Calculus 2 A Simplified Text in Integral Calculus

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Calculus 2: A Simpliﬁed Text in Integral Calculus
Book · June 2015
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Preface
With the book Calculus 1: A Simplified Text in Differential Calculus which

deals purely on differential calculus, this book is the continuation which focused on
integral calculus, the other branch of calculus.
This book entitled Calculus 2: A Simplified Text in Integral Calculus considers
the simplification of the discussions of the basic and important topics in integral
calculus. This offers a simplified approach on the discussions but substantial in
contents for the purpose of the learning of the students.
Integral calculus is a branch of calculus that deals with integration methods
and techniques and its applications on areas, volumes, other geometrical
applications on length of curves, surface areas and centroids and physical
applications on pressure and work. Also, this includes evaluation of multiple integrals
and improper integrals.
This book consists of nine chapters.
Chapter 1 is the introduction to indefinite integrals. This includes the basic
concepts, properties and integration formulas of algebraic and transcendental
functions.
Chapters 2 and 3 cover the discussions on different integration methods. This
includes method by integration by parts, algebraic and trigonometric substitution and
methods of integration of rational functions.
Chapter 4 covers the topics on definite integrals. This includes the concepts of
summation notation, definite integration using the fundamental theorem of calculus,
Wallis’ formula on definite integrals and different methods of numerical integration.
Chapters 5 to 7 cover the topics on the applications of integration. This
includes applications on plane areas, volumes, lengths of arcs, surface areas and
centroids. Also, this covers physical applications on pressure and work.
Chapter 8 covers the topics on multiple integration. This includes double
integration and its applications and triple integration.
Chapter 9 covers the topics on improper integral. This includes the
discussions on the different forms of improper integrals.
The nine chapters of this material consist of discussions of a certain
topic, sample problems and exercises prepared at the end of every chapter for
further activities for the students.
i
Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to all my co-instructors
and professors both from Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Nabua, Camarines
Sur, Bicol University Polangui Campus, Polangui, Albay and University of
Northeastern Philippines, Iriga City, to my students, friends and relatives, to my
family and most of all to the Almighty God for their continual supports and
encouragement for the completion of this work. Without them, this work will never
been in reality.
To all, my sincere thanks and May God bless you!!!
HAROLD JAN R. TERANO, ECE, MET

Faculty Member
College of Engineering and Graduate School
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Nabua, Camarines Sur
2015
ii
Table of Contents
Page
Preface i
Chapter 1: INTEGRATION 1
1.1 The Indefinite Integrals 2
1.2 Properties of Indefinite Integrals 2
1.3 The Power Formula 2
Exercise 1.1 4
1.4 Logarithmic Formula 4
Exercise 1.2 5
1.5 Exponential Formula 6
Exercise 1.3 7
1.6 Trigonometric Functions 8
Exercise 1.4 9
1.7 Method by Trigonometric Transformations 9
Exercise 1.5 13
1.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 14
Exercise 1.6 15
1.9 Hyperbolic Functions 16
Exercise 1.7 17
Chapter 2: METHODS OF INTEGRATION 19

2.1 Integration by Parts 20
Exercise 2.1 21
2.2 Algebraic Substitution 22
Exercise 2.2 23
2.3 Trigonometric Substitution 24
Exercise 2.3 27
Chapter 3: METHODS OF INTEGRATION OF

RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 29
3.1 Distinct Linear Factors 30
Exercise 3.1 31
3.2 Repeated Linear Factors 32
Exercise 3.2 34
3.3 Quadratic Factors 34
Exercise 3.3 36
3.4 Rational Functions of Sines and Cosines 37
Exercise 3.4 39
Chapter 4: DEFINITE INTEGRALS 41

4.1 Summation Notation 42
Exercise 4.1 43
4.2 The Definite Integrals 44
4.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus 44
Exercise 4.2 46
4.4 Wallis’ Formula 47
Exercise 4.3 48
iii
4.5 Numerical Integration 49
Exercise 4.4 53
Chapter 5: PLANE AREAS 55

5.1 Area Under a Curve 56
Exercise 5.1 60
5.2 Area Between Two Curves 61
Exercise 5.2 66
5.3 Area of Polar Curves 66
Exercise 5.3 70
Chapter 6: VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION 71

6.1 Volume of a Solid of Revolution 72
6.2 Circular Disk Method 73
6.3 Washer Method 76
6.4 Cylindrical Shell Method 80
Exercise 6.1 84
Chapter 7: OTHER APPLICATIONS 85

7.1 Length of an Arc 86
Exercise 7.1 90
7.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution 91
Exercise 7.2 97
7.3 Centroids 97
Exercise 7.3 106
7.4 Physical Applications 107
Exercise 7.4 113
Chapter 8: MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 115

8.1 Double Integrals; Iterated Integration 116
8.2 Reversion of the Order of Integration 117
Exercise 8.1 120
8.3 Applications of Double Integration 121
Exercise 8.2 124
Exercise 8.3 126
8.4 Triple Integration 127
Exercise 8.4 128
Chapter 9: IMPROPER INTEGRALS 129

9.1 Improper Integrals 130
9.2 Infinite Interval 130
9.3 Discontinuous Integrand 132
Exercise 9.1 133
References 135
iv
Chapter 1
INTEGRATION
Outline:
1.1 The Indefinite Integral
1.2 Properties of Indefinite Integral
1.3 The Power Formula
1.4 Logarithmic Formula
1.5 Exponential Formula
1.6 Trigonometric Functions
1.7 Method by Trigonometric Transformations
1.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.9 Hyperbolic Functions
Overview:
Integration is the process of finding for the antiderivative or the inverse of the
derivative of a function. This chapter will discuss indefinite integrals, its definition and
properties. This chapter will also discuss the different integral formulas for algebraic
and transcendental functions.
Objectives:
Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Define indefinite integrals.
2. Identify the properties of indefinite integrals.
3. Evaluate integrals through the use of the fundamental integration
formulas such as the power formula, logarithmic formula and exponential
formula.
4. Evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions, inverse
trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions.
5. Evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions by trigonometric
transformations.
1
1.1 The Indefinite Integrals
In evaluating an integral, we are finding for the antiderivative of the integrand.
Given the function ݂(‫)ݔ‬, the antiderivative of ݂(‫ )ݔ‬in any function ‫ )ݔ(ܨ‬such
that
‫ ܨ‬ƍ(‫)ݔ(݂ = )ݔ‬
where ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is the function and ‫ ܨ‬ƍ (‫ )ݔ‬is the derivative of the function.
If ‫ )ݔ(ܨ‬is any antiderivative of ݂(‫)ݔ‬, then the most general antiderivative of

݂(‫ )ݔ‬is called the indefinite integral and denoted,
‫ )࢞(ࡲ = ࢞ࢊ)࢞(ࢌ ׬‬+ ࢉ
where ‫ ׬‬is the integral sign, ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is the integrand, ‫ ݔ‬is the variable of integration
and "ܿ" is the constant of integration.
1.2 Properties of Indefinite Integrals

The following are the basic properties of indefinite integrals.
1. ‫ ݔ = ݔ݀ ׬‬+ ܿ, Definition of an integral.
2. ‫ݔ݀)ݔ(݂ ׬ ܿ = ݔ݀)ݔ(݂ ܿ ׬‬
Defined that if the integrand consists of a constant factor, that factor can be
written before the integral sign.
3. ‫ = ݔ݀)ݔ(݂ –׬‬െ ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ(݂ ׬‬

This is the second property where ܿ = െ1.
4. ‫ )ݔ(݂[׬‬± ݃(‫ )ݔ‬± ݄(‫ ݔ݀)ݔ(݂ ׬ = ݔ݀ ])ݔ‬± ‫ ݔ݀)ݔ(݃ ׬‬± ‫ݔ݀)ݔ(݄ ׬‬

Defined that if the integrand consists of sum or difference of terms, each term
can be integrated separately.
1.3 The Power Formula

The integral of a power of any variable is,
࢛࢔శ૚
‫= ࢛ࢊ ࢔࢛ ׬‬ ࢔ା૚
+ ࢉ, ࢔ ് െ૚
The arbitrary constant ܿ is the constant of integration.
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬5‫ ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬5‫ ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ = ݔ‬5 ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬
2
௨೙శభ
Using the power formula, use ‫ݑ ׬‬௡ ݀‫ = ݑ‬௡ାଵ + ܿ
Since ‫ݔ = ݑ‬, ݀‫ ݔ݀ = ݑ‬and ݊ = 3, substituting in the form ‫ݑ ׬‬௡ ݀‫ݑ‬, we
have,
௫ర ହ
5 ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଷ ݀‫ = ݔ‬5 ቀ ቁ + ܿ = ‫ݔ‬ସ + ܿ
ସ ସ
Example(b).
௫ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ξ଺ି௫ మ.
Solution:
௫ௗ௫ భ
‫ ׬‬ξ଺ି௫ మ = ‫(ݔ ׬‬6 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ) షమ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
Let ‫ = ݑ‬6 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ, ݀‫ = ݑ‬െ2‫ ݔ݀ݔ‬and ݊ = െ , substituting in the form
ଶ
భ
‫ݑ ׬‬௡ ݀‫ݑ‬, we have ‫( ׬‬6 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) (െ2‫)ݔ݀ݔ‬.
ష
మ
The integrand differs from the original integrand by a factor of െ2,

ଵ
therefore a reciprocal of the factor which is െ should be introduced before
ଶ
the integral sign to obtain the original integrand, thus,
భ
ଵ భ ଵ ൫଺ି௫ మ൯మ
െ ‫(׬‬6 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) షమ (െ2‫ = )ݔ݀ݔ‬െ ൥ భ ൩+ ܿ
ଶ ଶ
మ
= െξ6 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ
Example(c).
୪୬ ହ௫
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ ݀‫ݔ‬.
௫
Solution:
ହௗ௫ ௗ௫
Let ‫ = ݑ‬ln 5‫ݔ‬, ݀‫= ݑ‬ = and ݊ = 1,
ହ௫ ௫
୪୬ ହ௫ ௗ௫
‫׬‬ ݀‫ ׬ = ݔ‬ln 5‫ ݔ‬ቀ ቁ
௫ ௫
ଵ
= ଶ
lnଶ 5‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Example(d).
Evaluate the ‫ ݔ(׬‬ଶ െ 1) ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
Letting ‫ ݔ = ݑ‬ଶ െ 1, ݀‫ = ݑ‬2‫ ݔ݀ݔ‬and ݊ = 3, the power formula is not
applicable since the integrand will contain a factor ‫ݔ‬. It is not applicable to
ଵ
introduce a factor ௫ since ‫ ݔ‬is the variable of integration, not a constant.
Another way to integrate the above example is by expanding the terms and
integrating the expanded terms individually, thus, the term (‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ 1) ଷ = ‫ ଺ ݔ‬െ
3‫ ݔ‬ସ + 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ 1, therefore,
‫ ݔ(׬‬ଶ െ 1) ଷ ݀‫ ଺ ݔ(׬ = ݔ‬െ 3‫ ݔ‬ସ + 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ 1) ݀‫ݔ‬
= ‫ ݔ݀଺ ݔ ׬‬െ 3 ‫ ݔ ׬‬ସ ݀‫ ݔ‬+ 3 ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଶ݀‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ݀ ׬‬
Applying the power formula, we have,
ଵ ଷ
= ‫ ଻ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ହ + ‫ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
଻ ହ
3
Exercise 1.1
Evaluate the following integrals.
1. ‫ ݔ(׬‬ଷ െ 6) ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬
2. ‫׬‬
ξ௬
ହௗ௭
3. ‫׬‬
௭ఱ
4. ‫ ܽ(׬‬െ ‫ )ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬

ଶ
5. ‫ ׬‬ቀ‫ ݐ‬ଷ + ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬
ξ௧
(ହିଷ ୪୬ ௫) ఱ
6. ‫׬‬ ௫
݀‫ݔ‬
7. ‫ ׬‬sin 2‫ ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

ௗ௫
8. ‫׬‬ య
(௫ାହ) మ
య
ξ௬–ξ௬
9. ‫׬‬ ఱ ݀‫ݕ‬
ξ௬
మ
൫ଶା ξ௫൯
10. ‫׬‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
ξ௫
11. ‫(׬‬1 + tanଶ ߠ) tan ߠ ݀ߠ

൫௫ మାସ௫൯
12. ‫ ׬‬ξ௫ య ݀‫ݔ‬
ା଺௫ మ
଺ାଵ଴௘ ೣ
13. ‫଺( ׬‬௫ାଵ଴௘ ೣ ) భబ ݀‫ݔ‬
େ୭୲ ఏௗఏ
14. ‫׬‬ మ
(ଶା୪୬ ୱ୧୬ ఏ) య
ୱ୧୬య ఏ ୡ୭ୱ ఏ
15. ‫( ׬‬ୱ୧୬మఏାୡ୭ୱమఏ)
1.4 Logarithmic Formula

The logarithmic formula is,
ࢊ࢛
‫ ࢛ ܖܔ = ࢛ ׬‬+ ࢉ, ࢛ > 0
The integral of any quotient when the numerator is the derivative of the
denominator is equal to the logarithm of the numerator.
Example(a).
௫ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬௫ మ ାଷ.
Solution:
ଶ௫ௗ௫
Let ‫ ݔ = ݑ‬ଶ + 3 and ݀‫ = ݑ‬2‫ݔ݀ݔ‬, thus, ‫ ׬‬మ .
௫ ାଷ
4
The integrand differs from the original integrand by a factor of 2,
ଵ
therefore, a reciprocal of the factor which is ଶ should be introduced before the
integral sign to obtain the original integrand, thus,
ଵ ଶ௫ௗ௫ ଵ
‫ ׬‬మ = ln(‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 3) + ܿ
ଶ ௫ ାଷ ଶ
Example(b).
ୡ୭୲ ఏௗఏ
Evaluate the ‫ି଺[ ׬‬୪୬(ୱ୧୬ .
ఏ)]
Solution:
ୡ୭ୱ ఏௗఏ
Let ‫ = ݑ‬6 െ ln(sin ߠ) and ݀‫ = ݑ‬െ = െ cot ߠ݀ߠ, then,
ୱ୧୬ ఏ
ି ୡ୭୲ ఏௗఏ
‫ି଺[ ׬‬୪୬(ୱ୧୬ ఏ)] . Introducing negative sign before the integral sign, thus,
ି ୡ୭୲ ఏௗఏ
(െ) ‫׬‬ = െ ln[6 െ ln(sin ߠ)] + ܿ
[ ଺ି୪୬(ୱ୧୬ ఏ)]
Example(c).
൫௫ య ାଷ௫ మା௫൯
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ ݀‫ݔ‬.
௫ିଷ
Solution:
By division of the integrand, we have,
൫௫ యାଷ௫ మା௫൯ ହ଻
௫ିଷ
= ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ 19 + ௫ିଷ
Therefore,
ହ଻ ௗ௫
‫ ׬‬ቀ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ 19 + ௫ିଷ
ቁ ݀‫ ݔ ׬ = ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬+ 6 ‫ ݔ݀ݔ ׬‬+ 19 ‫ ݔ݀ ׬‬+ 57 ‫׬‬
௫ିଷ
ଵ
= ଷ
‫ ݔ‬ଷ + 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 19‫ ݔ‬+ 57 ln(‫ ݔ‬െ 3) + ܿ
Example(d).
ୱ୧୬ ଶఏௗఏ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ .
ୡ୭ୱమ ఏ
Solution:
Let ‫ = ݑ‬cosଶ ߠ and ݀‫ = ݑ‬െ2 cosߠ sin ߠ = െ sin 2ߠ, therefore,
ି ୱ୧୬ ଶఏௗఏ
(െ) ‫׬‬ మ = െ ln(cosଶ ߠ) + ܿ
ୡ୭ୱ ఏ
Exercise 1.2
ଷௗ௬
1. ‫׬‬
ସ௬ାହ
௫ ఱௗ௫
2. ‫ ׬‬ଷ௫ ల ା଺
(ଵ଴௫ାଷ)ௗ௫
3. ‫ ׬‬మ
ହ௫ ାଷ௫ାହ
(௭ାହ)ௗ௭
4. ‫׬‬
௭ାଷ
௫ మ(௫ାଵ)ௗ௫
5. ‫׬‬
௫ାଷ
6. ‫ ׬‬tan 5ߠ ݀ߠ
5
7. ‫ ׬‬cot ߙ ݀ߙ
ୡ୭ୱ ଶ௫ௗ௫
8. ‫ ׬‬ଵାୱ୧୬ ଶ௫
௘ ೣ ௗ௫
9. ‫ ׬‬௘ೣ ାସ
ௗ௫
10. ‫ ׬‬ଶ
ξ௫൫ଵାξ௫൯
௬ షభௗ௬
11. ‫( ׬‬ଵିଷ ୪୬ ௬)
(ଵିୱ୧୬ ଶఈ)ௗఈ
12. ‫׬‬
ఈିୱ୧୬మ ఈ
(ଶ௘ మೣାୱ୧୬ ଶ௫)ௗ௫
13. ‫׬‬
௘ మೣ ାୱ୧୬మ ௫
ξ௫ௗ௫
14. ‫׬‬ య
ቆଵା௫ మ ቇ
15. ‫ ׬‬csc 2‫ݔ‬
1.5 Exponential Formula

The exponential formulas are,
‫ ࢛ࢋ = ࢛ࢊ࢛ࢋ ׬‬+ ࢉ and,
ࢇ࢛
‫= ࢛ࢊ ࢛ࢇ ׬‬ ‫ࢇ ܖܔ‬
+ ࢉ, ࢇ > 0
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ݁ ׬‬ହ௫ାଶ ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
Let ‫ = ݑ‬5‫ ݔ‬+ 2 and ݀‫ = ݑ‬5݀‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ଵ ଵ
ହ
‫ ݁ ׬‬ହ௫ାଶ (5݀‫ = )ݔ‬ହ ݁ ହ௫ାଶ + ܿ
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬5଺௫ ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
Let ‫ = ݑ‬6‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫ = ݑ‬6݀‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ଵ ଵ
଺
‫ ׬‬5଺௫ (6݀‫ ଺ = )ݔ‬୪୬ ହ 5଺௫ + ܿ
Example(c).
௘ ξೣ ௗ௫
ξ௫
Solution:
ௗ௫
Let ‫ = ݑ‬ξ‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫= ݑ‬ , therefore,
ଶξ௫
ௗ௫
2 ‫ ݁ ׬‬ξ௫ ଶ ௫ = 2݁ ξ௫+ܿ
ξ
Example(d).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cosh ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
6
Solution:
ଵ
Since cosh ‫= ݔ‬ ଶ
(݁ ௫ + ݁ ି௫ ), therefore,
ଵ
‫ ׬‬cosh ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଶ
‫ ݁ (׬‬௫ + ݁ ି௫ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
= (݁ ௫ െ ݁ ି௫ ) + ܿ
ଶ
ଵ
But (݁ ௫ െ ݁ ି௫ ) = sinh ‫ݔ‬, thus,
ଶ
‫ ׬‬cosh ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬sinh ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Exercise 1.3
1. ‫ ݁ ׬‬ହ௫ାଽ ݀‫ݔ‬
మ
2. ‫ ݁ݔ ׬‬௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬
3. ‫ ׬‬భబ೤
௘
ௗ௫
4. ‫ ׬‬యೣ
ଷ
5. ‫ ׬‬4ି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
6. ‫ ׬‬3ିହ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
7. ‫ ݁(׬‬௩ െ ݁ ି଺௩ ) ݀‫ݒ‬
8. ‫ ׬‬10଺௫ାହ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫
9. ‫ ׬‬௘యೣ ାଵ
మ
ୡ୭୲ ఏ௘ ౙ౩ౙ ഇ ௗఏ
10. ‫׬‬ ୱ୧୬మ ఏ
మ
௘ ల ౢ౤ ೣ ௗ௫
11. ‫׬‬ ௫
మ
12. ‫ ׬‬2൫଺ିଷ௫ ൯ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
మ
ଶ௘ ೣ ௗ௫
13. ‫׬‬
௫మ
14. ‫ ݁ ׬‬௫ cosh ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

15. ‫ ׬‬sinh ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
7
1.6 Trigonometric Functions
The basic trigonometric functions integral formulas are,
‫ ࢛ ܖܑܛ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܛܗ܋ ׬‬+ ࢉ
‫ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܖܑܛ ׬‬െ ‫ ࢛ ܛܗ܋‬+ ࢉ
‫ ܋܍ܛ ׬‬૛ ࢛ ࢊ࢛ = ‫ ࢛ ܖ܉ܜ‬+ ࢉ
‫܋ܛ܋ ׬‬૛ ࢛ ࢊ࢛ = െ ‫ ࢛ ܜܗ܋‬+ ࢉ
‫ ࢛ ܋܍ܛ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܖ܉ܜ ࢛ ܋܍ܛ ׬‬+ ࢉ
‫ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܜܗ܋ ࢛ ܋ܛ܋ ׬‬െ ‫ ࢛ ܋ܛ܋‬+ ࢉ
‫ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܖ܉ܜ ׬‬െ ‫ ࢛ ܛܗ܋ ܖܔ‬+ ࢉ = ‫ ࢛ ܋܍ܛ ܖܔ‬+ ࢉ
‫ ࢛ ܖܑܛ ܖܔ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܜܗ܋ ׬‬+ ࢉ
‫ ࢛ ܋܍ܛ(ܖܔ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܋܍ܛ ׬‬+ ‫ )࢛ ܖ܉ܜ‬+ ࢉ
‫ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܋ܛ܋ ׬‬െ ‫ ࢛ ܋ܛ܋(ܖܔ‬+ ‫ )࢛ ܜܗ܋‬+ ࢉ = ‫ ࢛ ܋ܛ܋(ܖܔ‬െ ‫ )࢛ ܜܗ܋‬+ ࢉ
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sin 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
Let ‫ = ݑ‬2‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫ = ݑ‬2݀‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬sin 2‫( ݔ‬2݀‫ = )ݔ‬െ cos2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଶ ଶ
Example(b).
௫ ୲ୟ୬ ௫ మௗ௫
ୡ୭ୱ ௫ మ
Solution:
Simplifying the integrand, we have,
௫ ୲ୟ୬ ௫ మௗ௫
‫ ׬‬ୡ୭ୱ ௫ మ = ‫ ݔ ׬‬tan ‫ ݔ‬ଶ sec ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
Let ‫ ݔ = ݑ‬ଶ and ݀‫ = ݑ‬2‫ݔ݀ݔ‬, therefore,
ଵ ଵ
ଶ
‫ ׬‬tan ‫ ݔ‬ଶ sec ‫ ݔ‬ଶ (2‫ = )ݔ݀ݔ‬sec ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ
ଶ
Example(c).
ୡ୭ୱ ସఏௗఏ
Evaluate the ‫୲ ׬‬ୟ୬ ସఏ .
Solution:
ୡ୭ୱ ସఏௗఏ ୡ୭ୱమ ସఏௗఏ
‫׬‬ ୲ୟ୬ ସఏ
= ‫׬‬
ୱ୧୬ ସఏ
൫ଵିୱ୧୬మସఏ൯ௗఏ
= ‫׬‬ ୱ୧୬ ସఏ
= ‫(׬‬csc4ߠ െ sin 4ߠ)݀ߠ
= ‫ ׬‬csc 4ߠ ݀ߠ െ ‫ ׬‬sin 4ߠ ݀ߠ
Therefore,
ୡ୭ୱ ସఏௗఏ ଵ ଵ
‫୲ ׬‬ୟ୬ ସఏ = െ ସ ln(csc4ߠ + cot 4ߠ) + ସ cos4ߠ + ܿ
8
Example(d).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) ݀‫ݔ‬
= ‫ ׬‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ݀ ׬‬
= െ cot ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Exercise 1.4
1. ‫ ׬‬sin 9ߠ ݀ߠ
2. ‫ ׬‬tan 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ
3. ‫ ׬‬cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
ହ
4. ‫ ׬‬secଶ 3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
5. ‫ ׬‬cscଶ 4‫݀ ݔ‬
6. ‫ ݁ ׬‬௫ sin ݁ ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
7. ‫ ׬‬sec ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
ସ
8. ‫ ׬‬sin 8‫ ݔ‬sin 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

ୱ୧୬మ ఏௗఏ
9. ‫׬‬
ୱ୧୬మ ଶఏ
10. ‫ି ݁ ׬‬௫ tan ݁ ି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬

(ୱ୧୬ ௫ାୡ୭ୱ ௫) మௗ௫
11. ‫׬‬ ୱ୧୬ ௫
൫ଵା௦௜௡మ௬൯ௗ௬
12. ‫׬‬
(ଵିୡ୭ୱమ ௬)
(ୱୣୡ ௫ିଵ)ௗ௫
13. ‫׬‬ (ୱୣୡ ௫ାଵ)
൫ଶ ୡ୭ୱమ ௫ିଵ൯ௗ௫
14. ‫׬‬ ୱ୧୬ ଶ௫
ୱ୧୬మ ଷఏௗఏ
15. ‫( ׬‬ୡୱୡమ ଷఏିଵ)
1.7 Method by Trigonometric Transformations

Let us consider the following cases:
I. Odd Powers of Sine and Cosine

Let ‫ ׬‬sin ௠ ‫ ݑ‬cos௡ ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬, where either of the two powers ݉ or ݊ is a positive
odd integer or both of the two powers ݉ and ݊ are positive odd integers.
Let ݊ be a positive odd integer and in the form ‫ ׬‬sin ௠ ‫ ݑ‬cos௡ିଵ ‫ ݑ‬cos‫ ݑ݀ ݑ‬and
putting,
cosଶ ‫ = ݑ‬1 െ sinଶ ‫ݑ‬
9
The process continues and a basic power formula is used to evaluate the
integral. A similar process works for an odd power of sine using
sinଶ ‫ = ݑ‬1 െ cosଶ ‫ݑ‬
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sinସ ‫ ݔ‬cosଷ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬sin ସ ‫ ݔ‬cosଷ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬sinସ ‫ ݔ‬cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (1 െ sin ଶ ‫ )ݔ‬to cosଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫ ׬‬sin ସ ‫ ݔ‬cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬cos ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬sinସ ‫( ݔ‬1 െ sinଶ ‫ )ݔ‬cos‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= ‫(׬‬sin ସ ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ ݔ‬െ sin ଺ ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
By using the power formula, we have,
ଵ ଵ
‫( ׬‬sinସ ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ ݔ‬െ sin ଺ ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ = ݔ݀)ݔ‬ହ sin ହ ‫ ݔ‬െ ଻ sin଻ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sinଷ ‫ ݔ‬cosହ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬sin ଷ ‫ ݔ‬cosହ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ ݔ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬cosହ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (1 െ cosଶ ‫ )ݔ‬to sin ଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫ ׬‬sin ଶ ‫ ݔ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬cosହ ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬1 െ cosଶ ‫ )ݔ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬cosହ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= ‫(׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬cosହ ‫ ݔ‬െ sin ‫ ݔ‬cos଻ ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
By using the power formula, we have,
ଵ ଵ
‫(׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬cosହ ‫ ݔ‬െ sin ‫ ݔ‬cos଻ ‫ = ݔ݀)ݔ‬െ ଺ cos଺ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଼ cos଼ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
II. Even Powers of Sine and Cosine

Let ‫ ׬‬sin ௠ ‫ ݑ‬cos௡ ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬, where both of the two powers ݉ and ݊ are positive
even integers.
When both of the two powers are positive even integers, use the following
identities.
ଵ
sinଶ ‫( = ݑ‬1 െ cos 2‫)ݑ‬
ଶ
ଵ
cosଶ ‫= ݑ‬ (1 + cos2‫)ݑ‬
ଶ
ଵ
sin ‫ ݑ‬cos‫= ݑ‬ sin 2‫ݑ‬
ଶ
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sinସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬sin ସ ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
Substitute (1 െ cos2‫ )ݔ‬to sin ଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ଶ
ଵ ଶ
‫(׬‬sinଶ ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ׬ = ݔ‬ቂଶ (1 െ cos2‫)ݔ‬ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
=
ସ
‫(׬‬1 െ 2 cos 2‫ ݔ‬+ cosଶ 2‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
=
ସ
‫ ݔ݀ ׬‬െ ଶ ‫ ׬‬cos2‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬+ ସ ‫ ׬‬cosଶ 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ‫ ݔ‬െ sin 2‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ׬‬cosଶ 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ସ ସ ସ
ଵ ଶ
Substitute (1 + cos4‫ )ݔ‬to cos 2‫ݔ‬,
ଶ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ସ
‫ ݔ‬െ ସ sin 2‫ ݔ‬+ ସ ‫ ׬‬ቂଶ (1 + cos4‫)ݔ‬ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
10
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ‫ ݔ‬െ sin 2‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݔ‬+ sin 4‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ସ ସ ଼ ଷଶ
ସ ଷ ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬sin ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଼
‫ ݔ‬െ sin 2‫ ݔ‬+
ସ ଷଶ
sin 4‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬sinସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬sinସ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= ‫ ׬‬sinଶ ‫( ݔ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ )ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
Substitute ቀ sin 2‫ݔ‬ቁ to sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ݔ‬,
ଶ
ଵ ଶ
= ‫ ׬‬sin ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ቀ sin 2‫ݔ‬ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
ଵ
=
ସ
‫ ׬‬sin ଶ ‫ ݔ‬sinଶ 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ
Substitute (1 െ cos2‫ )ݔ‬to sin ଶ ‫ݔ‬,
ଶ
ଵ ଵ
=
ସ
‫ ׬‬ଶ (1 െ cos2‫ )ݔ‬sin ଶ 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ
=
଼
‫(׬‬sinଶ 2‫ ݔ‬െ sinଶ 2‫ ݔ‬cos2‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ଵ
Substitute (1 െ cos4‫ )ݔ‬to sin ଶ 2‫ݔ‬,
ଶ
ଵ ଵ
= ଼
‫ ׬‬ቂଶ (1 െ cos4‫ )ݔ‬െ sinଶ 2‫ ݔ‬cos2‫ݔ‬ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ
= ଵ଺
‫(׬‬1 െ cos4‫ ݔ݀)ݔ‬െ ଼ ‫ ׬‬sinଶ 2‫ ݔ‬cos2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬sinସ ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଵ଺
‫ ݔ‬െ ଺ସ sin 4‫ ݔ‬െ ସ଼ sin ଷ 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
III. Powers of Tangent and Cotangent

Let ‫ ׬‬tan௠ ‫ ݑ݀ ݑ‬or ‫ ׬‬cot ௠ ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬ where ݉ is either an odd or an even
integer.
Put,
tanଶ ‫ = ݑ‬secଶ ‫ ݑ‬െ 1
cot ଶ ‫ = ݑ‬cscଶ ‫ ݑ‬െ 1
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cot ସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬cot ସ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cot ଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) to cot ଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cot ଶ ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) cot ଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= ‫( ׬‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ cot ଶ ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ୡ୭୲య ௫
= െ ଷ െ ‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (csc ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) to cot ଶ ‫ݔ‬,
ଶ
ୡ୭୲య ௫
= െ െ ‫(׬‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଷ
ଵ
‫ ׬‬cot ସ ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ ଷ cot ଷ ‫ ݔ‬+ cot ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬tanଷ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬tanଷ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬tanଶ ‫ ݔ‬tan ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (secଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) to tanଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫ ׬‬tanଶ ‫ ݔ‬tan ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) tan ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
11
= ‫(׬‬secଶ ‫ ݔ‬tan ‫ ݔ‬െ tan ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ଵ
‫ ׬‬tan ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬ଶ tanଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ ln cos‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଷ
IV. Powers of Secant and Cosecant

Let ‫ ׬‬sec௠ ‫ ݑ݀ ݑ‬or ‫ ׬‬csc௠ ‫ ݑ݀ ݑ‬where ݉ is an even integer.
Put,
secଶ ‫ = ݑ‬1 + tanଶ ‫ݑ‬
cscଶ ‫ = ݑ‬1 + cot ଶ ‫ݑ‬
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sec଺ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬sec଺ ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ secଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (1 + tanଶ ‫ )ݔ‬to secଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫(׬‬secଶ ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ secଶ ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬1 + tanଶ ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ secଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= ‫(׬‬1 + 2 tanଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ tanସ ‫ )ݔ‬secଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= ‫(׬‬secଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 tanଶ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ tanସ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ଶ ଵ
‫ ׬‬sec ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬tan ‫ ݔ‬+ ଷ tanଷ ‫ ݔ‬+ ହ tanହ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
଺
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cscସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬cscସ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (1 + cot ଶ ‫ )ݔ‬to cscଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫ ׬‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫(׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬1 + cot ଶ ‫ )ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= ‫( ׬‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ଵ
‫ ׬‬csc ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ cot ‫ ݔ‬െ ଷ cot ଷ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ସ
V. Products of Tangent and Secant and Cotangent and Cosecant

Let ‫ ׬‬tan௠ ‫ ݑ‬sec௡ ‫ ݑ݀ ݑ‬and ‫ ׬‬cot ௠ ‫ ݑ‬csc௡ ‫ ݑ݀ ݑ‬where ݉ is either an odd or
an even integer and ݊ is an even integer.
Put,
secଶ ‫ = ݑ‬1 + tanଶ ‫ݑ‬
cscଶ ‫ = ݑ‬1 + cot ଶ ‫ݑ‬
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬tanହ ‫ ݔ‬secସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬tanହ ‫ ݔ‬secସ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬tanହ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (1 + tanଶ ‫ )ݔ‬to secଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫ ׬‬tanହ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬tanହ ‫( ݔ‬1 + tanଶ ‫)ݔ‬secଶ ‫ݔ‬
= ‫( ׬‬tanହ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ tan଻ ‫ ݔ‬secଶ ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬tan ‫ ݔ‬sec ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬tan଺ ‫ ݔ‬+ tan଼ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ହ ସ
଺ ଼
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscସ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Substitute (1 + cot ଶ ‫ )ݔ‬to cscଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cot ଶ ‫( ݔ‬1 + cot ଶ ‫ ) ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
12
= ‫( ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ cot ସ ‫ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬cot ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ ଷ cot ଷ ‫ ݔ‬െ ହ cot ହ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଶ ଶ ଶ
VI. Products of Sine and Cosine

For the product of sine and cosine of different angles, use the following
‫࢛)࢔ି࢓(ܛܗ܋‬ ‫࢓(ܛܗ܋‬ା࢔)࢛
‫ = ࢛ࢊ )࢛࢔(ܛܗ܋ )࢛࢓(ܖܑܛ ׬‬െ െ
૛(࢓ି࢔)
+ࢉ
૛(࢓ା࢔)
‫࢛)࢔ି࢓(ܖܑܛ‬ ‫࢓(ܖܑܛ‬ା࢔)࢛
‫= ࢛ࢊ )࢛࢔(ܖܑܛ )࢛࢓(ܖܑܛ ׬‬ ૛(࢓ି࢔)
െ
૛(࢓ା࢔)
+ࢉ
‫࢛ )࢔ି࢓(ܖܑܛ‬ ‫࢓(ܖܑܛ‬ା࢔)࢛
‫= ࢛ࢊ )࢛࢔(ܛܗ܋ )࢛࢓(ܛܗ܋ ׬‬ ૛( ࢓ି࢔)
+ ૛(࢓ା࢔)
+ࢉ
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sin 3‫ ݔ‬cos7‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
ୡ୭ୱ(ଷି଻)௫ ୡ୭ୱ(ଷା଻)௫
‫ ׬‬sin 3‫ ݔ‬cos 7‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ ଶ(ଷି଻) െ ଶ(ଷା଻) + ܿ
ୡ୭ୱ(ିସ௫) ୡ୭ୱ(ଵ଴௫)
= െ െ +ܿ
ଶ(ିସ) ଶ(ଵ଴)
ୡ୭ୱ ସ௫ ୡ୭ୱ ଵ଴௫
‫ ׬‬sin 3‫ ݔ‬cos 7‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଼
െ ଶ଴
+ܿ
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sin 5‫ ݔ‬sin 3‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
ୱ୧୬(ହିଷ)௫ ୱ୧୬( ହାଷ)௫
‫ ׬‬sin 5‫ ݔ‬sin 3‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଶ( ହିଷ)
െ
ଶ(ହାଷ)
+ܿ
ୱ୧୬(ଶ௫) ୱ୧୬(଼௫)
= ଶ(ଶ)
െ ଶ(଼)
+ܿ
ୱ୧୬ ଶ௫ ୱ୧୬ ଼௫
‫ ׬‬sin 5‫ ݔ‬sin 3‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ସ
െ
ଵ଺
+ܿ
Example(c).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cos9‫ ݔ‬cos10‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
ୱ୧୬(ଽିଵ଴)௫ ୱ୧୬(ଽାଵ଴) ௫
‫ ׬‬cos9‫ ݔ‬cos10‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଶ(ଽିଵ଴)
+
ଶ(ଽାଵ଴)
ୱ୧୬(ି௫) ୱ୧୬(ଵଽ௫)
= ଶ(ିଵ)
+ ଶ(ଵଽ)
+ܿ
ୱ୧୬ ௫ ୱ୧୬ ଵଽ௫
‫ ׬‬cos9‫ ݔ‬cos10‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଶ
+ ଷ଼
+ܿ
Exercise 1.5
1. ‫ ׬‬sin ହ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
2. ‫ ׬‬cosହ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
3. ‫ ׬‬sin ହ ‫ ݔ‬cosଷ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
4. ‫ ׬‬sin ସ ‫ ݕ‬cosଶ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
5. ‫ ׬‬tanସ ߠ ݀ߠ
6. ‫ ׬‬cot ହ ߠ ݀ߠ
7. ‫ ׬‬cot ଷ ‫ ݔ‬cscସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
13
8. ‫ ׬‬csc଺ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
9. ‫ ׬‬sin 8‫ ݔ‬cos 5‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
10. ‫ ׬‬sin ସ ‫ ݔ‬cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ସ
11. ‫ ׬‬ቀsec ‫ ݔ‬tan ‫ݔ‬ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ
12. ‫(׬‬sin 5‫ ݕ‬cos5‫ݕ݀ ଺ )ݕ‬

