Mineralogy and Petrology (1990) 43:49-63

Mineralogy
pNo%gy
© by Springer-Verlag 1990

Geochemistry and Evolution of the Fanos Granite,

N. Greece
G. Christofides, T. Soldatos, and A. Koroneos

Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, University of Thessaloniki,

Greece

With 6 Figures

Received February 22, 1990;

accepted March 8, 1990

Summary
The Fanos granite, a Jurassic pluton composed of high silica fine- to coarse-grained
leucogranites, is associated with and intrudes the Mesozoic Guevgueli ophiolitic com-
plex. Discriminant diagrams indicate a collision related plate tectonic environment for
the rocks studied. They are peraluminous with calc-alkaline affinities. Major and trace
element behaviour suggest a fractional crystallization process for the evolution of the
Fanos granite. Petrographic calculations, based on major elements, require 32% crystal
accumulation mainly of plagioclase, K-feldspar and biotite for a direct model, while for
a two-step model 21% and 14% crystal cumulate is required for the first and the second
step respectively.

Zusammenfassung
Geochemie und Entwicklungsgeschichte des Fanos-Granites, N-Griechenland
Der jurassische Fanos-Granit ist ein fein- bis grobkSrniger Leukogranit mit hohem
Silikatanteil. Er ist mit dem mesozoischen Ophiolithkomplex von Guevgueli, mit dem
er in instrusivem Kontakt steht, verkniipft.
Diskriminierungsdiagramme weisen darauf hin, daB die untersuchten Gesteine im
Zuge kollisions-tektonischer Prozesse gebildet wurden. Die untersuchten peraluminSsen
Gesteine folgen einem kalkalkalischen Trend. Die Haupt- und Spurenelement-
verteilungen belegen eine fraktionierte Kristallisation des Fanos-Granites. Einfache
Mischungsmodell-Berechnungen, die mittels der Hauptelemente erstellt wurden, erge-
ben eine 32 %ige Kristallakkumulation von vorwiegend Plagioklas, Kalifeldspat und
Biotit. Eine Zweistufenmodell-Berechnung ergab eine 21- beziehungsweise 14 %ige
Kristallakkumulation fiir die erste und zweite Stufe.
 50 G. Christofides et al.
Introduction
The ophiolite complexes in Greece and Yugoslavia form two distinct N W - S E
trending belts; the western ophiolite belt forming part of the Central Dinarides and
Hellenides and the eastern belt which forms part of the Inner Dinarides and
Hellenides (Nicolas and Jackson, 1972; Bebien et al., 1980; Karamata et al., 1980).
Part of the eastern belt is the Guevgueli complex which is situated in the Axios
(Vardar) zone and is exposed both in Greece and Yugoslavia. The Guevgueli
ophiolite in Greece is associated with and intruded by the Fanos granite (Fig. 1), a
large intrusion of Upper Jurassic age (Borsi et al., 1966; Spray et al., 1984).
The present study deals with the petrology and geochemistry of the Fanos
granite and contributes some additional knowledge for the understanding of the
magmatism in the broader area.

Guevgue I i
YUGOSLAVIA
j °

E ]3
V V VVV V V v V V V V ~1

v v v v v v
v v v v v v

iv;v;v;v;v;v
, v ~ . v . v. .V v. V v v v " •
vv~VvV v
N,
v v vVvV~ ~
b
:i:;i:i:i: :+ 0oo
v v v v v v v v i •

\°
\,

• Piyi
Polikastro

5 km
• Goumenissa i _. J

Fig. 1. Geological map of part of the Guevgueli complex showing the Fanos granite.
Simplified from Tsamantouridesand Peroamalis (1977) and Bebien (1982). 1 Granite; 2 Aplitic
granite; 3 Microgranite; 4 Migmatites; 50phiolites; 6 Thrust; 7 Fault
 Geochemistry and Evolution of the Fanos Granite, N. Greece 51

Regional Setting
The Guevgueli complex occurs both in Greece and Yugoslavia and starting from
Goumenissa (Kilkis, Central Macedonia, Greece) runs for a distance of about
60 km northwards into Yugoslavia (Bebien, 1977, 1981, 1982). In Greece it comprises
a migmatitic and gneissic basement and slivers of dismembered ophiolite thrust
upon a Jurassic volcano-sedimentary sequence (Bebien, 1977; Spray et al., 1984).
Due to a fault the complex is separated into two petrographically distinct units:
Gabbroic cumulate rocks overlain by sills and lavas comprise the western unit which
is characterized by very low K 20 contents and possesses a tholeiitic affinity. The
eastern unit which is more varied is made up of gabbros, sheeted dykes (of calc-
alkaline affinity) and lavas, as well as of magmatic breccias (of tholeiitic character)
comprising dolerites in a dioritic or granitic matrix (Bebien, 1977).
On the basis of stratigraphic and radiometric evidence (Borsi et al., 1966; Mercier,
1968; Marakis, 1969; Spray et al., 1984) an Upper Jurassic age has been proposed
for the Guevgueli complex. The complex is intruded by the Fanos granite which has
caused contact metamorphism phenomena. For the Fanos granite an age of 148 _+ 3
Ma was determined (K-Ar on a biotite separate) by Spray et al. (1984) which is very
close to the 150 __ 2 Ma age given by Borsi et al. (1966) using K - A r and Rb-Sr
methods on a biotite separate.
The Fanos granite is an elongated intrusion occupying an area of about 65 km 2
(Fig. 1). Its continuation in Yugoslavia is known as the Gurnicet granite (Mercier,
1968). To the east and southeast it comes into contact with the ophiolites.

Petrography
The petrography of the Fanos granite has in general been discussed by many
investigators (Andronopoulos, 1965; Mercier, 1968; Tsamantourides and Pergamalis,
1977; Bebien, 1982). In this report the study of the granite will be restricted to a brief
summary of the most pertinent features of the intrusion regarding its mineralogy
and petrography.
The Fanos granite is a leucocratic rock with ferromagnesian minerals not
exceeding 2-3 vol~. Although it is in general a homogeneous body, differences in
grain size and, to a certain extent, in biotite content, allow the distinction of three
rock-types, namely aplitic granite, granite and microgranite. The modal composi-
tion of the Fanos granite is presented in Table i whereas Fig. 2 shows its classifica-
tion based on the Q'/ANOR diagram of Streckeisen and Le Maitre (1979).
The aplitic granite is confined to the outer part of the intrusion especially at the
western margin intruding the granite. Small exposures, however, are present in the
inner part e.g. on the road from Piyi to Fanos. They are normally fine-grained,
pinkish to whitish rocks containing virtually no ferromagnesian minerals (only a
few yellow-brown ragged flakes of biotite <0.5 vol~). They consist of granular
interlocking aggregates of quartz, K-feldspar and sodic plagioclase. K-feldspar
(Or93_90Ab7_lo) is microcline perthite; it is mostly kaolinised. Plagioclase is of
albitic composition (3-12 An~) and is very often sericitized. Rare myrmekitic
intergrowths are present.
Molybdenite and pyrite mineralization mostly in the shape of veinlets following
microfaults and jointings, is associated with the aplitic granite at the western margin
of the Fanos granite (Andronopoulos, 1965; Tsamantourides and Pergamalis, 1977).
52 G. Christofides et al.

Table 1. Modal composition of the Fanos granite

FP1 FP4 PL1 ND1 P1 P3 F5

Quartz 23.7 26.5 23.0 33.3 35.0 37.2 33.7

K-feldspar 34.6 35.6 41.7 44.1 26.7 33.9 34.1
Plagioclase 37.8 34,9 32.3 21,4 36.3 28.3 31.5
Biotite 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.1 1.6 0.3 0.4
Accessories 0.9 0,8 1.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3

FP1, FP4, micrograniLe; PL1, MD1, P1, P3, granite;

F5, aplitic granite.

\ \ \\ [] Microgranite tI
\ \. \
\ X X A Granite i
40
" \ AA X X A Apl. granite l

30
-

20

Fig. 2. Normative composition of

10 samples analyzed. Classification
scheme according to Streckeisen
0 , \, ,\ ,
and Le Maitre (1979). Numbered
0 10 20 30 40 50 fields correspond to the QAP
ANOR fields of lUGS (1973)

Granite is the main rock-type of the Fanos intrusion. It is a leucocratic, reddish

to whitish (when altered), medium- to coarse-grained rock. It appears slightly
porphyritic with pinkish K-feldspar phenocrysts of up to 2 cm long in a medium-
grained matrix. Most of the exposure of the granite is intensively weathered to a
coarse-grained granitic sand. The main mineral constituents of the granite are
quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and biotite. K-feldspars (Orv4_88Ab26_12),very
often kaolinized, occur both as phenocrysts and groundmass constituents. They are
strongly perthitized with patchy and flamy textures. Very often they enclose small
crystals of plagioclase in a poicilitic texture. Replacement of plagioclase and quartz
by K-felspar is not uncommon. Plagioclase is slightly zoned with an oligoclase core
ranging from An28 to Anla and a more sodic rim (An15 to An6). Rims and cores
are often altered to sericite. Myrmekitic and graphic intergrowths are present.
Biotite is the only mafic mineral ( < 2 vol%). It is yellow-brown to brown and is very
often discoloured or altered to chlorite. Zircon with pleochroic haloes is a common
inclusion in biotites. Apatite, sphene and allanite are present as accessories.
Microgranite occurs as small exposures, mostly at the northern part of the Fanos
granite and north of the old molybdenum mine. They are fine- to medium-grained
 Geochemistry and Evolution of the Fanos Granite, N. Greece 53

rocks with pinkish K-feldspar phenocrysts of up to 2 cm long. They differ from the
granite in that they are finer-grained and darker in colour due the greater amount
of biotite (up to 3 vol%). Their contacts to the granite are not sharp. Mineralogically
they are similar with the granite but allanite, apatite, sphene and opaques are more
abundant here. Plagioclase is more basic (core An27, rim An1 s) and biotite more
magnesian (FeO/FeO + MgO in biotites from granite is about 0.53 while in biotites
from microgranite is about 0.49). Feldspars are altered to sericite and kaolinite.
Biotite encloses apatite and needle-like minute crystals of rutile (sagenite). Remnants
of a few crystals of hornblende have been found. They seem to change to biotite or
to be resorbed by feldspars.

Analytical Methods
Rock and mineral chemical analyses were carried out at the Dept. of Geology,
Univ. of Manchester, England. Mineral chemical analyses were obtained with
a C.A.M.E.C.A. CAMEBAX electron microprobe analyser using a Link System
Model 860-500 energy despersive spectrometer and employing a ZAF correction
program. Operating conditions were 15 kV accelerating potential and 3 nA beam
current.
Whole rock samples were analysed by X-ray fluorescence for major and trace
elements on powder pellets using a Philips model PW 1450 spectrometer. FeO by
wet method and ignition loss have been determined in the Dept. of Mineralogy,
Petrology and Economic Geology, Thessaloniki University.

Geochemistry
1. Major Elements
Major element chemical analyses for representative rock samples along with their
CIPW norms and differentiation index (D.I.) (Thorton and Tuttle, 1960) are given
in Table 2. The differentiation index, used to express the chemical variations within
the pluton, ranges from 87.0 to 95.6. The rock compositions are restricted to the
acidic range.
Variation in major element chemistry against D.I. is shown on the variation
diagrams of Fig. 3 from which a continuous trend, typical for magmatic differentia-
tion, is apparent. With increasing D.I. the alkalies contents are scattered although
K 2 0 decreases slightly from the microgranite to the aplitic granite. This is due very
probably to the early crystallization of biotite. TiO2, A120 a, FeO, F e 2 0 a, MgO,
CaO and P205 decrease with differentiation.

2. Trace Elements
The trace element abundances and certain elemental ratios of the rocks are given
in Table 2. In general the trace element contents decrease towards the more evolved
rocks except Rb and Nb (Fig. 4).
The compatible elements Ba, St, Zr, Zn and V decrease drastically with a
depletion factor of 30, 15, 5, 7 and 7 respectively considering the mean values of the
rock types. Rb is almost stable with a slightly concave pattern and Nb increases
54 G. Christofides et al.
Table 2. Chemical analyses and CIPW norms of the Fanos 9ranite

FP1 FP4 PL1 PL2 PL3 MD1 MD2 P1 P3 F5 F7 F6

Si02 71.16 69.95 73.51 73.77 73.24 75.00 75.64 74.07 76.10 76,93 77.55 76,98
TiOz 0.24 0,27 0,17 0,17 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.08 0.07 0,07 0,06
A1203 15.05 15.27 13.47 13,45 13,54 13.57 13,11 13.85 13.22 12.48 12.38 12,41
Fe=Os 1.09 1.36 1.01 1.00 1.03 0.78 0.49 0.77 0.58 0.52 0.57 0.52
FeO 0.69 0.75 0.48 0.52 0.59 0.40 0.43 0.41 0.16 0.15 0,14 0,16
MnO 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0,02 0,07 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
MgO 0.71 0.81 0,57 0,50 0.60 0.35 0.32 0,39 0.13 0,20 0.20 0.20
CaO 1.37 1.59 1.13 1,07 1.21 0.79 0,69 0.97 0.57 0.54 0.45 0.51
Na20 3.45 3.54 3.59 3,43 3,64 3.49 3,54 3.43 3,25 3.45 3.43 3,71
KzO 5.25 5,22 4.86 5.11 4.93 4.92 4,80 5,37 5.67 4,65 4,59 4.24
PzOs 0.14 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.03 0,03 0.05 0,04
LOI 0,77 1.01 0,38 0,40 0.46 0.45 0,48 0.58 0,44 0,30 0,36 0.40

Total 99.96 99.97 99.30 99.55 99.59 99.97 99,73 100.12 100,26 99,32 99.79 99.23

Q 27,50 24,45 31.38 31.76 30.30 34.02 34,95 31~20 34.26 38.06 38.36 39.12
0o 1,50 1.28 0.50 0.55 0,28 1.25 0,96 0,77 0,79 0,86 0.89 1.07
Or 31.49 31.20 29.01 30.43 29.36 29.19 28;60 31.91 33,56 27,77 25,35 27.30
Ab 29.36 30,29 30.71 29.27 31,05 29.70 30,20 29.19 27.50 29,44 31.73 29.19
An 5.93 6,94 5.00 4.77 5.33 3.46 3,08 4.40 2.63 2.55 2.31 1.90
En 1.76 2,01 1.44 1.24 1,51 0,87 0.79 0,97 0.32 0,49 0,49 0,49
Fs 0.05 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00
Mt 1.59 1,79 1.21 1.31 1.48 0,97 0.71 0.95 0.38 0,28 0.34 0,24
I1 0.45 0.37 0.32 0.32 0,38 0.24 0,19 0.32 0.15 0,13 0,11 0.13
Hm 0,00 0.13 0.18 0.10 0,01 0,10 0.00 0.10 0.31 0.33 0.29 0,39
Ap 0.32 0.37 0.23 0.20 0,25 0.16 0~13 0.16 0.07 0,07 0,09 0.11

