Urban and Regional Planning

Planning 3
Human Ecology
Ecology
The branch of biology
that deals with the
relations of organisms to
one another and to their
physical surroundings
Human Ecology
• The interdisciplinary
or transdisciplinary
study of the
relationship between
humans and their
natural, social, and
built environments.
Concepts in Human Ecology

Interaction
Concepts in Human Ecology

Levels of
Integration
Concepts in Human Ecology

People's
perception of a
complex world
Concepts in Human Ecology

Diversity and
stability
Concepts in Human Ecology

Systems analysis
Concepts in Human Ecology

Spatial analysis
Concepts in Human Ecology

Gestalt perspective
or holistic viewpoint
Concepts in Human Ecology

Monodisciplinary:
Studies focusing on
one specific area
Concepts in Human Ecology

Multidisciplinary: A
variety of subjects
studied
concurrently
Concepts in Human Ecology

Interdisciplinary:
Integration between
disciplines
Concepts in Human Ecology

Transdisciplinary: A
perspective that
transcends
disciplines
Ekistics
Ekistics
• Involves the descriptive
study of all kinds of
human settlements and
the formulation of general
conclusions aimed at
achieving harmony
between the inhabitants
of a settlement and their
physical and sociocultural
environments.
Ekistic Elements

Nature
Ekistic Elements

Anthropos
Ekistic Elements

Society
Ekistic Elements

Shells
Ekistic Elements

Networks
Urban and Regional Planning
What is Planning?
In the context of common sense
What is Planning?
• Planning is a way of
thinking oriented
towards the future
that anticipates
change and designs
solutions to address
expected difficulties
and thereby improve
the quality of decision-
making
What is Planning?
• It is a systematic
process of establishing
ends (goals, policies,
outcomes) that define
direction of future
development and of
determining means
and procedures to
achieve the end.
What is Planning?

• Generic Planning is
‘ubiquitous’ – it can
be done by anyone
anytime anywhere
What is Planning?
• As an activity, its
primary concern is to
visualize future
possibilities and
intentionally choose,
guide, and/or create
current behaviors,
structures, and/or
tools to achieve and/or
target toward
desirable future states.
What is Planning?
• As an activity, its
primary concern is to
visualize future
possibilities and
intentionally choose,
guide, and/or create
current behaviours,
structures, and/or
tools to achieve and/or
target toward
desirable future
states.
What is Planning?

• As a process, it
refers to the
methods,
mechanisms and
tools for
accomplishing the
activity, especially in
a group or social
context.
What is Planning?

• As a discipline,
it refers to the body of
knowledge, related to
all aspects of
planning, held
symbolically or in the
minds of
practitioners,
researches, and
theorists.
What is Planning?

• As a profession,
it refers to the group
of individuals
carrying appropriate
skill sets who fulfill
an agreed upon social
responsibility to
guide these processes.
What is Planning?
Academic definitions
What is Planning?
• Planning is a sequence of
deliberate purposeful
actions designed to solve
problems systematically, by
foreseeing and guiding
change through rational
decisions, reconciling public
and private aims, and
arbitrating between
competing social, economic,
political and physical forces.
What is Planning?
• Planning allocates scarce
resources, particularly land
and other resources, in such
a manner as to obtain the
maximum practicable
efficiency and benefit, for
individuals and for society as
a whole, while respecting the
needs of Nature and the
requirements of a
sustainable future
What is Planning?
Legal definition
What is Planning?
• “refers to activities
connected with the
management and
development of land, as
well as the preservation,
conservation and
management of the human
environment”
• Presidential Decree No. 1308,
March 2, 1978
What is Planning?
• Objective is to liberate
communities from
urban blight and
congestion and promote
ecological balance
• PD 933, series of 1976,
Decree Creating the
Human Settlements
Commission, later
HSRC, later HLURB
Attributes of Planning Process
Attributes of Planning Process

Science and Art

Attributes of Planning Process

Multi-Disciplinary
Attributes of Planning Process

Comprehensive
Attributes of Planning Process

Dynamic
Attributes of Planning Process

Continuous /
Iterative
Attributes of Planning Process

Participatory
Attributes of Planning Process

Cyclic / Spiral
Attributes of Planning Process

Time Bound
Levels of Planning
Levels of Planning
Narrow:
Perspective, Concept,
Framework,
Moderate:
Scope or Coverage Framework Structure,
of Planning Developmental
Broad:
Integrated,
Comprehensive, Detailed
Levels of Planning
Short Term
1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan
Medium Term
Timeframe / 5-7 years e.g. development plan
Duration of Plan Long Term
10 years e.g. CLUP
30-50 years e.g. Masterplan
The Three Folding Image of
Society
State, Market and Civil Society
The Three Society
Folding
Image of
Society CULTURE Polity
(Civil Society) (State)