13. ‫ ׬‬cosଷ 4‫ ݔ‬sin ଶ 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ
14. ‫ ׬‬cscସ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
ଶ
15. ‫ ׬‬cos3‫ ݔ‬cos2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
1.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The basic inverse trigonometric functions integral formulas are,
ࢊ࢛ ࢛
‫׬‬ඥ = ‫ିܖܑܛ‬૚ ቀࢇ ቁ + ࢉ
ࢇ૛ି࢛૛
ࢊ࢛ ૚ ࢛
‫ࢇ ׬‬૛ ା࢛૛ = ‫ିܖ܉ܜ‬૚ ቀ ቁ + ࢉ
ࢇ ࢇ
ࢊ࢛ ૚ ࢛
‫׬‬ = ࢇ
‫ି ܋܍ܛ‬૚ ቀࢇ ቁ + ࢉ
࢛ඥ ࢛૛ ିࢇ૛
The numerator ݀‫ ݑ‬is the differential of the variable quantity ‫ ݑ‬that appears in
the denominator.
Example(a).
ௗ௫
ξଷ଺ିଽ௫ మ
Solution:
Let ‫ݑ‬ଶ = 9‫ ݔ‬ଶ, ‫ = ݑ‬3‫ݔ‬, ݀‫ = ݑ‬3݀‫ݔ‬, ܽ ଶ = 36 and ܽ = 6, therefore,
ଵ ଷௗ௫ ଵ ଷ௫
‫׬‬
ଷ ξଷ଺ିଽ௫ మ
= ଷ sin ିଵ ቀ ଺ ቁ + ܿ
ଵ ௫
= sin ିଵ ቀ ቁ + ܿ
ଷ ଶ
Example(b).
ௗ௬
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ଶହାସ௬ మ.
Solution:
Let ‫ݑ‬ଶ = 4‫ ݕ‬ଶ, ‫ = ݑ‬2‫ݕ‬, ݀‫ = ݑ‬2݀‫ݕ‬, ܽଶ = 25 and ܽ = 5, therefore,
ଵ ଶௗ௬ ଵ ଵ ଶ௬
‫׬‬
ଶ ଶହାସ௬ మ
= ଶ ቂହ tanିଵ ቀ ହ ቁቃ + ܿ
ଵ ଶ௬
= tanିଵ ቀ ቁ + ܿ
ଵ଴ ହ
Example(c).
ௗ௫
௫ξ௫ మିସ
Solution:
Let ‫ݑ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ݔ = ݑ‬, ݀‫ݔ݀ = ݑ‬, ܽଶ = 4 and ܽ = 2, therefore,
ௗ௫ ଵ ௫
‫׬‬ మ
= ଶ secିଵ ቀଶቁ + ܿ
௫ξ௫ ିସ
14
Example(d).
ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬௫ మ ା଺௫ାଵଷ.
Solution:
The denominator in the integrand is a quadratic in the form
ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ܾ‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ, therefore, by completing the square will often help us recognize
the method to be used, thus, by completing the square of the denominator we
have,
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
‫ ׬‬௫ మା଺௫ାଵଷ = ‫( ׬‬௫ାଷ) మ ାସ
Let ‫ݑ‬ଶ = (‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ , ‫ ݔ( = ݑ‬+ 3), ݀‫ݔ݀ = ݑ‬, ܽଶ = 4 and ܽ = 2,
therefore,
ௗ௫ ଵ (௫ାଷ)
‫( ׬‬௫ାଷ) మ ାସ = ଶ
tanିଵ ቂ ଶ
ቃ+ ܿ
Exercise 1.6
ௗ௫
1. ‫ ׬‬ξ଼ଵି௫ మ

ௗ௬
2. ‫ ׬‬ଶହାଽ௬ మ
ௗ௫
3. ‫׬‬
ଶ௫ξସ௫ మିଶହ
ସௗ௫
4. ‫׬‬
ଵାଷ଺௫ మ
௫ௗ௫
5. ‫׬‬
ξଷ଺ିସ௫ ర
ଶ௩ௗ௩
6. ‫ ׬‬ଽାଵ଺௩ ర
ௗ௫
7. ‫ ׬‬ସ௫ మ ାସ௫ାଵ଻
(ଶ௫ାଵ଴)ௗ௫
8. ‫׬‬ ௫ మ ା଺௫ା଼
௬ రௗ௬
9. ‫ ׬‬మ
௬ ାଶ
ௗ௧
10. ‫ ׬‬ξହି଺௧ మ

ௗ௧
11. ‫׬‬
ඥ௘ మ೟ ିଵ
ୱ୧୬ ଶ௫ௗ௫
12. ‫׬‬
଺ାୡ୭ୱమ ଶ௫
ୡ୭୲ ఏௗఏ
13. ‫׬‬
ୡୱୡ ఏାଽ ୱ୧୬ ఏ
ୡ୭ୱ ఏௗఏ
14. ‫׬‬
ସାୱ୧୬మ ఏ
ୡୱୡమ ఏௗఏ
15. ‫ ׬‬ξଽିୡ୭୲మ
ఏ
15
1.9 Hyperbolic Functions
The basic hyperbolic functions integral formulas are,
‫ ࢛ ܐܛܗ܋ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܐܖܑܛ ׬‬+ ࢉ
‫ ࢛ ܐܖܑܛ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܐܛܗ܋ ׬‬+ ࢉ
‫ ࢛ ܐܛܗ܋ ܖܔ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܐܖ܉ܜ ׬‬+ ࢉ
‫ ࢛ ܐܖܑܛ ܖܔ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܐܜܗ܋ ׬‬+ ࢉ
‫ܐ܋܍ܛ ׬‬૛ ࢛ ࢊ࢛ = ‫ ࢛ ܐܖ܉ܜ‬+ ࢉ
‫ܐ܋ܛ܋ ׬‬૛ ࢛ ࢊ࢛ = െ ‫ ࢛ ܐܜܗ܋‬+ ࢉ
‫ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܐܖ܉ܜ ࢛ ܐ܋܍ܛ ׬‬െ ‫ ࢛ ܐ܋܍ܛ‬+ ࢉ
‫ = ࢛ࢊ ࢛ ܐܜܗ܋ ࢛ ܐ܋ܛ܋ ׬‬െ ‫ ࢛ ܐ܋ܛ܋‬+ ࢉ
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬sinh(2‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
Let ‫( = ݑ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 3) and ݀‫ = ݑ‬2݀‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬sinh(2‫ ݔ‬+ 3) (2݀‫ = )ݔ‬cosh(2‫ ݔ‬+ 3) + ܿ
ଶ ଶ
Example(b).
ୡ୭ୱ୦య ௫ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ଵାୱ୧୬୦మ ௫ .
Solution:
ୡ୭ୱ୦య ௫ௗ௫ ୡ୭ୱ୦య ௫ௗ௫
‫ ׬‬ଵାୱ୧୬୦మ ௫ = ‫ ׬‬ୡ୭ୱ୦మ ௫
= ‫ ׬‬cosh ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= sinh ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Example(c).
Prove that ‫ ׬‬sinh ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬cosh ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ.
Solution:
௘ ೠ ି௘ ೠ
Since sinh ‫= ݑ‬ , therefore,
ଶ
ଵ
‫ ׬‬sinh ‫= ݑ݀ ݑ‬ ଶ
‫ ݁(׬‬௨ െ ݁ ି௨ ) ݀‫ݑ‬
ଵ
= (݁ ௨ + ݁ ି௨ ) + ܿ
ଶ
ଵ
But (݁ ௨ +݁ ି௨ )
= cosh ‫ݑ‬, thus,
ଶ
‫ ׬‬sinh ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬cosh ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
Example(d).
Prove that ‫ ׬‬sech ‫ ݔ‬tanh ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ sech ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ.
Solution:
ୱ୧୬୦ ௫ௗ௫
‫ ׬‬sech ‫ ݔ‬tanh ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬ୡ୭ୱ୦మ ௫
భ
(௘ ೣ ି௘ షೣ )ௗ௫
= ‫ ׬‬మభ మ
ቂ (௘ ೣା௘ షೣ )ቃ
మ
= 2‫׬‬ (݁ ௫ +݁ି௫ ) ିଶ (݁ ௫
െ ݁ ି௫ )݀‫ݔ‬
16
By power formula, we have,
(௘ ೣ ା௘ షೣ) షభ
2 ‫ ݁(׬‬௫ + ݁ ି௫ ) ିଶ (݁ ௫ െ ݁ ି௫ )݀‫ = ݔ‬2 ቂ ቃ+ ܿ
ିଵ
ଶ
= െ (௘ ೣ +ܿ
ା௘ షೣ )
Since (݁ ௫ + ݁ ି௫ ) = 2 cosh ‫ݔ‬, thus,
ଶ
= െ +ܿ
ଶ ୡ୭ୱ୦ ௫
= െ sech ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Therefore,
‫ ׬‬sech ‫ ݔ‬tanh ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ sech ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Exercise 1.7
1. ‫ ׬‬cosh 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
2. ‫ ׬‬sinh(3‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ݀‫ݔ‬
3. ‫ ׬‬sechଶ 5‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
4. ‫ ׬‬sech 2‫ ݐ‬tanh 2‫ݐ݀ ݐ‬
5. ‫ ׬‬coth 6‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ
6. ‫ ׬‬cschଶ ቀ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
7. ‫ି ݁ ׬‬௫ tanh ݁ ି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬

ୡ୭ୱ୦ ଶ௬ௗ௬
8. ‫׬‬ ୲ୟ୬୦ ଶ௬
9. ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଶ cosh ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬

୲ୟ୬୦(୪୬ ௬)ௗ௬
10. ‫׬‬ ௬
11. ‫ ׬‬sinhଶ ߙ cschଶ ߙ ݀ߙ

12. ‫ ׬‬sinhଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
13. ‫ ׬‬cosh 2‫ ݐ‬sinh ‫ݐ݀ ݐ‬
14. ‫ ׬‬sinh 8‫ ݔ‬cosh 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
൫ଵାୱ୧୬୦మ ௫൯ௗ௫
15. ‫׬‬
ୱ୧୬୦ ௫
17
18
Chapter 2
METHODS OF
INTEGRATION
Outline:
2.1 Integration by Parts
2.2 Algebraic Substitution
2.3 Trigonometric Substitution
Overview:
The previous chapter introduced the basic formulas and direct formulas in
evaluating indefinite integral. These formulas can be used directly for some integrals
but some of the integrals contain functions and group of functions that cannot be
evaluated using the previous formulas. Some of which are difficult to evaluate using
the basic formulas, thus, a more improved methods of integration should be
developed.
This chapter will discuss the different methods of integration. This consists of
integration by parts and method of integration by substitutions which include
algebraic and trigonometric substitutions.
Objectives:

1. Evaluate integrals using the method of integration by parts.
2. Evaluate integrals by substitution using algebraic and trigonometric
substitutions.
19
2. 1 Integration by Parts
The formula is,
‫ ࢛࢜ = ࢜ࢊ ࢛ ׬‬െ ‫࢛ࢊ ࢜ ׬‬
In this method of integration, the integrand is partitioned into parts. We should

assign the value of ‫ ݑ‬and ݀‫ݒ‬. Here, how it works.
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ݕ ׬‬cos5‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬.
Solution:
First, we should decide what part is ‫ ݑ‬and ݀‫ݒ‬. For ݀‫ݒ‬, choose the
part that ‫ ݒ݀ ׬‬can be integrated. For this problem, let ‫ݕ =ݑ‬ and
ଵ
݀‫ = ݒ‬cos5‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬, therefore, ݀‫ ݕ݀ = ݑ‬and ‫ = ݒ‬ହ sin 5‫ݕ‬.
Thus,
ଵ ଵ
‫ ݕ ׬‬cos5‫ ݕ = ݕ݀ ݕ‬sin 5‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ׬‬sin 5‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
ହ ହ
ଵ ଵ
= ‫ ݕ‬sin 5‫ ݕ‬+ cos5‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ
ହ ଶହ
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ݁ ݔ ׬‬ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
ଵ
Let ‫ ݔ = ݑ‬and ݀‫ ݁ = ݒ‬ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬, therefore, ݀‫ ݔ݀ = ݑ‬and ‫= ݒ‬ ݁ ଶ௫ .
ଶ
Thus,
ଵ ଵ
‫ ݁ ݔ ׬‬ଶ௫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݁ݔ‬ଶ௫ െ ଶ ‫ ݁ ׬‬ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ
= ଶ
‫ ݁ݔ‬ଶ௫ െ ସ ݁ ଶ௫ + ܿ
Example(c).
Evaluate the ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬.
Solution:
Let ‫ = ݑ‬cos3‫ ݕ‬and ݀‫ ݁ = ݒ‬௬ ݀‫ݕ‬, therefore, ݀‫ = ݑ‬െ3 sin 3‫ ݕ݀ ݕ‬and
‫݁ = ݒ‬௬.
Thus,
‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ ݁ = ݕ݀ ݕ‬௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ 3 ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ sin 3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
The integrand cannot be evaluated, therefore, we can again assign
values of ‫ ݑ‬and ݀‫ݒ‬.
For 3 ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ sin 3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬,
Let ‫ = ݑ‬sin 3‫ ݕ‬and ݀‫ ݁ = ݒ‬௬ ݀‫ݕ‬, therefore, ݀‫ = ݑ‬3 cos3‫ ݕ݀ ݕ‬and
‫݁ = ݒ‬௬.
Thus,
‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ ݁ = ݕ݀ ݕ‬௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ 3(݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬െ 3 ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫)ݕ݀ ݕ‬
= ݁ ௬ cos 3‫ ݕ‬+ 3݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬െ 9 ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos 3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
Since, we arrived to the original integrand, we can combine it to the

original integrand by transposing it to the left and making it,
(1 + 9) ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ ݁ = ݕ݀ ݕ‬௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ 3݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ
10 ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ ݁ = ݕ݀ ݕ‬௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ 3݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ
ଵ ଷ
= ଵ଴ ݁ ௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ ଵ଴ ݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ
20
We can also use ‫ ݁ = ݑ‬௬ and ݀‫ = ݒ‬cos 3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬,
Thus, letting ‫ ݁ = ݑ‬௬ and ݀‫ = ݒ‬cos3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬, ݀‫ ݁ = ݑ‬௬ ݀‫ ݕ‬and
ଵ
‫ = ݒ‬sin 3‫ݕ‬, therefore,
ଷ
ଵ ଵ
‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ = ݕ݀ ݕ‬ଷ ݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬െ ଷ ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ sin 3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
For ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ sin 3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬, ‫ ݁ = ݑ‬௬ , ݀‫ = ݒ‬sin 3‫ ݕ݀ ݕ‬and ݀‫ ݁ = ݑ‬௬ ݀‫ݕ‬,
ଵ
‫ = ݒ‬െ ଷ cos3‫ݕ‬, therefore,
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫= ݕ݀ ݕ‬ ଷ
݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬െ ቀെ ݁ ௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬ቁ
ଷ ଷ ଷ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬+ ݁ ௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
ଷ ଽ ଽ
Transposing the integrand to the left, we have,
ଵ ଵ ଵ
ቀ1 + ቁ ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫ ݁ = ݕ݀ ݕ‬௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬+ ݁ ௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ
ଽ ଷ ଽ
ଵ଴ ଷ ଵ
ቀ ቁ ‫ ݁ ׬‬௬ cos3‫= ݕ݀ ݕ‬ ݁ ௬ sin 3‫ ݕ‬+ ݁ ௬ cos3‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ
ଽ ଵ଴ ଵ଴
The same answers obtained.
Example(d).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬cscଷ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
We cannot evaluate the integrand by directly assigning values for ‫ݑ‬
and ݀‫ݒ‬. By analyzing the integrand, we can break it into,
‫ ׬‬cscଷ ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
Let ‫ = ݑ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫ = ݒ‬cscଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬, therefore, ݀‫ = ݑ‬െ csc ‫ ݔ‬cot ‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬and
‫ = ݒ‬െ cot ‫ݔ‬.
Thus,
‫ ׬‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬csc‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ cot ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ׬‬cot ଶ ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= െ cot ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫( ׬‬cscଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ 1) csc ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= െ cot ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫( ׬‬cscଷ ‫ ݔ‬െ csc ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
= െ cot ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ׬‬cscଷ ‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬+ ‫ ׬‬csc ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
= െ cot ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬െ ln(csc ‫ ݔ‬+ cot ‫ )ݔ‬െ ‫ ׬‬cscଷ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
The integrand arrived to the original integrand, therefore,
(1 + 1) ‫ ׬‬cscଷ ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ cot ‫ ݔ‬csc‫ ݔ‬െ ln(csc‫ ݔ‬+ cot ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬cscଷ ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬െ cot ‫ ݔ‬csc ‫ ݔ‬െ ln(csc ‫ ݔ‬+ cot ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଶ ଶ
Exercise 2.1
1. ‫ ݔ ׬‬cos 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
2. ‫ ݁ ݔ ׬‬ହ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
3. ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଶ sin ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
4. ‫ି ݁ ݔ ׬‬ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
5. ‫ ݕ ׬‬sin 2‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
6. ‫ ׬‬secଷ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
7. ‫ ݔ ׬‬ln ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
8. ‫ ݔ ׬‬ସ ln ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
21
9. ‫ ׬‬cos(ln ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
10. ‫ ݔ(׬‬+ cos2‫ ݁)ݔ‬௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
11. ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଷ ln ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
12. ‫ି ݁ ׬‬ଶ௫ sin 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
13. ‫ ׬‬lnଶ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
14. ‫ ׬‬cosିଵ 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
15. ‫ ݁ ݔ ׬‬௫ sin ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
2.2 Algebraic Substitution

Integrals may be evaluated by introducing a new variable of integration, say ‫ݑ‬
in place of the original variable ‫ݔ‬, but ݀‫ ݔ‬also must be replaced by the proper
expression in terms of ‫ݑ‬. After integrating, substitute the variable in terms of ‫ ݑ‬by
the variable in terms of ‫ ݔ‬to recover the original variable.
Example(a).
൫ଵିξ௫൯ௗ௫
௫ାଵ
Solution:
By inspection, we can assign ξ‫ݑ = ݔ‬, therefore, ‫ݑ = ݔ‬ଶ and
݀‫ = ݔ‬2‫ݑ݀ݑ‬. Substituting the values, we have,
൫ଵି ξ௫൯ௗ௫ (ଵି௨)( ଶ௨ௗ௨)
‫׬‬ ௫ାଵ
= ‫׬‬ ௨మ ାଵ
൫௨ି௨మ ൯ௗ௨
= 2‫׬‬ ௨మ ାଵ
௨ௗ௨ ௨మ ௗ௨
= 2‫׬‬ െ 2‫׬‬
௨మ ାଵ ௨మ ାଵ
௨ௗ௨ ଵ
= 2 ‫ ׬‬௨మ ାଵ െ 2 ‫ ׬‬ቀ1 െ ௨మ ାଵቁ ݀‫ݑ‬
= ln(‫ ݑ‬+ 1) െ 2‫ ݑ‬+ 2 tanିଵ ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
ଶ
Since ‫ = ݑ‬ξ‫ݔ‬, therefore,

൫ଵିξ௫൯ௗ௫
‫׬‬ ௫ାଵ
= ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) െ 2ξ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 tanିଵ ξ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Example(b).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ඥ2 + ξ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
Let ξ‫ݑ = ݔ‬, therefore, ‫ݑ = ݔ‬ଶ and ݀‫ = ݔ‬2‫ݑ݀ݑ‬. Substituting the
values, we have,
‫ ׬‬ඥ2 + ξ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬ξ2 + ‫( ݑ‬2‫)ݑ݀ݑ‬
= 2 ‫ݑ ׬‬ξ2 + ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬
The integrand cannot be evaluated, therefore, another substitution
may be done, letting ξ2 + ‫ݕ = ݑ‬, therefore, ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2 + ‫ ݑ‬and 2‫ݑ݀ = ݕ݀ݕ‬,
substituting the values,
2 ‫ݑ ׬‬ξ2 + ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬2 ‫ ݕ(׬‬ଶ െ 2) (‫()ݕ‬2‫)ݕ݀ݕ‬
= 4 ‫ ݕ(׬‬ସ െ 2‫ ݕ‬ଶ ) ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ ଼
= ‫ݕ‬ହ െ ‫ݕ‬ଷ + ܿ
ହ ଷ
22
Since ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2 + ‫ ݑ‬and ‫ = ݑ‬ξ‫ݔ‬, then, ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2 + ξ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
substituting the values, we have,
ఱ య
ସ ଼
‫ ׬‬ඥ2 + ξ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ହ
൫2 + ξ‫ݔ‬൯మ െ ଷ ൫2 + ξ‫ݔ‬൯మ + ܿ
Example(c).
௫ௗ௫
ξ௫ାଵ
Solution:
values, we have,
௫ௗ௫ ௨మ (ଶ௨ௗ௨)
‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬
ξ௫ାଵ ௨ାଵ
௨య ௗ௨
= 2‫׬‬ ௨ାଵ
ଵ
= 2 ‫ ׬‬ቀ‫ݑ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݑ‬+ 1 െ ቁ ݀‫ݑ‬
௨ାଵ
௨య ௨మ
= 2ቂଷ െ ଶ
+ ‫ ݑ‬െ ln(‫ ݑ‬+ 1)ቃ + ܿ
௫ௗ௫ ଶ య
‫׬‬ = ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ‫ ݔ‬+ 2ξ‫ ݔ‬െ 2 ln൫ξ‫ ݔ‬+ 1൯ + ܿ
ξ௫ାଵ ଷ
య ଶ
ଶ
= ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ‫ ݔ‬+ 2ξ‫ ݔ‬െ ln൫ξ‫ ݔ‬+ 1൯ + ܿ
ଷ
Example(d).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬secଶ ξ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
values, we have,
‫ ׬‬secଶ ξ‫ ׬ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬secଶ ‫( ݑ‬2‫)ݑ݀ݑ‬
= 2 ‫ ݑ ׬‬secଶ ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬
By integration by parts, let ‫ ݑ = ݑ‬and ݀‫ = ݒ‬secଶ ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬, therefore,
݀‫ ݑ݀ = ݑ‬and ‫ = ݒ‬tan ‫ݑ‬, substituting the values, we have,
2 ‫ ݑ ׬‬secଶ ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬2(‫ ݑ‬tan ‫ ݑ‬െ ‫ ׬‬tan ‫)ݑ݀ ݑ‬
= 2‫ ݑ‬tan ‫ ݑ‬+ 2 ln cos‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
‫ ׬‬secଶ ξ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬2ξ‫ ݔ‬tan ξ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 ln cos ξ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
= 2ξ‫ ݔ‬tan ξ‫ ݔ‬+ ln cosଶ ξ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Exercise 2.2
ξ௬ௗ௬
1. ‫ ׬‬ଷାଶ
ξ௬
ξ௫ାସௗ௫
2. ‫׬‬ ௫
௫ యௗ௫
3. ‫( ׬‬௫ మ మ
ାହ)
௧ௗ௧
4. ‫( ׬‬௧ାଵ) భబ
5. ‫ ׬‬ln൫10 െ ξ‫ݖ‬൯ ݀‫ݖ‬
23
6. ‫ ׬‬ξ݁ ଶ௫ + 5 ݀‫ݔ‬
భ
൫௘ ೟ ାଵ൯మ ௗ௧
7. ‫׬‬
௘೟
௫ మ ௗ௫
8. ‫׬‬
ξ௫ାଶ
ௗ௬
9. ‫׬‬
ඥଵା ξ௬
య
10. ‫׬‬൫1 + ξ‫ݔ‬൯మ ݀‫ݔ‬
ඥ௬ మିଵௗ௬
11. ‫׬‬
௬
(ଶା୪୬ ௫)ௗ௫
12. ‫׬‬ ௫య
௫ௗ௫
13. ‫ ׬‬ସା
ξ௫
14. ‫ ׬‬sin ξ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

15. ‫ ׬‬cscଶ ξ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
2.3 Trigonometric Substitution

When the integrand involves,
ࢇ૛ െ ࢞૛ , put ࢞ = ࢇ ‫ ࣂ ܖܑܛ‬and ࢊ࢞ = ࢇ ‫ࣂࢊ ࣂ ܛܗ܋‬
ࢇ૛ + ࢞૛ , put ࢞ = ࢇ ‫ ࣂ ܖ܉ܜ‬and ࢊ࢞ = ࢇ ‫ ܋܍ܛ‬૛ ࣂ ࢊࣂ
࢞૛ െ ࢇ૛ , put ࢞ = ࢇ ‫ ࣂ ܋܍ܛ‬and ࢊ࢞ = ࢇ ‫ࣂࢊ ࣂ ܖ܉ܜ ࣂ ܋܍ܛ‬
We assumed that ߠ is an acute angle, ܽ is a constant and ‫ ݔ‬is a differential

function.
Example(a).
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ξ25 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
Put ‫ = ݔ‬5 sin ߠ and ݀‫ = ݔ‬5 cosߠ ݀ߠ. Substituting the values, we
have,
‫ ׬‬ξ25 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫= ݔ‬ ‫ ׬‬ඥ25 െ (5 sin ߠ) ଶ (5 cosߠ ݀ߠ)
= 5 ‫ ׬‬ξ25 െ 25 sinଶ ߠ cosߠ ݀ߠ
= 5 ‫ ׬‬ඥ25(1 െ sinଶ ߠ) cosߠ ݀ߠ
= 5 ‫ ׬‬ξ25 cosଶ ߠ cosߠ ݀ߠ
= 25 ‫ ׬‬cosଶ ߠ ݀ߠ
ଵ
= 25 ‫( ׬‬1 + cos2ߠ) ݀ߠ
ଶ
ଶହ ଵ
= ቀߠ + sin 2ߠቁ + ܿ
ଶ ଶ
ଶହ
= ( ߠ + sin ߠ cosߠ ) + ܿ
ଶ
24
Final answer should be in terms of the variable ‫ݔ‬, therefore from the
relation ‫ = ݔ‬5 sin ߠ, we can obtain an equation in terms of the variable ‫ݔ‬,
thus, by constructing a right triangle considering ߠ an acute angle, we have,
ඥ૛૞ െ ࢞૛
Therefore, from the triangle, we can obtain relations, from which these
relations can be substituted to the integrated function, thus,
௫ ௫ ξଶହି௫ మ
sin ߠ = ହ, ߠ = sinିଵ ቀହቁ and cosߠ = ହ
Substituting these relations, we have,
ଶହ ௫ ଵ
‫ ׬‬ξ25 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ = ݔ‬ଶ sin ିଵ ቀହቁ + ଶ ൫‫ݔ‬ξ25 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ൯ + ܿ
Example(b).
ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ య .
௫ మ (ଽାସ௫ మ) మ
Solution:
ଷ
Put 2‫ = ݔ‬3 tan ߠ and ݀‫= ݔ‬ ଶ
secଶ ߠ ݀ߠ. Substituting the values, we
have,
ௗ௫ ଷ ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
‫׬‬ య = ଶ
‫׬‬ య
௫ మ(ଽାସ௫ మ) మ య మ య మ మ
ቀ ୲ୟ୬ ఏቁ ൤ଽାସቀ ୲ୟ୬ ఏቁ ൨
మ మ
ଷ ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
=
ଶ
‫׬‬ వ
య
ቀర ୲ୟ୬మ ఏቁ(ଽାଽ ୲ୟ୬మ ఏ) మ
ଶ ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
=
ଷ
‫׬‬ య
୲ୟ୬మ ఏ[ଽ(ଵା୲ୟ୬మ ఏ)] మ
ଶ ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
=
଼ଵ
‫׬‬ య
୲ୟ୬మ ఏ( ୱୣୡమ ఏ) మ
ଶ ௗఏ
=
଼ଵ
‫୲ ׬‬ୟ୬మ ఏ ୱୣୡ ఏ
ଶ ୡ୭ୱయ ఏௗఏ
= ଼ଵ
‫׬‬ ୱ୧୬మ ఏ
ଶ ൫ଵିୱ୧୬మ ఏ൯ ୡ୭ୱ ఏௗఏ
=
଼ଵ
‫׬‬ ୱ୧୬మ ఏ
ଶ
=
଼ଵ
‫(׬‬cot ߠ csc ߠ െ cosߠ)݀ߠ
ଶ
= (െ csc ߠ െ sin ߠ) + ܿ
଼ଵ
From the triangle,
ඥૢ + ૝࢞૛
૛࢞
૜
Therefore,
ௗ௫ ଶ ξଽାସ௫ మ ଶ௫ ଵ ൫ଽା଼௫ మ൯
‫׬‬ య = ൤െ െ ൨= െ ቂ ቃ
଼ଵ ଶ௫ ξଽାସ௫ మ ଼ଵ ௫ξଽାସ௫ మ
௫ మ(ଽାସ௫ మ) మ
25
Example(c).
Evaluate the ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଶ ξ1 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
ଵ
Put ξ3‫ = ݔ‬sin ߠ and ݀‫= ݔ‬ cosߠ ݀ߠ. Substituting the values, we
ξଷ
have,
ୱ୧୬ ఏ ଶ ୱ୧୬ ఏ ଶ ଵ
‫ ݔ ׬‬ଶ ξ1 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ׬ = ݔ‬ቀ ቁ ට1 െ 3 ቀ ቁ ቀ cos ߠ ݀ߠቁ
ξଷ ଷ ξ ξଷ
ξଷ
= ଽ
‫ ׬‬sin ଶ ߠ ξ1 െ sin ଶ ߠ cosߠ ݀ߠ
ξଷ
= ଽ
‫ ׬‬sin ଶ ߠ ξcosଶ ߠ cosߠ ݀ߠ
ξଷ
=
ଽ
‫ ׬‬sin ଶ ߠ cosଶ ߠ ݀ߠ
ξଷ ୱ୧୬ ଶఏ ଶ
=
ଽ
‫׬‬ቀ ଶ
ቁ ݀ߠ
ξଷ
= ଻ଶ
‫(׬‬1 െ cos4ߠ)݀ߠ
ξଷ ଵ
= ቀߠ െ sin 4ߠቁ + ܿ
଻ଶ ସ
ξଷ ଵ
= ቂߠ െ (2 sin 2ߠ cos2ߠ)ቃ + ܿ
଻ଶ ସ
ξଷ ଵ
= ቂߠ െ (2 sin ߠ cosߠ)(cosଶ ߠ െ sinଶ ߠ)ቃ + ܿ
଻ଶ ଶ
ξଷ
= [ߠ െ cosଷ ߠ sin ߠ + sin ଷ ߠ cosߠ] + ܿ
଻ଶ
From the triangle,
૚
࢞ξ૜
ඥ૚ െ ૜࢞૛
Therefore,
ξଷ ଷ
‫ ݔ ׬‬ଶ ξ1 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫= ݔ‬ ଻ଶ
[sin ିଵ ൫‫ݔ‬ξ3൯ െ ൫ξ1 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൯ ൫‫ݔ‬ξ3൯
ଷ
+ ൫‫ݔ‬ξ3൯ ൫ξ1 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ൯] + ܿ
ξଷ ଵ య ଵ
= ଻ଶ
sinିଵ ൫‫ݔ‬ξ3൯ െ ଶସ ‫(ݔ‬1 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) మ + ଼ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ξ1 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ
Example(d).
ௗ௧
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ య .
(ଵା௘ మ೟ ) మ
Solution:
ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
Put ݁ ௧ = tan ߠ and ݁ ௧ ݀‫ = ݐ‬secଶ ߠ ݀ߠ, ݀‫= ݐ‬ . Substituting the
୲ୟ୬ ఏ
values, we have,
ௗ௧ ଵ ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
‫׬‬ య = ‫׬‬ቈ య ή ୲ୟ୬ ఏ
቉
(ଵା௘ మ೟ ) మ (ଵା୲ୟ୬మ ఏ) మ
= ‫׬‬ య
(ୱୣୡమ ఏ) మ ୲ୟ୬ ఏ
= ‫୲ ׬‬ୟ୬ ఏ ୱୣୡయ ఏ
ௗఏ
= ‫׬‬
୲ୟ୬ ఏ ୱୣୡ ఏ
26
ୡ୭ୱమ ఏௗఏ
= ‫׬‬
ୱ୧୬ ఏ
൫ଵିୱ୧୬మ ఏ൯ௗఏ
= ‫׬‬
ୱ୧୬ ఏ
= ‫(׬‬csc ߠ െ sin ߠ)݀ߠ

= ln( csc ߠ െ cot ߠ) + cos ߠ + ܿ
From the triangle,
ඥ૚ + ࢋ૛࢚
ࢋ࢚
૚
Therefore,
ௗ௧ ඥ ଵା௘ మ೟ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬ య = ln ൬ െ ೟൰ + +ܿ
௘೟ ௘ ඥଵା௘ మ೟
(ଵା௘ మ೟ ) మ
ඥଵା௘ మ೟ ିଵ భ
= ln ൬ ௘೟
൰ + (1 + ݁ ଶ௧ ) షమ + ܿ
Exercise 2.3
ௗ௫
1. ‫׬‬ య
(௔మା௫ మ) మ
ௗ௫
2. ‫׬‬
௫ξ௫ మି௔మ
3. ‫ ׬‬ξܽଶ + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬

4. ‫ ׬‬ξܽଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
5. ‫ ׬‬ξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ܽଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
6. ‫ ׬‬ξ4 െ 25‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ξସ௫ మି଼ଵௗ௫
7. ‫׬‬
௫
ହ௬ௗ௬
8. ‫( ׬‬௫ మାଶହ) య
9. ‫ ׬‬ඥ9 െ (‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬

௪ మ ௗ௪
10. ‫׬‬ భ
(ସାଵ଺௪ మ) మ
௫ మ ௗ௫
11. ‫ ׬‬ଽିସ௫ మ
ௗ௫
12. ‫׬‬ ఱ
௫(௫ మିଽ) మ
ξସି௫ మ ௗ௫
13. ‫׬‬ ௫
27
ξ௬ௗ௬
14. ‫( ׬‬ଵା௬) మ
ௗ௫
15. ‫ ׬‬௫(௫ రିଵ)
28
Chapter 3
METHODS OF
INTEGRATION OF
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Outline:
3.1 Distinct Linear Factors
3.2 Repeated Linear Factors
3.3 Quadratic Factors
3.4 Rational Functions of Sines and Cosines
Overview:
The previous chapter had already introduced some of the methods of
integration. Some integrals which consist of rational functions are not easy to solve
using the previous method.
This chapter will introduce the method of integration of rational functions. This
chapter will discuss the different forms of rational functions that are reducible to
partial fractions and its methods of integration. This includes distinct linear factors,
repeated linear factors and quadratic factors forms of rational functions. Also, the
method of integration of rational functions of sines and cosines will be discussed.
Objectives:
1. Identify the different forms of rational functions.
2. Evaluate the integrals by partial fraction decomposition.
3. Evaluate integrals involving rational functions of sine and cosine.
29
3.1 Distinct Linear Factors
Rational fractions whose numerator is of lower degree than the denominator
can be broken up into partial fractions. Integrals containing rational fractions can be
evaluated by applying either of the cases that will be discussed in this section.
The denominator can be factored but none of them can be repeated. We can
rewrite the given fraction as the sum of fractions whose numerators are represented
by letters or any variable constants and its denominator are the factors of the original
denominator.
࡭ ࡮ ࢆ
(ࢇ࢞ା࢈)
+ (ࢇ࢞ାࢉ) + ‫ ڮ‬+ (ࢇ࢞ାࢠ)
Before factoring the denominator, we should make sure the function is proper
provided that the numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.
Example(a).
௫ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬మ .
௫ ି௫ିଶ
Solution:
௫ௗ௫ ௫ௗ௫
‫ ׬‬௫ మି௫ିଶ = ‫( ׬‬௫ାଵ)( ௫ିଶ)
௫ ஺ ஻
Let (௫ାଵ)(௫ିଶ)
= ௫ାଵ
+ ௫ିଶ
Clearing fractions, we have,
‫ ݔ(ܣ = ݔ‬െ 2) + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬+ 1)
Then, assign values for ‫ ݔ‬to find the values of the constants ‫ ܣ‬and
‫ܤ‬. The choice of values is up to you, but we can find that െ1 and 2 are the
most convenient values, therefore,
ଵ
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ1,‫ = ܣ‬,
ଷ
ଶ
When ‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ܤ‬ଷ.
ଵ ଶ
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬ଷ and ‫ = ܤ‬ଷ.
Then,
௫ௗ௫ ஺ ஻
‫( ׬‬௫ାଵ)(௫ିଶ) = ‫ ׬‬ቀ௫ାଵ + ௫ିଶቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௫
= ଷ
‫ ׬‬௫ାଵ + ଷ ‫ ׬‬௫ିଶ
ଵ ଶ
= ଷ
ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) + ଷ ln(‫ ݔ‬െ 2) + ܿ
Example(b).
(௫ାଵ)ௗ௫
௫(௫ାଷ)
Solution:
௫ାଵ ஺ ஻
Let ௫(௫ାଷ)
= ௫
+ ௫ାଷ
, therefore,
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = ‫ ݔ(ܣ‬+ 3) + ‫ݔܤ‬
ଵ
When ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ܣ‬ଷ,
ଶ
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ3,‫ = ܤ‬.
ଷ
ଵ ଶ
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬and ‫ = ܤ‬.
ଷ ଷ
Then,
(௫ାଵ)ௗ௫ ஺ ஻
‫ ׬‬௫(௫ାଷ) = ‫ ׬‬ቀ௫ + ௫ାଷቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
30
ଵ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௫
=
ଷ
‫׬‬ ௫
+ ‫׬‬
ଷ ௫ାଷ
ଵ ଶ
= ln ‫ ݔ‬+ ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) + ܿ
ଷ ଷ
Example(c).
(௫ିଵ)ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬௫ మିସ .
Solution:
௫ିଵ ௫ିଵ ஺ ஻
Let మ = (௫ିଶ)( = + , therefore,
௫ ିସ ௫ାଶ) ௫ିଶ ௫ାଶ
‫ ݔ‬െ 1 = ‫ ݔ(ܣ‬+ 2) + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬െ 2)
ଵ
When ‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ܣ‬,
ସ
ଷ
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ2,‫ = ܤ‬.
ସ
ଵ ଷ
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬and ‫ = ܤ‬.
ସ ସ
Then,
(௫ିଵ)ௗ௫ ஺ ஻
‫ ׬‬௫ మିସ = ‫ ׬‬ቀ௫ିଶ + ௫ାଶቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ௗ௫ ଷ ௗ௫
=
ସ
‫ ׬‬௫ିଶ + ସ ‫ ׬‬௫ାଶ
ଵ ଷ
= ln(‫ ݔ‬െ 2) + ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) + ܿ
ସ ସ
Example(d).
(௬ାଷ)ௗ௬
Evaluate the ‫( ׬‬௬ మ .
ିଵ)(௬ାଶ)
Solution:
௬ାଷ ௬ାଷ ஺ ஻ ஼
Let (௬ మିଵ)(௬ାଶ)
= = + + , therefore,
(௬ାଵ)(௬ିଵ)(௬ାଶ) ௬ାଵ ௬ିଵ ௬ାଶ
‫ ݕ‬+ 3 = ‫ ݕ(ܣ‬െ 1)(‫ ݕ‬+ 2) + ‫ ݕ(ܤ‬+ 1)(‫ ݕ‬+ 2) + ‫ ݕ(ܥ‬+ 1)(‫ ݕ‬െ 1)
When ‫ = ݕ‬െ1,‫ = ܣ‬െ1,
ଶ
When ‫ = ݕ‬1, ‫ = ܤ‬ଷ,
ଵ
When ‫ = ݕ‬െ2,‫ = ܥ‬.
ଷ
ଶ ଵ
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬െ1,‫ = ܤ‬and ‫ = ܥ‬.
ଷ ଷ
Then,
(௬ାଷ)ௗ௬ ஺ ஻ ஼
‫( ׬‬௬ାଵ) (௬ିଵ)(௬ାଶ) = ‫ ׬‬ቀ௬ାଵ + ௬ିଵ + ௬ାଶቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ௗ௬ ଶ ௗ௬ ଵ ௗ௬
= െ‫׬‬ + ‫׬‬ + ‫׬‬
௬ାଵ ଷ ௬ିଵ ଷ ௬ାଶ
ଶ ଵ
= െ ln(‫ ݕ‬+ 1) + ଷ ln(‫ ݕ‬െ 1) + ଷ ln(‫ ݕ‬+ 2) + ܿ
Exercise 3.1
ௗ௬
1. ‫ ׬‬௬(௬ାଷ)
( ௧ିଵ)ௗ௧
2. ‫׬‬
௧(௧ାଵ)(௧ିହ)
(௫ మାଵ)ௗ௫
3. ‫( ׬‬௫ିଶ)(௫ିଵ)
௫ௗ௫
4. ‫ ׬‬మ
௫ ି௫ିଶ଴
31
(௫ିଵ)ௗ௫
5. ‫ ׬‬మ
௫ ାଶ௫ିଷ
(଺௫ିହ) ௗ௫
6. ‫( ׬‬௫ିଵ)(௫ାଶ)(௫ିଷ)
௫ మ ௗ௫
7. ‫ ׬‬య మ
௫ ାଷ௫ ି௫ିଷ
ௗ௬
8. ‫ ׬‬మ
௪ ି଺௪
(௫ାଷ)ௗ௫
9. ‫ ׬‬మ
௫ ା଼௫ାଵହ
(௬ିଷ) ௗ௬
10. ‫׬‬
௬( ௬ାହ)
൫௧ మାସ௧ିଷ൯ௗ௧
11. ‫׬‬
௧(௧ మିଵ)
ௗ௬
12. ‫׬‬
ଵି௘ మ೤
௘ ೣ ௗ௫
13. ‫( ׬‬௘మೣ
ାଷ௘ ೣ ାଶ)
ௗ௫
14. ‫ ׬‬ξ௘ మೣ
ାଽ
ୱ୧୬ ௫ ୡ୭ୱ ௫ௗ௫
15. ‫( ׬‬ୱ୧୬మ ௫ାଷ ୱ୧୬ ௫ାଶ)
3.2 Repeated Linear Factors

For repeated factors of the denominator that is if the denominator comprises of
a square, we need two terms, if cube, three terms and so on. The fraction can be
decomposed in partial fractions,
࡭ ࡮ ࢆ
(ࢇ࢞ା࢈)
+ (ࢇ࢞ା࢈) ૛ + ‫ ڮ‬+ (ࢇ࢞ା࢈) ࢔
In this method, similar procedures as the previous method can be done.
Example(a).
(௫ିଵ)ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬మ(௫ାଵ) .
௫
Solution:
௫ିଵ ஺ ஻ ஼
Let = + + , therefore,
௫ మ( ௫ାଵ) ௫ ௫మ ௫ାଵ
‫ ݔ‬െ 1 = ‫ ݔ()ݔ(ܣ‬+ 1) + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬+ 1) + ‫ ݔ(ܥ‬ଶ)
When ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ܤ‬െ1,
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ1,‫ = ܥ‬െ2.
When ‫ = ݔ‬1,‫ = ܤ‬െ1 and ‫ = ܥ‬െ2, therefore, ‫ = ܣ‬2.
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬2,‫ = ܤ‬െ1 and ‫ = ܥ‬െ2.
Then,
(௫ିଵ)ௗ௫ ஺ ஻ ஼
‫ ׬‬௫ మ (௫ାଵ) = ‫ ׬‬ቀ௫ + ௫ మ + ௫ାଵቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫
= 2‫׬‬ െ‫׬‬ െ2‫׬‬
௫ ௫మ ௫ାଵ
ଵ
= 2 ln ‫ ݔ‬+ െ 2 ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) + ܿ
௫
Example(b).
(௫ିଶ)ௗ௫
௫ ାସ௫ାସ
32
Solution:
௫ିଶ ௫ିଶ ஺ ஻
Let ௫ మାସ௫ାସ
= (௫ାଶ) మ
= ௫ାଶ
+ (௫ାଶ) మ
, therefore,
‫ ݔ‬െ 2 = ‫ ݔ(ܣ‬+ 2) + ‫ܤ‬
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ2,‫ = ܤ‬െ4,
When ‫ = ݔ‬0 and ‫ = ܤ‬െ4, therefore, ‫ = ܣ‬1.
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬1 and ‫ = ܤ‬െ4.
Then,
(௫ିଶ)ௗ௫ ஺ ஻
‫ ׬‬௫ మାସ௫ାସ = ‫ ׬‬ቂ௫ାଶ + (௫ାଶ) మ ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
= ‫׬‬ െ 4 ‫( ׬‬௫ାଶ) మ
௫ାଶ
ସ
= ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) + ௫ାଶ
+ܿ
Example(c).
൫௫ మ ାଵ൯ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬మ(௫ାଵ) మ .
௫
Solution:
௫ మ ାଵ ஺ ஻ ஼ ஽
Let ௫ మ( ௫ାଵ) మ
= ௫
+ ௫మ
+ ௫ାଵ
+ (௫ାଵ) మ
, therefore,
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = ‫ ݔ()ݔ(ܣ‬+ 1) ଶ + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬+ 1) ଶ + ‫ ݔ(ܥ‬ଶ )(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) + ‫ ݔ(ܦ‬ଶ )
ଶ
When ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ܤ‬1,

When ‫ = ݔ‬െ1,‫ = ܦ‬2,
When ‫ = ݔ‬1,‫ = ܤ‬1 and ‫ = ܦ‬2, therefore, 2‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = ܥ‬െ2,
When ‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ܤ‬1 and ‫ = ܦ‬2, therefore, 3‫ ܣ‬+ 2‫ = ܥ‬െ2.
Solving the two equations, we find ‫ = ܣ‬െ2 and ‫ = ܥ‬2.
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬െ2,‫ = ܤ‬1,‫ = ܥ‬2 and ‫ = ܦ‬2.
Then,
൫௫ మାଵ൯ௗ௫ ஺ ஻ ஼ ஽
‫ ׬‬௫ మ(௫ାଵ) మ = ‫ ׬‬ቂ௫ + ௫మ
+ ௫ାଵ
+ (௫ାଵ) మ
ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫
= െ2 ‫׬‬ + ‫ ׬‬మ + 2‫׬‬ + 2‫(׬‬
௫ ௫ ௫ାଵ ௫ାଵ) మ
ଵ ଶ
= െ2 ln ‫ ݔ‬െ ௫ + 2 ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) െ ௫ାଵ + ܿ
Example(d).
൫௫ మ ାଵ൯ௗ௫
௫ య(௫ିଵ)
Solution:
൫௫ మାଵ൯ ஺ ஻ ஼ ஽
Let ௫ య( ௫ିଵ)
= ௫
+ ௫మ
+
௫య
+ ௫ିଵ
, therefore,
ଶ ଶ )(‫ݔ‬
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = ‫ݔ(ܣ‬ െ 1) + ‫ ݔ()ݔ(ܤ‬െ 1) + ‫ ݔ(ܥ‬െ 1) + ‫ ݔ(ܦ‬ଷ )
When ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ܥ‬െ1,
When ‫ = ݔ‬1,‫ = ܦ‬2,
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ1,‫ = ܥ‬െ1 and ‫ = ܦ‬2, therefore, ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ = ܤ‬െ1.
When ‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ܥ‬െ1 and ‫ = ܦ‬2, therefore, 2‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = ܤ‬െ5.
Solving the two equations, we find ‫ = ܣ‬െ2 and ‫ = ܤ‬െ1.
The values are ‫ = ܣ‬െ2,‫ = ܤ‬െ1,‫ = ܥ‬െ1 and ‫ = ܦ‬2.
Then,
൫௫ మାଵ൯ௗ௫ ஺ ஻ ஼ ஽
‫׬‬ ௫ య (௫ିଵ)
= ‫ ׬‬ቀ௫ + ௫మ
+ ௫య
+ ௫ିଵ
ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫
= െ2 ‫׬‬ െ‫׬‬ െ‫׬‬ + 2‫׬‬
௫ ௫మ ௫య ௫ିଵ
ଵ ଵ
= െ2 ln ‫ ݔ‬+ ௫
+ ଶ௫ మ
+ 2 ln(‫ ݔ‬െ 1) + ܿ
33
Exercise 3.2
ௗ௫
1. ‫ ׬‬௫(௫ିଷ) మ
(௬ିଵ) ௗ௬
2. ‫ ׬‬య మ
௬ ାଶ௬
൫ହ௫ యାଷ௫ మିହ௫ାଵ଴൯ௗ௫

3. ‫׬‬ (௫ିସ)(௫ାଵ) య
௬ௗ௬
4. ‫( ׬‬௬ା଺) మ(௬ାଵ)
൫ଶ௫ మାହ൯ௗ௫
5. ‫׬‬
௫ మ (௫ାଵ)
൫ଷ௫ మାଵ଴൯ௗ௫
6. ‫׬‬ ( ௫ మିଵ) మ
(௫ାଷ)ௗ௫
7. ‫ ׬‬య(ସ௫ାଷ)
௫
(௬ାଵ)ௗ௬
8. ‫ ׬‬௬మ(௬ିଵ) మ
൫ଶ௩ మ ା௩ିଷ൯ௗ௩
9. ‫ ׬‬௩ మ(௩ିଶ)(௩ାଷ)
௫ మௗ௫
10. ‫( ׬‬௫ାଷ) య
మ
൫௫ మାଵ൯ ௗ௫
11. ‫׬‬ (௫ మିଵ) మ
௫ మௗ௫
12. ‫( ׬‬௫ିଶ) మ (௫ାଷ) మ
(௬ାଶ)ௗ௬
13. ‫ ׬‬௬మ(௬ାଵ) మ (௬ାଷ)
ௗ௫
14. ‫( ׬‬௘ೣ
ିଵ) మ
ௗ௬
15. ‫׬‬
௘ ೤ (௘ ೤ ିଵ)
3.3 Quadratic Factors

When the denominator is in the form ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ with ܾ ଶ െ 4ܽܿ < 0, we
஺(ଶ௔௫ା௕)ା஻
assume the partial fraction ௔௫ మ ା௕௫ା௖ , where ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ ܤ‬are constants to be
determined.
For repeated quadratic factors, such as in the form (ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ) ௡ , we
assume the partial fraction,
࡭(૛ࢇ࢞ା࢈)ା࡮ ࡯(૛ࢇ࢞ା࢈) ାࡰ ࢅ(૛ࢇ࢞ା࢈)ାࢆ
+ ૛ + ‫ڮ‬+ ࢔.
ࢇ࢞૛ ା࢈࢞ାࢉ ૛ ൫ࢇ࢞ ା࢈࢞ାࢉ൯ ૛ ൫ࢇ࢞ ା࢈࢞ାࢉ൯
Example(a).
௫ௗ௫
௫ ା଼௫ାଶ଴
34
Solution:
௫ ஺(ଶ௫ା଼)ା஻
Let ௫ మା଼௫ାଶ଴
= ௫ మା଼௫ାଶ଴
‫(ܣ = ݔ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 8) + ‫ܤ‬
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ4,‫ = ܤ‬െ4,
ଵ
When ‫ = ݔ‬0 and ‫ = ܤ‬െ4,‫ = ܣ‬ଶ.
Then,
௫ௗ௫ ஺(ଶ௫ା଼)ା஻
‫ ׬‬௫ మା଼௫ାଶ଴ = ‫ ׬‬ቂ ௫ మ ା଼௫ାଶ଴ ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ (ଶ௫ା଼)ௗ௫ ௗ௫
=
ଶ
‫ ׬‬௫ మ ା଼௫ାଶ଴ െ 4 ‫ ׬‬௫ మା଼௫ାଶ଴
ଵ (ଶ௫ା଼)ௗ௫ ௗ௫
=
ଶ
‫ ׬‬௫ మ ା଼௫ାଶ଴ െ 4 ‫( ׬‬௫ାସ) మ ାସ
ଵ (௫ାସ)
= ln(‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬+ 20) െ 2 tanିଵ +ܿ
ଶ ଶ
Example(b).
ௗ௫
௫(௫ ାଵ)
Solution:
ଵ ஺ ஻(ଶ௫)ା஼
Let = +
௫(௫ మାଵ) ௫ ௫ మାଵ
ଶ
1 = ‫ ݔ(ܣ‬+ 1) + ‫(ܤ‬2‫ ݔ)ݔ‬+ ‫)ݔ(ܥ‬
When ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ܣ‬1,
When ‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ܣ‬1,2‫ ܤ‬െ ‫ = ܥ‬െ1.
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ1 and ‫ = ܣ‬1,2‫ ܤ‬+ ‫ = ܥ‬െ1.
ଵ
Solving the two equations, we find, ‫ = ܤ‬െ ଶ and ‫ = ܥ‬0.
ଵ
The known values are ‫ = ܣ‬1 and ‫ = ܤ‬െ ଶ.
Then,
ௗ௫ ஺ ஻( ଶ௫)ା஼
‫ ׬‬௫(௫ మାଵ) = ‫ ׬‬ቂ ௫ + ௫ మାଵ ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ଵ ଶ௫
= ‫׬‬ െ ‫ ׬‬మ
௫ ଶ ௫ ାଵ
ଵ
= ln ‫ ݔ‬െ ln(‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1) + ܿ
ଶ
Example(c).
ௗ௬
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬௬ మ (௬మାଵ) .
Solution:
ଵ ஺ ஻ ஼(ଶ௬)ା஽
Let = + +
௬ మ(௬ మାଵ) ௬ ௬మ ௬ మାଵ
1 = ‫ ݕ()ݕ(ܣ‬ଶ + 1) + ‫ ݕ(ܤ‬ଶ + 1) + ‫ ݕ(ܥ‬ଶ )(2‫ )ݕ‬+ ‫ ݕ(ܦ‬ଶ)
1 = ‫ ݕ(ܣ‬ଷ + ‫ )ݕ‬+ ‫ ݕ(ܤ‬ଶ + 1) + ‫(ܥ‬2‫ ݕ‬ଷ ) + ‫ ݕ(ܦ‬ଶ )
When ‫ = ݕ‬0, ‫ = ܤ‬1,
When ‫ = ݕ‬1 and ‫ = ܤ‬1, therefore, 2‫ ܣ‬+ 2‫ ܥ‬+ ‫ = ܦ‬െ1.
When ‫ = ݕ‬2 and ‫ = ܤ‬1, therefore, 5‫ ܣ‬+ 8‫ ܥ‬+ 2‫ = ܦ‬െ2.
When ‫ = ݕ‬െ1 and ‫ = ܤ‬1, therefore, 2‫ ܣ‬+ 2‫ ܥ‬െ ‫ = ܦ‬1.
Solving the equations, we find ‫ = ܣ‬0, ‫ = ܥ‬0 and ‫ = ܦ‬െ1.
The known values are ‫ = ܤ‬1 and ‫ = ܦ‬െ1.
Then,
ௗ௬ ஺ ஻ ஼(ଶ௬)ା஽
‫ ׬‬మ(௬ మ = ‫׬‬ቂ + మ + మ ቃ ݀‫ݕ‬
௬ ାଵ) ௬ ௬ ௬ ାଵ
ௗ௬ ௗ௬
= ‫ ׬‬௬ మ – ‫ ׬‬௬మାଵ
ଵ
= െ െ tanିଵ ‫ ݕ‬+ ܿ
௬
35
Evaluate(d).
(௫ାଵ)ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫( ׬‬௫ మାଵ) మ .
Solution:
(௫ାଵ) ஺( ଶ௫)ା஻ ஼(ଶ௫)ା஽
Let (௫ మାଵ) మ
= +
௫ మାଵ (௫ మାଵ) మ
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = ‫(ܣ‬2‫ ݔ()ݔ‬+ 1) + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬ଶ + 1) + ‫(ܥ‬2‫ )ݔ‬+ ‫ܦ‬
ଶ
When ‫ = ݔ‬0, therefore, ‫ ܤ‬+ ‫ = ܦ‬0.

When ‫ = ݔ‬1, therefore, 4‫ ܣ‬+ 2‫ ܤ‬+ 2‫ ܥ‬+ ‫ = ܦ‬2.
When ‫ = ݔ‬െ1, therefore, 4‫ ܣ‬െ 2‫ ܤ‬+ 2‫ ܥ‬െ ‫ = ܦ‬0.
When ‫ = ݔ‬2, therefore, 20‫ ܣ‬+ 5‫ ܤ‬+ 4‫ ܥ‬+ ‫ = ܦ‬3.
ଵ
Solving the equations, we find ‫ = ܣ‬0, ‫ = ܤ‬0,‫ = ܥ‬and ‫ = ܦ‬1.
ଶ
ଵ
The known values are ‫ = ܥ‬and ‫ = ܦ‬1.
ଶ
Then,
(௫ାଵ)ௗ௫ ஺(ଶ௫)ା஻ ஼(ଶ௫)ା஽
‫( ׬‬௫ మାଵ) మ = ‫ ׬‬ቂ ௫ మାଵ + (௫ మାଵ) మ ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ௫ௗ௫ ௗ௫
=
ଶ
‫( ׬‬௫ మାଵ) మ + ‫( ׬‬௫ మ ାଵ) మ
ଵ ௗ௫
= െ ଶ(௫ మାଵ) + ‫ ( ׬‬௫ మାଵ) మ
Taking the second integrand,
ௗ௫
‫( ׬‬௫ మାଵ) మ
By trigonometric substitution, let ‫ = ݔ‬tan ‫ݑ‬ and ݀‫ = ݔ‬secଶ ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬,
therefore,
ௗ௫ ୱୣୡమ ௨ௗ௨
‫( ׬‬௫ మାଵ) మ = ‫୲( ׬‬ୟ୬మ ௨ାଵ) మ
ୱୣୡమ ௨ௗ௨
= ‫ ׬‬ୱୣୡర ௨
= ‫ ׬‬cosଶ ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬
ଵ
= ‫(׬‬1 + cos2‫ݑ݀)ݑ‬
ଶ
ଵ ଵ
= ‫ ݑ‬+ sin 2‫ݑ‬
ଶ ସ
ଵ ଵ ௫
= ଶ
tanିଵ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ ቀ௫ మାଵቁ + ܿ
Then,
(௫ାଵ)ௗ௫ ଵ ଵ ଵ ௫ ଵ (௫ିଵ)
‫( ׬‬௫ మାଵ) మ = െ ଶ(௫ మାଵ) + ଶ tanିଵ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ ቀ௫ మାଵቁ + ܿ = ଶ
tanିଵ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ(௫ మାଵ)
+ܿ
Exercise 3.3
଺ௗ௫
1. ‫ ׬‬௫ మାଶ௫ାଵ଴
ௗ௫
2. ‫ ׬‬௬యାସ௬ మାହଶ௬
ௗ௫
3. ‫ ׬‬௫ మାସ
௫ௗ௫
4. ‫ ׬‬௫ మା଺௫ାଵ଼
௫ మௗ௫
5. ‫ ׬‬య మ
௫ ା௫ ା௫
36
௫ௗ௫
6. ‫( ׬‬௫ାଵ)(௫ మ
ାଶ)
(ଷ௩ା଼)ௗ௩
7. ‫ ׬‬௩ మା଺௩ାଶହ
ௗ௧
8. ‫ ׬‬௧ మା଺௧ାଵଷ
(ଷ௫ାଵ)ௗ௫
9. ‫׬‬ ௫ యାସ௫
(௫ାଶ) ௗ௫
10. ‫( ׬‬௫ିଶ)(௫ మାସ)
(௫ାଷ)ௗ௫
11. ‫׬‬
௫ మାଶ௫ାହ
൫௫ రା௫ିଵ൯ௗ௫
12. ‫׬‬ (ଵା௫ మ) మ
ୱ୧୬ ௫ௗ௫
13. ‫ ׬‬ୡ୭ୱమ ௫ାଶ ୡ୭ୱ ௫ାସ
ୡୱୡమ ఏௗఏ
14. ‫׬‬
ୡ୭ୱయ ఏାଽ ୡ୭୲ ఏ
ௗ௫
15. ‫׬‬
௘ మೣ ିଵ଴௘ ೣ ାଽ
3.4 Rational Functions of Sines and Cosines

When the integrand is a rational function of sines and cosines, the substitution,
௫
‫ = ݕ‬tan ቀ ቁ, provided that െߨ < ‫ߨ < ݔ‬,
ଶ
௫
will transform the rational function in terms of variable ‫ݕ‬. From ‫ = ݕ‬tan , we note
ଶ
that,
௫ ଵ ଵ ଵ
cosቀ ቁ = ೣ = = మ
ଶ ೣ
ୱୣୡቀ ቁ ඥଵା௬
మ ටଵା୲ୟ୬మ ቀ ቁ
మ
௫ ௫ ௫ ௬
sin ቀଶቁ = tan ቀଶቁ cosቀଶቁ =
ඥଵା௬ మ
From the identities above, we find that,

࢞ ૛࢟૛ ૚ି࢟૛
‫ = ࢞ ܛܗ܋‬૚ െ ૛ ‫ܖܑܛ‬૛ ቀ૛ቁ = ૚ െ ૚ା࢟૛ = ૚ା࢟૛
࢞ ࢞ ૛࢟
‫ = ࢞ ܖܑܛ‬૛ ‫ ܖܑܛ‬ቀ ቁ ‫ ܛܗ܋‬ቀ ቁ =
૛ ૛ ૚ା࢟૛
and since ‫ = ݔ‬2 tanିଵ ‫ݕ‬, thus,

ଶௗ௬
݀‫= ݔ‬
ଵା௬ మ
These substitutions will produce a rational function in ‫ݕ‬.
Example(a).
ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ଵାୡ୭ୱ ௫.
37
Solution:
ଵି௬ మ ଶௗ௬
Since cos‫= ݔ‬ and ݀‫= ݔ‬ , therefore,
ଵା௬ మ ଵା௬ మ
ௗ௫ ଵ ଶௗ௬
‫ ׬‬ଵାୡ୭ୱ ௫ = ‫ ׬‬൥ భష೤మ
ቀ
ଵା௬ మ
ቁ൩
ଵା
భశ೤మ
= ‫ݕ݀ ׬‬
= ‫ݕ‬+ ܿ
௫
And ‫ = ݕ‬tan ቀଶቁ, thus,
ௗ௫ ௫
‫ ׬‬ଵାୡ୭ୱ ௫ = tan ቀଶቁ + ܿ
Example(b).
ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ଷାୱ୧୬ ௫ .
Solution:
ଶ௬ ଶௗ௬
Since sin ‫= ݔ‬ మ
and ݀‫= ݔ‬ ,therefore,
ଵା௬ ଵା௬ మ
‫ ׬‬ଷାୱ୧୬ ௫ = ‫ ׬‬ቈ మ೤ ቀ ቁ቉
ଷା ଵା௬ మ
భశ೤మ
ௗ௬
= 2‫׬‬
ଷ௬ మ ାଶ௬ାଷ
ଶ ௗ௬
= ‫׬‬ మ
ଷ ௬ మା ௬ାଵ
య
ଶ ௗ௬
=
ଷ
‫׬‬ భ మ
మ
ξఴ
ቀ௬ା ቁ ା൬ ൰
య య
ξଶ ξଶ(ଷ௬ାଵ)
= tanିଵ +ܿ
ଶ ସ
௫
And ‫ = ݕ‬tan ቀଶቁ, thus,
ௗ௫ ξଶ ξଶ ௫
‫ ׬‬ଷାୱ୧୬ ௫ = ଶ
tanିଵ ቄ ସ ቂ3 tan ቀଶቁ + 1ቃቅ + ܿ
Example(c).
ௗ௫
Evaluate the ‫ ׬‬ଵାଶୡ୭ୱ ௫.
Solution:
‫ ׬‬ଵାଶୡ୭ୱ ௫ = ‫ ׬‬൥ భష೤మ
ቀ
ଵା௬ మ
ቁ൩
ଵାଶ൬ ൰
భశ೤మ
ௗ௬
= െ2 ‫ ׬‬௬మିଷ
ௗ௬
= െ2 ‫׬‬
൫௬ିξଷ൯൫௬ାξଷ൯
By integration by partial fraction, we have,
ିଶ ஺ ஻
൫௬ି ଷ൯൫௬ା ଷ൯
= ௬ି ଷ + ௬ା ଷ
ξ ξ ξ ξ
െ2 = ‫ܣ‬൫‫ ݕ‬+ ξ3൯ + ‫ܤ‬൫‫ ݕ‬െ ξ3൯
ξଷ
When ‫ = ݕ‬ξ3,‫ = ܣ‬െ ,
ଷ
ξଷ
When ‫ = ݕ‬െξ3,‫= ܤ‬ ଷ
.
Then,
ௗ௬ ξଷ ௗ௬ ξଷ ௗ௬
െ2 ‫ ׬‬൫௬ି = െ ‫ ׬‬௬ି ଷ + ‫ ׬‬௬ା ଷ
ξଷ൯൫௬ାξଷ൯ ଷ ξ ଷ ξ
38
ξଷ ξଷ
= െ ଷ
ln൫‫ ݕ‬െ ξ3൯ + ଷ
ln൫‫ݕ‬ + ξ3൯ + ܿ
ξଷ ௬ା ଷ
= ln ቀ ξ ቁ+ ܿ
ଷ ௬ି ξଷ
௫
Since ‫ = ݕ‬tan ቀ ቁ, therefore,
ଶ
ೣ
ௗ௫ ξଷ ୲ୟ୬ቀ ቁାξଷ
‫ ׬‬ଵାଶୡ୭ୱ ௫ = ଷ
ln ቈ మೣ ቉ +ܿ
୲ୟ୬ቀ ቁିξଷ
మ
Example(d).
ௗ௫
ୱ୧୬ ௫ାୡ୭ୱ ௫
Solution:
‫ ׬‬ୱ୧୬ ௫ାୡ୭ୱ ௫ = ‫ ׬‬൥ మ೤ భష೤మ
ቀ
ଵା௬ మ
ቁ൩
ା
భశ೤మ భశ೤మ
ௗ௬
= െ2 ‫ ׬‬௬ మିଶ௬ିଵ
ௗ௬
= െ2 ‫( ׬‬௬ିଵ) మ
ିଶ
By algebraic substitution, let ‫ ݕ = ݑ‬െ 1 and ݀‫ݕ݀ = ݑ‬, therefore,
ௗ௬ ௗ௨
െ2 ‫( ׬‬ మ = െ2 ‫ ׬‬మ
௬ିଵ) ିଶ ௨ ିଶ
Integrating by partial fraction, we have,
ௗ௨ ஺ ஻
െ2 ‫׬‬ = െ2 ‫ ׬‬ቀ + ቁ ݀‫ݑ‬
൫௨ି ଶ൯൫௨ାξଶ൯
ξ ௨ି ଶ ξ ௨ା ξଶ
ିଶ ஺ ஻
= +
൫௨ିξଶ൯൫௨ାξଶ൯ ௨ିξଶ ௨ା ξଶ
െ2 = ‫ܣ‬൫‫ ݑ‬+ ξ2൯ + ‫ܤ‬൫‫ ݑ‬െ ξ2൯
ξଶ
When ‫ = ݑ‬ξ2, ‫ = ܣ‬െ ଶ
,
ξଶ
When ‫ = ݑ‬െξ2,‫= ܤ‬ .
ଶ
Then,
ௗ௨ ξଶ ௗ௨ ξଶ ௗ௨
െ2 ‫׬‬ = െ ‫ ׬‬௨ିξଶ + ଶ ‫ ׬‬௨ାξଶ
൫௨ିξଶ൯൫௨ାξଶ൯ ଶ
ξଶ ξଶ
= െ ଶ
ln൫‫ ݑ‬െ ξ2൯ + ଶ
ln൫‫ ݑ‬+ ξ2൯ + ܿ
ξଶ ௨ା ξଶ
= ln ቀ ቁ +ܿ
ଶ ௨ିξଶ
௫
Since ‫ ݕ = ݑ‬െ 1 and ‫ = ݕ‬tan ቀଶቁ, thus,
ೣ
ௗ௫ ξଶ ൫ଵିξଶ൯ି୲ୟ୬ቀ ቁ
మ
‫ ׬‬ୱ୧୬ ௫ାୡ୭ୱ ௫ = ଶ
ln ቈ ೣ ቉ +ܿ
൫ଵାξଶ൯ି୲ୟ୬ቀ ቁ
మ
Exercise 3.4
ௗ௫
1. ‫ ׬‬ଶାୱ୧୬ ௫
ௗ௫
2. ‫ ׬‬ଵିୱ୧୬ ௫
ௗ௫
3. ‫ ׬‬ଵାୱ୧୬ ௫
ௗ௫
4. ‫׬‬
ଶାୡ୭ୱ ௫
39
ௗ௫
5. ‫׬‬
ଵିୡ୭ୱ ௫
ௗ௫
6. ‫׬‬
ଶିୱ୧୬ ௫
ୡ୭ୱ ௫ௗ௫
7. ‫׬‬
ଶିୡ୭ୱ ௫
ௗ௫
8. ‫ ׬‬ସାଶ ୱ୧୬ ௫
ௗ௫
9. ‫ ׬‬ୱ୧୬ ௫ିୡ୭ୱ ௫
ௗ௫
10. ‫ ׬‬ଵାୡ୭ୱ ௫ାୱ୧୬ ௫
ௗ௫
11. ‫ ׬‬ସାହ ୡ୭ୱ ௫
ௗ௫
12. ‫ ׬‬ଶାୱ୧୬ ௫ାଷ ୡ୭ୱ ௫
୲ୟ୬ ௫ௗ௫
13. ‫׬‬
ୱୣୡ ௫ା୲ୟ୬ ௫
14. ‫ ׬‬sec ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

15. ‫ ׬‬csc ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
40
Chapter 4
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Outline:
4.1 Summation Notation
4.2 The Definite Integrals
4.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
4.4 Wallis’ Formula
4.5 Numerical Integration
Overview:
We had already done with indefinite integrals, its formulas and methods of
integration.
This chapter will now discuss the basic definition of definite integral and its
properties. We will begin first with summation notation, its definition and properties.
We will also introduce the fundamental theorem of integral calculus that applies the
idea of definite integrals. Also some method of direct evaluation of definite integral
which includes Wallis’ Formula will be discussed. Numerical integration will also
introduced which include Simpson’s rule, Trapezoidal rule and Midpoint rule.
Objectives:

1. Define summation notation.
2. Evaluate summation notation.
3. Define definite integral.
4. Evaluate definite integrals.
5. Evaluate definite integrals using Wallis’ formula.
6. Evaluate definite integrals using numerical integration.
41
4.1 Summation Notation
Summation notation is a technique developed to reduce the work of writing out
sums. Summation notation use the Greek letter Ȉ, capital sigma.
Consider the sum,
‫ݑ‬ଵ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଷ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ‫ݑ‬௡
can be written as,
σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫ݑ‬௜
The symbol is read, “the sum from ݅ = 1 to ݊ of ‫ ݑ‬sub ݅”, where, ݅ is called
the index of summation, ݊ is the upper limit of summation and 1 is the lower limit of
summation.
For example,
௜ ଴ ଵ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ
σହ௜ୀ଴ = ଵା଴ + ଵାଵ + ଵାଶ + ଵାଷ + ଵାସ + ଵାହ = 3.55
ଵା௜
଺ ଶ௜ ଶ( ଶ) ଶ(ଷ) ଶ(ସ) ଶ(ହ)
σ௜ୀଶ ݅ = 2 +3 +4 +5 + 6ଶ(଺) = 2,186,614,242
σ௡௜ୀଵ(‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ )ݕ‬௜ = (‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ )ݕ‬ଵ + (‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ )ݕ‬ଶ + (‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ )ݕ‬ଷ + ‫ ڮ‬+ (‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ )ݕ‬௡
Properties:
1. σ௡௜ୀଵ ܿ ܽ௜ = ܿ σ௡௜ୀଵ ܽ௜
2. σ௡௜ୀଵ(ܽ௜ + ܾ௜ ) = σ௡௜ୀଵ ܽ௜ + σ௡௜ୀଵ ܾ௜
Summation Formulas:
1. σ௡௜ୀଵ ܿ = ݊ܿ , where ܿ is constant
௡(௡ାଵ)
2. σ௡௜ୀଵ ݅ = ଶ
௡( ௡ାଵ) (ଶ௡ାଵ)
3. σ௡௜ୀଵ ݅ ଶ =
଺
௡మ (௡ାଵ) మ
4. σ௡௜ୀଵ ݅ ଷ = ସ
Example(a).
Evaluate σହ௜ୀଵ(6݅ + 5) .
Solution:
σହ௜ୀଵ(6݅ + 5) = 6 σହ௜ୀଵ ݅ + σହ௜ୀଵ 5
ହ(ହାଵ)
= 6ቂ ቃ + 5(5)
ଶ
= 115
Example(b).
ଷ
Evaluate σଵ଴
௜ୀଵ 5݅ ቀ݅ + ௜ ቁ.
Solution:
ଷ
σଵ଴ ଵ଴ ଶ
௜ୀଵ 5݅ ቀ݅ + ௜ ቁ = σ௜ୀଵ(5݅ + 15)
ଵ଴
= 5 σ௜ୀଵ ݅ + σଵ଴
ଶ
௜ୀଵ 15
[ ଵ଴] [ଵ଴ାଵ][ଶ(ଵ଴) ାଵ]
= 5ቄ ଺
ቅ + 15(10)
= 2,075
Example(c).
Evaluate σ଻௜ୀଵ(݅ + 1) ଷ .
Solution:
σ଻௜ୀଵ(݅ + 1) ଷ = σ଻௜ୀଵ( ݅ ଷ + 3݅ ଶ + 3݅ + 1)
42
= σ଻௜ୀଵ ݅ ଷ + 3 σ଻௜ୀଵ ݅ ଶ + 3 σ଻௜ୀଵ ݅ + σ଻௜ୀଵ 1
(଻) మ(଻ାଵ) మ [଻][଻ାଵ][ଶ(଻)ାଵ] ଻(଻ାଵ)
= ቂ ቃ+ 3ቄ ቅ+ 3ቂ ቃ + 7(1)
ସ ଺ ଶ
= 1,295
Example(d).
ଵ ଶ ଶ ଷ ଷ ସ ହ଴ ହଵ
Write the sum of ቀଷቁ + ቀସቁ + ቀହቁ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ቀହଶቁ in summation notation.
Solution:
ଵ ଶ ଶ ଷ ଷ ସ ହ଴ ହଵ ௜ ௜ାଵ
ቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ + ‫ڮ‬+ ቀ ቁ
ଷ ସ ହ ହଶ
= σହ଴
௜ୀଵ ቀ௜ାଶቁ
Exercise 4.1
I. Find the sum.
1. σ଺௜ୀଵ(2݅ + 6) ଶ
2. σହ௜ୀ௜ 3݅ ଷ
3. σ଻௜ୀଵ(݅ െ 6) ଷ
4. σଷ௜ୀଵ ݅ ଶ (3݅ + 6)
5. σଽ௜ୀଵ(݅ + 7) ଶ
6. σ଺௜ୀଵ(5݅ ଷ െ 1) ଶ
7. σଷ௜ୀଵ ݅(݅ െ 7)(݅ + 7)
8. σହ௜ୀଵ 4݅ ସ
9. σ଻௜ୀଵ(5݅ + ݅ ଶ െ ݅ ଷ )
10. σଵଵ
௜ୀଵ(݅ + 7)
ଷ
II. Write the sum into summation notation.