DI 88.36 86.95 91,11 91.47 90.72 92.91 93.78 92,31 95.33 95.29 95.44 95,61

Rb 264 282 255 263 262 270 267 232 260 288 282 253
Sr 453 474 293 302 284 166 t41 248 130 30 31 31
Ba 876 825 521 547 500 291 268 418 217 28 32 25
Zr 280 290 131 136 152 117 91 143 69 57 65 58
Nb 38 33 36 34 40 45 37 33 29 44 66 68
Zn 15 19 9 10 10 4 3 8 5 3 3 3
V 29 38 18 16 17 10 9 18 8 5 5 5
Y 16 13 7 6 8 5 3 12 7 3 3 3
K/Rb 165 154 158 161 156 151 149 192 181 134 135 139
Rb/Sr 0,58 0.59 0.87 0.87 0,92 1.63 1.89 0.94 2,00 9.60 9.10 8.16
K/Be 50 53 77 78 82 140 150 106 217 1378 1191 1408

FPI, FP4, microgranite; PLI to P3, granite; F5 to F6, aplitogranite.

slightly with an enrichment factor of 1.6. K/Rb ratio remains rather constant around
the "normal" values (K/Rb ~ 150) of Taylor (1965) while the Rb/Sr and K/Ba ratios
increase with differentiation.

3. Compositional Characteristics
The major element abundances of the samples analyzed show affinities of calc-
alkaline magmatism. Their calc-alkaline character is obvious from their "liquid"
evolution (Fig. 3) as well as from the Anderson's et al. (1980) S i O 2 VS. FeOt/
(FeOt + MgO) diagram (not shown).
The Fanos granite is slightly peraluminous with molar A/CNK ratio within the
range 1.00-1.08 and displays I-type characteristics after Chappell and White's (1974)
and White and Chappell's (1977, 1983) criteria although some S-type characteristics
(see below) also exist. On the Q - A b - O r diagram (not shown) of White et al. (1977),
a) High SiO z~ content with small variation (S-type)
b) N a 2 0 ~ > 3.25~ (I-type)
0,30 2

020

&

0.10

TiO2 CaO

0.00 ~ J J

16

[3
[3

• •A •

A~
12

AI203 K20

10 , , ~ 4 i

1.00 4.00

0.50 3.50

FeO ~zx Na20

0.00 3.00

1.50 10

1.00 9
[3

0.50 8 %
Fe203 K20+Na20

0.00 ' p 7

1.00 0.20

[3

0.50 0.10

A
MgO ~ P205

0.00 _ _ J ~ 0.00
I
86 91 96 86 91
96

D.I, D.I.

Fig. 3. Major element variation diagrams for the Fanos granite. Symbols as in Fig. 2
56 G. Christofides et al.
350J 70

60

300
50
D
&
0 & &
40
zx [3
250, A
D A
30
Rb ~b

200 20

500 20
0
Q

400

300 • A &

A 10

200

100
8r Zn

0 0 I

1000 40

B00
30

6O0

20
& '& •
400 &

A
10 A &
200 B8 A
V A6~

0 0 i
86 91 96
3O0
D J,

200

A
A
AA
&
100
£

Zr

0 I I
86 oj 1 96

DJ.

Fig. 4. Trace element variation diagrams for the Fanos gramte. Symbols as in Fig. 2

c) Low CaO% content (0.91%) (S-type)

d) A1203/(CaO + N a 2 0 + K 2 0 ) < 1.1 mol. proportions (I-type)
e) Normative corundum < 1% for most specimens (1-type)
f) Linear trends in variation diagrams (I-type)
g) Muscovite low or absent, sphene present and apatite inclusions in
biotite (I-type)
h) Mo mineralization (I-type)
 Geochemistry and Evolution of the Fanos Granite, N. Greece 57

however, the rocks studied plot clearly on the I-type field.

It is concluded therefore that the origin of the Fanos granite is associated
possibly with source material of igneous character although the participation of
some sedimentary source material cannot be excluded.

Tectonic Setting
The Fanos granite is considered as a collision granite (Bebien, 1982; Pearce et al.,
1984). On the trace element discrimination diagrams (Y-Nb, R b - Y + Nb) of Pearee
et al. (1984) the samples analyzed plot either in the VAG + synCOLG field (Fig. 5a)
or cluster around the VAG - synCOLG discriminant boundary (Fig. 5b).
Post-collision granites can, however, also plot in the volcanic arc and the
syn-collision fields. Syn-collision and post-collision granites can be separated by the

1000
WPG

100

10

a 1
, GTIcY,,/ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 100 10OO

1000

synCOLG .~~WPG

100

at

10

VAG
ORG

b 1 , . . . . . . ~ .... J ........
2 10 100 1000

Y+Nb

Fig. 5. Nb-Y (a) and Rb-(Y + Nb) (b) discriminant diagrams for the Fanos granite after
Pearce et al. (1984). VAG Volcanic arc granites; synCOLG syn-collision granites; WPG
Within plate granites; ORG Ocean ridge granites
58 G. Christofides et al.
! O0

10 Group |1

n
el"

• I1

50 60 70 80

Si02
Fig. 6. Rb/Zr versus SiO z discriminant diagram after Harris et al. (1986). Upper (Group II)
field corresponds to syn-collision granites while lower field to volcanic arc and post-collision
granites

Rb/Zr ratio. The former have higher values compared to the latter. On the Rb/Zr-
SiO 2 diagram (Harris et al., 1986) the samples analyzed plot in the field for volcanic
arc and post-collision granites (Fig. 6). Volcanic arc and post-collision granites have
similar geochemical features; they therefore cannot be separated using this diagram.
Other diagrams (e.g. R b - T a - H f after Harris et al., 1986) can help towards this
direction but unfortunately Ta and Hf were not analysed. Taking into account
Bebien's (1977, 1982) suggestions we conclude, however, that the Fanos granite is
related with a post-collision plate tectonic environment.

Evolution of the Fanos Granite

Several lines of evidence suggest that the main process which controlled the evolu-
tion of Fanos granite was the fractional crystallization of a parental magma. Field
relations between rock types support such a process; the most differentiated rock
type, the aplitic granite, intrudes the granite.
The study of the trace element variations can help to evaluate this suggestion.
In particular Rb, Sr and Ba are very useful for the evaluation of fractional crystal-
lization process in granitic rocks because their behaviour in these rocks is strongly
tied to the major minerals (feldspars, micas) in them (McCarthy, 1976; Neiva et al.,
1987).
The extreme variation in compatible elements (e.g. Ba, St) and the small variation
in incompatible ones (e.g. Rb, Nb) of the Fanos granite is consistent with fractional
crystallization as the main differentiation process and excludes partial melting
(Hanson, 1978; Maaloe, 1985; Coeherie, 1986; Christofides et al., 1989).
To model the hypothesis of fractional crystallization for the evolution of
the Fanos granite a least squares petrographic calculation program, GENMIX,
designed by Le Maitre (1981) has been employed. The average major element
compositions of the three rock types, A, B and C (Tables 3 and 4), have been used.
 Geochemistry and Evolution of the Fanos Granite, N. Greece 59

Rock A corresponds to the average composition of the microgranite, rock B to the

average composition of the granite and rock C to the average composition of the
aplitic granite. Rock A is the least differentiated type of the pluton and therefore it
is considered as the parental magma.
Two methods of computation were used. Method 1 attempts to model a simpli-
fied differentiation process where rock C derives directly from rock A. In Method
2 the evolution process is considered to progress step-wise along the types of the
pluton. So, rock A is the parental magma for rock B and the latter is the parental
magma for rock C.
The chemical variation of the trace elements can help to determine the mineral
assemblage of the cumulates which control the fractional crystallization. In both,
step one (from A to B) and step two (from B to C), Sr decreases indicating mostly
plagioclase separation, while the continous decrease of Ba shows K-feldspar and/or
biotite separation. The decrease of Rb from A to B reveals the participation of biotite
in the cumulate. In contrast its slight increase during differentiation from B to C
excludes biotite from consideration as fractionation mineral at this step. The slight
increase of Rb/Sr ratio at step one suggests plagioclase fractionation. The strong
increase, however, of this ratio during the second step reflects very probably the
absence of biotite from the cumulative minerals. The increase of K/Ba ratio at step
two is the result of K-feldspar separation while the decrease of K/Rb ratio excludes
biotite as a cumulative phase.
So, the minerals which mainly control the differentiation at step one are plagio-
clase, K-feldspar and biotite while at step two biotite is absent from the cumulative
solid.

