NCERTCrisp

• Father of Biology and
Zoology
• The Darwin of the 20th
century
• Father of Botany
• Father of Plant Physiology
Father of Experimental
Genetics
• Father of Mycology
• Father of Eugenics
• Father of DNA finger
printing
• Father of Indian Ecology
• In animals, this growth is seen only up to a certain age.
: Aristotle
• In majority of higher animals and plants, growth and
reproduction are mutually exc lusive events.
: Ernst Mayr
• Increase in body mass is considered as growth.
: Theophrastus • In li,·ing organisms, growth is from inside.
: Stephan Hales • Growth cannot be taken as a defining property of Iiving
organisms.
Morgan
• In Pla11aria (flat worms): True regeneration
Micheli
• The fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of
: Francis Calton mosses. all easily multiply by fragmentation.
• Bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba, reproduction
Alec. Jaffery is synonymous with growth. i.e., increase in number of
Ramdeo Mishra cells.

• Father of Experimental • Reproduction cannot be an all-inclusive defining

physiology Galen characteristic of li ving organisms.

• Father of Indian Mycology E. J. Butler • No non-living object is capable of reproducing or

replicating by itself.
• Father of Mutation Hugo de Vries
• The sum total of all the chemical r_eactions occurring in
• Father of Special Creation our body is metabolism.
Theory : Father Suarez
• No non-living object exhibits metabolism.
• Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson
• An isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside the body ofan
• The study of kind of life in outer space is known as organism, performed in a test tube is neither living nor
exobiology. non-living.
• Ernst Mayr pioneered the currentl y accepted defi nition • Metabolism is a defi ning feature of all living organisms
of a biological species. without exception. isolated metabolic reactions in vitro
• Morphological concept of species given by Linnaeus. are not li ving things but surely living reactions.

• Increase in mass and increase in number of ind i\·iduals
are twin characteristics of growth.
• A multicellular organism grows by cell division.
• In plants. this growth by cell division occurs
continuously throughout their life span.
• Cellular organization of the body is the defining
feature of life forms.
• The most obvious and technicaUy complicated feature ofall
livino0 oroanisms
0
is this ability to sense their surroundings
or environment and re1opond to these environmental stimuli
which could be physical. chemical or biological.
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• l' h,,t,'JX'rt1"1sl .,ni.,·h "-'l'l\ld111·t11\I\ II\ Sl'l1S11111il hrctdns.
• \ \\nm,n lx·1n~ IS ti\\' ,,11\~ ''fl!:\ l\iS II\ thnt IS ll \\ an:
hm,:-l'lf. 1 c .. h,,s sdf-c,1 ns1.· i,,11Snl'SS
• <. ·,ms·d ous1ws.. 1s tlw dd1nin); l'l\'f~n~ ,,f Ii, ing org:111isms.
• P1\1 r 1.' rt i1.•~ 11f tiS~lll'S :ll'1.' 111'1 present in tfll' rnnstitlll'llt
,·ells h111 aris1.' :is a l'l.'sult ,,r int1.' rnctio11s umon~ the
,·,,nstitu1.· nt 1.· l'lls.
Biodiversity
• Th1.· num~·r 0f sp,'l'it'S tlrnl al'\' l-1wwn nnd described
nmfe ~ l\\\ .'t'il t. 7-1.8 million. This rd'ers to hiodiyersity
• Lu,~1.· st ff\\Up is ins1.,·ta.
• \ 13, inmm Bi0<li, ersity is found in tropical
Rain forl'st:
• :\ l\"l\lnd 1sno lk ' \\ Sflt.'\:ies ha\'l' hcen discovered .
N on1enclature
• Binomisl nomenclature system given by Carolus
Linnaeus. E:ich name h::is two components - the generic
n:lme and the specific epithet.
• Tauton~·ms: If both generic and specific names are same.
these a~ called 1autonyms.
• • \omendature: Standardize the naming of living organisms
• International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
• International Code ofZoological Nomenclature (ICZN).
• Tl11: llr~I word dc11 ut111g rhc gcnuH :Hart!! with a capital
,,r kttcr while the 8pcclflc cplthcl -start'! with a ~mall letter.
• Nnmc of the lluthor appear., after the 11pccific epithet,
i.e .. at the end of the biologica l name and ir; wnttcn in an
11bhrcvl11tcd form .
• Chaructcrization. identification, class ification and
nomenclature arc the processes that are basic to taxonomy.
• The word systematics is derived from the Latin word '.,-yslL'lna'
which means systematic arrangement of organisms.
• Linnaeus used Sy.,;tema Naturae as the title of hi<;
publication.
• Families are characterized on the basis of both vegetative
and reproductive features of plant species.
• Plant families like Convolvu laceae, Solanaceae are
included in the order Polymoniales mainly based on the
floral characters.
• Order Primata comprising monkey. gorilla and gibbon
is placed in class Mammalia along with order Carnivora
that includes animals like tiger, cat and dog
Taxonomical Hierarchy - As we go from species to
kingdom, similarities decrease/differences increase.
Species ---. Genus ---. Family -+ Order -+ Class -
Phylum / Division -+ Kingdom
Organisms with their Taxonomic categories:
◊ Man: Homo sapiens -+ Homo -+ Hominidae
Primate -+ Mammalia -+ Chordata