1. 5ଵ + 5ଶ + 5ଷ + ‫ ڮ‬+ 5ଵ଴଴
ଵ ଶ ଷ ଵ଴଴
2. + + + ‫ڮ‬+
ଶ ଷ ସ ଵ଴ଵ
ଵ ଶ ସ ଷ ଽ ସ ଵ଴଴ ଵଵ
3. ቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ቀ ቁ
ଶ ଷ ସ ଵଵ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
4. ସ
+ ଺
+ ଼
+ ‫ڮ‬+ ଶ଴
௫భ ௫మ ௫య ௫భబ
5. ௬భ
+ ௬మ
+ ௬య
+ ‫ڮ‬+ ௬భబ
43
4.2 The Definite Integrals
Consider the figure,
࢟ ࢟ = ࢌ(࢞)
࢞
ܽ = ‫ݔ‬଴ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ …… ….. ‫ݔ‬௡ିଵ ‫ݔ‬௡ = ܾ
Given a function ݂(‫ )ݔ‬defined on [ܽ, ܾ] and divide the partition of [ܽ, ܾ] into
݊ subintervals of equal width [‫ݔ‬଴,‫ݔ‬ଵ], [‫ݔ‬ଵ,‫ݔ‬ଶ],…, [‫ݔ‬௡ିଵ, ‫ݔ‬௡ ] and from each interval
choose a point ‫ݔ‬௜ . Choose any point ‫ݔ‬ଵ from the first subinterval [‫ݔ‬଴,‫ݔ‬ଵ] and
multiply ݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ ) by ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬଴. From the second subinterval [‫ݔ‬ଵ , ‫ݔ‬ଶ ], choose any point
‫ݔ‬ଶ and multiply ݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ ) by ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ . Continue taking products, one for each
subinterval and then compute the sum
݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ )(‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬଴ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ)(‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ) + ‫ ڮ‬+ ݂(‫ݔ‬௡ )(‫ݔ‬௡ െ ‫ݔ‬௡ିଵ )
Writing the sum in summation notation, we have,

σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) ο‫ݔ‬௜
which is called the Riemann Sum, named in the honor of the German mathematician
Bernhard Riemann.
If the sum was obtained and get closer and closer to one fixed number as the
width of the subintervals get closer and closer to zero, then,
௕
lim௫՜଴ σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) ο‫ݔ‬௜ = ‫׬‬௔ ݂ (‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
is called the definite integral or Riemann integral, which reads as, “the integral of
݂(‫ ݔ݀)ݔ‬from ܽ to ܾ”.
4.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

If ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous on [ܽ,ܾ] and suppose that ‫ )ݔ(ܨ‬is the antiderivative of
݂(‫)ݔ‬, then
௕
‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ ])ݔ(ܨ[ = )ݔ‬௕௔ = ‫ )ܾ(ܨ‬െ ‫)ܽ(ܨ‬
where ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is the function, ‫ )ݔ(ܨ‬is the integral of ݂(‫)ݔ‬, ܽ is the lower limit and ܾ
is the upper limit.
44
Properties of Definite Integrals
௕ ௔
1. ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬െ ‫׬‬௕ ݂(‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
௔
2. ‫׬‬௔ ݂( ‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬0, same limits
௕ ௖ ௕
3. ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫׬ = ݔ݀)ݔ‬௔ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬+ ‫׬‬௖ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
௕ ௕
4. ‫׬‬௔ ݂ܿ(‫׬ ܿ = ݔ݀)ݔ‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬, where ܿ is constant
௕
5. ‫׬‬௔ ܿ ݀‫ ܾ(ܿ = ݔ‬െ ܽ)
௕ ௕ ௕
6. ‫׬‬௔ [݂(‫ )ݔ‬± ݃(‫׬ = ݔ݀])ݔ‬௔ ݂(‫ ݔ݀)ݔ‬± ‫׬‬௔ ݃(‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
௕ ௕
7. ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫׬ = ݔ݀)ݔ‬௔ ݂ (‫ݐ݀)ݐ‬
Example(a).
ଵ ଶ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
ଶ ଵ
ଵ ଵ (ହ௫ାଷ) య
‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ݀‫= ݔ‬ ቚ ቚ
ହ ଷ ଴
[ହ(ଵ)ାଷ] య [ହ(଴)ାଷ] య
= ଵହ
െ ଵହ
ଽ଻
= ଷ
Example(b).
ଶ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ln ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
By integration by parts, let ‫ = ݑ‬ln ‫ݔ‬ and ݀‫ݔ݀ݔ = ݒ‬, therefore,
ௗ௫ ௫మ
݀‫= ݑ‬ ௫
and ‫= ݒ‬ ଶ
, then,
ଶ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ln ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ଶ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ln ‫ ݔ‬െ ଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ ׬‬
ଵ ଵ ଶ
= ቚଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ln ‫ ݔ‬െ ସ ‫ ݔ‬ଶቚ
ଵ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቂଶ (2) ଶ ln(2) െ ସ (2) ଶ ቃ െ ቂଶ (1) ଶ ln(1) െ ସ (1) ଶ ቃ
ଶ
‫׬‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ln ‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ = ݔ‬0.636
Example(c).
ଶ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ଵ ඥξ‫ ݔ‬െ 1 ݀‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
By algebraic substitution, let ‫ = ݑ‬ξ‫ ݔ‬െ 1, therefore,
‫ ݑ‬+ 1 = ξ‫ݔ‬,(‫ ݑ‬+ 1) ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬and 2(‫ ݑ‬+ 1)݀‫ݔ݀ = ݑ‬, then,
ଶ ଶ
‫׬‬ଵ ඥξ‫ ݔ‬െ 1 ݀‫׬ = ݔ‬଴ ξ‫[ ݑ‬2(‫ ݑ‬+ 1)݀‫]ݑ‬
ଶ య భ
= 2 ‫׬‬଴ ቀ‫ݑ‬మ + ‫ ݑ‬మቁ ݀‫ݑ‬
ఱ య
௨మ ௨మ
= 2ቆ ఱ + య ቇ
మ మ
ఱ య
௨మ ௨మ
= 4ቆହ + ଷ
ቇ
Since ‫ = ݑ‬ξ‫ ݔ‬െ 1, therefore,

ఱ య ଶ
൫ξ௫ିଵ൯ మ ൫ξ௫ିଵ൯మ
= 4อ ହ
+ ଷ
อ
ଵ
45
ఱ య ఱ య
൫ξଶିଵ൯ మ ൫ξଶିଵ൯ మ ൫ξଵିଵ൯ మ ൫ξଵିଵ൯ మ
= 4൥ ହ
+ ଷ
൩ െ 4൥
ହ
+ ଷ
൩
ଶ
‫׬‬ଵ ඥξ‫ ݔ‬െ 1 ݀‫ = ݔ‬0.444
Example(d).
ഏ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬ഏయ sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
ర
Solution:
ഏ
ഏ
ୱ୧୬మ ௫ య
‫׬‬ഏయ sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬ቚ ଶ
ቚഏ
ర
ర
ഏ ഏ
ୱ୧୬మ ቀ ቁ ୱ୧୬మ ቀ ቁ ଵ
య ర
= ଶ
െ ଶ
= ଼
Exercise 4.2
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
ଵ
1. ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ହ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
2. ‫ି׬‬ଵ(3‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ݕ݀)ݕ‬
ଷ ௗ௫
3. ‫׬‬ଵ ହ௫ ఱ
ଶ
4. ‫׬‬଴ ξ3‫ݓ‬ + 6݀‫ݓ‬
ଶ ହ ଷ
5. ‫ି׬‬ଵ ቀ6 െ మ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
௬
ହ
6. ‫׬‬଴ ‫(ݔ‬3‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 7)݀‫ݔ‬
ഏ
7. ‫׬‬଴ర sec ‫ ݕ‬tan ‫ݕ݀ݕ‬
ଵ ௗ௬
8. ‫׬‬଴
ඥହ௬ା଺
ଶ ௗ௫
9. ‫׬‬భ య
మ (ଷ௫ାହ) మ
ଷ ଵ
10. ‫ି׬‬భ ቀ5‫ ݔ‬+ ଷ௫ మ
ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
మ
ହ ௗ௬
11. ‫׬‬଴ ఱ
ξ௬
ଶగ ୱ୧୬ ଶఈௗఈ
12. ‫׬‬଴ ୡ୭ୱ ఈ
ଷ (ଶା௬)ௗ௬
13. ‫׬‬ଵ య
ξ௬
ଵ (௘ ೣ ିଵ)ௗ௫
14. ‫׬‬଴
௘ ೣ ାଵ
ଶ (ଷା௘ ೣ )ௗ௫
15. ‫׬‬଴
ξଷ௫ା௘ ೣ
46
4.4 Wallis’ Formula
Consider the definite integral,
ഏ
‫׬‬଴మ sin ௠ ‫ ݔ‬cos௡ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
in which ݉ and ݊ are nonnegative integers.
The above integral can be evaluated by applying the Wallis’ formula,

ഏ
ൣ(௠ିଵ)( ௠ିଷ)…మ೚ೝ ൧ൣ(௡ିଵ)(௡ିଷ)…మ೚ೝ ൧
‫׬‬଴మ sin ௠ ‫ ݔ‬cos௡ ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ భ
(௠ା௡)(௠ା௡ିଶ)…మ೚ೝ
భ
× ߙ,
భ
గ
where ߙ = if ݉ and ݊ are even integers and ߙ = 1 if either ݉ or ݊ or both
ଶ
are odd integers.
గ
Wallis’ formula require only limits from 0 to . If the limits do not satisfy the
ଶ
required limits, then, derive ‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫ ݔ‬to obtain the required limits.
Example(a).
ഏ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬଴మ sin଺ ‫ ݔ‬cosସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
ഏ
[(଺ିଵ)(଺ିଷ)( ଺ିହ)][(ସିଵ)(ସିଷ)] గ
‫׬‬଴మ sin ଺ ‫ ݔ‬cosସ ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ (଺ାସ)(଺ାସିଶ)( ଺ାସିସ)(଺ାସି଺)(଺ାସି଼)
×
ଶ
[(ହ)(ଷ)(ଵ)][(ଷ)(ଵ)] గ
= (ଵ଴)(଼)(଺)(ସ)(ଶ)
× ଶ
ഏ
ଷగ
‫׬‬଴మ sin ଺ ‫ ݔ‬cosସ ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ ହଵଶ
Example(b).
ഏ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬଴మ sin଻ ‫ ݔ‬cosସ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬.
Solution:
ഏ
[( ଺)( ସ)( ଶ)] [(ଷ)(ଵ)]
‫׬‬଴మ sin ଻ ‫ ݔ‬cosସ ‫= ݔ݀ ݔ‬ (ଵଵ) (ଽ) (଻) (ହ) (ଷ) (ଵ)
ଵ଺
=
ଵ,ଵହହ
Example(c).
ഏ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬଴ sinଵ଴ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬.
మ
Solution:
ഏ
(ଽ)(଻)(ହ)(ଷ)(ଵ) గ
‫׬‬଴మ sinଵ଴ ‫= ݕ݀ ݕ‬ (ଵ଴) (଼)(଺)(ସ)(ଶ)
×
ଶ
଺ଷగ
= ହଵଶ
Example(d).
గ ଵ ଵ
Evaluate the ‫׬‬଴ sin଺ ቀ ‫ݕ‬ቁ cos଼ ቀ ‫ݕ‬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬.
ଶ ଶ
Solution:
గ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ sin଺ ቀଶ ‫ݕ‬ቁ cos଼ ቀଶ ‫ݕ‬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ
Let ‫ = ݕ ;ߠ = ݕ‬2ߠ, then ݀‫ = ݕ‬2݀ߠ.
ଶ
From ‫ = ݕ‬2ߠ,
When ‫ = ݕ‬0, ߠ = 0.
47
గ
When ‫ߨ = ݕ‬, ߠ = ଶ .
Therefore,
ഏ
గ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ sin଺ ቀଶ ‫ݕ‬ቁ cos଼ ቀଶ ‫ݕ‬ቁ ݀‫׬ = ݕ‬଴మ sin ଺ ߠ cos଼ ߠ (2݀ߠ)
[(ହ)(ଷ)(ଵ)][(଻)(ହ)(ଷ)(ଵ)] గ
= 2 ቄ( × ቅ
ଵସ)(ଵଶ)(ଵ଴) (଼)(଺)(ସ)(ଶ) ଶ
ହగ
= ଶ,଴ସ଼
Exercise 4.3
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
ഏ
1. ‫׬‬଴మ sin ଺ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ഏ
2. ‫׬‬଴మ sinଵ଴ ‫ ݔ‬cos଻ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ഏ
3. ‫׬‬଴మ sinଵଶ 2ߠ cos2ߠ ݀ߠ
ഏ
4. ‫׬‬଴మ cosହ ‫ ݕ‬sin଺ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
ഏ
5. ‫׬‬଴మ sin ଷ ‫ ݔ‬cosଵ଴ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ഏ
6. ‫׬‬଴మ cos଺ ‫ ݕ‬sinଶ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
ഏ
7. ‫׬‬଴మ sin ଽ ߚ cosߚ݀ߚ
ഏ
8. ‫׬‬଴మ sin ଶ 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ഏ
9. ‫׬‬଴ర sin ଶ 2‫ ݔ‬cos଼ 2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ഏ ଵ ଵ
10. ‫׬‬଴ cosଷ ቀ ߠቁ cos଻ ቀ ߠቁ ݀ߠ
ଶ ଶ
ഏ
଼ ଵ଴
11. ‫׬‬଴ sin 3‫ ݔ‬cos 3‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ల
ഏ ଵ ଵ
12. ‫׬‬଴ sin ହ ቀଶ ‫ݕ‬ቁ cosଵ଴ ቀଶ ‫ݕ‬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ഏ
୲ୟ୬ల ଶఉௗఉ
13. ‫׬‬଴ర
ୱୣୡఴ ଶఉ
ഏ
14. ‫׬‬଴ cos଼ 3‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ల
ഏ
15. ‫׬‬଴భమ sin ସ 6‫ ݔ‬cos6‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
48
4.5 Numerical Integration
In evaluating definite integrals using the Fundamental Theorem, we must first
find the antiderivative of the integral. It is not always easy to find the antiderivative of
some functions.
మ
Consider the ‫ ݁ ׬‬௫ ݀‫ݔ‬. The integral does not exist and no one from the
previous topics can find for the antiderivative of that function.
Suppose that a function ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous on [ܽ, ܾ]. If we don’t know the
௕
antiderivative of the function, how can we approximate for the value of ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬.
Aside from the Reimann sums in approximating definite integrals, there are other
methods of approximations that are available. These methods are the Trapezoidal
Rule, the Simpson’s Rule and the Midpoint Rule.
I. Trapezoidal Rule
Let ݂(‫ )ݔ‬be continuous on the interval [ܽ,ܾ]. Consider the figure below,
ࢌ(࢞)
ࢌ( ࢞࢏ )
ࢌ(࢞࢏ି૚ )
ࢇ ࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏ ࢈
࢈ െࢇ
ο࢞࢏ =
࢔
௕ି௔
where ݊ are the subintervals of [ܽ,ܾ] and each one has a length of .
௡
Taking the two Riemann sums of the two endpoints ‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ and ‫ݔ‬௜ ,
σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ)ο‫ݔ‬௜ and σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜ ,
and their average,
ଵ ଵ
[σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ )ο‫ݔ‬௜ + σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜ ] = σ௡௜ୀଵ [݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )] ο‫ݔ‬௜
ଶ ଶ
௕ି௔
= σ௡௜ୀଵ[݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )]
ଶ௡
௕ି௔
= {[݂(‫ݔ‬଴ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ )] + [݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ )] + ‫ ڮ‬+ [݂(‫ݔ‬௡ିଵ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௡ )]}
ଶ௡
௕ି௔
= [݂(ܽ) + 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) + ‫ ڮ‬+ 2݂(‫ݔ‬௡ିଵ ) + ݂(ܾ)]
ଶ௡
The average is the area of the trapezoid which is approximately the area
under the curve from ‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ to ‫ݔ‬௜ .
Therefore,
࢈ ࢈ିࢇ
‫ ࢞ࢊ)࢞(ࢌ ࢇ׬‬ൎ ૛࢔
[ࢌ(ࢇ) + ૛ࢌ(࢞૚ ) + ‫ ڮ‬+ ૛ࢌ(࢞࢔ି૚ ) + ࢌ(࢈)]
49
II. Simpson’s Rule
Simpson’s rule uses parabolas to approximate the area under a curve.
Simpson’s rule is more accurate than the trapezoidal rule
Consider the figure below,
Parabola ࢌ( ࢞)
൫െο࢞࢏,ࢌ(࢞࢏ି૚ )൯ ൫૙,ࢌ(࢞࢏ )൯
൫ο࢞࢏ ,ࢌ(࢞࢏ା૚ )൯
ࢇ െο࢞࢏ ૙ ο࢞࢏ ࢈
࢈െࢇ
ο࢞࢏ =
࢔
Let ‫ ݔܣ = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔܤ‬+ ‫ ܥ‬be the equation of the parabola passing through the
ο௫
three points as indicated in the illustration. The area under the curve is ‫ି׬‬ο௫೔ (‫ ݔܣ‬ଶ +
೔
‫ ݔܤ‬+ ‫ݔ݀ ) ܥ‬.
Then,
ο௫
‫ି׬ = ܣ‬ο௫೔ (‫ ݔܣ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔܤ‬+ ‫ݔ݀ )ܥ‬
೔
஺ ஻ ο௫೔
= ቂ ‫ݔ‬ଷ + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔܥ‬ቃ
ଷ ଶ ିο௫೔
ଶ஺
= ଷ ο‫ݔ‬௜ଷ + 2‫ܥ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜
Since the coordinates of the three points satisfy the equation of the curve
‫ ݔܣ = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔܤ‬+ ‫ܥ‬, therefore,
݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ ) = ‫ܣ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜ଶ െ ‫ܤ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜ + ‫ܥ‬
݂ (‫ݔ‬௜ ) = ‫ܥ‬
݂(‫ݔ‬௜ାଵ ) = ‫ܣ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜ଶ + ‫ܤ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜ + ‫ܥ‬
Equating the equations, we can show,
2‫ܣ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜ଶ = ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ାଵ ) െ 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )
Substituting 2‫ܣ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜ଶ = ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ାଵ ) െ 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) to the equation of the area
obtained, we have,
ଶ஺
‫ = ܣ‬ଷ ο‫ݔ‬௜ଷ + 2‫ܥ‬ο‫ݔ‬௜
ο௫೔
= [݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ାଵ) െ 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )] + 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜
ଷ
ଵ ଵ ସ
= ο‫ݔ‬௜ ቂ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ାଵ ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )ቃ
ଷ ଷ ଷ
ο௫೔
= [݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ାଵ) + 4݂(‫ݔ‬௜ )]
ଷ
௕ି௔
Since ο‫ݔ‬௜ = ௡
, then,
௕ି௔
‫=ܣ‬ [݂(‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ) + ݂(‫ݔ‬௜ାଵ) + 4݂ (‫ݔ‬௜ )]
ଷ௡
The Simpson’s rule is,

࢈ ࢈ିࢇ
‫ ࢞ࢊ)࢞(ࢌ ࢇ׬‬ൎ ૜࢔ [ࢌ(ࢇ) + ૝ࢌ(࢞૚ ) + ૛ࢌ(࢞૛ ) + ૝ࢌ(࢞૜) + ‫ڮ‬
+ ૛ࢌ(࢞࢔ି૛) + ૝ࢌ(࢞࢔ି૚ ) + ࢌ(࢈)]
where ܲ = {‫ݔ‬଴ ,‫ݔ‬ଵ ,…, ‫ݔ‬௡ }, is a regular partition and ݊ is an even integer.
50
III. Midpoint Rule
Let ݂(‫ )ݔ‬be continuous on the interval [ܽ,ܾ]. Consider the figure below,
ࢌ(࢞)
ࢌ( ࢞࢏ )
ࢌ(࢞࢏ି૚ )
ࢇ ࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏ି૚ + ࢞࢏ ࢞࢏ ࢈
૛
࢈െࢇ
ο࢞࢏ =
࢔
௕ି௔
where ݊ are the subintervals of [ܽ,ܾ] and each one has a length of .
௡
Then,
௫ ା௫ ௕ି௔ ௫ ା௫ ௫ ା௫ ௫ ା௫
σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂ ቀ ೔షభ ೔ቁ ο‫ݔ‬௜ = ቂ݂ ቀ బ భቁ + ݂ ቀ భ మቁ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ݂ ቀ ೙షభ ೙ ቁቃ
ଶ ௡ ଶ ଶ ଶ
Thus,
࢈ ࢈ିࢇ ࢞૙ ା࢞૚ ࢞૚ ା࢞૛ ࢞࢔ష૚ ା࢞࢔
‫ ࢞ࢊ)࢞(ࢌ ࢇ׬‬ൎ ቂࢌ ቀ ቁ + ࢌቀ ቁ + ‫ڮ‬+ ࢌቀ ቁቃ
࢔ ૛ ૛ ૛
Example(a).
ଶ
Approximate the ‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ ݔ‬using trapezoidal rule. Use ݊ = 6.
Solution:
First, find the points of the partition. Using ݊ = 6, the length of each
௕ି௔ ଶି଴ ଵ
subinterval is = = . Then,
௡ ଺ ଷ
ଵ ଶ ସ ହ
‫ݔ‬଴ = ܽ = 0,‫ݔ‬ଵ = ,‫ݔ‬ଶ = , ‫ݔ‬ଷ = 1, ‫ݔ‬ସ = , ‫ݔ‬ହ = ,‫ = ܾ = ଺ݔ‬2
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
Compute ݂(ܽ),݂(ܾ) and 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ),

݂(ܽ) = ݂(0) = 2.0000
ଵ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ) = 2݂ ቀ ቁ = 4.0552
ଷ
ଶ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ ) = 2݂ ቀଷቁ = 4.2164
2݂(‫ݔ‬ଷ ) = 2݂(1) = 4.4721
ସ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ସ ) = 2݂ ቀଷቁ = 4.8074
ହ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ସ ) = 2݂ ቀଷቁ = 5.2068
݂(ܾ) = ݂(2) = 2.8284
௕ି௔
Add the results and multiply by ଶ௡
. The sum is 27.5863 and
௕ି௔ ଵ
ଶ௡
= ଺. Thus,
ଶ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൎ 27.5863 ቀ଺ቁ ൎ 4.5977
ଶ
Using the fundamental theorem, the ‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ ݔ‬is 4.5912. The
relative error in the answer obtained using the trapezoidal rule is,
ସ.ହଽ଻଻ିସ.ହଽଵଶ
ൎ 0.0014 ൎ 0.14%
ସ.ହଽଵଶ
51
Example(b).
ଶ
Approximate the ‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ ݔ‬using simpson’s rule. Use ݊ = 6.
Solution:
First, find the points of partition using ݊ = 6. The length of each
௡ ଺ ଷ
ଵ ଶ ସ ହ
‫ݔ‬଴ = ܽ = 0,‫ݔ‬ଵ = ଷ ,‫ݔ‬ଶ = ଷ , ‫ݔ‬ଷ = 1, ‫ݔ‬ସ = ଷ , ‫ݔ‬ହ = ଷ ,‫ = ܾ = ଺ݔ‬2
Compute ݂(ܽ),݂(ܾ),4݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) and 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ). For 4݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ), ݅ = 1,3,…, and for
2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ), ݅ = 2,4,…,
݂(ܽ) = ݂(0) = 2.0000
ଵ
4݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ) = 4݂ ቀ ቁ = 8.1104
ଷ
ଶ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ) = 2݂ ቀଷቁ = 4.2164
4݂(‫ݔ‬ଷ) = 4݂(1) = 8.9443
ସ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ସ) = 2݂ ቀଷቁ = 4.8074
ହ
4݂(‫ݔ‬ହ) = 4݂ ቀ ቁ = 10.4137
ଷ
݂(ܾ) = ݂(2) = 2.8284
௕ି௔
Add the results and multiply by ଷ௡
. The sum is 41.3206 and
௕ି௔ ଵ
= . Thus,
ଷ௡ ଽ
ଶ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൎ 41.3206 ቀଽ ቁ ൎ 4.5912
ଶ
Using the fundamental theorem, the ‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬ is 4.5912.
Approximately the same answers were obtained. Therefore, Simpson’s rule is
more accurate than trapezoidal rule.
Example(c).
ଶ
Approximate the ‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ ݔ‬using midpoint rule. Use ݊ = 6.
Solution:
Find the points of partition using ݊ = 6. The length of each
௡ ଺ ଷ
ଵ ଶ ସ ହ
‫ݔ‬଴ = ܽ = 0,‫ݔ‬ଵ = ,‫ݔ‬ଶ = , ‫ݔ‬ଷ = 1, ‫ݔ‬ସ = , ‫ݔ‬ହ = ,‫଺ݔ‬ = ܾ= 2
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
௫బ ା௫భ ௫భ ା௫మ ௫೙షభା௫೙
Compute, ݂ ቀ ቁ ,݂ ቀ ቁ , …, ݂ ቀ ቁ,
ଶ ଶ ଶ
௫బ ା௫భ ଵ
݂ቀ ଶ
ቁ = ݂ ቀ ቁ = 2.0069
଺
௫భ ା௫మ ଵ
݂ቀ ቁ = ݂ ቀ ቁ = 2.0616
ଶ ଶ
௫మ ା௫య ହ
݂ቀ ଶ
ቁ = ݂ ቀ ቁ = 2.1667
଺
௫య ା௫ర ଻
݂ቀ ቁ = ݂ ቀ ቁ = 2.3154
ଶ ଺
௫ర ା௫ఱ ଷ
݂ቀ ቁ = ݂ ቀ ቁ = 2.5000
ଶ ଶ
௫ఱ ା௫ల ଵଵ
݂ቀ ଶ
ቁ = ݂ ቀ ቁ = 2.7131
଺
௕ି௔
Add the results and multiply by, ௡
. The sum is, 13.7637 and
௕ି௔ ଶ ଵ
= = . Thus,
௡ ଺ ଷ
ଶ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൎ 13.7637 ቀଷቁ ൎ 4.5879
52
ଶ
Using the fundamental theorem, the ‫׬‬଴ ξ4 + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬is 4.5912. The
relative error in the answer obtained using the Midpoint rule is,
ସ.ହ଼଻ଽିସ.ହଽଵଶ
ସ.ହଽଵଶ
ൎ െ0.00072 ൎ െ0.072%
Example(d).
ଵ మ
Approximate the ‫׬‬଴ ݁ ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬using Simpson’s rule. Use ݊ = 6.
Solution:
Find the points of partition. Using ݊ = 6, the length of each
௕ି௔ ଵି଴ ଵ
௡ ଺ ଺
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଶ ହ
‫ݔ‬଴ = ܽ = 0,‫ݔ‬ଵ = ,‫ݔ‬ଶ = , ‫ݔ‬ଷ = , ‫ݔ‬ସ = ,‫ݔ‬ହ = ,‫ = ܾ = ଺ݔ‬1
଺ ଷ ଶ ଷ ଺
Compute ݂(ܽ),݂(ܾ),4݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) and 2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ). For 4݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ), ݅ = 1,3,…, and for
2݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ), ݅ = 2,4,…,
݂(ܽ) = ݂(0) = 1.0000
ଵ
4݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ) = 4݂ ቀ ቁ = 4.1127
଺
ଵ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ ) = 2݂ ቀଷቁ = 2.2350
ଵ
4݂(‫ݔ‬ଷ ) = 4݂ ቀ ቁ = 5.1361
ଶ
ଶ
2݂(‫ݔ‬ସ ) = 2݂ ቀଷቁ = 3.1192
ହ
4݂(‫ݔ‬ହ ) = 4݂ ቀ଺ቁ = 8.0104
݂(ܾ) = ݂(1) = 2.7183
௕ି௔
Add the results and multiply by ଷ௡ . The sum is 26.3317 and
௕ି௔ ଵ
ଷ௡
= ଵ଼
. Thus,
ଵ మ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ݁ ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൎ 26.3317 ቀଵ଼ቁ ൎ 1.4629
ଵ మ
The value of the ‫׬‬଴ ݁ ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬using the fundamental theorem is
1.4627. The relative error in the answer obtain using the Simpson’s rule is,
ଵ.ସ଺ଶଽିଵ.ସ଺ଶ଻
ଵ.ସ଺ଶ଻
ൎ 0.00014 ൎ 0.014%
Exercise 4.4
I. Approximate the definite integrals using the three methods of
approximations. Use n=8.
ଶ
1. ‫ି׬‬ଵ(‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1) ଶ
ଶ ௫య ସ
2. ‫׬‬଴ ቀ ଷ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
3. ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ( ݔ‬ଶ െ 1) ଶ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ௫ௗ௫
4. ‫׬‬ଵ
௫ మ ାଶ௫ାଵ
ଶ
5. ‫׬‬଴ ξ1 + ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬
53
II. Solve the following.
ଷ ସ
1. ‫׬‬଴ (1 െ ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬, use trapezoidal method, n=5
ଶ
2. ‫ି׬‬ଵ ‫(ݔ‬2‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ 4) ݀‫ݔ‬, use midpoint rule, n=7
ଶ ௫మ
3. ‫׬‬ଵ ξଶ௫ యାଵ
݀‫ ݔ‬, use Simpson’s rule, n=6
ସ ξଷ௫ మିଽ
4. ‫׬‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬, use midpoint rule, n=6
௫
ହ ௫ାଵ
5. ‫׬‬଴ ௫ మ ାଷ ݀‫ ݔ‬, use Simpson’s rule, n=10
ଵ ௗ௫
6. ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ௘ మೣ ାସ, use trapezoidal rule, n=8
ଷ ௗ௫
7. ‫׬‬ଵ , use midpoint rule, n=5
ଽ௫ యା଺௫ మିହ௫
ଷ ௗ௬
8. ‫׬‬ଵ ௬(୪୬మ ௬ିଶ ୪୬ ௬ାହ) , use trapezoidal rule, n=6
ଷ
9. ‫׬‬଴ sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬, use Simpson’s rule, n=10
଴
10. ‫ି׬‬ଵ ‫ ݁ ݔ‬ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬, use midpoint rule, n=7
54
Chapter 5
PLANE AREAS
Outline:
5.1 Area Under a Curve
5.2 Area Between Two Curves
5.3 Area of Polar Curves
Overview:
Area is the main idea behind definite integral. For a given function described
by a curve, the area bounded between the curve and the given boundaries is the
area of that bounded curve. This is the main definition of the definite integral.
This chapter will introduce applications on area. This chapter will discuss the
method on how to find the area under a curve and between two curves, also the
method on how to find the area of polar curves will be introduced.
Objectives:
1. Compute the area under a curve.
2. Compute the area between two curves.
3. Compute the area of polar curves.
55
5.1 Area Under a Curve
The first application of definite integrals is the determination of area under a
curve and between two curves.
Consider the figure below.
࢟
࢟ = ࢌ(࢞)
࢞
ࢇ ࢊ࢞ ࢈
If ‫ )ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬, is continuous and nonnegative between ܽ and ܾ, the area

bounded by the curve and the ‫ݔ‬-axis, between the vertical lines, ‫ ܽ = ݔ‬and ‫ܾ = ݔ‬,
can be written as the value of the definite integral,
௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ ݂ (‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
The area can be analyzed as a rectangle, infinitesimally thin, whose height is,
‫ )ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬and whose width is ݀‫ݔ‬. The area of these imaginary rectangles is ‫ݔ݀ݕ‬.
Adding up all the areas of the rectangles between ܽ and ܾ by integration, we
obtain,
௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ ‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
Example(a).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬4െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ and the ‫ݔ‬-axis.
Solution:
Graphing the function,
࢟
૝
࢟ = ૝ െ ࢞૛
૜
૛ ࢟
࢞
െ૛ െ૚ ૙ ࢊ࢞ ૚ ૛
Considering vertical strip, we have,

ଶ
‫ି׬ = ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
Since ‫ = ݕ‬4െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , thus the area is,
ଶ
‫ି׬ = ܣ‬ଶ(4െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ )݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ቚ4‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ቚ
ଷ ିଶ
56
ଵ ଵ
= ቂ4(2) െ (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ4(െ2) െ (െ2) ଷ ቃ
ଷ ଷ
ଷଶ
‫=ܣ‬ ଷ
= 10.67 sq. units
We can also use the horizontal strip. Considering the horizontal

strip, we have,
࢟
૝
࢟ = ૝ െ ࢞૛
૜
࢞ ૛ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
૚
࢞
െ૛ െ૚ ૙ ૚ ૛
ସ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ 2‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
ସ
= 2 ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
From ‫ = ݕ‬4െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ, ‫ = ݔ‬ඥ4 െ ‫ݕ‬, thus the area is,
ସ
‫ = ܣ‬2 ‫׬‬଴ ඥ4 െ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
య ସ
ସ
= ቚെ ଷ (4 െ ‫ )ݕ‬మ ቚ
଴
య య
ସ ସ
= ቄെ [4 െ (4)] మ ቅ െ ቄെ [4 െ (0)] మ ቅ
ଷ ଷ
ଷଶ
‫=ܣ‬ = 10.67 sq. units
ଷ
Example(b).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , the ‫ݔ‬-axis and the line ‫ = ݔ‬4 on
the first quadrant.
Solution:
࢟
࢞ = ࢟૛
(૝,૛)
૛
૚ ࢟
࢞
૙
ࢊ࢞
࢞= ૝

ସ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
From ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ, ‫ = ݕ‬ξ‫ݔ‬, thus the area is,

ସ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ξ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
57
య ସ
ଶ
= ቚ ‫ ݔ‬మቚ
ଷ ଴
య య
ଶ ଶ
= (4) మ െ (0) మ
ଷ ଷ
ଵ଺
‫=ܣ‬ ଷ
= 5.33 sq. units
Considering horizontal strip, we have,

࢟ ࢞ = ࢟૛
(૝,૛)
૛
࢞
૚ ࢊ࢟
(૝ െ ࢞)
࢞
૙
࢞= ૝
ଶ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ (4 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
Since ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , thus the area is,
ଶ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ (4 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ) ݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ቚ4‫ ݕ‬െ ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
= ቂ4(2) െ ଷ (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ4(0) െ ଷ (0) ଷቃ
ଵ଺
‫=ܣ‬ ଷ
= 5.33 sq. units
Example(c).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ, the ‫ݕ‬-axis and the line
‫ = ݕ‬6.
Solution:
࢟
(૛,૟) ࢟ = ૞࢞ െ ࢞૛
࢟= ૟
࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢞
૙ ૞

଺
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
Since ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , we cannot directly substitute the value of ‫ ݔ‬to the
integrand, but we can use it to find ݀‫ ݕ‬instead and substitute it to the
58
integrand, thus, ݀‫( = ݕ‬5 െ 2‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬. The limit of integration should also be
change because the variable of integration was also changed. For this
example, we can use the limits from 0 to 2. Substituting to the integrand, we
have,
ଶ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫([ ݔ‬5 െ 2‫]ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݔ‬െ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ)݀‫ݔ‬
ହ ଶ ଶ ଷ ଶ
= ቚ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ቚ
ଶ ଷ ଴
ହ ଶ ହ ଶ
= ቂ (2) ଶ െ (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ (0) ଶ െ (0) ଷቃ
ଶ ଷ ଶ ଷ
ଵସ
‫=ܣ‬ = 4.67 sq. units
ଷ

࢟
࢟= ૟ ࢊ࢞ (૛,૟) ࢟ = ૞࢞ െ ࢞૛
(૟ െ ࢟)
࢞
૙ ૞
ଶ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ (6 െ ‫ݔ݀ )ݕ‬
Since ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , thus the area is,
ଶ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ [6 െ (5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ)] ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ (6 െ 5‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ହ ଵ ଶ
= ቚ6‫ ݔ‬െ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ଷ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ቚ
଴
ହ ଵ ହ ଵ
= ቂ6(2) െ (2) ଶ + (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ6(0) െ (0) ଶ + (0) ଷቃ
ଶ ଷ ଶ ଷ
ଵସ
‫=ܣ‬ ଷ
= 4.67 sq. units
Example(d).
గ
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬cos ‫ݔ‬, the ‫ݔ‬-axis, from ‫ = ݔ‬െ to
ଶ
గ
‫ =ݔ‬.
ଶ
Solution:
࢟
૚ ࢟ = ‫࢞ܛܗ܋‬
࢞
࣊ ૙ ࢊ࢞ ࣊
െ
૛ ૛
59
ഏ
‫׬ = ܣ‬షమഏ ‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
మ
Since ‫ = ݕ‬cos‫ݔ‬, thus the area is,
ഏ
‫ ׬ = ܣ‬cos‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ష
మ
ഏ
మ
ഏ
= |sin ‫ି |ݔ‬మ ഏ
మ
గ గ
= sin ቀ ଶቁ െ sin ቀെ ଶቁ
‫ = ܣ‬2 sq. units

࢟
࢟ = ‫࢞ܛܗ܋‬
૚
࢞ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢞
࣊ ૙
࣊
െ
૛ ૛
ଵ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ 2‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
From ‫ = ݕ‬cos‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬cosିଵ ‫ݕ‬, thus the area is,
ଵ
‫ = ܣ‬2 ‫׬‬଴ cosିଵ ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
By integration by parts, we have,
ଵ
‫ = ܣ‬2ห‫ ݕ‬cosିଵ ‫ ݕ‬െ ඥ1 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶห଴
= 2 ቂ(1) cosିଵ (1) െ ඥ1 െ (1) ଶቃ െ 2 ቂ(0) cosିଵ (0) െ ඥ1 െ (0) ଶቃ
Exercise 5.1
I. Find the area bounded by the given curves and lines.
1. ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1,‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬4
2. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬8
3. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬6
4. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ = 4‫ݕ‬,‫ = ݔ‬4, ‫ = ݕ‬0
5. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4
6. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬െ 1,‫ = ݔ‬5
7. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ = 2‫ ݕ‬െ 1,‫ = ݕ‬1
8. ‫ = ݕ‬െ2‫ ݔ‬+ 2,‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݕ‬2
9. ‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ ݔ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬0,‫ = ݔ‬4
10. ‫ି ݁ = ݕ‬௫ ,‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݔ‬1,‫ = ݕ‬0
60
II. Solve the following problems.
1. Find the area of an ellipse.
2. Find the area of a circle.
3. Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ݔ‬, from, ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ ߨ = ݔ‬and
‫ = ݕ‬0.
4. Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬cosh ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݕ‬0.
గ
5. Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬sin ିଵ ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݕ‬, on the first
ଶ
quadrant.
5.2 Area Between Two Curves

Given the curves,
࢟
࢟ࢁ
࡯
ࢎ(࢞)
࢞
ࢇ ࡭ ࢈
࡮
࢟ࡸ
ࢊ࢞
From the figure, considering vertical strip, the area between the two curves is,
௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ ݄(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
where ݄(‫ ܥܤ = )ݔ‬and ‫ ܣܤ = ܥܤ‬+ ‫ܥܣ‬.