Economy
(Market)
 Society
Planning and the State
• STATE’s main instrument
is the GOVERNMENT : CULTURE Polity
(Civil Society) (State)
sphere of power.
• Planning seeks to direct
and to control the form of
the built environment in
the interest of society as a
whole; power is necessary Economy
to carry out plans. (Market)
 Society
Planning and The Market
• MARKET / BUSINESS SECTOR :
CULTURE Polity
generates goods, jobs, and
(Civil Society) (State)
incomes for economic survival

• The planner has to operate

alongside the market, directly
influencing and frequently
assisting its functioning, but in a
Economy
manner that takes account of (Market)
both public and private interests
Planning and Civil Society:
Why does Planning have to be Society

”participatory”?
• Civil Society: sphere of
citizen groups, civic CULTURE Polity
institutions, civic values; (Civil Society) (State)
facilitates political and social
interaction by mobilizing
groups to participate in
economic, social, political
activities
• Process-oriented means Economy
engaging and involving (Market)
people in various
phases/stages
What is “Urban”?
What is “Urban”?

• There is no commonly-agreed international

definition of what constitutes “urban”; it varies
from country to country as the United Nations
has left it to individual countries.
Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’

• According to these concepts, an area is

considered urban if:
a) In their entirety all cities and
municipalities having a population
density of at least 1,000 persons per
square kilometer;
Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’

b) Poblaciones or central districts of

municipalities and cities which have a
population density of at least 500 persons per
square kilometer;
Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’

c) Poblaciones or central districts (not included

in 1 and above), regardless of the population
size which have the following
1) Street pattern, i.e., network of streets in either
parallel or right angle orientation;
2) At least six (6) establishments (commercial,
manufacturing, recreational and/or personal
services); and
Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’

d) Barangays having at least 1,000

inhabitants which meet the conditions set
forth in 3 above, and where the occupation
of the inhabitants is predominantly non-
fishing.

All areas not falling under any of the above

classifications are considered rural.
“Urban Place” versus “City”
• “Urban” is determined by physico-spatial, economic,
demographic and cultural characteristics
• While modern concept of “city” is defined by charter
or Legal Act after complying with income, territorial
size, population, referendum requirements.
• Some “urban” areas are not cities and might not
qualify as cities, e.g. poblaciones, town centers,
Municipality of Pateros is thoroughly ‘urban’ but not
a city.
What is a “Region”?
What is a “Region”?
• Region refers to a city or
central place plus the
outlying territories that
are functionally
integrated with it.
• Region is based on
natural/physical as well
as economic/political
relationships between
urban areas and its
surrounding rural
territories
What is a “Region”?
• Economic linkages
• Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g. journeys to
work
• Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for food,
water and labor supplies, etc.
• Production and consumption functions: Industries, commerce,
trade
• Infrastructure linkages
• Major Transport nodes
• Utility trunks – water purification plants, power supply
• Areas performing sink-functions of city, e.g. landfill, MRF, STP
Definition of Commonly Used
Planning Terms
Planning
• A dimension in the administration of any development
program which includes the determination of priorities,
the analysis and integration of data resources, setting
guidelines and policy standards and actual formulation
of the plan.
• The public control or regulation of the pattern of
development.
• The art and science of applied forethought in the shaping
of man’s environment so that the right thing would be in
the right place at right time.
Urban Planning

• A type of spatial planning that determines the

future physical arrangement and condition of a
city involving the appraisal of present
conditions, a forecast of future requirements, a
plan for the fulfillment of these requirements,
and proposals for programs/projects to
implement the plan.
Regional Planning

• A type of spatial planning that deals with the

efficient placement of land use activities,
infrastructure and settlement growth across a
significantly larger area than a city or a town.
Environmental Planning

• Those activities concerned with the planning,

development and management of land as well
as the preservation, conservation and
rehabilitation of the human environment
Comprehensive Planning
A planning process that
consists of the following :
• identifying issues;
• stating goals;
• collecting data;
• preparing the plan;
• creating implementation
plans;
• evaluating alternatives;
• adopting a plan; and
• implementing and monitoring
the plan.
This essentially involves
planning for all sectors :
economic, social, physical,
environmental and
institutional.
Strategic Planning

• A process of organizing the present on the basis

of projections of the desired future. It provides
a road map that leads an area from where it is
to where it would like to be in 5 or 10 years.
• A process of defining structures for the future
and making decisions on how to allocate
resources to pursue the strategies.
Land Use Planning
• The act of defining the allocation, utilization,
development and management of all lands within a
given territory or jurisdiction according to the
inherent qualities of the land itself and supportive of
sustainable economic, demographic, socio-cultural
and environmental objectives as an aid to decision-
making and legislation.
• A tool to guide the use and re-use of land, prevent the
abuse and correct the misuse of land.
Land Use Planning
• It is an instrument to resolve conflicts over the use of
resources arising from continuous increase in
population and development requirements.
• The rational and judicious development and
utilization of land resources in a sustainable manner.
Executive Legislative Agenda
• An integrated plan that is mutually developed and
agreed upon by the Executive and Legislative
departments of the LGUs. The document contains
major development thrusts and priorities of both
departments for their 3-year term of office consistent
with the development vision and mission of the
locality.
Urban and Regional Planning
Planning 3