specifications precede the standards.
4.10.6.2Macedonian standards :
MKS.B.B0.001/84 Natural stone – taking of samples of stone and stone aggregates.

MKS.B.B3.045/82 Stone flour for bituminous mixes – technical conditions.
MKS.B.B3.100/83 Stone aggregates. Fractionated aggregates for concrete and
asphalt. Main quality terms.
MKS.B.B8.002/78 Testing of natural stone. Resistance testing applying natrium-
sulphate solution.
MKS.B.B8.003/86 Natural stone. Testing of mineralogical-petrographic structure.
MKS.B.B8.004/86 Stone aggregate – mineralogical-petrographic structure.
MKS.B.B8.010/80 Natural stone – determination of water absorption.
MKS.B.B8.012/87 Natural stone – determination of compressive strength.
MKS.B.B8.029/82 Stone aggregates. Determination of grain size distribution – dry
sieving.
MKS.B.B8.031/82 Stone aggregates. Determination of particle density and water
absorption.
MKS.B.B8.032/80 Testing of natural stone. Determination of particle density with
pores and voids ; particle density without pores and voids and
particle density coefficient and porosity.
MKS.B.B8.036/82 Stone aggregates. Determination of fine particles, wet sieving.
MKS.B.B8.038/82 Natural and crushed stone aggregates. Testing of frost resistance
by natrium sulphate.
MKS.B.B8.045/78 Testing of natural stone. Natural and crushed aggregate. Testing by
128
PAVEMENT
Los Angeles apparatus.

MKS.B.B8.048/84 Stone aggregates. Determination of grain shape by calipper.
MKS.B.B8.080/84 Calcium carbonate fillers. Taking and preparation of samples.
MKS.B.B8.101/82 Testing of stone flour. Determination of particle density of filler
without voids.
MKS.B.B8.102/82 Testing of stone flour. Determination of voids content in dry
compacted state (Rigden).
MKS.B.B8.103/82 Testing of stone flour. Testing of outward appearance.
MKS.B.B8.104/82 Testing of stone flour. Determination of hardening index.
MKS.B.B8.105/84 Testing of stone flour. Determination of grain size distribution.
MKS.B.B8.120/82 Stone aggregates. Testing of polishing of crushed stone aggregates.
MKS.B.H8.605/83 Testing of bitumen. Determination of paraffin number.
MKS.B.H8.610/80 Testing of bitumen. Taking of samples.
MKS.B.H8.611/80 Testing of bitumen. Preparation of samples.
MKS.B.H8.612/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of penetration.
MKS.B.H8.613/83 Testing of bitumen. Determination of softening point according to
P.K.
MKS.B.H8.614/83 Testing of bitumen. Penetration index
MKS.B.H8.615/83 Testing of bitumen. Analysis of ductility.
MKS.B.H8.616/81 Testing of bitumen. Determination of breaking point according to
Frass.
MKS.B.H8.617/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of compounds insoluble in
carbon tetrachloride.
MKS.B.H8.618/81 Testing of bitumen. Determination of relative density of particle
density and particle density.
MKS.B.H8.619/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of loss of mass at t°C = + 163°C.
MKS.B.H8.620/80 Testing of bitumen. Determination of dynamic viscosity.
MKS.B.H8.621/81 Testing of bitumen. Determination of cinematic viscosity.
MKS.U.B1.024/68 Geomechanic tests. Determination of combustible-organic matter.
MKS.U.B1.040/68 Geomechanic tests. Determination of soil sand equivalent.
MKS.U.E4.014/90 Asphalt concrete
MKS.U.M3.010/75 Bitumen for pavement structures. Quality conditions.
MKS.U.M8.082/67 Bituminous mixes for finishing courses. Determination of apparent
particle density of mineral and asphalt mixes.
MKS.U.M8.090/66 Asphalt mixes for pavements (Marshall).
MKS.U.M8.092/66 Asphalt pavement structures. Determination of particle density of
finishing wearing course and base course (sample taken from an
incorporated course).
MKS.U.M8.094/66 Asphalt pavement structures. Determination of water absorption
on samples taken from wearing courses (constructed pavement).
MKS.U.M8.096/67 Bituminous mixes for finishing courses. Tests of behavior under
water.
4.10.6.3European standards:
EN 1426 Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of needle penetration

