ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 1

ZYLO 7
Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads
1. Approach and calculability
Be effectively around antimetrical loads in a load combination with rotation symmetrical loads
have been the results of the rotation symmetrical system calculated first with all rotation
symmetrical loads, elastic soil tension will be switched off for a recalculation
The static system arisen so will be loaded by the possible antimetrical loads now and calculates
the results in an antimetrical system separated. No switching off of the remained tension bedding
is necessary in this calculation, otherwise the antimetry would be lost. If it is an antimetry with
rotation symmetrical load quotas, the internal rotation symmetrical quotas will be finished in the
calculation before, e.g. a slope load on a building side which is a combination of antimetry and
rotation symmetry as one-sided load.The two different calculations turn into the results of the
current load case combination as super position now. The criterion for a permitted super position
is the soil stress from the elastic bedding. The soil tension from the antimetrical system should be
compensated by soil compression from the rotation symmetrical system .Otherwise ZYLO reacts
with a report, the system is not allowed with this loads and requires recalculation with additional
dead weigth. The tolerance limit is established with soil tension maximum < 2% of the soil
pressure maximum. With normal designed buildings in general the deadweigth ensure the
validity of super position.
A load case combination with a hydrostatic uplifting, a low rest bedding with rotation
symmetrical loads and additional antimetrical load, is problematic. The antimetrical loads work
like on a swimming object, the building is no longer situation stable and it comes inevitably to
the report of recalculation.
2. Antimetrical load
2.1 Pure antimetrical load ( figure 1 ) e.q. earth quake loads
The rotation symmetric building is loaded by pure antimetrical line loads on the elements 2 and
5. The chosen antimetrical load model follows a lecture of Dr. engineer Gyula Markus in the
german booklet "Die Bautechnik 1/1968" and the mathematical function's load ordinate
distributed over the perimeter is Q( )  0.5 * P * cos with the period length 2 . The published
equations for forces and deformations of cylinder shells under antimetrical loads were integrated
and tested in ZYLO. At tests it turned out that the used shell theory for L > 10 *R at long shells,
in dependence also of the shell thickness, exceeds the calculability limit. The explanation is that
long cylinder shells more behave like a tube with much simpler calculation . ZYLO 7
therefore for antimetrical loads is limited on L <= 5.
The load model is as follows to explain:
The load ordinates P are the half on the left and right side of the antimetry distributed and
mathematical - the load of the perimeter in the direction to the rotation centre follows the
function Q( )  0.5* P * cos (  ). The vertical wiper switch at the figure 1 shows zero, i.e. the
pure antimetry is not modified by internal rotation symmetric load quotas. The angle of the
radial section is  = 0 , i.e. the antimetry is with cos (  ) = 1 fully effectively at super position
with all other rotation symmetric loads. With  = 90° no more antimetry effectively at super
position with all other rotation symmetric loads because of cos (  ) = 0. This pure antimetrical
load can simulate earth quake loads for a building.

Unwind of the antimetrical perimetric

load
 ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 2

Figure 1

2.2 Antimetrical load with +50% rotation symmetric load quota e.g
a one-sided slope load (figure 2 )
The rotation symmetric building is loaded to elements 2 and 5 by antimetrical line loads,
strengthening the left side, with 50% rotation symmetric load quota. The load ordinates P are
fully effectively on the left side of antimetry on the right side not effectively or mathematical -
the load of the perimeter follows the function Q (  ) = 0.5 * P * cos (  ) + P * (+50/100).
The vertical wiper switch at the figure Unwind of the perimeter load
shows +50 %, i.e pure antimetry
gets modified internal by +50%
rotation symmetric load quotas
The angle of radial section is  = 0
, i.e. the antimetry is with cos (  ) = 1
by super position with all other rotation
symmetric loads with +0.5 *P effective,
as well the rotation symmetric load
quota with +50/100 * P. With  = 90°
is with cos (  ) = 0 no more antimetry effectively , the rotation symmetric quota

+50/100 * P, however, is effectively. With  =180° antimetry with -0.5 * P and rotation
symmetrical quota +50/100 * P compensate each other to zero (see function graph).
The horizontal tipping over and gliding forces are not influenced by rotation symmetrical load
quotas but correspond to those of the pure Antimetrie.
This example simulates the work of a one-sided slope load on cylindric wall and sole spur
 ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 3

Figure 2

2.3 Resultant horizontal tipping over and gliding forces

The ordinates of horizontal antimetrical area loads on cylindric wall, directed to the rotation
centre, follow on the cylinder perimeter a cosinus function Q (  ) = 0.5* P * cos (  ) with the
period length 2

Unwind of the antimetrical perimetric

load
 ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 4

The horizontal resulting tipping over and gliding forces have the effecting direction from
perimetrical point  = 0 to the perimetrical point  = 
The component of every ordinate of the antimetrical load to the rotation centre in this mentioned
direction has the function. H ( )  0.5P cos [ KN / m^ 2]
2

The ordinate of the resulting load in the radial section is the absolute area of the area integral.

