Unit IV Convection

Under Administrative Support
Pimpri Chinchawad Education Trust (PCET)

Nutan Maharashtra Vidya Prasarak Mandal’s
Nutan Maharashtra Inst. of Engg. & Tech.
“Heat Transfer”
Nutan Maharashtra Institute of Engineering &
Technology Talegaon Dabhade
UNIT NO: 04
CREATED BY
Prof. Rohit R. Jadhao
Assistant Professor
Forced
Convection
NMIET-HT-Prof. R.R.Jadhao
Forced Convection
• Heat transfer between a fluid and solid surface is
known as Convection and when the fluid is made to
flow by external means like pump, fan, slope etc,
the convection is called Forced Convection.
• Since energy transfer in convection takes place by
movement of fluid molecules by picking up or giving out
heat energy, parameters like nature of flow, fluid velocity,
viscous forces, etc have significant effects on heat
transfer process.
• Hence, knowledge of differential equations for fluid
flow like Continuity Equation, Momentum Equation
(Navier Stoke’s Equations) is vital. Based on these
equations, information on fluid flow through the pipe
and over flat plate like velocity profile, pressure drop
etc, have been worked out. NMIET-HT-Prof. R.R.Jadhao
Convection
T s > T∞
Heat Flow is found out
T∞
from Newton’s Law of
Cooling as:
Fluid
Q = hA(Ts - T∞)
A h
Ts
Q
Here h is neither property of surface nor that of
fluid but it is dependent on type of fluid flow, fluid
properties, and vital dimension of surface
or pipe.
h  f (  ,V , D / L,  , C p , k )
Fluid Flow Through Pipe
• At the entrance of the tube, all fluid layers will have same
velocity. When flow progresses, fluid layer in contact with
surface tends to become stationary due to friction between
tube surface and this layer of fluid.
• Due to viscous forces, this stationary layer retards the

velocity of second layer towards the centre. Second layer
retards the velocity of third layer and so on.
D Vmax
Le
Fluid Flow Through Pipe
• Velocity of layers is proportional to the distance
from the tube surface.
• For Law of Conservation of Mass to hold good,

since velo is almost zero at the surface, it has to
increase towards the centre as mass flow rate
remains same at all sections of pipe.
• After certain distance from entrance, velocity

profile develops fully and becomes steady.
• Profile becomes parabolic and does not change

there after till the time flow remains Laminar.
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
Through Pipe (Re <2000)
Entrance Length: Le
 0.0575 Re
D
Local Velocity: 2
V r 
 1    ;
Vmax  ro
where ro is outer radius from centre
Average Velocity:
Vmax
Vav 
2
16 P
Friction Factor: f  
 L  V 
2
Re
4 
 

 D  2 
Turbulent Flow Through Pipe (Re >4000)
In turbulent flow, velocity profile quickly stabilizes

due to large eddies formations. Hence entrance
length is relatively smaller and velocity profile is
flat in the core region of the pipe.
Friction Factor:
P
f  0.046Re 
 0.2

 L  V
 
2
4  
 D  2 
Flow Over Flat Plate : Velocity Boundary
Layer
• When fluid flows over a flat plate, at the leading
edge, all layers of fluid have same velocity.
• However, due to friction force, layer adjacent to
plate comes to rest.
Flow Over Flat Plate : Velocity Boundary
Layer
• Velocity of next layer is hence retarded by this
stationary layer due to fluid viscous force.
• However, velocities of layers increase with
distance from surface and beyond certain
distance, it attains certain max steady value
called Free Stream Velocity, denoted by V∞ .
V∞ Velocity BL
V∞
Flat
Parabolic
δ
Leading Laminar Region Transient Turbulent Region

Edge Region
Flow Over Flat Plate : Velocity Boundary Layer
• The region normal to surface, in which velocity

gradient exists, is known as Velocity BL /
Hydrodynamic BL
• Thickness of Velo BL (δ) is defined as the

distance normal to the surface, in which velo of
layers varies from zero to 99% of the free stream
velocity.
Fluid Flow in BL
• Laminar BL
• Transient BL
• Turbulent BL
Laminar Flow Over Flat Plate (Re<3x105)
Drag Coeff (Cf ):
1.328
C f av 
ReL
Drag Force (FD): AV 2

