CHE124

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 2

Application of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes
Learning Outcomes
After this lecture you should be able to…

Identify the different flow process equipment in the

chemical industry
Apply thermodynamic concepts and principles to solve
flow process problems
Understand how each part of a plant make up a whole
Differentiate diffuser, throttle valve, turbine, pump,
fan, compressor
A Typical Power Plant
A Turbine
Pump
Refrigeration
(A Vapor Compression Cycle)
A Throttle Valve
Compressor
Nozzle and Diffuser
Throttling Process
A process that involves a steady-state flow adiabatic
process that provides a pressure drop with no significant
potential energy or kinetic energy changes. The process
occurs relatively rapidly, with the result that negligible heat
transfer occurs.
Sample Problem (Throttle Valve)
Steam enters a throttling valve at 8000 kPa and 300C
and leaves at a pressure of 1600 kPa. Determine the final
temperature and specific volume of the steam.
Turbine (Expander)
A device in which work is done by the fluid on a set of
rotating blades. As a result there is a pressure drop from
the inlet to the outlet of the turbine.

W = H2 – H1
Sample Problem (Turbine)
Steam enters a turbine at 4000 kPa and 500C and leaves
as shown in the figure. For an inlet velocity of 200 m/s,
calculate the turbine power output
(a) Neglect any heat transfer and kinetic energy change.
(b) Show that the kinetic energy change is negligible.
Seatwork (Turbine)
A steam turbine with rated capacity of 64 200 kW operates
with steam at inlet conditions of 7200 kPa and 450C and
discharges into a condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa.
Assuming a turbine efficiency of 0.78, determine the state
of the steam at discharge and the mass rate of flow of the
steam.
Nozzle and Diffuser

A nozzle is a device that is used to increase the velocity

of a flowing fluid. It does this by reducing the pressure.

A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure in a

flowing fluid by reducing the velocity

* There is no work input into the devices and usually

negligible heat transfer.
Nozzle and Diffuser

The energy equation can be simplified to:

Sample Problem (Nozzle and Diffuser)

A high velocity nozzle is designed to operate with steam

at 650 kPa and 300C. The velocity at the nozzle inlet is
35 m/s. Calculate the ratio A2/A1 (where A1 is the cross
sectional area at the nozzle inlet). The pressure at the
outlet of the nozzle is 400 kPa. Assume the nozzle
operates isentropically.
Pump
 A device which transfers energy to a liquid flowing
through the pump with the result that the pressure is
increased.

 Compressors and blowers also fall under the same

category but have the primary purpose of increasing
the pressure in a gas.
W = VdP
dH =CpdT + V(1-βT)dP
dS=Cp ln(T2/T1)-βVdP
Pump
Sample Problem (Pump)
Determine the maximum pressure increase across the
10-hp pump shown. The inlet velocity of the water is 30
ft/s.
Sample Problem (Pump)
Water at 318.15 K and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump
and is discharged at a pressure of 7800 kPa. Assume the
pump efficiency to be 0.68. Calculate the work of the
pump, the temperature change of the water, and the
entropy change of the water. β= 425 x 10-6 /K; Cp =
4.178 kJ/kg-K
Compressor and Blower
 The primary purpose is to increase pressure in a gas.
Compressor and Blower
 The primary purpose is to increase pressure in a gas.
Sample Problem (Compressor)
Saturated vapor steam at 120 kPa is compressed
adiabatically to 450 kPa. If the compressor efficiency is
0.65, what is the work required and what are the
properties of the discharged stream?
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger