How internet works?

It is a network that routes packets from a source computer to a destination

computer. The Internet is made up of a massive network of specialized computers
called routers. ... A packet will have moved through multiple routers during its
journey.

how browsers work?

The World Wide Web is a system of Internet servers that support specially formatted
documents. Web browsers are used to make it easy to access the World Wide Web.
Browsers are able to display Web pages largely in part to an underlying Web
protocol called HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP defines how messages are
formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in
response to various commands. It is what allows Web clients and Web servers to
communicate with each other. When you enter a Web address (URL) in your browser,
this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and
transmit the requested Web page and display the information in your browser. All
Web servers serving Web sites and pages support the HTTP protocol.

Example: The URL to reach the definition of browser on Webopedia is:

http://www.webopedia.com/browser.html

Once you enter the URL "http://www.webopedia.com/browser.html" into your address

line, the browser breaks that Web address down into three distinct parts.

The Protocol: "http"

The server name: "www.webopedia.com"
The file name, which follows the server name: "browser.html"
In order for your browser to actually connect to the Web server to retrieve the
information you request, it communicates with a name server to translate the server
name into an IP address. Your Web browser is then able to connect to the Web server
at the resolved IP address on port 80. Once your browser has connected to the Web
server using HTTP, the browser then reads the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the
authoring language used to create documents on the World Wide Web, and the data is
then displayed in your Web browser.

A Web browser is actually a software application that runs on your Internet-

connected computer. It allows you to view Web pages, as well as use other content
and technologies such as video, graphics files, and digital certificates, to name a
few. Some browsers will translate only text while others do support graphics and
animation. Web browsers are not all created equal, and Web pages also will not be
displayed the same in different browsers.

What is DNS?
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access
information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers
interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to
IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.

Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which other machines
use to find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP
addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or more complex newer alphanumeric IP
addresses such as 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).

DNS
How does DNS work?
The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as
www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). An IP
address is given to each device on the Internet, and that address is necessary to
find the appropriate Internet device - like a street address is used to find a
particular home. When a user wants to load a webpage, a translation must occur
between what a user types into their web browser (example.com) and the machine-
friendly address necessary to locate the example.com webpage.

In order to understand the process behind the DNS resolution, it’s important to
learn about the different hardware components a DNS query must pass between. For
the web browser, the DNS lookup occurs “ behind the scenes” and requires no
interaction from the user’s computer apart from the initial request.

What is a domain name?

A domain name is your website name. A domain name is the address where Internet
users can access your website. A domain name is used for finding and identifying
computers on the Internet. Computers use IP addresses, which are a series of
number. However, it is difficult for humans to remember strings of numbers. Because
of this, domain names were developed and used to identify entities on the Internet
rather than using IP addresses.

A domain name can be any combination of letters and numbers, and it can be used in
combination of the various domain name extensions, such as .com, .net and more.

The domain name must be registered before you can use it. Every domain name is
unique. No two websites can have the same domain name. If someone types in
www.yourdomain.com, it will go to your website and no one else's.

The price of a domain name typically runs between $15-25 per year.

What is Web Hosting?

Web hosting is a service that allows organizations and individuals to post a
website or web page onto the Internet. A web host, or web hosting service provider,
is a business that provides the technologies and services needed for the website or
webpage to be viewed in the Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on special
computers called servers. When Internet users want to view your website, all they
need to do is type your website address or domain into their browser. Their
computer will then connect to your server and your webpages will be delivered to
them through the browser.

Most hosting companies require that you own your domain in order to host with them.
If you do not have a domain, the hosting companies will help you purchase one.

VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) is a series of virtual connections routed over the
internet which encrypts your data as it travels back and forth between your client
machine and the internet resources you're using, such as web servers. Many internet
protocols have built-in encryption, such as HTTPS, SSH, NNTPS, and LDAPS. So
assuming that everything involved is working properly, if you use those ports over
a VPN connection, your data is encrypted at least twice!

PCs, smartphones, tablets, dedicated servers, and even some IoT devices can be
endpoints for a VPN connection. Most of the time your client will need to use a VPN
connection application. Some routers also have built-in VPN clients. Unlike proxy
networks such as Tor, VPNs shouldn't noticeably slow down your internet traffic
under usual circumstances. But some VPNs are faster than others, and one of the
most important factors is how many VPN clients are using a VPN server at any given
time.

A VPN connection usually works like this. Data is transmitted from your client
machine to a point in your VPN network. The VPN point encrypts your data and sends
it through the internet. Another point in your VPN network decrypts your data and
sends it to the appropriate internet resource, such as a web server, an email
server, or your company's intranet. Then the internet resource sends data back to a
point in your VPN network, where it gets encrypted. That encrypted data is sent
through the internet to another point in your VPN network, which decrypts the data
and sends it back to your client machine. Easy peasy!