In the above figure, the points of a curve which lie above the ‫ݔ‬-axis have
positive ordinate and those below the ‫ݔ‬-axis have negative ordinate, thus,
‫ = ܥܤ‬െ‫ ܣܤ‬+ ‫ܥܣ‬
But ‫ݕ = ܣܤ‬௅ and ‫ݕ = ܥܣ‬௎ , therefore,

‫ = ܥܤ‬െ‫ݕ‬௅ + ‫ݕ‬௎
‫ݕ = ܥܤ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅
Since ݄(‫ܥܤ = )ݔ‬, thus, ݄(‫ݕ = )ݔ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ .
The area now is,

௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ (‫ݕ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
Note that ‫ݕ‬௎ , represents upper ‫ ݕ‬and ‫ݕ‬௅ , represents lower ‫ݕ‬.
61
From the next figure, consider horizontal strip.
࢟
࢞ࡸ ࢈ ࢞ࡾ
ࢊ࢟
࡮ ࡭ ࡯
ࢇ
ࢎ(࢟)
࢞
The area between the two curves is,

௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ ݄(‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
where ݄(‫ ܥܤ = )ݕ‬and ‫ ܣܤ = ܥܤ‬+ ‫ܥܣ‬.
Considering the points of a curve which lie at the right side of the ‫ݕ‬-axis have
positive ordinate and those at the left side of the ‫ݕ‬-axis have negative ordinate, thus,
‫ = ܥܤ‬െ‫ ܣܤ‬+ ‫ܥܣ‬
But ‫ݔ = ܣܤ‬௅ and ‫ݔ = ܥܣ‬ோ , therefore,

‫ = ܥܤ‬െ‫ݔ‬௅ + ‫ݔ‬ோ
‫ݔ = ܥܤ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅
Since ݄(‫ܥܤ = )ݕ‬, thus, ݄(‫ݔ = )ݕ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ .
The area now is,

௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ (‫ݔ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݕ‬
Also, ‫ݔ‬ோ represents right ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݔ‬௅ represents left ‫ݔ‬.
Example(a).
Find the area bounded by the curves ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ.
Solution:
Graphing the curves,
࢟ = ࢞૜
࢟
૚ ࢟૛ = ࢞
(૚,૚)
(࢟ࢁ െ ࢟ࡸ )
ࢊ࢞ ࢞
૚

ଵ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ (‫ݕ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
62
Since ‫ݕ‬௎ = ‫ ݔ‬ଷ and ‫ݕ‬௅ = ξ‫ݔ‬, then the area is,
ଵ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ൫ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଷ ൯ ݀‫ݔ‬
య ଵ
ଶ ଵ
= ቚ ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ‫ ݔ‬ସቚ
ଷ ସ ଴
య య
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
= ቂ (1) మ െ (1) ସቃ െ ቂ (0) మ െ (0) ସ ቃ
ଷ ସ ଷ ସ
ହ
‫=ܣ‬ ଵଶ
= 0.42 sq. units

࢟
࢟ = ࢞૜
૚ ࢟૛ = ࢞
(૚,૚)
ࢊ࢟
(࢞ࡾ െ ࢞ࡸ )
࢞
૚
ଵ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ (‫ݔ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݕ‬
Since ‫ݔ‬ோ = యඥ‫ ݕ‬and ‫ݔ‬௅ = ‫ ݕ‬ଶ, then the area is,
ଵ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ൫ యඥ‫ ݕ – ݕ‬ଶ ൯ ݀‫ݕ‬
ర ଵ
ଷ ଵ
= ቚସ ‫ ݕ‬య െ ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቚ
଴
ర ర
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= ቂସ (1) య െ ଷ (1) ଷቃ െ ቂସ (0) య െ ଷ (0) ଷ ቃ
ହ
‫ = ܣ‬ଵଶ = 0.42 sq. units
Example(b).
Find the area bounded by the curves ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ and ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬.
Solution:
࢟
(૛,ૡ)
࢟ = ૝࢞ ࢟ = ࢞૜
(࢟ࢁ െ ࢟ࡸ )
ࢊ࢞
࢞
(െ૛,െૡ)
63
The area bounded by the curve in the first quadrant is symmetrical to
the area bounded in the third quadrant. To find the total area of the curves, we
first find the area on the first quadrant and multiply by two, say,
ଶ
‫ = ܣ‬2 ‫׬‬଴ (‫ݕ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
And, ‫ݕ‬௎ = 4‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݕ‬௅ = ‫ ݔ‬ଷ , thus,
ଶ
‫ = ܣ‬2 ‫׬‬଴ (4‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= 2 ቚ2‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ସ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
= 2 ቂ2(2) ଶ െ ସ (2) ସ ቃ െ 2 ቂ2(0) ଶ െ ସ (0) ସ ቃ
Or, by using the vertical strip, we have,

࢟ (૛,ૡ)
࢟ = ૝࢞ ࢟ = ࢞૜
ࢊ࢞
(࢞ࡾ െ ࢞ࡸ )
(െ૛,െૡ)
଼
‫ = ܣ‬2 ‫׬‬଴ (‫ݔ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ
Since, ‫ݔ‬ோ = యඥ‫ ݕ‬and ‫ݔ‬௅ = ‫ݕ‬, thus, the area is,
ସ
଼ ଵ
‫=ܣ‬ 2 ‫׬‬଴ ቀ యඥ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ
଼
ଷ ర ଵ
= 2 ቚସ ‫ ݕ‬య െ ଼ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ቚ
଴
ర ర
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= 2 ቂ (8) య െ (8) ଶ ቃ െ 2 ቂ (0) య െ (0) ଶ ቃ
ସ ଼ ସ ଼
Example(c).
Find the area bounded by the curves ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2.
Solution:
࢟ ࢟ = ࢞૛
࢟ = ࢞+ ૛
(૛,૝)
(࢟ࢁ െ ࢟ࡸ )
(െ૚,૚)
ࢊ࢞ ࢞
64
ଶ
‫ି׬ = ܣ‬ଵ(‫ݕ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
Since ‫ݕ‬௎ = ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 and ‫ݕ‬௅ = ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , then the area is,
ଶ
‫ି׬ = ܣ‬ଵ[(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ] ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଶ
= ቚ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ቚ
ଶ ଷ ିଵ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቂ (2) ଶ + 2(2) െ (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ (െ1) ଶ + 2(െ1) െ (െ1) ଷ ቃ
ଶ ଷ ଶ ଷ
ଽ
‫=ܣ‬ = 4.5 sq. units
ଶ
Considering horizontal strip, from the figure, we see that,

on ‫ݕ‬-axis, interval [0,1], ݄(‫ = )ݔ‬2ඥ‫ݕ‬, and
on ‫ݕ‬-axis, interval [1,4], ݄(‫ = )ݔ‬ඥ‫ ݕ( –ݕ‬െ 2) = ඥ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬+ 2
࢟ ࢟ = ࢞૛
࢟ = ࢞+ ૛
(૛,૝)
ࢊ࢟
(࢞ࡾ െ ࢞ࡸ )
(െ૚,૚)
ࢊ࢟
ࢊ࢞ ࢞
Then, the area can be solved by,

ଵ ସ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ 2ඥ‫ ݕ݀ݕ‬+ ‫׬‬ଵ ൫ඥ‫ ݕ –ݕ‬+ 2൯ ݀‫ݕ‬
య ଵ య ସ
ସ ଶ ଵ
= ቚ ‫ ݕ‬మ ቚ + ቚ ‫ ݕ‬మ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ݕ‬ቚ
ଷ ଴ ଷ ଶ ଵ
య య య య
ସ ସ ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
= ቂ (1) మ െ (0) మቃ + ቄቂ (4) మ െ (4) ଶ + 2(4)ቃ െ ቂ (1) మ െ (1) ଶ + 2(1)ቃቅ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଶ ଷ ଶ
ଽ
‫=ܣ‬ = 4.5 sq. units
ଶ
Example(d).
Find the area bounded by the curves ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬,‫ = ݕ‬cos‫ ݔ‬and ‫ = ݕ‬0 on the
first quadrant.
Solution:
࢟
࢟ = ‫࢞ܖܑܛ‬
(࢟ࢁ െ ࢟ࡸ )
࢟ = ‫࢞ܛܗ܋‬
ࢊ࢞
࢞
࣊ ࣊
૙
૝ ૛
65
Using the vertical strip, we have,
ഏ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ర(‫ݕ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
Since ‫ݕ‬௎ = cos‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݕ‬௅ = sin ‫ݔ‬, then the area is,
ഏ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ర(cos‫ ݔ‬െ sin ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
ഏ
= |sin ‫ ݔ‬+ cos‫ |ݔ‬଴ర

గ గ
= ቂsin ቀ ቁ + cosቀ ቁቃ െ [sin(0) + cos(0)]
ସ ସ
‫ = ܣ‬0.414 sq. units
Exercise 5.2
Find the area bounded by the given curves.
1. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ ݔ‬ଶ = 4‫ݕ‬
2. ‫ = ݕ‬െ2‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
3. ‫ = ݕ‬3 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 1
4. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 4
మ
5. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬య , ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
6. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ,2‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬8
7. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬െ 3,‫ ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ ݕ‬െ 1
8. ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 2, ‫ ݔ‬ଷ = ‫ݕ‬
9. ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ , ‫ݕ = ݔ‬
10. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ݕ‬,‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ
11. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 1 + ‫ݔ‬,‫ = ݕ‬1 െ ‫ݔ‬
12. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4,‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4 െ 2‫ݔ‬
13. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ = 4‫ݕ‬,‫ = ݔ‬2‫ ݕ‬െ 4
14. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 1 െ ‫ݔ‬
గ ହగ
15. ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬cos‫ ݔ‬, ‫= ݔ‬ ,‫= ݔ‬
ସ ସ
5.3 Area of Polar Curves

Given the curve,
ࣂ= ࢈ ࢘ = ࢌ(ࣂ)
ࢊࣂ
࢞
ࣂ= ࢇ
66
The area of a circular sector is,
ଵ ଶ
‫=ܣ‬ ‫ߠ ݎ‬
ଶ
From the figure above, consider the region bounded by the graph of the polar
curve ‫ )ߠ(݂ = ݎ‬and the lines ߠ = ܽ and ߠ = ܾ.
The area is to be analyzed as a circular sector, infinitesimally thin, whose

radius is ‫ )ߠ(݂ = ݎ‬with an angle of ݀ߠ. Adding up all the areas of the circular
sectors between ܽ and ܾ by integration, we have,
ଵ ௕
‫=ܣ‬ ‫ݎ ׬‬ଶ
ଶ ௔
݀ߠ
Example(a).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݎ‬2.
Solution:
Graphing the curve, ૢ૙૙
૚૛૙૙ ૟૙૙
૚૞૙૙ ૜૙૙
૚ૡ૙૙ ૙૙
૛૚૙૙ ૜૜૙૙
૛૝૙૙ ૜૙૙૙
૛ૠ૙૙
The curve is a circle with radius 2.

The area is,
ଵ ௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ݀ߠ
ଶ
Since ‫ = ݎ‬2, thus,
ଵ ଶగ
‫ = ܣ‬ଶ ‫׬‬଴ (2) ଶ ݀ߠ
= 2|ߠ| ଶగ
଴
= 2[2ߨ െ 0]
‫ = ܣ‬4ߨ sq. units
Example(b).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݎ‬4(1 + sin ߠ).
67
Solution:
Graphing the curve, ‫ = ݎ‬4( 1 + sin ߠ)
૙
ߠ ‫ݎ‬
ૢ૙
0଴ 4
଴ 6
૚૛૙૙
૟૙૙
30
60଴ 7.46
ࢊࣂ
90଴ 8
࢘
૚૞૙૙ ૜૙૙ 120଴ 7.46
150଴ 6
180଴ 4
૚ૡ૙૙ ૙૙
210଴ 2
240଴ 0.54
૛૚૙૙ ૜૜૙૙ 270଴ 0
300଴ 0.54
330଴ 2
૛૝૙૙ ૜૙૙૙
360଴ 4
૛ૠ૙૙
The area bounded by the curve from ߠ = 0 to ߠ = 360଴ is,

ଵ ௕
‫׬ = ܣ‬௔ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ݀ߠ
ଶ
Since ‫ = ݎ‬4(1 + sin ߠ),
ଵ ଶగ
‫ = ܣ‬ଶ ‫׬‬଴ [4(1 + sin ߠ)] ଶ ݀ߠ
ଶగ
= 8 ‫׬‬଴ (1 + 2 sin ߠ + sinଶ ߠ) ݀ߠ
ଶగ ଵ ଵ
= 8 ‫׬‬଴ ቀ1 + 2 sin ߠ + െ cos2ߠቁ ݀ߠ
ଶ ଶ
ଶగ ଷ ଵ
= 8 ‫׬‬଴ ( + 2 sin ߠ െ cos2ߠ) ݀ߠ
ଶ ଶ
ଷ ଵ ଶగ
= 8 ቚ ߠ െ 2 cosߠ െ cos2ߠቚ
ଶ ସ ଴
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= 8 ቄቂଶ ( 2ߨ) െ 2 cos( 2ߨ) െ ସ cos 2( 2ߨ)ቃ െ ቂଶ ( 0) െ 2 cos( 0) െ ସ cos 2(0)ቃቅ
‫ = ܣ‬24ߨ = 75.40 sq. units
Example(c).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 4 cosߠ
Solution: ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 4 cosߠ
Graphing the curve, ߠ ‫ݎ‬
ૢ૙૙ 0଴ 2
30଴ 1.86
૚૛૙૙ ૟૙૙ 60଴ 1.41
90଴ 0
120଴
૚૞૙૙ ૜૙૙ 150 ଴
ࢊࣂ
࢘
180଴
૚ૡ૙૙ ૙૙ 210଴
240଴
270଴ 0
૛૚૙૙ ૜૜૙૙ 300଴ 1.41
330଴ 1.86
૛૝૙૙ ૜૙૙૙
360଴ 2
૛ૠ૙૙
68
Because of symmetry, we can compute only for the area bounded on
the first quadrant and then multiply by 4, thus,
ଵ ௕
‫ = ܣ‬4 ቀ ቁ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ݀ߠ
ଶ
Since ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 4 cosߠ, then,
ഏ
‫ = ܣ‬2 ‫׬‬଴మ 4 cosߠ ݀ߠ
ഏ
= 8|sin ߠ| ଴మ
గ
= 8 ቄቂsin ቀ ଶቁቃ െ [sin(0)]ቅ
Example(d).
Find the area inside the curve ‫ = ݎ‬2 sin 3ߠ but outside the circle ‫ = ݎ‬1.
Solution:
Graphing the curves, ‫ = ݎ‬2 sin 3ߠ
ૢ૙૙ ࢘= ૚
૚૛૙૙ ૟૙૙ ࢘ = ૛ ‫ ܖܑܛ‬૜ࣂ ߠ ‫ݎ‬
0଴ 0
૞࣊ 30଴ 2
൬૚, ൰
૚ૡ
૚૞૙૙ ૜૙૙ 60଴ 0
90଴ െ2
120଴ 0
૚ૡ૙૙ ࣊ ૙૙
ቀ૚,
૚ૡ
ቁ 150଴ 2
180଴ 0
૛૚૙૙ ૜૜૙૙ 210଴ െ2
240଴ 0
270଴ 2
૛૝૙૙ ૜૙૙૙
300଴ 0
330଴ െ2
૛ૠ૙૙
360଴ 0
From the figure, the area bounded by the curves on the first quadrant,
ఱഏ
ଵ
‫=ܣ‬ ଶ
‫׬‬ഏభఴ [(2 sin 3ߠ) ଶ െ 1ଶ ] ݀ߠ
భఴ
ఱഏ
ଵ
=
ଶ
‫( ׬‬4 sinଶ 3ߠ െ 1)݀ߠ
ഏ
భఴ
భఴ
ఱഏ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
=
ଶ
‫ ׬‬ቂ4 ቀଶ െ ଶ cos6ߠቁ െ 1ቃ ݀ߠ
ഏ
భఴ
భఴ
ఱഏ
ଵ ଵ భఴ
= ቚ2ߠ െ sin 6ߠ െ ߠቚ ഏ
ଶ ଷ
భఴ
ଵ ହగ ଵ ହగ గ ଵ గ
= ቄቂቀ ቁ െ sin 6 ቀ ቁቃ െ ቂቀ ቁ െ sin 6 ቀ ቁቃቅ
ଶ ଵ଼ ଷ ଵ଼ ଵ଼ ଷ ଵ଼
‫ = ܣ‬0.64 sq. units
Since the curves are symmetric, the total area is three times the
area we got because we only compute for the area in the first quadrant,
therefore,
‫ = ܣ‬3(0.64) = 1.92 sq. units
69
Exercise 5.3
Find the area bounded by the region enclosed by the following polar curves.
1. ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 4 cos2ߠ
2. ‫ = ݎ‬1 െ sin ߠ
3. ‫ݎ‬ଶ = sin 2ߠ
4. ‫ = ݎ‬sin 3ߠ
5. ‫ = ݎ‬3(1 െ cosߠ)
6. ‫ = ݎ‬3 െ 2 cosߠ
7. ‫ = ݎ‬3 cos2ߠ
8. ‫ = ݎ‬2 cos3ߠ
9. ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 9 sin 3ߠ
ଶ
10. ‫= ݎ‬ ଶିୡ୭ୱ ఏ
11. ‫ = ݎ‬െ2(1 + cosߠ)

12. ‫ = ݎ‬4 െ 3 cosߠ
13. ‫ = ݎ‬െ3 cos2ߠ
14. ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 4 sinଶ 2ߠ
గ
15. ‫ = ݎ‬sin ߠ ,‫ = ݎ‬cos ቀߠ + ଺ቁ
70
Chapter 6
VOLUME OF A SOLID OF
REVOLUTION
Outline:
6.1 Volume of a Solid of Revolution
6.2 Circular Disk Method
6.3 Washer Method
6.4 Cylindrical Shell Method
Overview:
Other application of definite integral is the volume. Considering an area
bounded is to be rotated in a fixed axis. The solid generated has a volume, thus, this
called the volume of a solid of revolution.
This chapter will introduce the different methods of finding the volume of a
solid of revolution. This includes the circular disk method, the washer method and the
cylindrical shell method in finding the volume of a solid of revolution.
Objectives:
1. Compute the volume of a solid of revolution using any of the three
methods: the circular disk method, the washer method and the cylindrical
shell method.
71
6.1 Volume of a Solid of Revolution
Consider a plane area rotated about a line in its plane, the solid generated is
called a solid of revolution. The line of rotation at which the area is rotated is called
an axis of rotation.
If the rectangle is revolved about the line, L, the solid of revolution generated
is a circular disk.
Consider the figure below
If the rectangle does not rest on the line, L, the solid of revolution generated is
a circular ring or washer.
If the rectangle is parallel to the line, L, the solid of revolution generated is a

cylindrical shell.
72
6.2 Circular Disk Method
Consider the area of a curve of a function, ݂ and between the line ݄ = ܽ and
݄ = ܾ. If the area of the region is revolved around the line ݄, a solid of revolution is
generated. Thus, a volume of this solid of revolution can be calculated.
ࢎ ࢎ
ࢎ= ࢇ ࢎ= ࢈
Dividing the interval, [ܽ,ܾ] into ݊ equal subintervals, each has a length, ο݄.
These equal subintervals can be drawn into rectangles with the lower bases resting
in the line ݄ and the upper bases touching the curve. Thus,
࢘࢏ ࢘࢏
ࢎ
ࢎ= ࢇ οࢎ ࢎ= ࢈
οࢎ
The rectangle will form a cylindrical element or circular disk. The length of the
rectangle will become the radius and the width will become the height of the cylinder
formed.
The sum of the volumes of the disks will be the volume of the solid of
revolution.
ܸ = σ௡௜ୀଵ ߨ ‫ݎ‬௜ ଶ ο‫ݎߨ = ݔ‬ଵ ଶο݄ + ߨ‫ݎ‬ଶ ଶ ο݄ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ߨ‫ݎ‬௡ ଶ ο݄
The volume of the solid can be denoted by

ܸ = lim௡՜ σ௡௜ୀଵ ߨ ‫ݎ‬௜ ଶο݄
By the fundamental theorem,

௕
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ݄݀
This serves now as a general form for finding the volume of a solid of
revolution by circular disk method.
Example(a).
Find the volume of the solid generated by the area bounded by the curve
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and the line ‫ = ݔ‬2 revolving about the ‫ݔ‬-axis.
73
Solution:
࢟
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞= ૛
࢟
࢞
ࢊ࢞
Using the circular disk method,

௕
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ݄݀
Since ‫ ݎ‬is ‫ ݕ‬and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , and ݄݀ is ݀‫ݔ‬, and the limits are from 0
to 2, then,
ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቚ ‫ ݔ‬ହቚ
ହ ଴
ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቂ (2) ହ െ (0) ହ ቃ
ହ ହ
ଷଶగ
ܸ= = 20.11 cubic units
ହ
Example(b).
Find the volume generated by revolving about the ‫ݕ‬-axis the area bounded by
the curve ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ and the line ‫ = ݕ‬2 on the first quadrant.
Solution:
࢟
࢟= ૛ ࢟ = ૜࢞ െ ࢞૜
(૚,૛)
࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢞
૚ ૛

ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݕ‬
Since ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ , we cannot directly substitute the value of ‫ݔ‬
to the integrand, but we can use it to find ݀‫ ݕ‬instead and substitute it to
the integrand, thus, ݀‫( = ݕ‬3 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ )݀‫ݔ‬. The limit of integration should
74
also be change because the variable of integration was also changed.
For this example, we can use the limits from, 0 to 1. Substituting to
the integrand, we have,
ଵ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ (3 െ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ)݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (3‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ 3‫ ݔ‬ସ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଷ ଵ
= ߨ ቂ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬ହቃ
ହ ଴
ଷ ଷ
= ߨ ቄቂ(1) ଷ െ (1) ହ ቃ െ ቂ(0) ଷ െ (0) ହ ቃቅ
ହ ହ
ଶ
ܸ= ߨ = 1.26 cubic units
ହ
Example(c).
Find the volume generated by revolving about the line ‫ =ݔ‬4 the area
bounded by the curves ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ and ‫ = ݔ‬4.
Solution:
࢟
࢞ = ࢟૛
(૝,૛)
࢞
૛
ࢊ࢟
૚ (૝ െ ࢞)
࢞
࢞= ૝
(૝,െ૛)

ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଶ(‫ݔ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ ) ଶ ݀‫ݕ‬
Since ‫ݔ‬ோ = 4 and ‫ݔ‬௅ = ‫ ݕ‬ଶ , then,
ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଶ(4 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ) ଶ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଶ
= ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଶ(16 െ 8‫ ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ସ) ݀‫ݕ‬
଼ ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቚ16‫ ݕ‬െ ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ + ହ ‫ ݕ‬ହ ቚ
ିଶ
଼ ଵ ଼ ଵ
= ߨ ቄቂ16(2) െ (2) ଷ + (2) ହቃ െ ቂ16(െ2) െ (െ2) ଷ + (െ2) ହ ቃቅ
ଷ ହ ଷ ହ
ହଵଶ
ܸ= ଵହ
ߨ = 107.23 cubic units
Example(d).
Find the volume generated by revolving about the ‫ݔ‬-axis the area bounded by
the curves ‫ = ݕݔ‬6,‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݔ‬6.
75
Solution:
࢟
࢞࢟ = ૟
࢟
࢞
ࢊ࢞
࢞= ૚ ࢞= ૟

଺
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬ଵ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
଺
Since ‫= ݕ‬ , then,
௫
଺ ଺ ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬ଵ ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
௫
଺ ଷ଺
= ߨ ‫׬‬ଵ ቀ௫ మቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
଺
= 36ߨ ‫׬‬ଵ ‫ି ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଺
= െ36ߨ ቚ௫ ቚ
ଵ
ଵ ଵ
= െ36ߨ ቂ଺ െ ଵቃ
ܸ = 30ߨ = 94.25 cubic units
6.3 Washer Method

Consider the graphs of the functions, ݂ and ݃ and the region bounded by
the two functions and the lines ݄ = ܽ and ݄ = ܾ. This region is to be rotated along
the line ݄ and a solid is generated.
ࢍ
ࢎ
ࢎ= ࢇ ࢎ= ࢈
If we make ݊ equal subintervals and the area bounded is revolved about the
line ݄, this will sweep out a washer-shaped solid where the volume of the solid is the
difference between the two circular disks.
76
࢘࢏
࢘࢏૛
οࢎ ࢘࢏૚
࢞
ࢎ= ࢇ ࢎ= ࢈
οࢎ
The volume of the larger solid can be denoted as, ܸ݀ଶ = ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ଶ ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬and the
smaller solid is ܸ݀ଵ = ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ଵଶ ݀‫ݔ‬. Then, the volume of the washer is,
ܸ݀ = ܸ݀ଶ െ ܸ݀ଵ
ܸ݀ = ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ଶଶ ο݄ െ ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ଵ ଶ ο݄
ܸ݀ = ߨ(‫ݎ‬௜ଶ ଶ െ ‫ݎ‬௜ଵ ଶ )ο݄
Since, the volume of the solid generated is the sum of the individual washers
generated, then by the definition of the definite integral, the volume of the solid
generated from ܽ to ܾ is,
௕
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬௔ (‫ݎ‬ଶ ଶ െ ‫ݎ‬ଵ ଶ )݄݀
Example(a).
Find the volume of the solid generated by the area bounded by the curves
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2 revolving about the ‫ݔ‬-axis.
Solution:
࢟ ࢟ = ࢞+ ૛
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
(െ૚,૚)
ࢊ࢞ ࢞
Using the washer method,

௕
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬௔ (‫ݎ‬ଶ ଶ െ ‫ݎ‬ଵ ଶ )݄݀
Since ‫ݎ‬ଶ = ‫ݕ‬௎ = ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 and ‫ݎ‬ଵ = ‫ݕ‬௅ = ‫ ݔ‬ଶ, ݄݀ = ݀‫ ݔ‬and the limits are
from െ1 to 2, then,
ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ[(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ െ (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) ଶ] ݀‫ݔ‬
77
ଶ
= ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ(‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 െ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቚଷ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ + 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬െ ହ ‫ ݔ‬ହቚ
ିଵ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቄቂ (2) ଷ + 2(2) ଶ + 4(2) െ (2) ହ ቃ െ ቂ (െ1) ଷ + 2( െ1) ଶ + 4( െ1)
ଷ ହ ଷ
ଵ ହ ቃቅ
െ ହ (െ1)
଻ଶ
ܸ= ହ
Example(b).
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and the line ‫ = ݔ‬2 revolving about the ‫ݕ‬-axis.
Solution:
࢟
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞= ૛
ࢊ࢟

௕
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬௔ (‫ݎ‬ଶ ଶ െ ‫ݎ‬ଵ ଶ )݀ ‫ݕ‬
Since ‫ݎ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ோ = 2 and ‫ݎ‬ଵ = ‫ݔ‬௅ = ඥ‫ ݕ‬and the limits are from 0 to
4, then,
ସ ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቂ(2) ଶ െ ൫ඥ‫ݕ‬൯ ቃ ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (4 െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
ଵ ସ
= ߨ ቚ4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ቚ
ଶ ଴
ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቄቂ4(4) െ (4) ଶ ቃ െ ቂ4(0) െ (0) ଶቃቅ
ଶ ଶ
Example(c).
‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ revolving about ‫ = ݕ‬0.
Solution:
࢟ ࢟ = ࢞૜
࢟૛ = ࢞
(૚,૚)
ࢊ࢞ ‫ݕ‬
78
௕
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬௔ (‫ݎ‬ଶ ଶ െ ‫ݎ‬ଵ ଶ )݀ ‫ݔ‬
Since ‫ݎ‬ଶ = ‫ݕ‬௎ = ξ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݎ‬ଵ = ‫ݕ‬௅ = ‫ ݔ‬ଷ and the limits are from 0 to
1, then,
ଵ ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቂ൫ξ‫ݔ‬൯ െ (‫ ݔ‬ଷ ) ଶቃ ݀ ‫ݔ‬
ଵ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ݀ )଺ ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቚ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫଻ ݔ‬ቚ
ଶ ଻ ଴
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቄቂଶ (1) ଶ െ ଻ (1) ଻ቃ െ ቂଶ (0) ଶ െ ଻ (0) ଻ ቃቅ
ହ
ଵସ
Example(d).
గ ଷగ
‫ = ݕ‬1 + cos‫ݔ‬, ‫ݔ‬-axis, ‫ = ݔ‬െ ଶ and ‫ = ݔ‬ଶ revolving about the line ‫ = ݕ‬െ2.
Solution:
࢟
࢘૛ = (࢟ࢁ െ ࢟ࡸ ) = [(૚ + ‫ )࢞ ܛܗ܋‬െ (െ૛)]
= ૜ + ‫࢞ ܛܗ܋‬
࢞
࣊ ࢊ࢞ ૜࣊
࢞= െ ࢞=
૛ ૛ ࢟ = െ૛
࢘૚ = (࢟ࢁ െ ࢟ࡸ ) = [૙ െ (െ૛)] = ૛

௕
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬௔ (‫ݎ‬ଶ ଶ െ ‫ݎ‬ଵ ଶ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
Since ‫ݎ‬ଶ = [(1 + cos ‫ )ݔ‬െ (െ2)] = 3 + cos‫ݔ‬ and ‫ݎ‬ଵ = [0 െ (െ2)] = 2
గ ଷగ
and the limits are from െ to , then,
ଶ ଶ
యഏ
ܸ = ߨ ‫ି׬‬మഏ[(3 + cos‫ )ݔ‬ଶ െ (2) ଶ ] ݀‫ݔ‬

మ
యഏ
= ߨ ‫ ׬‬మഏ(5 + 6 cos‫ ݔ‬+ cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
ି
మ
యഏ
ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ‫ି׬‬మഏ ቂ5 + 6 cos‫ ݔ‬+ ቀଶ + ଶ cos‫ݔ‬ቁቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
మ
యഏ
ଵଵ ଵଷ
= ߨ‫ ׬‬ቀ మ
ഏ + cos‫ݔ‬ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ିమ ଶ ଶ
యഏ
ଵଵ ଵଷ మ
= ߨቚ ‫ ݔ‬+ sin ‫ݔ‬ቚ ഏ
ଶ ଶ ି
మ
ଵଵ ଷగ ଵଷ ଷగ ଵଵ గ ଵଷ గ
= ߨ ቄቂ ቀ ቁ + sin ቀ ቁቃ െ ቂ ቀെ ቁ + sin ቀെ ቁቃቅ
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ
ଶ
79
6.4 Cylindrical Shell Method
Consider the graph of the function ݂ and the region is bounded by the curve
and the two lines ‫ ܽ = ݎ‬and ‫ ܾ = ݎ‬and the line ‫ݎ‬. If we revolve the region about the
line ݄, a solid is generated.
ࢎ
࢘
࢘= ࢇ ࢘= ࢈
If we make ݊ equal subintervals and the area bounded is revolved about the
line ݄, each rectangles will generate a cylindrical shell. The sum of these shells will
be the volume of the solid generated.
ࢎ
࢘࢏
࢘࢏ + ο࢘
࢘࢏ ࢎ࢏ ࢎ࢏
ࢌ
࢘
࢘= ࢇ ο࢘ ࢘= ࢈
ο࢘
The volume of the cylindrical shell generated by revolving the rectangle about
the line ݄ is equal to the volume of the outer cylinder with a radius of ‫ݎ‬௜ + ο‫ ݎ‬minus
the inner cylinder with a radius of ‫ݎ‬௜ .
οܸ௜ = ߨ(‫ݎ‬௜ + ο‫ )ݎ‬ଶ ݄௜ െ ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ ଶ ݄௜
οܸ௜ = ߨ(‫ݎ‬௜ ଶ + 2‫ݎ‬௜ ο‫ ݎ‬+ ο‫ ݎ‬ଶ )݄௜ െ ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ ଶ ݄௜
οܸ௜ = 2ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ ݄௜ ο‫ ݎ‬+ ߨ݄௜ ο‫ ݎ‬ଶ
The sum of the volumes of the circular shell will be the volume of the solid of
revolution.
ܸ = σ௡௜ୀଵ(2ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ ݄௜ ο‫ ݎ‬+ ߨ݄௜ ο‫ݎ‬ଶ )
The volume of the solid can be denoted by