FD  C f .
2
Thickness of BL (δ) at 4.64.x
x 
x from leading edge Rex
Mass Flow Rate 5

through BL at x m x  V x
8
Turbulent Flow Over Flat Plate
(Re>5x105)
0.455 C1
C f av  
Drag Coeff (Cf ):

ln ReL
2.58
 ReL
;
where C1  1050
Thickness of BL (δ) 0.39.x

at x from leading edge
x  0.2
Re x
Convection Ts > T∞
Heat Flow is determined T∞
as: Q = hA(Ts - T∞)

Fluid
A h
Here h is neither property Ts
of surface nor that of fluid
But it is dependent on type
of fluid flow, fluid properties, Q
and vital dimension of surface

or pipe.
h  f (  ,V , D / L,  , C p , k )
Convection
In practice, it is very difficult to estimate correct value
of h and it becomes more complicated due to the fact
that properties of all fluids vary with temp.
As the fluid flows over the surface, and if there is
temp difference between fluid and surface, its temp
in the BL changes. Accordingly, fluid properties
change and hence h also changes. Thus on every loc
on the surface along the fluid flow, we get different
value of h. This value is known as Local Heat Transfer
coefficient, denoted by hx .
L
1
Hence, average h is found out as: hav   hx .dx
L0
Values of h (W/m2K)
Free/Natural Convection with air: 5-15
Forced Convection with air : 10-500
Forced Convection with Water: 100-15000
Boiling of Water 1500-25000
Condensing Water Vapour 5000-100000
Forced Convection
• Since h = f (ρ, V, D/L, μ, Cp , k), it is very
difficult to find relations of h because of large
number of parameters involved.
• Such processes can be analyzed by Dimensional

Analysis using Buckingham л Theorem.
• And we get the relations of the form :
 C p
a b
hL  VL  
 A   
k     k 
Or Nu = A ( Re)a (Pr)b
Dimensional Analysis
• If large No of variables take part in a process,

it is very difficult or almost impossible to
study the effects of variation of one or more
variables on others.
• By dimensional analysis, these variables can

be grouped in to manageable No of groups,
say four or three or less so that effect of
variation of each on others can be studied.
Dimensional Analysis
Buckingham л Theorem
• This theorem is used as a thumb rule for
determining number of independent
dimensionless groups that can be obtained
from a set of variables taking part in a
process.
• This Theorem states that the number of

independent dimensionless groups that can
be formed from a set of n variables having
r basic/fundamental dimensions will be (n-r)
Dimensional Analysis For ‘h’
• From different experiments, it has been seen

that h in forced convection depends on
ρ,V, L, μ, Cp and k.
• Hence, we can write h=f(ρ,V, L, μ, Cp , k)
Or h=A(ρa,Vb, Lc, μd, Cpe , kf)
where A, a, b, c, d, e, f are constants
Variables Units Dimensions
h W/m2K=J/sm2K=Nm/sm2K M.T-1.t-3
=kg.m.m/s2.s.m2K=kg/s3K
ρ Kg/m3 M.L-3
V m/s Lt-1
L m L
μ Kg/m.s M.L-1t-1
Cp J/kg.K=m2/s2K L2.T-1.t-2
k W/mK=kg.m/s3K M.L.T-1.t-3
→ MT-1t-3=A[(ML-3)a(Lt-1)b(L)c(ML-1t-1)d(L2T-1t-2)e(MLT-1t-3)f]
Equating powers of:
M: 1=a+d+f …………………………………...(1)
L: 0=-3a+b+c-d+2e+f …………………..(2)
T: -1=-e-f or 1=e+f ……………….…(3)
t: -3=-b-d-2e-3f …………………….…………(4)
• Let us obtain values of all constants in terms
of only 2 constants, say ‘a’ & ‘e’
• Hence, we obtain the eqn as under:
h=A[ρa,Va,La-1,μe-a,Cpe,k1-e]
 VL  a  Cp  e  k 
 h  A  .  . 
    k   L 
a
 VL   Cp 
e
hL
Or  A  .   Nu  A. Re . Pr a e
k     k 
Physical Significance of Dimensionless Parameters
Nusselt Number (Nu):
hL hD
Nu  
k k
where L / D are characteri stic length
hL AT hAT
 . 
k AT kAT
L
Heat Transfer by Convection