Method I
To calculate the amount and mineralogical composition of the cumulate during the
differentiation from the parental magma A to the liquid C the chemical analyses of
rocks A (A obs.) and C were used as input data (Table 3). As crystallizing mineral
phases were used K-feldspar, biotite and sphene of sample FP1 (Table 3) and albite,
anorthite and magnetite (Analyses 1 and 8, Table 31 and Analysis 4, Table 46
respectively after Deer et al., 1978). All analyses were used without MnO, P2Os,
LOI and with total iron as FeO t.

Table 3. Sample input and output data for computer calculations in Method I

Rock A Rock A d Ro ck C K# Plagioclase Bi Sp Mt

(obs) (calc) Ab An

SiOz 70.56 70.57 -0,01 77 15 64,83 67.84 43,88 38,78 28 82 0.27

Ti02 0.26 0.23 0,03 0 07 0.03 0,00 0,00 2,63 33 75 0.00
Alz03 15.16 15.14 0,02 12 42 18,91 19.65 36,18 12.89 1 75 0.21
FeOt 1.83 1,84 -0,01 0 64 0,00 0.05 0.07 16.22 2 22 92.75
MnO 0.04 O.b5 -0,01 0 O0 0.00 0.00 0,00 1,05 0 09 0.00
M90 0,76 0.79 -0.03 0 20 0.00 0.04 0.00 14.41 0 09 0.00
CaO 1.48 1.55 -0.07 0.50 0.17 0,00 19.37 0.02 25,94 0.00
NazO 3.50 3.57 -0.07 3.53 0,63 11.07 0.22 0.29 0.25 0.00
KzO 5.24 5.2£ -0.05 4,49 14.59 0,29 0.00 9,55 0.00 0.00
Zd 2 = 0 . 0 1 4 3

Rock A = 0.6814Rock C+0.1214Kf+O.1437Pl(An40)+O.O451Bi+O.OO18Sp+O.OO66Mt

Solid = 38.10~Kf+45,10%Pl+14.16%Bi+O.56%Sp+2.07%Mt
60 G. Christofides et al.
Output data are the amounts of the residual liquid and crystallizing phases
(cumulate), the computed "parent" composition (A calc.), the differences (d) between
the actual and computed values of parent melt and the sum of the squared differences
(Zd 2) (Table 3). For the proposed model the d values are very small.
With this model rock C derives from rock A with 32% crystal accumulation.
The mineralogical composition of the solid is 38.1% K-feldspar, 45.1% plagioclase
(An41), 14.2% biotite, 0.6% sphene and 2.1% magnetite.

Method 2
For a better estimation of the evolution process in the Fanos intrusion two steps
should be considered along the series. First, liquid B derives from the parental
magma A with crystal accumulation of Solid 1 (Table 4). Second, liquid B is
considered as parental for liquid C with crystallization of Solid 2. The computation
procedure is the same as with Method 1 and has been applied twice. The minerals
used in Method 2 are the same as in Method 1.
For Step 1 the percentage of crystallization is 21% with Solid 1 composed of
31.1% K-feldspar, 51.3% plagioclase (An4o), 15.6% biotite, 0.2% sphene and 1.8
magnetite. For Step 2 the amount of Solid 2 is 14% comprising 59.6% K-feldspar,
33.0% plagioclase (An40), 3.0% sphene and 4.4% magnetite.