ܸ = lim௡՜ σ௡௜ୀଵ(2ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ ݄௜ ο‫ ݎ‬+ ߨ݄௜ ο‫ ݎ‬ଶ )
ܸ = lim σ௡௜ୀଵ(2ߨ‫ݎ‬௜ ݄௜ ο‫ )ݎ‬+ lim σ௡௜ୀଵ(ߨ݄௜ ο‫ ݎ‬ଶ )
௡՜ ௡՜
ܸ = 2ߨ lim σ௡௜ୀଵ(‫ݎ‬௜ ݄௜ ο‫ )ݎ‬+ ߨ lim σ௡௜ୀଵ(݄௜ ο‫ )ݎ‬ή lim௡՜ ο‫ݎ‬
௡՜ ௡՜
80
Since lim௡՜ ο‫ = ݎ‬0, therefore,
ܸ = 2ߨ lim σ௡௜ୀଵ(‫ݎ‬௜ ݄௜ ο‫)ݎ‬
௡՜

௕
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ݄݀ ݎ‬
Where ‫ ݎ‬is the radius or the distance of the rectangular strip from the axis of
revolution, ݄ is the length of the strip and ݀‫ ݎ‬is the width of the strip.
Example(a).
Solution:
࢟
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞= ૛
૛െ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟
࢞
Using the cylindrical shell method,

௕
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ݄݀ ݎ‬
Since ‫ ݎ‬is ‫ݕ‬, ݄ is (2 െ ‫ )ݔ‬and ݀‫ ݕ݀ = ݎ‬and the limits are from 0
to 4, then,
ସ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫( ݕ‬2 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
And ‫ = ݔ‬ඥ‫ݕ‬, therefore,
ସ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫( ݕ‬2 െ ඥ‫ݕ݀)ݕ‬
ସ య
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቀ2‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬మ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ఱ ସ
ଶ
= 2ߨ ቚ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ହ ‫ ݕ‬మ ቚ
଴
ఱ ఱ
ଶ ଶ
= 2ߨ ቄቂ(4) ଶ െ (4) మ ቃ െ ቂ(0) ଶ െ (0) మ ቃቅ
ହ ହ
ଷଶగ
ହ
Example(b).
Find the volume generated by revolving about the line ‫ =ݔ‬4 the area
bounded by the curves ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ and ‫ = ݔ‬4.
81
Solution:
࢟
࢞ = ࢟૛
(૝,૛)
૛
࢟ ૝െ࢞
૚
࢞
࢟
࢞= ૝
݀‫ݔ‬
(૝,െ૛)

௕
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ݄݀ ݎ‬
Since ‫ ݎ‬is (4 െ ‫)ݔ‬, ݄ is 2‫ ݕ‬and ݀‫ ݔ݀ = ݎ‬and the limits are from 0
to 4, then,
ସ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (4 െ ‫( )ݔ‬2‫ݔ݀)ݕ‬
And ‫ = ݕ‬ξ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ସ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (4 െ ‫( )ݔ‬2ξ‫ݔ݀)ݔ‬
ସ య
= 4ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቀ4ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬మቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
య ఱ ସ
଼ ଶ
= 4ߨ ቚଷ ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ହ ‫ ݔ‬మ ቚ
଴
య ఱ య ఱ
଼ ଶ ଼ ଶ
= 4ߨ ቄቂ (4) మ െ (4) మ ቃ െ ቂ (0) మ െ (0) మ ቃቅ
ଷ ହ ଷ ହ
ହଵଶ
ଵହ
Example(c).
‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ revolving about ‫ = ݕ‬0.
Solution:
࢟ ࢟ = ࢞૜
࢟૛ = ࢞
(૚,૚)
࢞ࡾ െ ࢞ࡸ
ࢊ࢟
࢟
࢞

௕
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ݄݀ ݎ‬
82
Since ‫ ݎ‬is ‫ݕ‬, ݄ is (‫ݔ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ ) = ൫ඥ‫ݕ‬య
– ‫ ݕ‬ଶ൯ and ݀‫ ݕ݀ = ݎ‬and the
limits are from 0 to 1, then,
ଵ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ( ݕ‬యඥ‫ ݕ –ݕ‬ଶ )݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ ర
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቀ‫ ݕ‬య െ ‫ ݕ‬ଷቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ళ ଵ
ଷ ଵ
= 2ߨ ቚ଻ ‫ ݕ‬య െ ସ ‫ ݕ‬ସ ቚ
଴
ళ ళ
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= 2ߨ ቄቂ (1) య െ (1) ସ ቃ െ ቂ (0) య െ (0) ସቃቅ
଻ ସ ଻ ସ
ହగ
ଵସ
Example(d).
‫ ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ ݕ‬and ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬revolving about the line ‫ = ݔ‬1.
Solution:
Graphing the curves,࢞૛ = ࢟
࢟
࢞= ૚
࢟૛ = ࢞
(૚,૚)
(૚ െ ࢞)
࢟ࡴ െ ࢟ࡸ
ࢊ࢞
࢞

௕
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ݄݀ ݎ‬
Since ‫ ݎ‬is (1 െ ‫)ݔ‬, ݄ is (‫ݕ‬ு െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) = ൫ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଶ൯and ݀‫ ݔ݀ = ݎ‬and the
limits are from 0 to 1, then,
ଵ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (1 െ ‫ )ݔ‬൫ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଶ൯݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ య
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቀξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬మ + ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
య ఱ ଵ
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
= 2ߨ ቚ ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬మ + ‫ ݔ‬ସ ቚ
ଷ ଷ ହ ସ ଴
య ఱ
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
= 2ߨ ቄ (1) మ െ (1) ଷ െ (1) మ + (1) ସ െ
ଷ ଷ ହ ସ
య ఱ
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
(0) െ (0) ଷ െ (0) మ + (0) ସቅ
మ
ଷ ଷ ହ ସ
ଵଵగ
ଷ଴
83
Exercise 6.1
I. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the
given curves revolving about the indicated axis or lines of revolution. Solve in
two ways.
1. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬4, about ‫ݔ‬-axis
2. ‫ = ݕ‬ξ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ݕ‬0, about ‫ݕ‬-axis
3. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬1,‫ݔ‬-axis, about ‫ = ݔ‬1
4. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݕ‬8, ‫ = ݔ‬0, about ‫ݔ‬-axis
5. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 1,‫ = ݕ‬7,‫ = ݔ‬0, about ‫ݔ‬-axis
6. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ,‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬, about ‫ = ݕ‬െ1
7. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬4, ‫ = ݔ‬0, about ‫ݕ‬-axis
8. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ െ 1, ‫ = ݕ‬0, about ‫ݕ‬-axis
గ
9. ‫ = ݕ‬cos‫ ݔ‬,‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݔ‬ଶ , about ‫ݔ‬-axis
10. ‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ ݔ‬, ‫ݔ‬-axis, about ‫ = ݔ‬5
II. Solve the following problems.

1. Find the volume bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ݔ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ߨ = ݔ‬,
about ‫ߨ = ݔ‬
2. Find the volume of a right circular cylinder by revolving the area bounded by
the lines ‫ܽ = ݔ‬, ‫ ܾ = ݕ‬and the coordinate axes about the ‫ݕ‬-axis.
3. Find the volume of a paraboloid by revolving the parabola ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4ܽ‫ ݔ‬about the
‫ݕ‬-axis.
4. Find the volume of a sphere by revolving the circle ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݎ‬ଶ about the ‫ݕ‬-
axis.
௫మ ௬మ
5. Find the volume of an ellipsoid by revolving the ellipse + = 1 about the
௔మ ௕మ
‫ݔ‬-axis.
84
Chapter 7
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Outline:
7.1 Length of an Arc
7.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution
7.3 Centroids
7.4 Physical Applications
Overview:
This chapter will introduce other applications which includes geometrical
applications on length of an arc and surface area, also physical applications which
include centroid of a plane area and volume of solid of revolution, pressure and work.
Objectives:
1. Find the length of the arc of a given curve.
2. Find the area of a surface of revolution.
3. Find the centroid of a plane area and volume of solid of revolution.
4. Solve problems on pressure and work.
85
7.1 Length of an Arc
࢟ ࡼ࢔
ࡼ૛
ࡼ૚ ࡼ࢏
ࡼ࢏ି૚
ࡼ૙
࢞
ࢇ = ࢞૙ ࢞૚ ࢞૛ ࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏ ࢞࢔ = ࢈
Suppose the function ‫ )ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬is continuous on the interval [ܽ, ܾ] and points,
{‫ݔ‬଴ , ‫ݔ‬ଵ ,‫ݔ‬ଶ …,‫ݔ‬௡ } is the partition of [ܽ,ܾ]. The points,
ܲ଴ (‫ݔ‬଴ ,‫ݕ‬଴ ), ܲଵ(‫ݔ‬ଵ, ‫ݕ‬ଵ), ܲଶ (‫ݔ‬ଶ ,‫ݕ‬ଶ ),…, ܲ௡ (‫ݔ‬௡ ,‫ݕ‬௡ ) on the graph are joined by straight lines
where the total length of the arc is approximately equal to the sum of the straight
lines.
From the figure below,
ටο࢞࢏૛ + ο࢟࢏ ૛
ࡼ ࢏(࢞࢏ ,࢟࢏ )
ࡼ࢏ି૚ (࢞࢏ି૚, ࢟࢏ି૚) (࢟࢏ െ ࢟࢏ି૚ ) = ο࢟࢏
ο࢞࢏
࢞
࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏
The length of the line segment from ܲ௜ିଵ to ܲ௜ , considering that ‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ and ‫ݔ‬௜
are very close to each other approximates the length of the arc from ܲ௜ିଵ to ܲ௜ . The
total length of the arc of the curve is given by the sum,
‫ = ݏ‬σ௡௜ୀଵ ܲ௜ିଵ ܲ௜ = σ௡௜ୀଵ ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ
By the mean value theorem,

ο‫ݕ‬௜ = ݂ ƍ(‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜
Then,
‫ = ݏ‬σ௡௜ୀଵ ඥ(ο‫ݔ‬௜ ) ଶ + [݂ ƍ (‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜ ] ଶ
‫ = ݏ‬σ௡௜ୀଵ ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ( ‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜
If the partitions are to be increases indefinitely as length of each segment

approaches zero, then, the limit of the sum exists.
‫ = ݏ‬lim௡՜ σ௡௜ୀଵ ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ ( ‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜
86
௕
‫׬ = ݏ‬௔ ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ (‫ ])ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬
Since ݂ ƍ(‫= )ݔ‬ , then,
ௗ௫
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௔ ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫
For ‫)ݕ(݃ = ݔ‬, whose curve is continuous on the interval, [ܿ,݀], then, the
formula is,
ௗ ௗ௫ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௖ ට1 + ቀௗ௬ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
For a given parametric equations where ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬are given in terms of

ௗ௫ ௗ௬
parameter ‫ ݐ‬and and are continuous on the interval [‫ݐ‬ଵ, ‫ݐ‬ଶ ], then, the
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
formula is,
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௧ మ ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬
భ
For polar curves given a polar equation ‫ )ߠ(݂ = ݎ‬and the curve is continuous
on the interval [ߠଵ , ߠଶ ], then, the formula is,
ఏ ௗ௥ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ఏ మ ට‫ݎ‬ଶ + ቀ ቁ ݀ߠ
భ ௗఏ
Example(a).
Find the length of the arc of the curve ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬ଶ from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1.
Solution:
Graphing the curve,
࢟
(૚,૝)
૝ ࢟ = ૝࢞૛
ࢊࡿ ࢊ࢟
ࢊ࢞
࢞
૙
From the formula,
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௔ ට1 + ቀௗ௫ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬ ଶ
First, find ቀ ቁ ,
ௗ௫
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬ଶ
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ
ௗ௫
= 8‫ ݔ‬and ቀௗ௫ ቁ = 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ
Then,
ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬଴ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
By trigonometric substitutions,
௨ ௔మ
‫ ׬‬ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫= ݑ‬ ௔
ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ + ଶ
ln൫‫ ݑ‬+ ξܽଶ + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ ൯ + ܿ
87
Thus,
ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬଴ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଼௫ ଵ ଵ
= ቚ ቂ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ଶ ln൫8‫ ݔ‬+ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ൯ቃቚ
଼ ଶ ଴
ଵ ଼(ଵ) ଵ
= ቚቄ ඥ1 + 64(1) ଶ + ଶ lnൣ8(1) + ඥ1 + 64(1) ଶ ൧ቅ
଼ ଶ
଼(଴) ଵ
െቄ ଶ
ඥ1 + 64(0) ଶ + ଶ lnൣ8(0) + ඥ1 + 64(0) ଶ ൧ቅቚ
‫ = ݏ‬4.20 units
Example(b).
Find the length of the curve ‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ݔ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬1 to ‫ = ݔ‬5.
Solution:
Graphing the curve,
࢟
࢟ = ‫࢞ ܖܔ‬
࢞
૙ ૚ ૞
The derivatives are,

‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬ ଵ ௗ௬ ଶ ଵ
ௗ௫
= ௫
and ቀௗ௫ ቁ = ௫మ
Then,
ହ ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ଵ ට1 + ௫మ
݀‫ݔ‬
ହ ξ௫ మ ାଵ
= ‫׬‬ଵ ௫ మ ݀‫ݔ‬
By algebraic substitution,
ξ௫ మ ାଵ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬ ݀‫ = ݔ‬ξ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ ln൫ξ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ln൫ξ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ + ܿ
௫మ ଶ ଶ
Thus,
ହ ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ଵ ට1 + ݀‫ݔ‬
௫మ
ଵ ଵ ହ
= ቚξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ ln൫ξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ln൫ξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ቚ
ଶ ଶ ଵ
ଵ ଵ
= ቂඥ(5) ଶ + 1 െ ଶ ln൫ඥ(5) ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ଶ ln൫ඥ(5) ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ቃ
ଵ ଵ
െ ቂඥ(1) ଶ + 1 െ ln൫ඥ(1) ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ln൫ඥ(1) ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ቃ
ଶ ଶ
‫ = ݏ‬4.37 units
Example(c).
Find the length of the curve ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cos ߠ) from ߠ = 0 to ߠ = ߨ.
88
Solution:
Graphing the curve, ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cos ߠ)
ૢ૙૙ ߠ ‫ݎ‬
0଴ 0
૚૛૙૙ ૟૙૙ 30଴ 0.268
60଴ 1
90଴ 2
૚૞૙૙ ૜૙૙
120଴ 3
150଴ 3.732
૚ૡ૙૙ ૙૙ 180଴ 4
૛૚૙૙ ૜૜૙૙
૛૝૙૙ ૜૙૙૙
૛ૠ૙૙
ௗ௥ ଶ
First, find ቀௗఏ ቁ , then,
‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cosߠ)
ௗ௥ ௗ௥ ଶ
= 2 sin ߠ and ቀ ቁ = 4 sin ଶ ߠ
ௗఏ ௗఏ
Thus,
ఏ ௗ௥ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ఏ మ ට‫ݎ‬ଶ + ቀௗఏ ቁ ݀ߠ
భ
గ
= ‫׬‬଴ ඥ[2(1 െ cosߠ)] ଶ + 4 sinଶ ߠ ݀ߠ
గ
‫ = ݏ‬2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ξ1 െ cosߠ ݀ߠ
By rationalization,
గ ξଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏ
‫ = ݏ‬2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ξ1 െ cosߠ ή ݀ߠ
ξଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏ
గ ୱ୧୬ ఏ
= 2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ݀ߠ
ξଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏ
భ
గ ି
= 2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ (1 + cosߠ) మ
sin ߠ ݀ߠ
By power formula, we have,
భ గ
‫ = ݏ‬ቚെ4ξ2(1 + cosߠ) మ ቚ
଴
భ భ
= ቂെ4ξ2(1 + cosߨ) ቃ െ ቂെ4ξ2(1 + cos0) మ ቃ
మ
‫ = ݏ‬8 units
Example(d).
Find the length of the parametric curves ‫ = ݔ‬2‫ ݐ‬+ 3 and ‫ ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ from ‫ = ݐ‬െ1
to = 2.
89
Solution:
The table of values for ‫ ݐ‬is,
‫ݐ‬ െ1 0 1 2
‫ = ݔ‬2‫ ݐ‬+ 3 1 3 5 7
‫ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ 1 0 1 4
Then, plot the points, (1,1),(3,0),(5,1) and (7,4).

࢟
࢞ = ૛࢚ + ૜
൜
࢟ = ࢚૛
࢞
૙ ૚ ૛ ૜ ૝ ૞ ૟ ૠ
The derivatives are,

‫ = ݔ‬2‫ ݐ‬+ 3 ‫ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ
= 2 and ቀ ቁ = 4 = 2‫ ݐ‬and ቀ ቁ = 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ
ௗ௧ ௗ௧ ௗ௧ ௗ௧
Thus,
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௧ మ ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬
భ
ଶ
= ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ4 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
ଶ
= 2 ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
By trigonometric substitutions,
௨ ௔మ
‫ ׬‬ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫= ݑ‬ ଶ
ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ + ଶ
ln൫‫ ݑ‬+ ξܽଶ + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ ൯ + ܿ
Thus,
ଶ
‫ = ݏ‬2 ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
௫ ଵ ଶ
= 2 ቚ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ + ln൫‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൯ቚ
ଶ ଶ ିଵ
ଶ
= ห‫ݔ‬ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ + lnൣ‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൧หିଵ
= ൛(2)ඥ1 + (2) ଶ + lnൣ(2) + ඥ1 + (2) ଶ൧ൟ െ ൛(െ1)ඥ1 + (െ1) ଶ
+ lnൣ(െ1) + ඥ1 + (െ1) ଶ൧หൟ
‫ = ݏ‬8.21 units
Exercise 7.1
Find the length of the arc of the given curves.
1. ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2

௫మ
2. ‫= ݕ‬ ଽ
, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬6
య
3. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬3
మ
4. 9‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬6
90
య
5. ‫ = ݔ‬3‫ ݕ‬మ , from ‫ = ݕ‬0 to ‫ = ݕ‬4
6. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2‫ݔ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1
7. ‫ = ݕ‬ξ1 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1
8. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2
గ
9. ‫ = ݕ‬ln(sec ‫)ݔ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫= ݔ‬ ସ
10. ‫ ݁ = ݕ‬௫ , from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2

11. ‫ ݁ = ݔ‬௧ , ‫ ݁ = ݕ‬ଶ௧ from ‫ = ݐ‬0 to ‫ = ݐ‬3
12. ‫ = ݔ‬1 െ ‫ ݐ‬ଶ,‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݐ‬+ 2 from ‫ = ݐ‬െ2 to ‫ = ݐ‬3
గ
13. ‫ = ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ ݐ‬,‫ = ݕ‬cos‫ ݐ‬from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫= ݔ‬
ଶ
గ
14. ‫ = ݎ‬4(1 െ sin ߠ) from ߠ = ଶ
to ߠ = ߨ
గ
15. ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 16 cosߠ from ߠ = 0 to ߠ =
ଶ
7.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution

૙ ࢞
When the surface area of a solid generated by revolving a curve about an

axis, this may be calculated using the first proposition of Pappus.
The First Proposition of Pappus states that, “If an arc is rotated about an axis,
it will generate a surface area equal to the product of the length of the arc and the
circumference of the circle described by its centroid.”
ܵ = ‫ ݏ‬ή 2ߨ‫ݕ‬
where, ‫ ݏ‬is the length of the arc and ‫ ݕ‬is the distance from the centroid to the axis
of rotation.
A solid generated by revolving a curve about an axis may be calculated using

integration.
91
࢟ ࢟
࢙
ࡼ૚ ࡼ࢏ି૚ ࡼ ࢏ ࡼ࢔
ࡼ૙
࢟૙ ࢟૚ ࢟࢏ି૚ ࢟࢏ ࢟࢔ ࢟૙ ࢟࢔
࢞ ࢞
ࢇ = ࢞૙ ࢞૚ ࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏ ࢈ = ࢞࢔
Suppose the function ‫)ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬, is continuous on the interval [ܽ, ܾ] and
points, {‫ݔ‬଴ ,‫ݔ‬ଵ ,…, ‫ݔ‬௡ } is the partition of [ܽ,ܾ]. The points, ܲ଴(‫ݔ‬଴,‫ݕ‬଴ ),
ܲଵ (‫ݔ‬ଵ ,‫ݕ‬ଵ ),…, ܲ௡ (‫ݔ‬௡ ,‫ݕ‬௡ ) on the graph are joined by straight lines where the total length
of the arc is approximately equal to the sum of the straight lines. If this arc is revolved
about the ‫ݔ‬-axis, this generates a frustum of a right circular cone. The sum of the
lateral areas of the generated frustums of each partition is the approximate area of
the surface generated.
The surface area ܵ of the frustum of a cone of slant height ‫ ݏ‬and base radii
‫ݕ‬଴ and ‫ݕ‬௡ is,
ܵ = ߨ‫ݕ(ݏ‬଴ + ‫ݕ‬௡ )
௬బ ା௬೙
Since ‫= ݕ‬ is the average of the radii, then
ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ‫ݏݕ‬
From the figure below,
ටο࢞࢏૛ + ο࢟࢏ ૛
ࡼ ࢏(࢞࢏ ,࢟࢏ )
ࡼ࢏ି૚ (࢞࢏ି૚, ࢟࢏ି૚)
(࢟࢏ െ ࢟࢏ି૚ ) = ο࢟࢏
࢟࢏ି૚ ࢟࢏
ο࢞࢏
࢞
࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏
The surface area of the frustum generated is,

ܵ = 2ߨ‫ݏݕ‬
Since ‫ = ݏ‬ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ , therefore,
ܵ = 2ߨ‫ݕ‬ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ
92
The total surface area of the generated solid is given by the sum,
ܵ = σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ݕ‬ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ
By the mean value theorem,
ο‫ݕ‬௜ = ݂ ƍ(‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜
Then,
ܵ = σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ ݕ‬ඥ(ο‫ݔ‬௜ ) ଶ + [݂ ƍ (‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜ ] ଶ
ܵ = σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ ݕ‬ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ(‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜
If the number of the partitioned points on the arc is to be increases indefinitely

as length of each segment approaches zero, then, the limit of the sum exists.
ܵ = lim௡՜ σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ ݕ‬ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ (‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜

௕
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ(‫ ])ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬
Since ݂ ƍ(‫= )ݔ‬ , then,
ௗ௫
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫
The equation can be written as,

௕
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݏ݀ ݕ‬
ௗ௬ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬.
ௗ௫
For ‫)ݕ(݃ = ݔ‬, whose curve is continuous on the interval [ܿ,݀], then, the
formula is,
ௗ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݏ݀ ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀௗ௬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬.
For a given parametric equations where ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬are given in terms of

ௗ௫ ௗ௬
parameter ‫ ݐ‬and ௗ௧ and ௗ௧ are continuous on the interval [‫ݐ‬ଵ, ‫ݐ‬ଶ ] and is revolved
around the ‫ݔ‬-axis, then, the formula is,
௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݕ‬
భ
If it is revolved around the ‫ݕ‬-axis, the formula is,

௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݔ‬
భ
ௗ௫ ௗ௬ ଶ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ටቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬.
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
For polar curves given a polar equation ‫ )ߠ(݂ = ݎ‬and the curve is continuous
on the interval [ߠଵ , ߠଶ ], then, the formula is,
ఏ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬ఏ మ ‫ ݎ‬sin ߠ ݀‫ݏ‬
భ
ௗ௥ ଶ
where ݀‫= ݏ‬ ට‫ݎ‬ଶ + ቀௗఏ ቁ ݀ߠ.
93
Example(a).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ about
the ‫ݕ‬-axis from, ‫ = ݕ‬0 to ‫ = ݕ‬4.
Solution:
Graphing the curve,
࢟
࢟
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞
ࢊ࢙
࢞ ࢞
૙
From the formula,

ௗ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݏ݀ ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬, then,
ௗ௬
ௗ ௗ௫ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௖ ‫ ݔ‬ට1 + ቀௗ௬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ௗ௫ ଵ ௗ௫ ଶ ଵ ଵ
Since ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and ‫ = ݔ‬ඥ‫ݕ‬, = and ቀ ቁ = = , therefore,
ௗ௬ ଶξ௬ ௗ௬ ସ௬ ସ௫ మ
ସ ଵ
ܵ= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ඥ‫ ݕ‬ට1 + ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ௬
ସ ସ௬ାଵ
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ඥ‫ ݕ‬ට ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ௬
ସ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ඥ4‫ ݕ‬+ 1 ݀‫ݕ‬
య ସ
ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቀସቁ ቚଷ (4‫ ݕ‬+ 1) మ ቚ
଴
య ସ
గ
= ቚ(4‫ ݕ‬+ 1) మ ቚ
଺ ଴
య య
గ
= ଺ ቄ[4(4) + 1] మ െ[4(0) + 1] మ ቅ
ܵ = 36.18 sq. units
Example(b).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬about
the ‫ݔ‬-axis from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ߨ = ݔ‬.
Solution:
࢟
ࢊ࢙ ࢟ = ‫࢞ܖܑܛ‬
૚
࢞
૙
࣊
94
From the formula,
௕
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݏ݀ ݕ‬
ௗ௬ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬, then,
ௗ௫
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ ݕ‬ට1 + ቀௗ௫ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ
Since ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬and = cos‫ ݔ‬and ቀ ቁ = cosଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
గ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
For ‫ ׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬, by substitution,
Let ‫ = ݑ‬cos ‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫ = ݑ‬െsin ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬, thus,
‫ ׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬െ ‫ ׬‬ξ1 + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫ݑ‬
For െ ‫ ׬‬ξ1 + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫ݑ‬, by trigonometric substitution,
௨ ଵ
െ ‫ ׬‬ξ1 + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫ = ݑ‬െ ቂଶ ξ1 + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ + ଶ lnห‫ ݑ‬+ ξ1 + ‫ݑ‬ଶ หቃ
Since ‫ = ݑ‬cos‫ݔ‬,
ୡ୭ୱ ௫ ଵ
‫ ׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬െ ቂ ଶ
ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ lnหcos‫ ݔ‬+ ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ‬หቃ
Therefore,
గ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
ୡ୭ୱ ௫ ଵ గ
= െ2ߨ ቚ ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ lnหcos‫ ݔ‬+ ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ‬หቚ
ଶ ଴
ୡ୭ୱ(గ) ଵ
= െ2ߨ ቄ ඥ1 + cosଶ(ߨ) + ln ቚcos(ߨ) + ඥ1 + cosଶ (ߨ)ቚ –
ଶ ଶ
ୡ୭ୱ( ଴) ଵ
ඥ1 + cosଶ (0) + ଶ lnหcos(0) + ඥ1 + cosଶ(0)หቅ
ଶ
ܵ = 14.424 sq. units
Example(c).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve given by the
parametric equations ‫ ݐ = ݔ‬+ 3 and ‫ ݐ = ݕ‬+ 4 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis from ‫ = ݐ‬െ3 to
‫ = ݐ‬1.
Solution:
First, make a table of values for ‫ݐ‬,
‫ݐ‬ െ3 െ2 െ1 0 1
‫ݐ = ݔ‬+ 3 0 1 2 3 4
‫ݐ =ݕ‬+ 4 1 2 3 4 5
Then, plot the points (0,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,4) and (4,5).

࢟࢟
࢞ = ࢚+ ૜
൜
࢟= ࢚+ ૝
૞
࢞
૝ ࢊ࢙
૜
૚
࢞
૙ ૚ ૛ ૜ ૝ ૞
95
From the formula,
௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݔ‬
భ
where, ݀‫ = ݏ‬ටቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬, then,
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ )ݐ(ݔ‬ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬
భ
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
Since, ‫ ݐ = )ݐ(ݔ‬+ 3, = 1 and = 1, therefore,
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
ଵ
ܵ= 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଷ(‫ ݐ‬+ 3) ඥ(1) ଶ + (1) ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
ଵ
ܵ= 2ξ2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଷ(‫ ݐ‬+ 3) ݀‫ݐ‬
ଵ
ܵ= หξ2ߨ(‫ ݐ‬+ 3) ଶ หିଷ
ܵ = ൣξ2ߨ(1 + 3) ൧ െ ൣξ2ߨ(െ3 + 3) ଶ ൧
ଶ
ܵ = 16ξ2ߨ = 71.086 sq. units
Example(d).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve represented by
the parametric equations ‫ ݐ = ݔ‬+ 5 and ‫ ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ െ 1 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis from ‫ = ݐ‬െ1
to ‫ = ݐ‬3.
Solution:
First, make a table of values for ‫ݐ‬,
‫ݐ‬ െ1 0 1 2 3
‫ݐ = ݔ‬+ 5 4 5 6 7 8
‫ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ െ 1 0 െ1 0 3 8
Then, plot the points (4,0),(5,െ1),(6,0),(7,3) and (8,8)
࢞= ࢚+ ૞
ૡ ൜
࢟ = ࢚૛ െ ૚
૟
࢞
ࢊ࢙
૝
࢞
૙ ૛ ૝ ૟ ૡ
From the formula,

௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݔ‬
భ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬, then,
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ )ݐ(ݔ‬ටቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬
భ ௗ௧ ௗ௧
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
Since ‫ ݐ = )ݐ(ݔ‬+ 5, ௗ௧ = 1 and ௗ௧
= 2‫ݐ‬, therefore,
ଷ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ(‫ ݐ‬+ 5) ඥ(1) ଶ + (2‫ )ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
96
ଷ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ(‫ ݐ‬+ 5) ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ݀‫ݐ‬
ଷ ଷ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ‫ ݐ‬ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ݀‫ ݐ‬+ 10ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
For the first integrand, use power formula and trigonometric
substitution for the second integrand, thus,
య ଷ
ଵ ൫ଵାସ௧ మ ൯మ ଵ
ܵ = อ2ߨ ൥ቀ଼ቁ య ൩ + 5ߨ ቀ‫ݐ‬ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ + lnห2‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ หቁอ
ଶ
మ
ିଵ
య ଷ
గ ହ
ܵ = ቚ ଺ (1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ) మ + 5ߨ‫ݐ‬ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ + ଶ ߨ lnห2‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶหቚ
ିଵ
య
గ ହ
ܵ = ቄ [ 1 + 4(3) ଶ] మ + 5ߨ(3)ඥ1 + 4( 3) ଶ + ߨ lnห2(3) + ඥ1 + 4(3) ଶ หቅ
଺ ଶ
య
గ ହ
െ ቄ [1 + 4(െ1) ଶ ] + 5ߨ(െ1)ඥ1 + 4(െ1) ଶ + ߨ lnห2(െ1) + ඥ1 + 4(െ1) ଶหቅ
మ
଺ ଶ
ܵ = 464.664 sq. units
Exercise 7.2
Find the surface area of the given curves rotated at the given lines or axis.
1. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2 about ‫ݕ‬-axis

2. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ . ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1 about ‫ݕ‬-axis
3. ‫ = ݕ‬3ξ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬4 about ‫ݔ‬-axis
4. ‫ ݔ‬ଷ = 3‫ݕ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2 about ‫ݔ‬-axis
5. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2 about the ‫ݔ‬-axis
6. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 9, ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬3 about ‫ݕ‬-axis
7. ‫ = ݔ‬1 െ ‫ ݐ‬ଶ,‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݐ‬+ 2 from ‫ = ݐ‬െ2 to ‫ = ݐ‬3
8. ‫ ݐ = ݔ‬ଶ + 3,‫ ݐ = ݕ‬ଷ െ 2 from ‫ = ݐ‬െ1 to ‫ = ݐ‬2
9. ‫ = ݎ‬2 sin ߠ + 2 cosߠ from ߠ = 0 to ߠ = 2ߨ
10. ‫ = ݎ‬4 sin ߠ from ߠ = 0 to ߠ = ߨ
7.3 Centroids
Centroid of Plane Areas
The centroid is the center of mass of a given figure. Consider the figure,
࢟ centroid
centroid of the
strip
࢟ = ࢌ(࢞)
࢟ ࢟
࢟ ࢟ࢉ =
૛
࢞
૙ ࢊ࢞ ࢇ
࢞
࢞ࢉ
97
First is to determine the area of the figure, let us consider the figure. The area
is,
௔
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
Next is the moments of the region denoted by ‫ܯ‬௫ and ‫ܯ‬௬ . Moment is the
tendency of the region to rotate about the coordinate axes ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݕ‬. The moments
are given by the area multiplied by the perpendicular distance about the axis of
rotation, from the figure,
௔ ௔ଵ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬௖ ݀‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫)ݔ݀ݕ( ݕ‬ ଶ
௔ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ ݀‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (‫)ݔ݀ݕ‬
where ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ = ܣ‬.
The coordinates of the centroid (‫ݔ‬, ‫ )ݕ‬are,
ெ೤ ௔
‫ =ݔ‬஺ or ‫׬ = ݔܣ‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ெೣ ଵ ௔
‫= ݕ‬ ஺
or ‫= ݕܣ‬ ‫)ܣ݀( ݕ ׬‬
ଶ ଴
Example(a).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by the parabola ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2‫ݔ‬, the ‫ݔ‬-axis
and the line ‫ = ݔ‬2.
Solution:
࢟
࢟૛ = ૛࢞
(૛,૛)
࢟
࢟
࢟ ࢟ࢉ =
૛
࢞
૙ ࢞ ࢊ࢞
࢞= ૛
࢞ࢉ
Using the vertical strip, the area of the bounded region is,
ଶ ଶ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫׬ = ݔ݀ ݕ‬଴ ξ2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
య ଶ
ଶ
= ξ2 ቚଷ (‫ )ݔ‬మ ቚ
଴
య య
ଶ ξଶ
= ቂ(2) మ െ (0) మ ቃ
ଷ
଼
‫ = ܣ‬ଷ sq. units
For the ‫ ݔ‬coordinate, For the ‫ ݕ‬coordinate,
௔ ଵ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ଶ
ଶ ଵ ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݔ‬ = ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݕ ׬‬
ଶ ଴
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ξ2‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ = ‫ݔ݀ ݕ ׬‬
ଶ ଴
ଶ య ଵ ଶ
= ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬మ ݀‫ݔ‬ = ‫ ׬‬2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଶ ଴
ఱ ଶ
ଶξଶ ଵ ଶ ଶ
= ቚ‫ ݔ‬మ ቚ = ቚଶ ‫ ݔ‬ቚ
ହ ଴ ଴
ఱ ఱ ଵ ଵ
ଶξଶ
= ቂ(2) െ (0) ቃ
మ మ = ቂଶ (2) ଶቃ െ ቂଶ (0) ଶቃ
ହ
‫ܯ‬௬ =
ଵ଺ ‫ܯ‬௫ = 2
ହ
98
From the formula, From the formula,
భల ெ ଶ
‫=ݔ‬
ெ೤
= ఱ ‫ = ݕ‬஺ೣ = ఴ
ఴ
஺ య
య ଷ
‫=ݔ‬
଺ ‫=ݕ‬
ସ
ହ
଺ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀହ , ସቁ.
Using the horizontal strip,

࢟
࢟૛ = ૛࢞
(૛,૛)
࢞+ ૛
࢞ࢉ =
૛
ࢊ࢟
࢟ࢉ = ࢟ ࢟
࢞
૙
࢞= ૛
ഥ
࢞
The area is,

ଶ ଶ ௬మ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ (2 െ ‫׬ = ݕ݀ )ݔ‬଴ ቀ2 െ ଶ
ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ቚ2‫ ݕ‬െ ଺ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
= ቂ2(2) െ ଺ (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ2(0) െ ଺ (0) ଷቃ
଼
‫=ܣ‬ ଷ
sq. units