Heat Transfer by Conduction
h can be found out from here
Prandtl Number:

C p   Kinematic Viscosity
Pr    
k k  Thermal Diffusivit y
C p
Diffusion of Momentum through Fluid

Diffusion of Heat through Fluid
High Pr No means higher Nu and hence higher h; higher heat
transfer
Pr No is the property of fluid as μ, Cp ,k are all properties of

fluid and these are temp dependent
Prandtl Number:
For Liquid Metals: Pr<0.01
For Air: Pr≈1
For Water: Pr≈10
For Heavy Oils: Pr>1 lac
Reynold’s No (Re):
VL VD VL VD  4m 
Re       
     P 
VL.V V 2
Re  
 .V V
L
Inertia Force

Viscous Force
Peclet No (Pe):
VL C p VC p
Pe  Re . Pr  . 
 k k
L
Mass Heat Flow Rate

Heat Flow by Conduction per UnitTemp Diff
When Pr is very small (of the order of 0.01), like for liquid
metals, then as a practice, governing equation
Nu=A(Re)a(Pr)b is used as:
Nu=C(Pe)n
This is only for convenience

Stanton No (St):
Nu hL h
St   
Re . Pr k .VL C p VC p
.
 k
Heat Flux in Convection per Unit Temp Diff

Mass Heat Flow Rate
In such cases, governing equation is used as:
n
 Nu 
St  C or 
n
 C
 Re . Pr 
Reynold’s Numbers
Flow through conduit/pipe
Laminar Flow : Re<2000

Turbulent Flow : Re>4000
Flow over flat plate/surface
Laminar Flow : Re <3 x 105
Turbulent Flow : Re >5 x 105
Correlations : Flow Through Pipe
For Laminar Flow (Re<2000)
Nu = 4.36 for const heat flux
Nu = 3.66 for const wall temp
Correlations : Flow Through Pipe
For Turbulent Flow (Re>4000)
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4 for heating of fluid
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3 for cooling of fluid
Above Equations are known as Dittus-Boelter

Correlations
All properties of fluid are to be taken at

Bulk Mean Temp
Hydraulic Diameter:
Characteristic Length for flow through pipe or
conduit of different cross sections is taken as
its hydraulic diameter (Dh), which is defined as:
4 x Cross Sectional Area of Flow 4 A
Dh  
Wetted Perimeter P
For circular tube of dia D:

 2
4. D
4A 4
Dh   D
P D
Hydraulic Diameter:
For rectangular cross section conduit
4A 4.LW
Dh  
P 2L  W 
W
For flow through annular space

L
of outer dia D and inner dia d
  2    2 
4. D    d 
4A 4  4 
Dh   d
P D  d


 D2  d 2  Dd
 D  d  D
Flow of Liquid Metals Through Pipe (Low Pr)
Nu = 5+0.025(Re.Pr)0.8 for const wall temp
Nu = 4.82+0.0185(Pe)0.827 for const heat flux
Flow of Heavy Oil Through Pipe(High Pr)
Nu=0.027Re0.8Pr0.33(μ/μw )0.14
(Sieder & Tate Relation)
Flow Over Flat Plate
Thermal Boundary Layer
Thermal Boundary layer is the thin region over
the surface, in which temp gradient exist.
Thickness of Thermal BL is found out as:
t 1

 1.026 Pr 13 T∞
T∞
Fluid
δt Ts
x
T∞ >Ts Ts>T∞
Leading Edge
Laminar Flow Over Flat Plate
Local Nusselt No (at distance x from leading edge)
1 1
Nu x  0.332 Re x 2 . Pr 3
from dimensional analysis
To find Nu av :We have
hx .x 1 1
Nu x   0.332 Re x 2 . Pr 3
K
1
K  Vx  2 1
or hx  0.332   Pr 3
x  
1
V  2 1 1
or hx  0.332.K .  Pr 3
.x 2
 