Rules of Nomenclature ◊ Housefly: Musca domestica -+ h'fusca -+ Muscidae

• Biological nami:s are generally in Latin and written
in iralics. Tht:y arc latinized or derived from Latin
1rrcs pcct1, e of thei r orig.in.
• The firsl word in a bi ological name represents the genus
w hile the second component denotes the specific epithet.
• Both tJ1c words in a biological name, when handwritten ,
J.n: ~cparatel y underlined, or prlnicd in itulics to
indicate their Latin origin .
-+ Diptera-+ Insecta-+ Arthropoda
◊ Mango: Ma11g!f'era indica -+ Mangifera _.
Anacardiaceae -+ Sapindales -+ Dicotyledonae --
Angiospennue
◊ Wheat: Tritic111n aestilwn -+ Tritirnm ---. Poaceae _.
Poales ---. Monocotyledonae -+ Angiospernu1e
• Suflix -ulcs is used for order & sufn:x -nccae is used for
fnmlly.

Tnxonomicnl Aids

Herharium Botanlcal Garden Museum

- -
i Zooloaical Parks
' Store l1<, uw of rnllccled -
Collcl:tion ol'llvlng plunts l'ur Colltctions or
prcscrn'd Places where wild 1mlm11ls
planl ~pcclmcni\ that rclcrtncc. plnni und 1111im11l s1,ccinu.•ns arc kept in protected en,·i·
are dried , pres~cd and fur study and reti::rc11cc. ronnu.•nts under hurnnn core
rrcsen cd on !>hcct'i.
- - --- ----
Gcncrnl Sheet size: 2') ,, Ench plunt in Bot11nic11l Gur-
--·-- - -- -- ----
Spcci111c11s nrc preserved Ill Enable us lO learn arn1ut
-
41 .5 cm or den indicuting its botun k nl/ tht rnntuiners ur j 11 rs in pre- their food habits and be·
16 '.11 • 11 \/1 Inch scientific 111m1e und its ti1111ily. servuliw S(1l111ions( Formu-
lrnvior.
1111)
--- -
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Herbarium Botanical Garden Mu11eum
Vasculum: Special type of Royal Botanical Gardens are Insects are preserved in insect
Zoological Parks
I
box where plants are kept. at Kew (England) (Largest boxes after collecting, killing
herbarium in world) and pinning.
Indian Botanical Garden, Larger animals like birds and
Howrah (India) (Largest mammals are usually stuffed
herbarium in India) and preserved.
HgCll IS used to protect National Botanical Research Museums often have
specimens from pests and Institute, Lucknow (India). collections of skeletons of
insects animals too.
Plant and animal specimens
preserved as dry specimens.

Other Taxonomical Aids

• Used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and dissimilarities.

• Based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet.

Key
• Results in acceptance of only one and rejection of the other.
. Analytical in nature.
I. Contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area. These provide the
Flora ' index to the plant species found in a particular area.
I. J. D. Hooker wrote "Flora of British India"
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Manuals • Useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area.
I
Monographs . Contain information on any one taxon.
• Concepts of Hotspots : Norman Myers
• Most diversity rich zone in India: Western Ghat and E11stcrn Himalaya.
• Tenn classification: A.P.de Candolle
• Three domains of Life : Carl Woese, 1990
• Sympatric : Species inhabiting same geographical area
• Allopatrlc : Species inhabiting different geographical area