௔ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ଶ ௫ାଶ ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ ቀ ቁ (2 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫( ݕ‬2 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
ଶ
ଵ ଶ ௬మ ௬మ ଶ ௬మ
= ‫ ׬‬ቀଶ + 2ቁ ቀ2 െ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݕ‬ቀ2 െ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଶ ଴ ଶ ଶ
ଵ ଶ ଶ ଵ
= ‫( ׬‬16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ସ) ݀‫ݕ‬ = ‫׬‬଴ ቀ2‫ ݕ‬െ ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
଼ ଴
ଶ ଵ ଶ
ଵ ଵ
= ቚ16‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ହቚ = ቚ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ସ ቚ
଼ ହ ଴ ଼ ଴
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቄቂ16(2) െ (2) ହቃ = ቄቂ(2) ଶ െ (2) ସ ቃ
଼ ହ ଼
ଵ ଵ
െ 16(0) െ (0) ହቅ െ ቂ(0) ଶ െ (0) ସ ቃቅ
ହ ଼
‫ܯ‬௬ = ହ
ଵ଺ ‫ܯ‬௫ = 2
From the formula, From the formula,
భల ெೣ ଶ
‫=ݔ‬
ெ೤
= ఱ ‫=ݕ‬ ஺
= ఴ
ఴ
஺ య
య ଷ
଺ ‫=ݕ‬
‫=ݔ‬ ହ
ସ
଺ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀ , ቁ. The same answers
ହ ସ
obtained.
99
For the centroid of an area bounded by two curves, consider the figures,
࢟ ࢟
࢞ࢉ ࢞ࡾ
(࢈,ࢊ) (࢈,ࢊ)
࢞ࡸ
ࢊ࢟
ࢊ࢞
࢟ࢁ + ࢟ࡸ ࢟ࢁ
࢟ࢉ = (ࢇ,ࢉ) (ࢇ,ࢉ) ࢟ࢉ
૛ ࢟ࡸ
࢞ࡾ + ࢞ࡸ
࢞ࢉ =
࢞ ૛ ࢞
Considering the vertical strip, the For horizontal strip,

formulas are,
ௗ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݕ‬௖ ݀‫ܣ‬
௕ ଵ ௕
‫ܯ‬௫ = ݀‫= ܣ‬
‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬௖ ‫ࢁ࢟( ׬‬
ଶ ௔
+ ࢟ࡸ ) (࢟ࢁ െ ‫ܯ‬௫ =
ௗ
‫׬‬௖ ‫ݔ( ݕ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ )݀‫ݕ‬
࢟ࡸ ) ݀‫ݔ‬ ௗ ଵ ௗ
ଵ ௕ ‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݔ‬௖ ݀‫ = ܣ‬ଶ ‫׬‬௖ (‫ݔ‬ோ ଶ
+ ‫ݔ‬௅ ଶ )(‫ݔ‬ோ ଶ െ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ଶ ‫׬‬௔ (‫ݕ‬௎ ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ଶ ) ݀‫ݔ‬ ଶ)
‫ݔ‬௅ ݀‫ݕ‬
௕ ଵ ௗ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ݀‫ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௬ = ଶ ‫׬‬௖ (‫ݔ‬ோ ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ ଶ ) ݀‫ݕ‬
௕
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ(ݔ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
Example(b).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by the curves ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ .
Solution:
࢟ = ࢞૜
࢟
૚ ࢟૛ = ࢞
(૚,૚)
࢟ࢁ + ࢟ࡸ
࢟ࢉ =
૛
࢟ ࢊ࢞
࢞
࢞ ૚
࢞ࢉ = (࢞ࡾ െ ࢞ࡸ )
The area of the bounded region is,

ଵ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ൫ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଷ൯ ݀‫ݔ‬
య ଵ
ଶ ଵ
= ቚଷ ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ସ ‫ ݔ‬ସቚ
଴
య య
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
= ቂ (1) మ െ (1) ସቃ െ ቂ (0) మ െ (0) ସ ቃ
ଷ ସ ଷ ସ
ହ
‫=ܣ‬ sq. units
ଵଶ
100
௔ ଵ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫ݕ ׬‬ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ଶ ଴ ௖
ଵ ଵ ௕
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ( ݔ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ )݀‫ݔ‬ = ‫ݕ( ׬‬௎ ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ଶ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ௔
ଵ
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬൫ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଷ ൯݀‫ݔ‬ =
ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬ቂ൫ξ‫ݔ‬൯
ଶ
െ (‫ ݔ‬ଷ ) ଶቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଴
ଵ య
= ‫׬‬଴ ቀ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬ మ
=
ଵ ଵ
‫ݔ( ׬‬ െ ‫ݔ݀ )଺ ݔ‬
ଶ ଴
ఱ ଵ ଵ
ଶ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቚହ ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ହ ‫ ݔ‬ହቚ = ቚ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫଻ ݔ‬ቚ
଴ ଶ ଶ ଻ ଴
ఱ ଵ ଵ ଵ
ଶ ଵ
= ቂହ (1) మ െ ହ (1) ହቃ = ቂ (1) ଶ െ (1) ଻ ቃ
ଶ ଶ ଻
ଶ ఱ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ ቂ (0) െ (0) ହ ቃ మ െ ଶ ቂଶ (0) െ ଻ (0) ଻ ቃ
ଶ
ହ ହ
ଵ ହ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫ܯ‬௫ = ଶ଼
ହ
From the formula,
From the formula, ఱ
భ ெೣ
ெ೤ ‫ݕ‬
ഥ= = మఴ
ఱ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ = = ఱ
ఱ
஺
భమ
஺
భమ
ଷ
ଵଶ ‫=ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬
ഥ = ଻
ଶହ
ଵଶ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀ , ቁ.
ଶହ ଻
Example(c).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by a quarter circle whose radius is ‫ݎ‬.
Solution:
Graphing the curve of a quarter circle,
࢟
࢘ ࢞૛ + ࢟૛ = ࢘૛
࢟
࢟
࢟
૛
࢞
ࢊ࢞
࢘
࢞
࢞
The area bounded by the region of the quarter circle is,

గ௥మ
‫=ܣ‬ ସ
sq. units
101
௔ ଵ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ܣ݀ ݔ‬ ‫ܯ‬௫ = ଶ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ܣ݀ ݕ‬
௥ ଵ ௥
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݔ‬ = ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݕ ׬‬
௥ ଶ ଴
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬൫ξ‫ ݎ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൯ ݀‫ݔ‬ =
ଵ ௥ ଶ
‫ݔ݀ ݕ ׬‬
య ௥ ଶ ଴
ଵ ଶ ଵ ௥ ଶ
= ቚെ ቀ ቁ (‫ ݎ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ) మቚ = ‫ ݎ( ׬‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଷ ଴ ଶ ଴
ଵ య య ଵ ଶ ଵ ଷ ௥
= െ ଷ ቄ[‫ ݎ‬െ (‫ )ݎ‬ଶ ] మ െ[‫ ݎ‬ଶ െ (0) ଶ] మ ቅ
ଶ = ቚ‫ ݔ ݎ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ቚ
ଶ ଷ ଴
ଵ ଷ ଵ ଵ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ଷ
‫ݎ‬ = ቄቂ‫ݎ‬ଶ (‫ )ݎ‬െ (‫ )ݎ‬ଷቃ
ଶ ଷ
గ௥ మ ଵ
Since ‫= ܣ‬ , therefore, െ ቂ‫ ݎ‬ଶ (0) െ ଷ (0) ଷቃቅ
ସ
భ య ଵ ଷ
ெ೤ ௥
‫=ݔ‬ = య ‫ܯ‬௫ = ଷ
‫ݎ‬
஺ ഏೝమ
గ௥మ
ସ௥
ర
Since ‫= ܣ‬ , therefore,
‫=ݔ‬ ସ
భ య
ଷగ ெೣ ௥
‫=ݕ‬ ஺
= య
ഏೝమ
ర
ସ௥
‫=ݕ‬ ଷగ
ସ௥ ସ௥
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀଷగ , ଷగቁ.
Centroid of Plane Areas of Polar Curves

For the polar curves,
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫ݔ ׬‬௖ ݀‫ ܣ‬and ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫ݕ ׬‬௖ ݀‫ܣ‬
Given the curve,
ࣂ= ࢈ ࢘ = ࢌ(ࣂ)
࢘
࡯
ࢊࣂ
࢞
ࣂ= ࢇ
The mass of the sector is considered to be concentrated at a point on the

bisector of the angle at a distance that is two-thirds of the magnitude of the radius
from the vertex. Therefore,
ଶ ଶ
‫ݔ‬௖ = ଷ ‫ ݎ‬cos ߠ and ‫ݕ‬௖ = ଷ ‫ ݎ‬sin ߠ
For ݀‫ܣ‬, the area of the sector is,
ଵ
݀‫ݎ = ܣ‬ଶ ݀ߠ
ଶ
Therefore,
ଵ ௕ ଵ ௕
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ‬ଷ cosߠ ݀ߠ and ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ ݎ‬ଷ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid are,
ெ೤ ெೣ
ഥ = ஺ and ‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ ഥ= ஺
ଵ ௕
where, ‫= ܣ‬ ‫ݎ ׬‬ଶ
ଶ ௔
݀ߠ.
102
Example(a).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cosߠ) from ߠ = 0 to
ߠ = ߨ.
Solution:
Graphing the curve, ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cos ߠ)
ߠ ‫ݎ‬
૚૛૙૙ ૟૙૙ 0଴ 0
30଴ 0.866
ࢊࣂ 60଴ 1
૚૞૙૙ ࢘ ૜૙૙
90଴ 2
120଴ 3
૚ૡ૙૙ ૙૙ 150଴ 3.732
180଴ 4
For the area,

ଵ గ
‫ = ܣ‬ଶ ‫׬‬଴ [2(1 െ cosߠ)] ଶ ݀ߠ
గ
= 2 ‫׬‬଴ (1 െ 2 cosߠ + cosଶ ߠ) ݀ߠ
ଵ ଵ గ
= 2 ቚߠ െ 2 sin ߠ + ቀଶ ߠ + ସ sin 2ߠቁቚ
଴
ଷ ଵ గ
= 2 ቚ ߠ െ 2 sin ߠ + sin 2ߠቚ
ଶ ସ ଴
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= 2 ቄቂ (ߨ) െ 2 sin( ߨ) + sin 2( ߨ)ቃ െ ቂ ( 0) െ 2 sin( 0) + sin 2( 0) ቃቅ
ଶ ସ ଶ ସ
‫ = ܣ‬3ߨ = 9.42 sq. units
ଵ గ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݎ‬ଷ cosߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ
ଵ గ
=
ଷ ଴
‫[ ׬‬2(1 െ cos ߠ)] ଷ cosߠ ݀ߠ
ଵ గ
= ‫׬‬଴ 8(1 െ 3 cosߠ + 3 cosଶ ߠ െ cosଷ ߠ) cosߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ
଼ గ గ గ ଼ గ
= ‫׬‬଴ cosߠ ݀ߠ െ 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosଶ ߠ ݀ߠ + 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosଷ ߠ ݀ߠ െ ‫׬‬଴ cosସ ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଷ
଼ గ ଵ ଵ గ
= ଷ sin ߠ െ 8 ‫׬‬଴ ቀଶ + ଶ cos2ߠቁ ݀ߠ + 8 ‫׬‬଴ (1 െ sinଶ ߠ) cosߠ ݀ߠ
଼ గ ଵ ଶ
െ ଷ ‫׬‬଴ ቂଶ (1 + cos 2ߠ)ቃ ݀ߠ
଼ ଼
= ଷ sin ߠ െ 4ߠ െ 2 sin 2ߠ + 8 sin ߠ െ ଷ sinଷ ߠ
ଶ గ
െ ଷ ‫׬‬଴ (1 + 2 cos2ߠ + cosଶ 2ߠ)݀ߠ
଼ ଼ ଷ ଶ ଶ
= ଷ
sin ߠ െ 4ߠ െ 2 sin 2ߠ + 8 sin ߠ െ ଷ sin ߠ െ ଷ ߠ െ ଷ sin 2ߠ
ଶ గ ଵ
െ ‫׬‬଴ ቂ (1 + cos 4ߠቃ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଶ
଼ ଼ ଶ ଶ ଵ
= ቚ sin ߠ െ 4ߠ െ 2 sin 2ߠ + 8 sin ߠ െ sinଷ ߠ െ ߠ െ sin 2ߠ െ ߠ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
ଵ గ
െ ଵଶ sin 4ߠቚ
଴
ଷଶ ଼ ଼ ଵ గ
= ቚ sin ߠ െ 5ߠ െ sin 2ߠ െ sinଷ ߠ െ sin 4ߠቚ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଵଶ ଴
ଷଶ ଼ ଼ ଵ
= ቂ ଷ sin ߨ െ 5ߨ െ ଷ sin 2ߨ െ ଷ sinଷ ߨ െ ଵଶ sin 4ߨቃ
ଷଶ ଼ ଼ ଵ
െ ቂ sin(0) െ 5(0) െ sin 2(0) െ sinଷ (0) െ sin 4(0)ቃ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଵଶ
‫ܯ‬௬ = െ5ߨ
ଵ గ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫ ݎ ׬‬ଷ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଴
ଵ గ
= ‫[ ׬‬2(1 െ cosߠ)] ଷ
ଷ ଴
sin ߠ ݀ߠ
103
ଵ గ
= ‫ ׬‬8(1 െ 3 cosߠ + 3 cosଶ ߠ െ cosଷ
ଷ ଴
ߠ) sin ߠ ݀ߠ
଼ గ గ గ
= ‫ ׬‬sin ߠ ݀ߠ െ 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosߠ sin ߠ ݀ߠ + 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosଶ ߠ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଴
଼ గ
െ ‫׬‬଴ cosଷ ߠ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ
଼ ଼ ଼ గ
ଶ ଷ
= ቚെ ଷ cosߠ െ 4 sin ߠ െ ଷ cos ߠ + ଵଶ
cosସ ߠቚ
଴
଼ ଼ ଼
= ቂെ ଷ cosߨ െ 4 sin ଶ ߨ െ ଷ cosଷ ߨ + ଵଶ
cosସ ߨቃ
଼ ଼ ଼
െ ቂെ cos(0) െ 4 sin ଶ (0) െ cos (0) + ଷ
cosସ (0)ቃ
ଷ ଷ ଵଶ
ଷଶ
‫ܯ‬௫ =
ଷ
Then,
ெ೤ ିହగ ହ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ= = = െ
஺ ଷగ ଷ
యమ
ெೣ ଷଶ
‫ݕ‬
ഥ = ஺
= య
ଷగ
= ଽగ
ହ ଷଶ
The centroid is at ቀെ ଷ , ଽగቁ.
Centroid of a Solid of Revolution

A solid of revolution is symmetric about the axis of rotation and its centroid lies
on this axis.
࢟
࢞ ࡯
ࢇ ࢈
The area is revolved around the ‫ݔ‬-axis and the centroid of the solid generated
lie on the ‫ݔ‬-axis. To locate the position, we need to find the ‫ݔ‬-coordinate of the
centroid and is denoted by ‫ݔ‬ഥ . The centroid is defined by the three coordinate points
ഥ ,0,0) in which,
(‫ݔ‬
ெ ௕
ഥ = ೤೥ and ‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ܸ݀
‫ݔ‬
௏
If the area is revolved around the ‫ݕ‬-axis, its centroid lies on the ‫ݕ‬-axis. To
locate its position, find the ‫ݕ‬-coordinate of the centroid and is denoted by ‫ݕ‬
ഥ . The
centroid is defined by the three coordinate points (0,‫ݕ‬
ഥ , 0) in which,
ெ ௕
ഥ = ௏ೣ೥ and ‫ܯ‬௫௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬௖ ܸ݀
‫ݕ‬
where ܸ݀ is any element of the volume as discussed in chapter 6.
104
Example(a).
Find the centroid of the solid generated by the area bounded by the curve,
Solution:
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞= ૛
࢟
࢞
ࢊ࢞
By taking the vertical strip, the volume of the solid generated is,
ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቚହ ‫ ݔ‬ହ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቂ (2) ହ െ (0) ହ ቃ
ହ ହ
ଷଶగ
ܸ = ହ cubic units
Then, we compute for ‫ܯ‬௬௭ , by the formula,
௕
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ܸ݀
Since ‫ݔ‬௖ = ‫ ݔ‬and ܸ݀ = ߨ‫ ݕ‬ଶ݀‫ݔ‬, the limits are from 0 to 2, thus,
ଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݕߨ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
And ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , therefore,
ଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ( ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ହ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቚ଺ ‫ ଺ ݔ‬ቚ
଴
గ
= [(2) ଺ െ (0) ଺ ]
଺
ଷଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ߨ
ଷ
Then,
యమ
ெ೤೥ గ ହ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ = = య
యమഏ =
௏ ଷ
ఱ
ହ
Therefore, the centroid of the solid is at ቀଷ , 0,0ቁ.
105
By taking the horizontal strip,
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞= ૛
૛െ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟
By taking the vertical strip, the volume of the solid generated is,
ସ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫(ݕ‬2 െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݔ‬
ସ
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬൫2 െ ඥ‫ݕ‬൯ ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ య
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቀ2‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬మ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ఱ ସ
ଶ
= 2ߨ ቚ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬మ ቚ
ହ ଴
ఱ ఱ
ଶ ଶ
= 2ߨ ቄቂ(4) ଶ െ ହ (4) మ ቃ െ ቂ(0) ଶ െ ହ (0) మ ቃቅ
ଷଶ
ܸ= ହ
ߨ cubic units
Computing for ‫ܯ‬௬௭ , by the formula,

௕
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ܸ݀
௫ାଶ
Since ‫ݔ‬௖ = and ܸ݀ = 2ߨ‫(ݕ‬2 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬, the limits are from 0 to 4,
ଶ
thus,
ସ ௫ାଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬଴ ቀ ଶ ቁ [2ߨ‫(ݕ‬2 െ ‫]ݕ݀)ݔ‬
And ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , therefore,
ସ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ൫ඥ‫ ݕ‬+ 2൯ൣ‫ݕ‬൫2 െ ඥ‫ݕ‬൯݀‫ݕ‬൧
ସ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ) ݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ ସ
= ߨ ቚ2‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷቚ
ଷ ଴
ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቄቂ2(4) ଶ െ ଷ (4) ଷቃ െ ቂ2(0) ଶ െ ଷ (0) ଷቃቅ
ଷଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ଷ
ߨ
Then,
యమ
ெ೤೥ గ ହ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ= ௏
= య
యమഏ = ଷ
ఱ
ହ
Therefore, the centroid of the solid is at ቀଷ , 0,0ቁ. The same answers
obtained.
Exercise 7.3
I. Find the centroid of the plane areas bounded by the given curves.
1. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4
2. ‫ = ݕ‬4െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬0
3. ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬0
106
4. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬8
5. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬2
6. ‫ݕ = ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ
7. ‫ݕ = ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4,‫ = ݕ‬0
8. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ,‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2
గ
9. ‫ = ݎ‬4(1 + sin ߠ) , ߠ = 0, ߠ =
ଶ
10. ‫ = ݎ‬sin 2ߠ on the first quadrant
II. Find the centroid of the solid generated by the area bounded by the given
curve revolving about the given axis or lines of rotation.
1. ‫ݔ = ݕ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬2 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis

2. ‫ = ݕ‬4 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ about the ‫ݔ‬-axis
3. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݔ‬2 about the ‫ݔ‬-axis
4. ‫ = ݔ‬4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ about the ‫ݕ‬-axis
5. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬1 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis
7.4 Physical Applications

Fluid Pressure
fluid surface
ࢎ࢏
ο࡭࢏
The object submerged in a fluid is considered to be a flat plate that its surface
is parallel to the surface of the fluid. Force ܲ due to the pressure of the fluid above
the object is equal to the weight per unit volume of the fluid (‫ )ݓ‬multiplied by the
distance between the surface of the fluid and plate (݄) and the area of the plate (‫)ܣ‬.
ܲ = ‫ܣ݄ݓ‬
For water, ‫ = ݓ‬62.4 lb/ft3.
Dividing the area of the plate into ݊ rectangles, we have

‫݄ݓ‬ଵ ο‫ܣ‬ଵ + ‫݄ݓ‬ଶ ο‫ܣ‬ଶ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ‫݄ݓ‬௡ ο‫ܣ‬௡
Taking the sum, we have,

σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ ο‫ܣ‬௜
The sum is now the approximation of the total pressure ܲ on the surface of
the plate, thus,
ܲ = lim௡՜ σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ ο‫ܣ‬௜
107
ܲ = ‫ܣ݀ ݄ ׬ ݓ‬
The limits of integration are taken over the entire area of the submerged
object.
Example(a).
A square plate 12 ft in length is submerged vertically in water. Find the
pressure exerted on the side of the plate if the lowest side of the plate is 20 ft below
the surface of the water.
࢟
Solution:
૛૙ െ ࢟
૚૛
࢞ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟
࢞
ଵଶ
ܲ= ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
ଵଶ
= 12‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
ଵ ଶ ଵଶ
= 12‫ ݓ‬ቚ20‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ቚ
ଶ ଴
ଵ ଵ
= 12‫ ݓ‬ቄቂ20(12) െ (12) ଶ ቃ െ ቂ20(0) െ (0) ଶ ቃቅ
ଶ ଶ
= 2,016‫ݓ‬
= 2,016(62.4)
ܲ= 125,798.4 ft-lb
Example(b).
A triangular plate in a form of equilateral triangle of side 8 ft is submerged
vertically in water. The vertex is downward and 16 ft from the surface of the water.
Find the pressure on one side of the plate if the base is parallel the surface.
Solution: ࢟
૚૟ െ ࢟
૝ξ૜
࢞ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟
െ૝ ૝
ସξଷ
ܲ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (16 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
By similar triangle,
ξଷ௬
‫=ݔ‬ ଷ
ସξଷ
ܲ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (16 െ ‫ )ݕ‬ቂ2 ቀξଷ௬ቁቃ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଷ
108
ଶξଷ ସξଷ
= ଷ
‫׬ ݓ‬଴ ‫(ݕ‬16 െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
ଶξଷ ଵ ସξଷ
= ‫ݓ‬ ቚ8‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଷቚ
ଷ ଷ ଴
ଶξଷ ଶ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= ଷ ‫ ݓ‬ቄቂ8൫4ξ3൯ െ ଷ ൫4ξ3൯ ቃ െ ቂ8(0) ଶ െ ଷ (0) ଷ ቃቅ
= 315.41‫ݓ‬
= 315.41(62.4)
= 19,681.584 ft-lb
Example(c).
A circular plate of diameter 8 m is submerged vertically in water until its center
is 4 m below the surface. Find the force on one side of the plate.
Solution: ࢟
࢞૛ + ࢟૛ = ૚૟ ૝െ࢟
࢞ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟
࢞
െ૝ ૝
ସ
ܲ = ‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ(4 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
By the general equation of the circle, we have,
‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 16
And,
‫ = ݔ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ
Thus,
ସ
ܲ = ‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ(4 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
ସ
= 2‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ(4 െ ‫ )ݕ‬൫ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ൯݀‫ݕ‬
ସ ସ
= 8‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ݀‫ ݕ‬െ 2‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ ‫ݕ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ݕ‬
Therefore, by trigonometric substitution and power formula, we
have,
య ସ
ଵ ௬ ଶ
ܲ = ቚ8‫ ݓ‬ቂଶ ‫ݕ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 8 sin ିଵ ቀ ସቁቃ + ଷ ‫(ݓ‬16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ) మ ቚ
ିସ
య ସ
௬ ଶ
= ቚ4‫ݕݓ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 64‫ ݓ‬sin ିଵ ቀ ସቁ + ଷ ‫(ݓ‬16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ) మ ቚ
ିସ
య
ସ ଶ
= ቄቂ4‫(ݓ‬4)ඥ16 െ (4) ଶ + 64‫ ݓ‬sinିଵ ቀ ቁ + ‫(ݓ‬16 െ (4) ଶ ) మ ቃ
ସ ଷ
య
ିସ ଶ
െ ቂ4‫(ݓ‬െ4)ඥ16 െ (െ4) ଶ + 64‫ ݓ‬sin ିଵ ቀ ቁ + ‫(ݓ‬16 െ (െ4) ଶ ) మ ቃቅ
ସ ଷ
= 64ߨ‫ݓ‬
= 64ߨ(9810)
ܲ = 1,972.42݇ܰ
109
Work
Work is defined to be the force ‫ ܨ‬applied to a certain distance ‫ ݏ‬and is given
by the relation,
ܹ= ‫ܨ‬ή‫ݏ‬
The above relation is only applicable when the force is constant, but not for a
variable force. Consider the figure.
࢞
0 ࢞= ࢇ ࡼ ࢞= ࢈
We can determine the work ܹ done by the force ݂(‫ )ݔ‬on an object ܲ as it
moves from ‫ ܽ = ݔ‬to ‫ ܾ = ݔ‬by dividing the interval [ܽ,ܾ] into ݊ equal intervals,
each with a length of ο‫ݔ‬. The total work ܹ done in moving the object ܲ over [ܽ, ܾ]
can be approximated by the sum of the amounts of work done in the separate
subintervals. Thus,
݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ )ο‫ ݔ‬+ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ )ο‫ ݔ‬+ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଷ )ο‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ڮ‬+ ݂(‫ݔ‬௡ )ο‫ݔ‬
By summation notation, we have,

σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ )ο‫ݔ‬
The sum is now the approximation of the total work required to move the
object over the interval [ܽ, ܾ], thus,
ܹ = lim௡՜ σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ)ο‫ݔ‬

௕
ܹ = ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
For elastic materials such as rubber bands, bungee chords, trampolines,

helical springs or elastic chords, by Hooke’s Law, the amount of force is directly
proportional to the amount of stretch or compression. Mathematically,
݂(‫ݔ݇ = )ݔ‬
where, ݇ is the constant of proportionality.

࡭ ࡮
ࢌ(࢞)
ࡼ
࡭
Example(a).
A 15-inch spring stretches by a 75 lb force to a length of 20 inches. Find the
work done in stretching the spring from 25 to 30 inches.
110
Solution:
First is to determine the constant of proportionality ݇. For this
problem, ݂ (‫ = )ݔ‬75 lb when ‫ = ݔ‬20 െ 15 = 5 inches, then by the
formula ݂(‫ݔ݇ = )ݔ‬, we have,
75 = ݇(5)
݇ = 15
௕
Thus ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬15‫ݔ‬, then by the formula ܹ = ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬, the limits of
integration are
ܽ = 25 െ 15 = 10
ܾ = 30 െ 15 = 15
Therefore,
ଵହ
ܹ = ‫׬‬ଵ଴ 15‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵହ ଵହ
= ቚ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶቚ
ଵ଴
ଵହ ଵହ
= ଶ (15) ଶ െ ଶ (10) ଶ
ܹ = 937.5 in-lb

P
For the above figure, the work done in emptying the tank by pumping the liquid
to a point above its top is by dividing the liquid into ݊ horizontal slices. Let
οܸଵ ,οܸଶ ,…,οܸ௡ be the volumes of the respective slices and ݄ଵ ,݄ଶ, …,݄௡ . The force
required to lift each slice is the weight of such slice and is,
‫ݓ‬οܸ௜
where ݅ = 1,2,…,݊ and the work done in lifting it to the point ܲ is

‫ݓ‬οܸ௜ ݄௜
Then, the sum is,

σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ οܸ௜
Taking the limit of the sum above,

ܹ = lim௡՜ σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ οܸ௜

௕
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬௔ ݄ ܸ݀
111
Example(a)
A cylindrical tank having a radius of 1 m and a height of 5 m is filled with water
at a depth of 3 m. What is the work done in pumping all the liquid out of the top of the
container?
Solution:
‫ = ܚ‬૚m
૞െࢎ
3m
ࢊࢎ
ࢎ
By the formula,
௕
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬௔ ݄ ܸ݀
ଷ
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (5 െ ݄) ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ݄݀
ଷ
ܹ = ‫׬ ߨݓ‬଴ (5 െ ݄) ݄݀
ଵ ଷ
ܹ = ‫ ߨݓ‬ቚ5݄ െ ଶ ݄ଶ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
ܹ = ‫ ߨݓ‬ቄቂ5(3) െ (3) ଶቃ െ ቂ5(0) െ (0) ଶ ቃቅ
ଶ ଶ
ଶଵ
ܹ= ଶ
ߨ‫ݓ‬
ଶଵ
ܹ = ଶ ߨ(9,810)
ܹ = 323,60݇ܰ
Example(b)
A conical vessel is 16 ft across the top and 20 ft deep. If it contains water to a
depth of 17 ft, find the work done in pumping the liquid to the top of the vessel.
Solution:
ૡft
20-h
࢞ 20ft
ࢊࢎ
૚ૠft
h
The volume is,

௕
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬௔ ݄ ܸ݀
ଵ଻
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ݄)ߨ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ݄݀
By similar triangle,
௫ ଼
=
௛ ଶ଴
ଶ
‫=ݔ‬ ݄
ହ
112
Then,
ଵ଻ ଶ ଶ
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ݄)ߨ ቀହ ݄ቁ ݄݀
ସ ଵ଻
ܹ= ଶହ
ߨ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20݄ଶ െ ݄ଷ )݄݀
ସ ଶ଴ ଵ ଵ଻
ܹ= ଶହ
ߨ‫ ݓ‬ቚ ଷ ݄ ଷ െ ସ ݄ସ ቚ
଴
ସ ଶ଴ ଵ ଶ଴ ଵ
ܹ = ଶହ ߨ‫ ݓ‬ቄቂ ଷ (17) ଷ െ ସ (17) ସቃ െ ቂ ଷ (0) ଷ െ ସ (0) ସቃቅ
ܹ = 1,899.69ߨ‫ݓ‬
ܹ = 1,899.69ߨ(62.4)
ܹ = 372,407.11 ft-lb
Exercise 7.4
I. Solve the following.
1. A rectangular plate is 3 feet long and 1 foot wide. It is submerged vertically in
water with the upper 3 feet edge parallel to and is 2 feet below the surface.
Find the pressure exerted on the side of the plate.
2. A plate in the form of a semi-circle of diameter 5 m is submerged in water so that the
base is in the surface of the liquid. Find the pressure on the face of the plate.
3. A conical vessel 10 m across the top and 15 m deep. If it contains water to a depth of
8 m, find the work done in pumping the liquid to the top of the vessel.
4. A spring with an original length of 12 cm is stretched by 2/3 cm by a 10 N force. Find
the work done in stretching the spring from 12 cm to 20 cm.
5. A triangular plate in a form of isosceles triangle of sides 5 ft, 5 ft and 3 ft is
submerged vertically in water. The vertex is downward with the 3 ft side
parallel and is 10 ft from the surface of the water. Find the pressure on one
side of the plate.
6. A right circular cylindrical tank of radius 1.5m and a height of 6 m is full of water. Find
the work done in pumping the water to the top of the tank.
7. The natural length of a given spring is 10 cm. A force of 2 kg stretched the spring to a
total length of 13 cm. Find the work done in stretching it twice as its original length.
8. A triangular plate whose sides are 2.5m, 2.5 m and 1 m long is placed vertically in
water with its shortest side uppermost, horizontal and 2 m below the water level.
What is the pressure on the side of the plate?
9. A conical vessel is 10 ft across the top and 12 ft tall. If it contains water to a depth of
8 ft, find the work done in pumping the liquid to a height 4 ft above the top of the
vessel.
10. A plate in the form of a parabolic segment of base 16 ft and height 4 ft is submerged
in water so that its base is at the surface of the liquid. Find the pressure on the face of
the plate.
113
114
Chapter 8
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION
Outline:
8.1 Double Integrals; Iterated Integration
8.2 Reversion of the Order of Integration
8.3 Applications of Double Integration
8.4 Triple Integrals
Overview:
Integration of a function which includes two or more variables is called multiple
integration. In this chapter, the process of double integration will be discussed
together with its applications. Also, topics extended to triple integration are also
covered.
Objectives:
1. Evaluate double integrals by iterated integration.
2. Evaluate double integrals by reversing the order of integration
3. Solve applications using double integration.
4. Evaluate triple integrals.
115
8.1 Double Integrals; Iterated Integration
Consider the integral,
௕ ௫మ
‫׬‬௔ ‫׬‬௫ ݂(‫ݕ݀ݔ݀)ݕ(݂ )ݔ‬
భ
The limits ‫ݔ‬ଵ and ‫ݔ‬ଶ should be independent of ‫ ݔ‬and the limits ܽ and ܾ
should be constants.
In evaluating double integrals by iterated integration, we should first integrate
the inner integrand, that is, the ‫ ݔ‬variables treating all the other variables as
constants and then evaluate the outer integrand, that is, the ‫ ݕ‬variables.
Example(a).
ଵ ௬
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬మ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬.
Solution:
ଵ ௬
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ మ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬
Evaluate the inner integrand and take the other variable ‫ݕ‬ as
constant. Integrate and take the limits from ‫ ݕ‬ଶ to ‫ݕ‬. Thus,
௬ ଵ ௬
‫׬‬௬మ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ‫ = ݔ݀ ݕ‬ቚଷ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݕ‬ቚ
௬మ
ଵ
= ‫ )ݕ([ݕ‬ଷ െ (‫ ݕ‬ଶ) ଷ ]
ଷ
ଵ ଵ
= ‫ݕ‬ସ െ ‫଻ݕ‬
ଷ ଷ
Then, integrate the answer with respect to ݀‫ݕ‬ and take the limits
from 0 to 1, therefore,
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ቀଷ ‫ ݕ‬ସ െ ଷ ‫଻ ݕ‬ቁ ݀‫ = ݕ‬ቚଵହ ‫ ݕ‬ହ െ ଶସ ‫଼ ݕ‬ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቂ (1) ହ െ (1) ଼ ቃ െ ቂ (0) ହ െ (0) ଼ ቃ
ଵହ ଶସ ଵହ ଶସ
ଵ
=
ସ଴
Thus,
ଵ ௬ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ మ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫= ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬ ସ଴
Example(b).
ଵ ଶ
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬.
Solution:
ଵ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
Taking the inner integrand,
ଶ
‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ݀‫| = ݕ‬6‫ ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬ଶ | ଶିଵ
= [6‫ ݔ‬ଶ (2) ଶ ] െ [6‫ ݔ‬ଶ (െ1) ଶ ]
= 18‫ ݔ‬ଶ
Then,
ଵ
‫׬‬଴ 18‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫| = ݔ‬6‫ ݔ‬ଷ| ଵ଴
= [6(1) ଷ] െ [6(0) ଷ ]
= 6
Thus,
ଵ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ = ݔ݀ݕ‬6
116
Example(c).
ଵ ௬
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬య ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬.
Solution:
ଵ ௬
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ య ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬
௬ ଵ ௬
‫׬‬௬య ‫ ݔ‬ଷ‫ = ݔ݀ ݕ‬ቚସ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ‫ݕ‬ቚ
௬య
ଵ
= {[(‫ )ݕ‬ସ ‫ ]ݕ‬െ [(‫ ݕ‬ଷ ) ସ ‫}]ݕ‬
ସ
ଵ ହ ଵ
= ସ
‫ ݕ‬െ ସ ‫଼ݕ‬
Then,
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ቀସ ‫ ݕ‬ହ െ ସ ‫଼ ݕ‬ቁ ݀‫ = ݕ‬ቚ଺ ‫ ଺ ݕ‬െ ଷ଺ ‫ ݕ‬ଽ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቂ଺ (1) ଺ െ ଷ଺ (1) ଽ ቃ െ ቂ଺ (0) ଺ െ ଷ଺ (0) ଽ ቃ
ହ
= ଷ଺
Thus,
ଵ ௬ ହ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ య ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫= ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬ ଷ଺
Example(d).
ഏ ഏ
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴మ ‫׬‬௫ర sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݕ‬.
Solution:
ഏ ഏ
‫׬‬଴ర ‫׬‬௫ర sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݕ‬
ഏ ഏ
‫׬‬௫ర sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫| = ݕ݀ ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬sin ‫ |ݕ‬௫ర

గ
= ቂsin ‫ ݔ‬sin ቀ ସ ቁቃ െ [sin ‫ ݔ‬sin ‫]ݔ‬
ξଶ
= sin ‫ ݔ‬െ sinଶ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ
Then,
ഏ ഏ ഏ
ξଶ ξଶ ర ଵ
‫׬‬଴ర ቀ ଶ
sin ‫ݔ‬ െ sinଶ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ݀‫= ݔ‬ ‫ ׬‬sin ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଶ ଴
െ ଶ ‫׬‬଴ర(1 െ cos 2‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
ഏ
ξଶ ଵ ଵ మ
= ቚെ ଶ
cos ‫ ݔ‬െ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ ସ sin 2‫ݔ‬ቚ
଴
ξଶ గ ଵ గ ଵ గ
= ቂെ cosቀ ቁ െ ቀ ቁ + sin 2 ቀ ቁቃ െ
ଶ ସ ଶ ସ ସ ସ
ξଶ ଵ ଵ
ቂെ cos(0) െ (0) + sin 2(0)ቃ
ଶ ଶ ସ
= 0.064
Thus,
ഏ ഏ
‫׬‬଴ర ‫׬‬௫ర sin ‫ ݔ‬cos‫ = ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݕ‬0.064
8.2 Reversion of the Order of Integration