Laminar Flow Over Flat Plate
1
L
1
L   V  2 13 12 
1
hav   hx dx   0.332 K   Pr .x dx

L0 L0   
 
L
 1 1
2 
1 V  2 1 x 
 0.332.K   Pr 3
L   1 
 2 0
1
K  VL  2 1
 0.332.   Pr 3
.2  2hL
L 
1 1
hav .L
 Nu av  0.664 Re . Pr 2 3
K
Turbulent Flow Over Flat Plate
Nux =0.029 Rex0.8. Pr0.334
Nu =0.0366 Re0.8. Pr0.334
Characteristic Length is the plate length (L)

in the direction of fluid flow
All the fluid properties to be taken at

mean film temp Tmean =(Ts + T∞ )/2
Flow Across Horizontal Cylinder
NuD = C (ReD ) n for const heat flux
Hilpert’s Relations
ReD C n
40-4000 0.615 0.466
4000-40000 0.174 0.618
Q1: 65 kg/min of water is heated from 30°C to 60°C
by passing it through a rectangular duct of 3cm x 2cm.
The duct is heated by condensing the steam on its
outer surface. Find the length of the duct required.
Properties of Water: ρ=995kg/m3; μ=7.65x10-4kg/ms;
Cp=4.174kJ/kgK; k=0.623W/mK; Conductivity of the
Duct material=35W/mK
Use the following correlations:
Nu=0.023Re0.8Pr0.4 for turbulent flow
Nu=4.36 for laminar flow
Condensing Steam
Water
At 60°C
Water at 30°C
3cm 2cm
L=?
Solution:
We know that Q= h A ΔT =m Cp(Te-Ti)
So Q=h (0.03+0.02)*2*L*[100-(30+60)/2]
=65/60[4174*(60-30)]
Hence L can be determined, provided h is known.
To determine h, we can use Nu relation, if we can
Know which one to be used.
To find that, we should
know whether flow is
Laminar Or Turbulent Condensing Steam
Water
For that, At 60°C
Re to be found out.
Water at 30°C
3cm 2cm
L=?
Solution (Contd):
VD
Re  ; and we have to find V from m  AV

4A
and D from Dh  as conduit is NOT circular
P
4A 4 * 0.03 * 0.02
Dh    0.024
P (0.03  0.02) * 2
65
m  AV  V   1.81m / s
60 * 995 * 0.03 * 0.02
VDh 995 *1.81 * 0.024
Re    5.65 x10 4
 7.65 x10  4
Since Re  5.65 x10 4  4000 Flow is Turbulent
Solution (Contd):
Hence we haveto use Nu  0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4
C p 7.65 x10 4 x4174

Pr    5.125
k 0.623
hDh
Nu   0.023(5.65 x10 4 ) 0.8 (5.125) 0.4
k
0.623
h  x0.023x6333.43x1.923  7271.48W / m 2 K
0.024
65
7271.48(0.03  0.02) x2 xL(100  45)  x4174 x(60  30)
60
 L  3.38m Answer
Q2: Air at 20°C is flowing along a heated
plate at 134°C with a velocity of 3m/s. The
plate is 2m long. Heat transferred from first
40cm from the leading edge is 1.45kW.
Determine the width of the plate.
Properties of air at 77°C: ρ=0.998kg/m3;

ν=20.76x10-6 m2/s; Cp=1.009kJ/kgK; k=0.03W/mK.
Use the following correlation:

Nux=0.332 Re0.5 Pr0.33
Solution:
(LINE OF APPROACH)
To determine width of the plate, we should find out

area A transferring heat, since A=Width x Length
(Length is given as 0.4m)
Area can be found out from Q=h A ΔT
Since Q & ΔT are known, we should find out h, which