RH  Radius  0.5P  cos2   Radius  0.5P   [ KN / m]

To calculate the resulting tipping over and gliding forces [KN] the average of the two ordinates
of the resulting load RH [KN/m] must, as usual, are multiplied with the abscissa length [m] of
area load (gliding force)
The load effecting point is the gravity center of the trapezoid in radial section.

2.4 Resultant vertical loads

The ordinates of vertical antimetrical area loads on circular plates are down directed on one
antimetrical side, on the other up directed. The perimetrical unwind of his effect point is a
cosinus function Q (  ) = 0.5* P * cos (  ) with the period length 2

Unwind of the antimetrical

perimetric load

The resulting load ordinate in the radial section is the oriented area of the area integral.

RH  Radius  0.5P  cos  Radius  0.5P  0  zero[ KN / m] This means the

resulting effect of vertical antimetrical loads is zero. The ordinates of rotation symmetry load
quota are constantly effective along the rotation perimeter with P * load quota in %/100
[KN/m ^ 2] The trapeziform load area in the radial section results with
A [ KN/m] = average load ordinate [KN/m ^ 2] * abscissa length of area load[m].
The resulting load from rotation symmetrical load quota [KN] is A [KN/m] * rotation perimeter
of gravity point [m]
 ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 5

2.5 Transversal forces and stresses

With antimetrical loads at cylindric shells result forces and stresses in the transversal section of
shell because the shell is fixed perimetrical on the foot. ZYLO finds the transversal cross force in
every load case [KN /per m of the perimeter ] and the necessary transversal theoretical shear
tension in [N/mm ^ 3]. Both results have her maxima in the hip points of perimeter . ZYLO finds
the necessary shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete buildings against transversal shearing.
Respectively the half of this reinforcement will be added to the tangential reinforcement inside
and outside because both reinforcement types have the same effect place and the same direction .
In general is increasing of the actual tangential reinforcement by 5 to 20% , depending on
effecting place.

3. The influence of the radial section angle  on section forces and stresses
The deformations, forces ,stresses and the soil pressure caused by antimetrical load are
differently, distributed over the perimeter, depending on the angle  .
E.g. under pure antimetry with  = 0°, the radial bending moment has the maximum value and
in the same calculation on the opposite side (  = 180°) the same value but negativ signed..
Under pure antimetry with  = 90° and on the opposite side with  = 270 °
the radial bending moment = 0 in the same calculation.
To combine antimetrical results under different radial section angles with rotation symmetrical
results for every chosen angle  has to be created a new singular load (antimetrical load with
chosen angle) for using them in different load combinations
 ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 6

4. The results (figure 3, figure 4 and figure 5)

Figure 3

In the output menu on the lower edge are the definitive results for design placed. There are two
buttons (green). These are only activ if the current file has the option for antimetrical loads,
recognizable by his extension *.alo . If the building shall get reinforced symmetrically despite
antimetrical results one finds here the maximum values from the two antimetrical sides..
 ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 7

Figure 4

The results are in load case combinations with antimetrical load as well as in the maxima of them
no longer symmetrical to the axis of rotation. If one would like reinforce the building
symmetrically one has to select the control boxes here, to print graphically the maxima of both
antimetrical sides (see above)
 ZYLO 7 Antimetrical loads into super position with rotation symmetrical loads Page 8

Figure 5

For deformations, forces, soil pressure and reinforcement of the individual load combinations, of
the maxima of all load combinations as well, there is a right and a left building side selectable.
The current page can be selected in the upper area with the option "left building side current" or
“right building side current" .
If one wants symmetrical reinforcing the control boxes below the column head "and from both
antimetrical sides can be selected"

5. Important restrictions !
Universality of antimetrical area loads, general restrictions
Temporary general restrictions:
1. Antimetrical area loads are only applicable to cylindric shells with
shell length < 5 *cylinder radius.
The input routine is therefore preventing larger shell lengths at present.
2. Global deformations (e.g. leaning position because of an asymmetrical ground sinking) are not
calculated and announced at present but only deformations relatively to globally deformed shell
axis .
3. Antimetrical area loads are only applicable to single cylindric shells, not applicable to a stack
from several cylindric shells, one above the other. The used cylindric shell must be connected
with the floor plate
The abolition of these restrictions is taken into account at the further development of ZYLO 6+
to be able to calculate wind loads on high silos or chimneys.
For loads of circular plates there are no general restrictions.