Reversing the order of integration is the changing of the integrals from one
above the other. For constant limits, we can just directly reverse the order.
117
Example(a).
ଷ ଶ
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ (3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ݀‫ ݕ݀ݔ‬by reversing the order of integration.
Solution:
ଷ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ (3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
By reversing the order, we have,
ଷ ଶ ଶ ଷ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ (3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) ݀‫׬ = ݕ݀ݔ‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ (3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
Thus, taking the inner integrand,
ଷ ଷ ଷ
‫׬‬଴ (3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ)݀‫ = ݕ‬ቚଶ ‫ ݕݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ቚ
଴
ଷ ଷ
= ቂ ‫(ݔ‬3) ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ (3)ቃ െ ቂ ‫(ݔ‬0) ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ(0)ቃ
ଶ ଶ
ଶ଻
= ‫ ݔ‬+ 15‫ ݔ‬ଶ
ଶ
Then,
ଶ ଶ଻ ଶ଻ ଶ
‫׬‬ଵ ቀ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 15‫ ݔ‬ଶቁ ݀‫ = ݔ‬ቚ ସ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬ଷቚ
ଵ
ଶ଻ ଶ଻
= ቂ ସ (2) ଶ + 5(2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ ସ (1) ଶ + 5(1) ଷ ቃ
ଶଶଵ
= ସ
Therefore,
ଷ ଶ ଶ ଷ ଶଶଵ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ (3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) ݀‫׬ = ݕ݀ݔ‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ (3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ݀‫= ݔ݀ݕ‬ ସ
Example(b).
ଵ ଶ
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ ݔ݀ݕ‬by reversing the order of integration.
Solution:
ଵ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
By reversing the order, we have,
ଵ ଶ ଶ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ି׬ = ݔ݀ݕ‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
‫ି׬‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ = ݕ݀ݔ‬ቚଷ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቚ
଴
ଶ ଶ
= ቂ (1) ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷቃ െ ቂ (0) ଷ‫ ݕ‬ଷቃ
ଷ ଷ
ଶ ଷ
= ଷ
‫ݕ‬
Then,
ଶ ଶ ଵ ଶ
‫ି׬‬ଵ ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ = ݕ‬ቚ଺ ‫ ݕ‬ସ ቚ
ିଵ
ଶ ଶ
= ቂଷ (2) ଷቃ െ ቂଷ (െ1) ଷቃ
= 6
Therefore,
ଵ ଶ ଶ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ି׬ = ݔ݀ݕ‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ = ݕ݀ݔ‬6
Example(c).
ଵ ௫
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫మ(4‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫ ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬by reversing the order of integration.
Solution:
ଵ ௫
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ మ(4‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬
To reverse the order of integration, we must sketch the regions
given by the limits.
118
We find that the limits are ‫ݔ =ݕ‬ and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ. Sketching these
curves, we have,
࢟= ࢞
(૚,૚)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢟ varies from
ࢊ࢟ ࢞૛ to ࢞
ࢊ࢞
࢞ varies from ࢞
(૙,૙)
૙ to ૚
In the original problem, the integrand in terms of ݀‫ ݕ‬varies from

‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ to ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬and the integrand in terms of ݀‫ ݔ‬varies from its point of
intersection (0,0) and (1,1), ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1.
By reversing the order, we find that if make ݀‫ ݔ‬as the inner integrand,
the integrand in terms of ‫ݔ‬ now varies from ‫ ݕ‬to ඥ‫ ݕ‬and the outer
integrand ݀‫ݕ‬, ‫ ݕ‬varies from 0 to 1.
So,
ଵ ௫ ξ ଵ ௬
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ మ(4‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫׬ = ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ (4‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫ݕ݀ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬

ξ ௬ ଷ ξ௬
‫׬‬௬ (4‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ቚ4‫ ݔݕ‬+ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ቚ
௬
ଷ ଶ ଷ
= ቂ4‫ݕ‬൫ඥ‫ݕ‬൯ + ൫ඥ‫ݕ‬൯ ቃ െ ቂ4‫ )ݕ(ݕ‬+ (‫ )ݕ‬ଶቃ
ଶ ଶ
య
ଷ ଵଵ
= 4‫ ݕ‬+ ଶ ‫ ݕ‬െ
మ
ଶ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
Then,
య ఱ ଵ
ଵ ଷ ଵଵ ଼ ଷ ଵଵ
‫׬‬଴ ቀ4‫ ݕ‬మ + ଶ ‫ ݕ‬െ ଶ
‫ ݕ‬ଶቁ ݀‫ = ݕ‬ቚହ ‫ ݕ‬మ + ସ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ଺
‫ ݕ‬ଷቚ
଴
ఱ ఱ
଼ ଷ ଵଵ ଼ ଷ ଵଵ
= ቂ ହ ( 1 ) మ + ସ ( 1) ଶ െ ଺
( 1) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ ( 0) మ + ( 0) ଶ െ
ହ ସ ଺
( 0) ଷ ቃ
ଷଵ
= ଺଴
Therefore,
ଵ ௫ ଵ ξ௬ ଷଵ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ మ(4‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫׬ = ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ (4‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫= ݕ݀ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ ଺଴
Example(d).
ଶ ଶ௫
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬by reversing the order of integration.
119
Solution:
ଶ ଶ௫
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬
The limits are ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬and ‫ = ݕ‬0. Sketching the curves of the limits,
we have,
࢟
࢟ = ૛࢞
(૛,૝)
ࢊ࢟ ࢟ varies from
૙ to ૛࢞
(૙,૙)
ࢊ࢞ ࢞
࢞ variesfrom
૙ to ૛
By reversing the order, we will make ݀‫ ݔ‬as the inner integrand and
௬
‫ ݔ‬now varies from to 2 and the outer integrand ݀‫ݕ‬, ‫ ݕ‬varies from 0 to
ଶ
4.
So,
ଶ ଶ௫ ସ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫׬ = ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬଴ ‫׬‬೤ (5‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
మ
ଶ
‫׬‬೤ (5‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫| = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬5‫ ݕ‬ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ ݔ‬ଶ | ଶ೤
మ మ
௬ ௬ ଶ
= [5‫ ݕ‬ଶ (2) + 3(2) ଶ ] െ ൤5‫ ݕ‬ଶ ቀ ቁ + 3 ቀ ቁ ൨
ଶ ଶ
ଷ଻ ହ
= ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ + 12
ସ ଶ
Then,
ସ ଷ଻ ହ ଷ଻ ହ ସ
‫׬‬଴ ቀ ସ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ + 12ቁ ݀‫ = ݕ‬ቚଵଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ െ ଼ ‫ ݕ‬ସ + 12‫ݕ‬ቚ
଴
ଷ଻ ହ ଷ଻ ହ
= ቂ (4) ଷ െ (4) ସ + 12(4)ቃ െ ቂ (0) ଷ െ (0) ସ + 12(0)ቃ
ଵଶ ଼ ଵଶ ଼
ଶହ଺
=
ଷ
Therefore,
ଶ ଶ௫ ସ ଶ ଶହ଺
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫׬ = ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݔ‬଴ ‫׬‬೤ (5‫ ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫= ݕ݀ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ ଷ
మ
Exercise 8.1
I. Evaluate the following integrals.
ଵ ଶ௫
1. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݕ ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ଵ ξ௫
2. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ (‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
ଶ ௬మ
3. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ (5‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ ݕ‬െ 2) ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ భ
4. ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ׬‬௬ ‫( ݔ‬3‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ )ݕ‬మ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
ξ
120
గ గ
5. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ cos‫ ݕ‬sin 2‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݔ‬
ଷ ଵ
6. ‫׬‬ଶ ‫׬‬଴ cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݔ‬
గ ଵ
7. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ sin(‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ )ݕݔ‬
ଶగ ଶగ ୱ୧୬ ଶ௬
8. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ ୱ୧୬ ௬
݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ଵ ඥଵି௬
9. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݁ (௫ା௬) ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
ଶ ୪୬ ௫ ௗ௬ௗ௫
10. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ ௘ షమ೤
II. Evaluate the following integrals by reversing the order of integration.

ଷ ଶ
1. ‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ 3‫ ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ݕ‬
ଵ ௫
2. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௫ మ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݕ‬
ଵ ௬
3. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ మ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬
ଵ ଶ ర
4. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଶ௫ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁ ௬ ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ‬
ଵ ଵ
5. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ cos‫ ݁ ݕ‬ୡ୭ୱ ௫ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬
8.3 Applications of Double Integration

Areas by Double Integration
࢟
࢟૚ = ࢌ(࢞)
(ࢇ,࢈)
ࢊ࡭
࢟૛ = ࢍ(࢞)
ࢊ࢟
ࢊ࢞
࢞
(૙,૙)
The given curves are ‫ݕ‬ଵ = ݂(‫ )ݔ‬and ‫ݕ‬ଶ = ݃(‫ )ݔ‬that intersects at points (0,0)
and (ܽ, ܾ). We introduce a differential area ݀‫ ܣ‬with sides ݀‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫ ݕ‬and obtained
݀‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ = ܣ‬.
We define the area ‫ ܣ‬in the figure by,

௔ ௙(௫)
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫׬‬௚(௫) ݀‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
since for ݀‫ݕ‬, ‫ ݕ‬varies from ݃(‫ )ݔ‬to ݂(‫ )ݔ‬and for ݀‫ݔ‬, ‫ ݔ‬varies from 0 to ܽ.
121
We can also denote the area by,
௕ ௬
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ మ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
భ
Example(a).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬4െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ and the ‫ݔ‬-axis.
Solution:
࢟
૝
࢟ = ૝ െ ࢞૛
૜
૛
ࢊ࢟
૚ ࢊ࢞
࢞
െ૛ െ૚ ૙ ૚ ૛
Taking the area on the first quadrant, we have,

ଶ ସି௫ మ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
ଶ మ
= ‫׬‬଴ |‫ |ݕ‬ସି௫
଴ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ (4 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ቚ4‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ቚ
ଷ ଴
ଵ ଵ
= ቂ4(2) െ (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ4(0) െ (0) ଷ ቃ
ଷ ଷ
ଵ଺
‫=ܣ‬ = 5.33 sq. units
ଷ
Since the area bounded in the first quadrant is symmetrical to the
third quadrant, therefore, the total area bounded is,
ଵ଺ ଷଶ
‫ = ܣ‬2 ቀ ଷ ቁ = ଷ = 10.67 sq. units
Example(b).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݕ‬ଶ, the ‫ݔ‬-axis and the line
‫ = ݔ‬10 on the first quadrant.
Solution:
࢟ ࢞ = ࢟ + ૛࢟૛
૛ (૚૙,૛)
ࢊ࢟
૙ ࢊ࢞ ࢞
࢞ = ૚૙
െ૛
The area is,

ଶ ଵ଴
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ାଶ௬ మ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ |‫|ݔ‬ଵ଴
௬ାଶ௬ మ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ [10 െ (‫ ݕ‬+ 2‫ ݕ‬ଶ )] ݀‫ݕ‬
122
ଵ ଶ ଶ
= ቚ10‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଷቚ
ଶ ଷ ଴
ଵ ଶ ଵ ଶ
= ቂ10(2) െ ଶ (2) ଶ െ ଷ (2) ଷቃ െ ቂ10(0) െ ଶ (0) ଶ െ ଷ (0) ଷ ቃ
ଷ଼
‫=ܣ‬ = 12.67 sq. units
ଷ
Example(c).
Find the area bounded by the curve ‫ ݁ = ݕ‬௫ , the ‫ݕ‬-axis and the line ‫݁ = ݕ‬.
Solution:
Graphing the curves, ࢟ = ࢋ࢞
࢟
࢟= ࢋ (૚,ࢋ)
ࢊ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢞
૙ ૚
The area is,

௘ ୪୬ ௬
‫׬ = ܣ‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
௘ ୪୬ ௬
= ‫׬‬ଵ |‫ |ݔ‬଴ ݀‫ݕ‬
௘
= ‫׬‬ଵ ln ‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬
= |‫ ݕ‬ln ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ |ݕ‬ଵ௘
= [(݁) ln(݁) െ (݁)] െ [(1) ln(1) െ (1)]
‫=ܣ‬ 1 sq. unit
Example(d).
Find the area bounded by the curves ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬and ‫ = ݔ‬4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ by double
integration.
Solution:
࢞ = ૝࢟ െ ࢟૛
࢟
࢞ = ࢟
(૜,૜)
ࢊ࢟
ࢊ࢞
࢞
(૙,૙)
Then,
ଷ ସ௬ି௬ మ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬
ଷ ସ௬ି௬ మ
= ‫׬‬଴ |‫ |ݔ‬௬ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଷ
= ‫׬‬଴ (4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
123
ଷ
= ‫׬‬଴ (3‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ) ݀‫ݕ‬
ଷ ଵ ଷ
= ቚଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቚ
଴
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= ቂଶ (3) ଶ െ ଷ (3) ଷ ቃ െ ቂଶ (0) ଶ െ ଷ (0) ଷቃ
ଽ
‫=ܣ‬ ଶ
= 4.5 sq. units
Exercise 8.2
Compute the area bounded by the given curves using double integration.
1. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ,‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ݕ‬0
2. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4,‫ = ݕ‬0
3. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ ݔ‬ଶ = 4‫ݕ‬
4. ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬3,‫ = ݕ‬0
5. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ,‫ = ݔ‬1 െ ‫ݕ‬
6. ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬െ 4‫ ݔ‬ଶ, ‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ݕ‬0
7. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ = ݕ‬8,‫ = ݔ‬2‫ݕ‬
8. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ݕ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬8,‫ = ݕ‬0
9. ‫ = ݕ‬െ2‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
10. ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬3,‫ = ݕ‬0
11. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬ଷ,‫ = ݕ‬2,‫ = ݔ‬0
12. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ െ 6‫ ݔ‬+ 10,‫ = ݔ‬5,‫ = ݕ‬1
13. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ
14. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2‫ݔ‬, ‫ݔ = ݕ‬
15. ‫ = ݔ‬ඥ‫ ݕ‬+ 1,‫ = ݔ‬3, ‫ = ݕ‬0
Volumes of a Solid of Revolution

࢟ = ࢍ(࢞)
(࢈,ࢊ)
࢟ = ࢌ(࢞)
ࢊ࢞
ࢊ࢟
(ࢇ,ࢉ) ࢟
124
If the area bounded by the curves ‫ )ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬and ‫ )ݔ(݃ = ݕ‬is revolved about
the ‫ݔ‬-axis, the volume of the solid generated is given by the formula,
௕ ௬ ௕ ௬
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫׬‬௬ మ ‫ = ܣ݀ ݕ‬2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫׬‬௬ మ ‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݕ‬
భ భ
Similarly, if the bounded area is revolved about the ‫ݕ‬-axis, as shown below,
࢟
࢟ = ࢍ(࢞)
( ࢈,ࢊ)
࢟ = ࢌ(࢞)
ࢊ࢞
࢞
ࢊ࢟
(ࢇ,ࢉ)
The volume is given by the formula,

௕ ௫ ௕ ீ(௬)
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫׬‬௫ మ ‫ = ܣ݀ ݔ‬2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫׬‬ி(௬) ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݔ‬
భ
Example(a).
Find the volume of the solid generated by the area bounded by the curves,
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2 revolving about the ‫ݔ‬-axis.
Solution:
࢟ = ࢞+ ૛
࢟
( ૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
ࢊ࢟
ࢊ࢞
(െ૚,૚)
࢞
The volume is,

ଶ ௫ାଶ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ‫׬‬௫ మ ‫ݔ݀ݕ݀ ݕ‬
௫ାଶ
ଶ ௬మ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ቚ ଶ ቚ ݀‫ݔ‬
௫మ
ଶ ଵ
ܸ= 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ [(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ െ (‫ ݔ‬ଶ ) ଶ] ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
ଶ
ܸ= ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ(‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 െ ‫ ݔ‬ସ)݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଷ ଶ ଵ ହ ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ቚ ‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ቚ
ଷ ହ ିଵ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
ܸ = ߨ ቄቂ (2) ଷ + 2(2) ଶ + 4(2) െ (2) ହ ቃ െ ቂ (െ1) ଷ + 2( െ1) ଶ + 4( െ1)
ଷ ହ ଷ
ଵ
െ ହ (െ1) ହ ቃቅ
଻ଶ
ܸ= ହ
125
Example(b).
Find the volume of the solid generated by the area bounded by the curve,
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and the line, ‫ = ݔ‬2 revolving about the ‫ݕ‬-axis.
Solution:
࢟
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞= ૛
࢞
ࢊ࢟
ࢊ࢞
࢞
The volume is,

ସ ξ௬
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଶ ‫ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ସ ௫మ ଶ
ܸ= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቚ ቚ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଶ ξ௬
ସ
ܸ= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (4 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݕ‬
ଵ ସ
ܸ= ߨ ቚ4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ቚ
ଶ ଴
ଵ ଵ
ܸ= ߨ ቄቂ4(4) െ ଶ (4) ଶ ቃ
െ ቂ4(0) െ ଶ (0) ଶቃቅ
Exercise 8.3
Use double integration to find the volume of a solid generated by the area
bounded by the given curves revolving about the indicated axis of revolution.
1. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬4, about ‫ݔ‬-axis

2. ‫ = ݕ‬ξ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬2,‫ = ݕ‬0, about ‫ݕ‬-axis
3. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬1,‫ݔ‬-axis, about ‫ = ݔ‬1
4. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݕ‬8, ‫ = ݔ‬0, about ‫ݔ‬-axis
5. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 1,‫ = ݕ‬7,‫ = ݔ‬0, about ‫ݔ‬-axis
6. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬െ 3,‫ = ݕ‬0, about ‫ݕ‬-axis
7. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 8‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬4, about ‫ = ݕ‬4
8. ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬ଶ,‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬, about ‫ = ݔ‬1
9. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2‫ݔ‬, ‫ݔ = ݕ‬, about ‫ = ݔ‬0
10. ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬0, about ‫ = ݔ‬0
126
8.4 Triple Integration
Consider the integral,
௕ ௬మ ௫మ
‫׬‬௔ ‫׬‬௬ ‫׬‬௫ ݂(‫ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ݀)ݖ(݂)ݕ(݂ )ݔ‬
భ భ
The limits ‫ݔ‬ଵ,‫ݔ‬ଶ,‫ݕ‬ଵ and ‫ݕ‬ଶ should be independent of ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬and the
limits ܽ and ܾ should be constants.
In evaluating triple integrals, same concepts as double integration can be
applied.
Example(a).
ଶ ଷ ଶ
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ݀‫ݖ݀ݔ݀ݕ‬.
Solution:
ଶ
‫ି׬‬ଵ ݀‫ |ݕ | = ݕ‬ଶିଵ = 2— 1 = 3
Then, the second integrand,
ଷ
‫׬‬଴ 3݀‫| = ݔ‬3‫ |ݔ‬ଷ଴ = 3(3) = 9
And the last integrand,
ଶ
‫׬‬଴ 9݀‫ | = ݖ‬9‫ |ݖ‬ଶ଴ = 9( 2) = 18
Therefore,
ଶ ଷ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ݀‫ = ݖ݀ݔ݀ݕ‬18
Example(b).
ଶ ௭మ ௬
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௭ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ ݔ‬.
Solution:
௬ ଵ ௬ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ‫ = ݔ݀ݕݔ‬ቚଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ቚ = ଶ
[‫ ݕ‬ଶ (‫ )ݕ‬െ (െ‫ )ݕ‬ଶ (0) ]
଴
ଵ
= ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
௭మ ଵ ଵ ௭మ ଵ
‫׬‬௭ ଶ
‫ ݕ‬ଷ ݀‫ = ݕ‬ቚ଼ ‫ ݕ‬ସ ቚ = ଼
[(‫ݖ‬ଶ ) ସ െ (‫ )ݖ‬ସ ]
௭
ଵ
= ଼ (‫ ଼ݖ‬െ ‫ݖ‬ସ )
ଶଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ଼ (‫ ଼ݖ‬െ ‫ݖ‬ସ )݀‫ = ݖ‬ቚ଼ ቀଽ ‫ݖ‬ଽ െ ହ ‫ ݖ‬ହ ቁቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቄቂ ( 2) ଽ െ ହ ( 2) ହ ቃ െ [ 0]ቅ
଼ ଽ
ଵ ଶଶ଻ଶ
= ଼
ቀ
ସହ
ቁ
ଶ଼ସ
= ଶହ
Therefore,
ଶ ௭మ ௬ 284
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௭ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬ ‫= ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ݀ ݕ‬
25
Example(c).
ଵ ଶ௭ ௫
Evaluate ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ݖ݀ݔ݀ݕ݀)ݕ‬.
127
Solution:
Taking the first integrand,
௫
‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݕݔ| = ݕ݀)ݕ‬+ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ | ଴௫ = [‫ )ݔ(ݔ‬+ (‫ )ݔ‬ଶ ] െ 0
= ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬ଶ = 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ
ଶ௭ ଶ ଶ௭ ଶ ଶ
‫׬‬ଵ 2‫ ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ = ݔ‬ቚଷ ‫ ݔ‬ଷቚ = ଷ
[(2‫ )ݖ‬ଷ െ (1) ଷ ] =
ଷ
(8‫ ݖ‬ଷ െ 1)
ଵ
ଵଶ ଶ ଵ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ଷ (8‫ ݖ‬ଷ െ 1)݀‫ = ݖ‬ቚଷ (2‫ ݖ‬ସ െ ‫)ݖ‬ቚ = ଷ
{[2(1) ସ െ (1)] െ 0}
଴
ଶ
=
ଷ
Therefore,
ଵ ଶ௭ ௫ ଶ
‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ ‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫= ݖ݀ݔ݀ݕ݀)ݕ‬ ଷ
Exercise 8.4
ଵ ଶ ଷ
1. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ݖ݀ ݕ݀ ݔ‬
ସ ξସି௫ మ ଶି௫ మ௬ మ
2. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ݀ ݖ‬
ଵ ଷ௬ ௫
3. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ (‫ݔ‬ െ 2‫ݕ݀ ݔ݀ ݖ݀ )ݖ‬
ଶ ௬మ ௬
4. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ 2‫ ݕ‬ଶ ‫ݔ݀ ݖ‬ ݀‫ݕ݀ ݖ‬
ଶ ௭ ௬ మାଵ
5. ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬ଵ ݀‫ݖ݀ ݕ݀ ݔ‬
128
Chapter 9
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
Outline:
9.1 Improper Integrals
9.2 Infinite Interval
9.3 Discontinuous Integrand
Overview:
Integrals involving infinite limits and discontinuous integrand are considered to
be improper integrals. This chapter will discuss the methods in evaluating integrals
that are improper.
Objectives:
1. Determine the different kinds of improper integrals.
2. Evaluate improper integrals.
.
129
9.1 Improper Integral
௕
A definite integral ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬is called an improper integral if either
a. One of its limit of integration is infinite, or
b. The integrand ݂(‫ )ݔ‬has one or more points of discontinuity on the interval
ܽ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܾ.
9.2 Infinite Interval

An integral in which one or both of the limits of integration are infinity is the first
kind of improper integral. In this kind, the interval of integration is said to be over an
infinite interval.
Consider the following cases:
௧
a. If ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬exists for every ‫ܽ > ݐ‬, then,
ஶ ௧
‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬lim௧՜ஶ ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬, provided the limit exists and is
finite.
௕
b. If ‫׬‬௧ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬exists for every ‫ܾ < ݐ‬, then,
௕ ௕
‫ି׬‬ஶ ݂(‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬lim௧՜ିஶ ‫׬‬௧ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬, provided the limits exists and
is finite.
௖ ஶ
c. If ‫ି׬‬ஶ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬and ‫׬‬௖ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬are both convergent, then,
ஶ ௖ ஶ
‫ି׬‬ஶ ݂(‫ି׬ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ஶ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬+ ‫׬‬௖ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬,
where ܿ is any constant. If both of the integrals are convergent, then, the
integral is said to be convergent. If either of the two integrals is divergent,
then the integral is divergent.
Integrals is convergent if the associated limit exists and is a finite number and
divergent if the associated limits either doesn’t exist or is infinite.
Example(a).
ஶ ଵ
Evaluate the integral ‫׬‬ଵ మ ݀‫ݔ‬.
௫
Solution:
ଵ
Let’s consider the area under ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫మ
on the interval [1,λ).
࢟
૚
࢟=
࢞૛
࢞
૚ ࢚ ՜λ
130
The area under the curve ‫ )ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬on the interval [1,‫ ]ݐ‬where ‫ > ݐ‬1
and ‫ ݐ‬is finite is,
௧ ଵ ଵ ௧ ଵ ଵ
‫ܣ‬௧ = ‫׬‬ଵ ௫ మ ݀‫ = ݔ‬ቚെ ௫ቚ = െ ௧ + 1 = 1 െ ௧
ଵ
Then, get the area under the curve ‫ )ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬on [1,λ).This is simply
the limit of ‫ܣ‬௧ as ‫ ݐ‬approaches infinity.
ଵ
‫ = ܣ‬lim௧՜ஶ ‫ܣ‬௧ = lim௧՜ஶ ቀ1 െ ቁ = 1
௧
Therefore,
ஶ ଵ ௧ ଵ
‫׬‬ଵ ௫ మ ݀‫ = ݔ‬lim௧՜ஶ ‫׬‬ଵ ௫ మ ݀‫ = ݔ‬1
Example(b).
ஶ ଵ
Determine whether or not the integral ‫׬‬଴ ସା௫ మ ݀‫ݔ‬ converges. If it is
convergence, find its value.
Solution:
ஶ ଵ ௧ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ସା௫ మ ݀‫ = ݔ‬lim௧՜ஶ ‫׬‬଴ ସା௫ మ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ௫ ௧ ଵ ௧ ଵ గ గ
= lim ቚଶ Arctan ଶቚ = lim ቂଶ Arctan ଶቃ = ଶ
ቀ ቁ=
ଶ ସ
௧՜ஶ ଴ ௧՜ஶ
Therefore,
ஶ ଵ గ
‫׬‬଴ ݀‫= ݔ‬
ସା௫ మ ସ
గ
The integral converges to .
ସ
Example(c).
଴ మ
Determine whether or not the integral ‫ି׬‬ஶ ‫ି ݁ݔ‬௫ ݀‫ݔ‬ converges. If it is
Solution:
଴ మ ଴ మ
‫ି׬‬ஶ ‫ି ݁ݔ‬௫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬lim௧՜ିஶ ‫׬‬௧ ‫ି ݁ݔ‬௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ మ ଴ ଵ ଵ మ ଵ
= lim௧՜ିஶ ቚെ ଶ ݁ ି௫ ቚ = lim௧՜ିஶ ቂെ ଶ + ଶ ݁ ି௧ ቃ = െ ଶ
௧
Therefore,
଴ మ ଵ
‫ି׬‬ஶ ‫ି ݁ݔ‬௫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬െ ଶ
ଵ
The integral converges to െ ଶ.
Example(d).
ஶଵ
Determine whether or not the integral ‫׬‬ଵ ݀‫ ݔ‬converges. If it is convergence,
௫
find its value.
Solution:
ஶଵ ௧ଵ
‫׬‬ଵ ௫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬lim௧՜ஶ ‫׬‬ଵ ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
= lim௧՜ஶ |ln ‫ |ݔ‬ଵ௧
= lim௧՜ஶ ln ‫ = ݐ‬λ
Therefore,
ஶଵ
‫׬‬ଵ ௫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬λ
The integral diverges.
131
9.3 Discontinuous Integrand
If ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous on the interval ܽ ൑ ‫ ܾ < ݔ‬but is discontinuous at ‫ܾ = ݔ‬,
then,
௕ ௧
‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬lim௧՜௕ష ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬, provided the limit exists and is finite.
If ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous on the interval ܽ < ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܾ but is discontinuous at ‫ܽ = ݔ‬,
then,
௕ ௕
‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬lim௧՜௔శ ‫׬‬௧ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬, provided the limit exists and is finite.
If ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous for all values of ‫ ݔ‬on the interval ܽ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܾ except at
‫ ܿ = ݔ‬where ܽ < ܿ < ܾ, then,
௕ ௖ ௕
‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫׬ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬௔ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬+ ‫׬‬௖ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
The integral is convergent if both of the integrals are convergent. If either of
the two integrals is divergent, then the integral is also divergent.
If ݂(‫ )ݔ‬is not continuous at ‫ ܽ = ݔ‬and ‫ܾ = ݔ‬, then,

௕ ௖ ௕
‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫׬ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬௔ ݂(‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ‬+ ‫׬‬௖ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
Also, this requires both of the integrals to be convergent for the integral to be
convergent. If either of the two integrals is divergent, then the integral is also
divergent.
Example(a).
ସ ଵ
Determine whether or not the integral ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ݔ‬ converges. If it is
ξସି௫
Solution:
The integrand is not continuous at ‫ = ݔ‬4, then,
ସ ଵ ௧ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ସି௫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬lim௧՜ସష ‫׬‬଴ ସି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ξ ξ
భ ௧
= lim௧՜ସష ቚെ2(4 െ ‫ )ݔ‬మቚ
଴
భ
= lim௧՜ସష ቄቂെ2(4 െ ‫ )ݐ‬మ ቃ െ (െ4)ቅ = 4
Therefore,
ସ ଵ
‫׬‬଴ ସି௫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬4
ξ
The integral converges to 4.
Example(b).
ଷ ଵ
Determine whether or not the integral ‫׬‬଴ మ ݀‫ݔ‬. If it is convergence, find its
(௫ିଶ) య
value.
Solution:
The integrand is not continuous at ‫ = ݔ‬2, so, we need to split the
integral at that point, thus,
ଷ మ ଶ మ ଷ మ
ି ି ି
‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫׬ = ݔ‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫ ݔ‬+ ‫׬‬ଶ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫ݔ‬
132
For the first integrand,
ଶ మ ௧ మ
ି ି
‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫ = ݔ‬lim௧՜ଶష ‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫ݔ‬
భ ௧
= lim௧՜ଶష ቚ3(‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ቚ
଴
భ భ
= lim௧՜ଶష ቂ3(‫ ݐ‬െ 2) య െ 3(െ2) య ቃ
య
= 3ξ2
For the second integrand,
ଷ మ ଷ మ
ି ି
‫׬‬ଶ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫ = ݔ‬lim௧՜ଶశ ‫׬‬௧ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫ݔ‬
భ ଷ
= lim௧՜ଶశ ቚ3(‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ቚ
௧
భ
= lim௧՜ଶశ ቂ3 െ 3(‫ ݐ‬െ 2) యቃ
= 3
Therefore,
ଷ మ
ି య
‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬െ 2) య ݀‫ = ݔ‬3 + 3ξ2
Both of the two integrals converge, thus, the integral converges to
య
3 + 3ξ2.
Example(c).
ଵ ଵ
Determine whether or not the integral ‫ି׬‬ଶ య ݀‫ ݔ‬. If it is convergence, find its
௫
value.
Solution:
The integrand is not continuous at ‫ = ݔ‬0, so, we need to split the
integral at that point, thus,
ଵ ଵ ଴ ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ି׬‬ଶ య ݀‫ି׬ = ݔ‬ଶ య ݀‫ ݔ‬+ ‫׬‬଴ య ݀‫ݔ‬
௫ ௫ ௫
For the first integrand,

଴ ଵ ଵ ଴ ଵ ଵ
‫ି׬‬ଶ ௫ య ݀‫ = ݔ‬ቚെ ଶ௫ మቚ = െ
ଶ(଴) మ
+
ଶ(ିଶ) మ
= െλ
ିଶ
The first integrand diverges, therefore, the integral is divergent. No

need to find for the second integrand.
Exercise 9.1
ஶଵ
1. ‫׬‬ଵ ݀‫ݔ‬
௫
ଵ ଵ
2. ‫׬‬଴ ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ξ
ஶ ଵ
3. ‫׬‬଴ ௫మ
݀‫ݔ‬
ଷ ଵ
4. ‫׬‬଴ య ௫ିଵ ݀‫ݔ‬
ξ
133
ଷ ଵ
5. ‫ି׬‬ଵ మ ݀‫ݔ‬
௫
ଷ ଵ
6. ‫׬‬଴ (௫ିଵ) మ
݀‫ݔ‬
ஶ మ
7. ‫ି׬‬ஶ ‫ି ݁ݔ‬௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ஶ
8. ‫׬‬଴ ݁ ି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
9. ‫׬‬଴ ln ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵ ௗ௫
10. ‫׬‬଴ భ
௫ర
134
References
Howard Anton, Irl Bivens, Stephen Davies, Calculus, Early

Transcendental, 7th ed., (USA: Anton Textbooks, Inc., 2002).
Clyde Love, Earl Rainville, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th ed.,
(USA: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1981).
Arthur B. Simon, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, (USA: Scott,
Foresman and Company, 1982).
Florentino T. Feliciano, Fausto B. Uy, Differential and Integral Calculus,
(Manila: Merriam and Webster, Inc., 1983).
Frank Ayres Jr., Elliott Mendelson, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and
Problems of Differential and Integral Calculus, 3rd ed., (USA: The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 1990).
Eugene Don, Benay Don, How to Solve Word Problems in Calculus, A
Solved Problem Approach, (USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001).
George B. Thomas Jr., Ross L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry,
8th ed., (USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1992).
Edwin J. Purcell, Dale Varberg, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, 4th ed.,
(New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).
Benjamin Crowell, Calculus, (California: Creative Commons Attribution-
ShareAlike license, 2009).
Abe Mizrahi, Michael Sullivan, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 2nd ed.,
(USA: Wadsworth, Inc., 1982).
135
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Calculus 2: A Simpliﬁed Text in Integral Calculus

Book · June 2015

Harold Jan Terano

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

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With the book Calculus 1: A Simplified Text in Differential Calculus which

HAROLD JAN R. TERANO, ECE, MET

Chapter 2: METHODS OF INTEGRATION 19

Chapter 3: METHODS OF INTEGRATION OF

Chapter 4: DEFINITE INTEGRALS 41

Chapter 5: PLANE AREAS 55

Chapter 6: VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION 71

Chapter 7: OTHER APPLICATIONS 85

Chapter 8: MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 115

Chapter 9: IMPROPER INTEGRALS 129

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

If ‫ )ݔ(ܨ‬is any antiderivative of ݂(‫)ݔ‬, then the most general antiderivative of

‫ )࢞(ࡲ = ࢞ࢊ)࢞(ࢌ ׬‬+ ࢉ

1.2 Properties of Indefinite Integrals

1. ‫ ݔ = ݔ݀ ׬‬+ ܿ, Definition of an integral.

3. ‫ = ݔ݀)ݔ(݂ –׬‬െ ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ(݂ ׬‬

4. ‫ )ݔ(݂[׬‬± ݃(‫ )ݔ‬± ݄(‫ ݔ݀)ݔ(݂ ׬ = ݔ݀ ])ݔ‬± ‫ ݔ݀)ݔ(݃ ׬‬± ‫ݔ݀)ݔ(݄ ׬‬

1.3 The Power Formula

The arbitrary constant ܿ is the constant of integration.

The integrand differs from the original integrand by a factor of െ2,

4. ‫ ܽ(׬‬െ ‫ )ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬

7. ‫ ׬‬sin 2‫ ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

11. ‫(׬‬1 + tanଶ ߠ) tan ߠ ݀ߠ

1.4 Logarithmic Formula

15. ‫ ׬‬csc 2‫ݔ‬

1.5 Exponential Formula

14. ‫ ݁ ׬‬௫ cosh ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

8. ‫ ׬‬sin 8‫ ݔ‬sin 4‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

10. ‫ି ݁ ׬‬௫ tan ݁ ି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬

1.7 Method by Trigonometric Transformations

I. Odd Powers of Sine and Cosine

II. Even Powers of Sine and Cosine

III. Powers of Tangent and Cotangent

IV. Powers of Secant and Cosecant

V. Products of Tangent and Secant and Cotangent and Cosecant

VI. Products of Sine and Cosine

12. ‫(׬‬sin 5‫ ݕ‬cos5‫ݕ݀ ଺ )ݕ‬

15. ‫ ׬‬cos3‫ ݔ‬cos2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

1.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

7. ‫ି ݁ ׬‬௫ tanh ݁ ି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬

9. ‫ ݔ ׬‬ଶ cosh ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬

11. ‫ ׬‬sinhଶ ߙ cschଶ ߙ ݀ߙ

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

In this method of integration, the integrand is partitioned into parts. We should

Since, we arrived to the original integrand, we can combine it to the

2.2 Algebraic Substitution

Since ‫ = ݑ‬ξ‫ݔ‬, therefore,

5. ‫ ׬‬ln൫10 െ ξ‫ݖ‬൯ ݀‫ݖ‬

14. ‫ ׬‬sin ξ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬

2.3 Trigonometric Substitution

We assumed that ߠ is an acute angle, ܽ is a constant and ‫ ݔ‬is a differential

= ‫(׬‬csc ߠ െ sin ߠ)݀ߠ

From the triangle,

// $$$

0

4&)*5/ +)

* &

/- <:=9>4&)*5/ +)