can be found out from given Nux relation.
Solution (Contd):
VL 3x0.4
Re 0.4    0.57803x10 5
 20.76 x10 6
C p 
Pr  ; Since      
k 
C p
Hence Pr 
k
6
0.998 x 20.76 x10 x1009
  0.697
0.03
Solution (Contd):
hL .L
N uL   0.332(57803) (0.697)
0.5 0.33
k
0.03
hL  x0.332 x 240.4 x0.887  5.313W / m K
2
0.4
We know that hav=2hL =2 x 5.313 =10.626
Hence Q=h A ΔT
=10.626x0.4xWx(134-20) =1450 (given)
Therefore, width W=2.99m Answer
Free / Natural
Convection
Natural Convection
• When a fluid comes in contact with a hot
surface, its molecules in the immediate
vicinity receive heat from hot surface.
• Due to this, temp of molecules rise and their
volume increases.
• Therefore fluid molecules become lighter

and start rising.
• Their places are taken by heavier molecules,

which also rise in similar way on taking
energy from hot surface.
Natural Convection
• This way, natural motion in fluid molecules is
set-in.
• Transfer of heat from solid surface to fluid

in this manner is called Free/Natural
Convection.
• When surrounding fluid is hotter than

surface, heat transfer will be from fluid to
surface.
Natural Fluid Motion from Standard Surfaces
Governing Equation In Natural Convection
In Natural Convection, h=f (ρ,g,β,ΔT,L,μ,Cp,k)
From dimensional analysis, we get the relation of

following form:
hL    .g. .T .L   C p
2 3 a

b

 C     
k   2
  k  
Nu  C Gr  Pr 
a b
or
Nu  C Gr. Pr 
n
This is the Governing Equation for

Natural Convection
Physical Significance of Grashof No (Gr)
g. .T .L3 . 2 g . .T .L3
Gr  
 2
 2
Rearranging terms, we get ;
Gr 
gTL V  3 2
V  2
Buoyancy Force x Inertia Force

Gr 
Viscous Force  2
Grashof No is the ratio of product of Buoyancy

Force and Inertia Force to square of Viscous
Force acting on fluid.
Correlations:Natural Convection
Vertical Plate & Cylinder
Nu=0.56(GrL.Pr)1/4 for 104 <Gr.Pr<108
=0.13(GrL .Pr)1/3 for 108<Gr.Pr<1012
Horizontal Cylinder
Nu=0.53(GrD.Pr)1/4 for 104 <Gr.Pr<108
=0.13(GrD.Pr)1/3 for 108<Gr.Pr<1012
Correlations:Natural Convection
From Upper Surface of Square/Circular Plates
Nu=0.54(Gr. Pr)1/4 for 105 <Gr.Pr<2x107
=0.14(Gr .Pr)1/3 for 2x107<Gr.Pr<2x1010

From Lower Surface of Square/Circular Plates
Nu=0.27(Gr.Pr)1/4 for 3x105 <Gr.Pr<3x1016
Notes:-
1. Characteristic Length L=A/P
2. β=1/Tmean in Kelvin
3. All properties of fluid to be taken at
Tmean =(Tsurface +Tfluid )/2
Summary : Dimensionless Numbers
hL  .t
Conduction : 1. Bi  2. Fo  2
k L
Forced Convection:
hL VL C p Nu
3. Nu  4. Re  5. Pr  6. Pe  Re . Pr 7. St 
k  k Re . Pr
Natural Convection:
gTL3 hL C p
8. Gr  9. Ra  Gr. Pr Nu  ; Pr 
 2
k k
Mixed Convection: (0.3m/s≤ V ≤30m/s)
10. Graetz No Gz  Gr. Pr 
d
L
Q3: A circular disc insulated from other side of dia of
25cm is exposed to air at 20°C. If the disc
(Open Surface) is maintained at 120°C, estimate heat
transfer rate from it, when;
a) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface
facing upwards
b) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface
facing downwards
c) Disc is kept vertical
For air at 70°C, k=0.03; Pr=0.697; ν=2.076x10-6

Nu=0.14(Gr.Pr)0.334 for upward/top surface
Nu=0.27(Gr.Pr)0.25 for downward/bottom surface
Nu=0.59(Gr.Pr)0.25 for vertical surface
Solution: Horizontal Plate-Convection from Top Surface
Heat Flow Rate Q=h.A.ΔT; h=? Nu=hL/k
Nu=0.14(Gr.Pr)0.334
gTL 3
Gr 
2
1
  