EN 1427 Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of softening point –
Ring and Ball method
EN 1428 Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of water content in
bitumen emulsions – Azeotropic distillation method
EN 1430 Bitumen and bituminous binder – Determination of particle polarity of
bitumen emulsions
EN 12591 Bitumen and bituminous binders – Specifications for paving grade
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PAVEMENT
bitumen
EN 13036-1 Road and airfield surface characteristics – Test methods – Part1:
measurement of pavement surface macrotexture depth using a volumetric
patch technique
4.10.6.4Other standards or recommendations used:
TL Pm BE-DSK
ZTV BEA – StB98
ISSA A143 International Slurry Surfacing Association, Recommended
Performance Guidelines for Micro-Surfacing A143 January
2001, revised December 2002
AASHTO M208
ASTM D2397 Cationic Emulsified Asphalt – Standard Specification
NF P 98-160 Wearing course – Surface dressing – Specifications
NF T 65-011 Bitumen Emulsion – Standard Specification
130

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GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS (SPECIFICATIONS)

from page 52 to page 125

4.1 Chemical Stabilization

4.2 Filtering Course

4.24 Quality of Materials

If a drainage filter course is applied, the following condition should be satisfied in

4.27 Approval of Incorporated Filtering Course and Measurement

MKS B.B8.045/78 Testing of wearing resistance of stone and stone

No. Type of testing Required results

5. Aggregate resistance to frost Permanent loss of weight:

6. Bulk density After modified Proctor

8. Grain size distribution According to Table 1

9. Unevenness level Minimum 15

10. Wearing according to "Los Angeles" Maximum 40%

11. CBR (incorporated according to Minimum 80%

Opening of square sieve, in mm Passing through sieve [%]

Table 4.41 Use of stone materials for BNS and BNHS

Type of rock Traffic load

Table 4.42 Use of types of bitumen for BNS and BNHS

Passes through sieve % (m/m)

MKS Property Natural Crushed sand

Square opening of Main nominal fractions*

MKS Physical-mechanical properties Required value

Compression strength of stone:

4* Water absorption for fraction 4/8 mm max. 1,6% (m/m)

Square Passes through sieve % (m/m)

4.436 Technological Thickness of Courses for Different Types of BNS and

The thickness is defined by proportioning of the pavement structure in the project.

Type of traffic Type of BNS Type of Technological /designed/

Very heavy 45** 6 to 10

* The thickness may deviate /MKS.U.E9.021/.

4.437 Preliminary (Trial) and Final Recipe for Production and

Type of traffic load

Type of traffic load

Voids content % v/v 4 –8 3-9 2 - 10 2-6

Type of bitumen Temperature of Temperature of asphalt mixes

Optimum Maximu Optimum Maximum

BIT 200 130 140 140  10 160

BIT 130 135 150 145  10 165

BIT 90 140 160 150  10 170

BIT 60 150 165 160  10 175

BIT 45 160 175 170  10 180

4.442 Transport of Asphalt Mixes

- BIT 130 115oC;

4.46 Quality Control

- Relative particle density at 25oC.

- Relative particle density at 25oC.

- Bitumen at each 50t of supplied bitumen PK, penetration and penetration

- Stability according to Marshall, at each 4000m2;

- Flow according to Marshall, at each 4000m2;

- Bitumen at each 500t of supplied bitumen.

4.52 Main Materials

The application of fine aggregate is defined in Table 4.51

Type of traffic load

Crushed fine aggregate Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Type of asphalt Type of bitumen for pavement structures

AC 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes

To improve the rheological properties of bitumen as a binder for asphalt

Methods of Criteria, Criteria,

Penetration at 250S 1x10-1 MKS

Breaking point according to Fraass 0

Relative density ( 250S) - MKS

Breaking point according to Fraass after C0 .