Table 4. Sampleinputand outputdataforcomputercalculationsinMethod 2

Rock A Rock A dl Rock B Rock B d2 Rock C

(obs) (calc) (obs) (calc]

SiOz 70.56 70.58 -0.02 74,48 74.51 -0,03 77.15

TiOz 0.26 0.22 0,04 0.15 0.21 -0.06 0.07
Alz03 15.16 15.14 0.02 13.46 13,50 -0.04 12 4 2
FeOt 1.83 1.85 -0.02 1.16 1,19 -0.03 0 64
MnO 0.04 0.07 -0.03 0.04 0.00 0.04 0 O0
MgO 0.76 0.80 -0,04 0.41 0,17 0,24 0 20
CaO 1,48 1.58 -0,10 0.92 0,92 0.00 0 50
Na20 3.50 3.60 -0,10 3,48 3,48 0.00 3 53
K20 5,24 5.31 -0.07 5.09 5.01 -0,01 4 49
ZdZ=O.0305 ZdZ=O,0651

Step 1: Rock A = 0.7867Rock B + 0.0663Kf* + 0.1095P](An40) +

0,0332Bi + O.O004Sp + O.O039Mt
Step 2: Rock B = O,8571Rock C + 0.0852Kf + O.0471Pl(An41) +
O.O043Sp + O.O063Mt

Solid 1 : 31.08%Kf + 51.34%P1 + 15.56%Bi + 0,19%Sp + 1.83~Mt

Solid 2 = 59.62%Kf + 32.96%P1 + 3.01%Sp + 4.41%Mt

* The crystallizing minerals used are the same as in Method 1

Conclusions
Several lines of evidence suggest that the main process which controlled the evolu-
tion of the Fanos granite was fractional crystallization. The relatively regular
chemical variations towards more differentiated compositions with changes in
major element chemistry suggests that the rocks studied may be related by fractional
crystallization.
 Geochemistry and Evolution of the Fanos Granite, N. Greece 61

The behaviour of Rb, Sr, Ba, Rb/Sr, K/Ba and K/Rb shows that this process
was mainly controlled by plagioclase fractionation followed by K-feldspar and
biotite fractionation. A fractional crystallization process for the evolution of the
Fanos granite has been tested by means of petrographic calculations using major
element mean compositions. Computer modeling shows that the variation can be
approximated of a two-step fractional crystallization leading from microgranite (A)
to granite (B) and from granite to aplitic granite (C).
In terms of the two step-model, 21% fractional crystallization of a liquid of
microgranitic composition is needed for the formation of the granite while the aplitic
granite is produced through a 14% crystallization of a granitic melt. In the direct
model 32% fractional crystallization is required.
The source material, based on chemical and mineralogical characteristics, is
suggested to be of magmatic origin (I-type) although S-type characteristics are
present.
The discriminant diagrams used exclude a syn-collision (Group II of Harris et
al., 1986) but do not distinguish between volcanic arc and post-collision environ-
ment. Based, however, on Bebien's (1977, 1982) suggestions we conclude that the
l~'anos granite is related with a post-collision environment.

Acknowledgements

Wc would like to express our thanks to Prof. J. Zussman, Head of the Dept. of Geology,
Univ. of Manchester, for providing chemical facilities during the stay of two of us (G.C. and
T.S.) in Manchester. Wc are also grateful to J. Esson for helpful discussions, to D. Plant,
P. Lythgoe and T. Hopkins for analytical assistance and to P. Tsamantourides, Director of
I.G.M.E., Thessaloniki Branch, for providing many facilities during field work. The authors
thank also G. Eleftheriadis and D. Mountrakis for a critical review of the manuscript.

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Authors' address: G. Christofides, T. Soldatos, and A. Koroneos, Department of Mineralogy,

Petrology and Economic Geology, University of Thessaloniki, 540 06, Thessaloniki, Greece.