1
 0.0029
Tmean ( K ) 273  70
A  D2
L  L 4 D 0.25
   0.0625
P D 4 4
Solution: Horizontal Plate-Convection from Top Surface
9.81x1x120  200.0625
3
Gr   1.62 x10 8
273  70.2.076 x10 6 2


Nu  0.141.62 x10 x0.697
1
8 3
 68.51
hL h.x0.0625
 
k 0.03
 h  32.88W / m K 2

Q  hAT  32.88 x 0.25 120  20  161W
2
4
Solution: Horizontal Plate
Convection from Lower Surface

Nu=0.27(Gr.Pr)0.25
gTL 3
Gr 
2
1 1
    0.0029
Tmean ( K ) 273  70
A  D2
L  L 4 D 0.25
   0.0625
P D 4 4
Solution: Horizontal Plate-Convection from Lower Face
9.81x1x120  200.0625
3
Gr   1.62 x10 8
273  70.2.076 x10 6 2



Nu  0.27 1.62 x10 x0.6978
0.25
 27.83
hL h.0.0625
   27.83
k 0.03
 h  13.36W / m K 2

Q  hAT  13.36
2
0.25 120  20  65.6W
4
Solution:Vertical Plate
Nu=0.59(Gr.Pr)0.25
gTL 3
Gr 
 2
1 1
    0.0029
Tmean 273  70
L  D  0.25
Solution:Vertical Plate
9.81x1x120  200.25
3
Gr   103.6 x10 8
273  70.2.076 x10 6 2



Nu  0.59 103.6 x10 x0.697
8
 172 
0.25
hL h.0.25
   172
k 0.03
 h  20.64W / m K 2

Q  hAT  20.64 0.25 120  20  101 . 3W
2
4
Q4: A hot rectangular plate 5cm X 3cm
maintained at 200°C is exposed to still air at
30°C. Calculate percentage increase in
convective heat transfer rate if smaller side
of the plate is held vertical than the bigger
side. Neglect ITG of the thickness.
Use Correlation Nu=0.59(Gr.Pr)0.25
Air properties at 115°C: density=0.91kg/m3;

Cp=1.009kJ/kgK; μ=22.65x10-6 ; k=0.0331
Solution:Bigger Side (L=5cm) Vertical
 gTL 0.91 x9.81x1x200  300.05
2 3 2 3
Gr  
 2
115  27322.65x10 
 6 2
 8.67 x10 5
C p 22.65 x10 x1009 6

Pr    0.69
k 0.0331
Nu  0.59Gr. Pr 
0.25

 0.59 8.67 x10 x0.69 5

0.25
 16.41
Solution: Bigger Side (L=5cm) Vertical
hL .L
Nu   16 . 41
k
0.0331
 hL  16.41x  10.86W / m K
2
0.05
Q  hAT
 10.86 x0.05 x0.03x2200  30  5.54W
Solution: Smaller Side (L=3cm) Vertical
Since Characteristic length has changed,
Grashof No will change, hence
 gTL 0.91 x9.81x1x200  300.03

2 3 2 3
Gr    1.87 x10 5
 2
115  27322.65x10 6 2
Nu  0.59Gr. Pr 
0.25

 0.59 1.87 x10 x0.69
5

0.25
 11.18
hs .L
Nu   11.18
k
0.0331
 hs  11.18 x  12.33W / m K
2
0.03
Solution: Smaller Side (L=3cm) Vertical
Q  hs AT
 12.33x0.05 x0.03x 2200  30
 6.288W
Increase in Heat Transfer Rate

6.288  5.54
Q  x100  13.5%
5.54
Q5: A solid cylinder of steel
(density=8000 Kg/m3, Cp=0.42kJ/kgK) of
12cm dia and 30cm length at 380°C is
suspended vertically in a large room at temp
20°C. If the emissivity of cylinder surface is
0.8, find total heat loss rate by the cylinder
and initial rate of cooling.
Take properties of air at 200°C as follows:
Cp=1026J/kgK;ρ=0.746kg/m3;k=0.0393W/mK
ν=34.85x10-6 m2/s
Nu=0.56(Gr.Pr)0.25 for vertical surface
Nu=0.27(Ra)0.25 for lower horizontal surface
Nu=0.54(Ra)0.25 for upper horizontal surface
Solution: Line of Approach hv
ht
We have to find out
heat flow rate Q=?
T∞=20°C
hv
Heat flow will take place by
convection and radiation.
hb
Radiant heat flow Qr=ε1σA1(Ts4 - T∞4)
T∞=20°C
Heat flow by convection Qc=h A ΔT
Since h will be different for different surfaces

i,e. ht for top, hb for bottom and hv for vertical
surfaces, we should first find out ht, hb and hv by
given Nu co-relations.
We can now find out Qc for different surfaces. Add up
all Qc and Qr to get total heat flow rate Q
Solution: For Vertical Surface
Mean Film Temp=(380+20)/2=200°C =473K
gTL 3
Gr 
 2
9.81x(380  20) x0.3 3

 6 2
 1.66 x10 8
473x(34.85 x10 )
C p C p
Pr  
k k
6
0.746 x34.85 x10 x1026
  0.679
0.0393
Solution: For Vertical Surface
Nu  0.56(Gr Pr) 0.25
hV L
Nu 
k
 0.56(1.66 x10 x0.679)  57.69
8 0.25
0.0393x57.69
hV   7.56W / m K
2
0.3
Solution: For Top Horizontal Surface
A D 2 D 12
Charac Length L      3cm  0.03m
P 4D 4 4
gTL 3
Gr 
2
9.81x(380  20) x0.03 3

 6 2
 1.66 x10 5
473x(34.85 x10 )
C p C p
Pr  
k k
6
0.746 x34.85 x10 x1026
  0.679
0.0393
Solution: For Top Horizontal Surface
Nu  0.54(Gr Pr) 0.25
ht L
Nu   0.54(1.66 x10 x0.679)  9.89
5 0.25
0.0393x9.89
 ht   12.96 W / m K
2
0.03
Solution: For Bottom Horizontal Surface
A D 2 D 12
Charac Length L      3cm  0.03m
P 4D 4 4
gTL3
Gr  2

9.81x(380  20) x0.033
  1.66 x10 5
473x(34.85 x10 6 ) 2
C p C p
Pr  
k k
6
0.746 x34.85 x10 x1026
  0.679
0.0393
Solution: For Bottom Horizontal Surface
Nu  0.27(Gr Pr) 0.25
hb L
Nu   0.27(1.66 x10 x0.679)
5 0.25
hb  6.48W / m K 2
Hence total heat flow by convection
 2  2
Qc  hv .DL(Ts  T )  ht . D .(Ts  T )  hb D .(Ts  T )
4 4

 7.56 xx0.12 x0.3(380  20)  12.96 x .0.12 2 (380  20)
4

 6.48 x .0.12 2 (380  20)  386 .76W
4
Heat loss by Radiation Qr   1A1 (Ts  T )
4 4
 2
Qr  0.8 x5.67 x10 x(DL  2 x D )(653  293 )
8 4 4
4
 1073 .35W
Hence total heat flow by convection
and Radiation
Q  Qc  Qr  386.76  1073.35  1460W
dT
To obtain Initial Rate of Cooling Q  mC p
dt
8000 x (0.12) x0.3 2

m  V   27.13kg
4
dT 1460
   0.128 C / sec  7.69 C / min
dt 420 x27.13
Reynold’s Analogy
Reynold’s Analogy is the relationship between Cf & h (heat

transfer by convection) between plate surface and fluid for
Laminar Flow over Flat Plate
As per Newton’s Law of Viscosity,
Shear Stress in Laminar Flow T∞ V∞
in the normal direction to the y
Plate is given as:
μ V=0 Ts
dV dV
s    dy  ........(1) x
dy s
Heat Flow along y direction is given by Fourier ' s Law
dT
Q   KA .........................(2)
dy
Reynold’s Analogy
C p
We know that Pr 
K
Assumin g Pr  1; we have K  C p ..(3)
On substitution in Eqn (2) from (1) & (3)
dT
Q   C p A
dy
dT dT
Q   C p A  s  C p A  s ......(4)
dV dV
Reynold’s Analogy
BC 1) For V=0 at plate surface, T=Ts
BC 2): For V=V∞ on outer edge of BL; T=T∞
Separating Variables and Integrating,

we have:
V T
Q Q
C p . A. s 0 dV   Ts dT  C p .A. s .V  (Ts  T )
Reynold’s Analogy
Q Cp Cp
 s  h s
A(Ts  T ) V V
Skin Friction is defined in Drag Force as :

1
FD  C f . AV 2
2
FD 1
Hence  s   C f . V 2
A 2
Reynold’s Analogy (Pr=1)
Cp
Substituti ng in equation  h   s .
V
1 2 Cp
h  C f . V .
2 V
Cf h
  St REYNOLD ' s ANALOGY
2 C pV
Chilton & Colburn Analogy
Reynold’s Analogy assumes Pr=1; hence when
Pr≠1, poor results are obtained. This analogy
was modified Chilton & Colburn
1 1
We know that : Nu  0.664 Re . Pr 2 3
1
Dividing both sides by Re Pr 3 ;We have
Nu 0.664 1 1.328 C f
1
 1
 . 
Re . Pr 3
Re 2 2 Re 2
Chilton & Colburn Analogy
Cf Nu 2
 1
 St. Pr 3
2 Re . Pr 3
CHILTON & COLBURN ANALOGY
( Holds good for Pr from 0.5 to 50)
( Put Pr  1  Reynold 's Analog y)
End of Unit - IV
THANK YOU !

Unit IV Convection

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Unit IV Convection

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Under Administrative Support

Pimpri Chinchawad Education Trust (PCET)

Prof. Rohit R. Jadhao

• Due to viscous forces, this stationary layer retards the

• For Law of Conservation of Mass to hold good,

• After certain distance from entrance, velocity

• Profile becomes parabolic and does not change

In turbulent flow, velocity profile quickly stabilizes

Leading Laminar Region Transient Turbulent Region

• The region normal to surface, in which velocity

• Thickness of Velo BL (δ) is defined as the

Drag Force (FD): AV 2

Mass Flow Rate 5

Thickness of BL (δ) 0.39.x

Heat Flow is determined T∞

as: Q = hA(Ts - T∞)

and vital dimension of surface

Forced Convection with air : 10-500

Forced Convection with Water: 100-15000

Boiling of Water 1500-25000

Condensing Water Vapour 5000-100000

• Such processes can be analyzed by Dimensional

• And we get the relations of the form :

• If large No of variables take part in a process,

• By dimensional analysis, these variables can

• This Theorem states that the number of

• From different experiments, it has been seen

• Hence, we can write h=f(ρ,V, L, μ, Cp , k)

Or h=A(ρa,Vb, Lc, μd, Cpe , kf)

where A, a, b, c, d, e, f are constants

Equating powers of:

T: -1=-e-f or 1=e+f ……………….…(3)

Pr No is the property of fluid as μ, Cp ,k are all properties of

For Liquid Metals: Pr<0.01

For Air: Pr≈1

For Water: Pr≈10

For Heavy Oils: Pr>1 lac

This is only for convenience

Laminar Flow : Re<2000

Flow over flat plate/surface

Laminar Flow : Re <3 x 105

Turbulent Flow : Re >5 x 105

For Laminar Flow (Re<2000)

Nu = 4.36 for const heat flux

Nu = 3.66 for const wall temp

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4 for heating of fluid

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3 for cooling of fluid

Above Equations are known as Dittus-Boelter

All properties of fluid are to be taken at

For circular tube of dia D:

For flow through annular space

Nu = 5+0.025(Re.Pr)0.8 for const wall temp

Nu = 4.82+0.0185(Pe)0.827 for const heat flux

Flow of Heavy Oil Through Pipe(High Pr)

hav   hx dx   0.332 K   Pr .x dx

Nux =0.029 Rex0.8. Pr0.334

Nu =0.0366 Re0.8. Pr0.334

Characteristic Length is the plate length (L)

All the fluid properties to be taken at

NuD = C (ReD ) n for const heat flux

C p 7.65 x10 4 x4174

Properties of air at 77°C: ρ=0.998kg/m3;

Use the following correlation: