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ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢
42 ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ
.( داﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ را ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ1)
1) f ( x ) = x2 + 1
D f = R x2 + 1 ≥ o ⇒ :ﺣﻞ
1
2) f( x) =
2
x − 5 x + 21
25 59 5 59
x2 − 5 x + 21 = x2 − 5 x + + = ( x − )2 + > 0 ⇒ D f = R :ﺣﻞ
4 4 2 4
x
3) f( x) =
x
D f = (o, +∞) :ﺣﻞ
1
4) f ( x) = x2 − 7x + 12= 0⇒ x1 = 4, x2 = 3
x − 7x + 12
2
⇒ D f = ( −∞ ,3 ) U ( 4 ,+∞ )
1 1 7
5) f( x) = ⇒ x2 − x + 2 = x2 − x + +
2
x − x+2 4 4
1 7
= ( x − )2 + > 0⇒ D f = R
2 4
x2
6) f ( x) = ⇒ D f = R − {o}
x
7) f ( x ) = x ⇒ D f = ( o ,+∞ )
( x2 + 2 x + 1 )( − x2 + x − 1 )
8) f( x) =
x2 − 5 x + 6
٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
) ( x + 1 )2 ( − x2 + x − 1
= )⇒ f( x
) ( x − 2 )( x − 3
( x + 1 )2 ≥ 0 , − x2 + x − 1 < o ≤ oﺻﻮرت ﮐﺴﺮ ⇒
ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺨﺮج ﮐﺴﺮ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ . 2 < x < 3
)⇒ D f = (2,3
x2 + 2x + 1
) 10 = )f( x }⇒ D f = R − {− 1
x +1
1
) 11 = )f( x ⇒ x≠ x ⇒ x<o ) ⇒ D f = ( −∞ ,o
3
| x− | x
x2
)2 = )f ( x }⇒ D f = R − {0
x
}⇒ x ∈ D f ⇒ f ( x) = x ⇒ Rf = R − {0
x −1
)3 = )f( x }{ ⇒ D f = R −
}{ = 1 , R f
1
x −1
)4 f ( x ) = {−x + 3 )∞x>1 ⇒ D f = (−∞,+
ﭼﻮن ﺗﺎﺑﻊ روي ] [− ∞,1ﺻﻌﻮدي اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮد در اﯾﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ] [− ∞,1اﺳﺖ و
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤
و ﭼﻮن ﺗﺎﺑﻊ روي )∞ (1,+ﻧﺰوﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮد در اﯾﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
)(−∞,−1+ 3) = (−∞,2
اﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ ﺑﺮد ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ زﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ:
)R f = (−∞,2
x x<1
5 ) f( x) =
x + 1 x >1 }{ ⇒ D f = R −
1
) ∞R f = ( −∞ ,1 ) U ( 2,+
x2 − 4
)6 = )f( x }⇒ D f = R − {2
x−2
⇒ x∈ Df ⇒ f ( x ) = x + 2
}R f = R − { 4
ﭼﻮن ﻫﻤﻮاره دارﯾﻢ x ≤ xدر ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ x − x ≤ 0ﭘﺲ ﺟﺎﻫـﺎﯾﯽ ﮐـﻪ x = xاﺳـﺖ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ
ﻗﺒﻮل اﺳﺖ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ]∞. D f = [0,+
x ∈ D f ⇒ f ( x) = x − x = o }⇒ Rf = {o
x
f ( x) = , g ( x) = 1 (1
x
ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭼﻮن D g = Rو } D f = R − {oﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
g ( x) = x (2و f ( x) = ( x )2
1 1
(f =) −1
x x
f ( x2 − 1) = x2 − 1− 1 = x2 − 2
f ( f (2)) = f ( 2 − 1) = f (1) = o
(5اﮔﺮ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ xو . f ( x + y) = f ( x) + f ( y) .y
)f ( n
را ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ. اﮔﺮ nﻋﺪد ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و f (1) ≠ oﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻣﻘﺪار
)f (1
ﺣﻞ :
)f ( n ) = f (1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1) = f (1) + f (1) + ... + f (1
)= n f (1
)f ( n ) nf (1
⇒ = =n
)f (1 )f (1
f
(6در ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﻣﻮارد gog ، fof ، gof ، fog ، ، f + gرا ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
g
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٦
. g (n) = x2 + 1 , f ( x) = x (اﻟﻒ
f + g ( x) = x + x2 + 1
f x
( x) = 2
g x +1
fog ( x) = f ( g ( x)) = x2 + 1
got ( x) = g ( f ( x)) = ( x )2 + 1 = x + 1
fof ( x) = f ( f (m)) = x =4 x
gog ( x) = g ( g ( x)) = ( x2 + 1)2 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 + 2
f ( x) = x , g ( x) = 4 − x2 (ب
f + g ( x) = x + 4 − x2
f x
( x) =
g 4 − x2
fog ( x) = 4 − x2
gof ( x) = 4 − ( x )2 = 4 − x
fof ( x) = x =4 x
gog ( x) = 4 − (4 − x2 )2 = 4 − (16 − 8 x2 + x4 ) = −4 + 8 x2 − x4
٧ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
x +1 1
. f ( x) = , g ( x) = (ج
x −1 x
x+1 1
f + g( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ) = +
x−1 x
x +1
f x − 1 x2 + x
( x) = =
g 1 x −1
x
1 x−1
gof ( x ) = f ( g ( x )) = =
x+1 x+1
x −1
1
+1
x x +1
fog( x ) = =
1 1− x
−1
x
x +1 x+2
+1
x+2
fof ( x ) = x − 1 = x − 1 =
x +1 2 2
−1
x −1 x −1
1
gog ( x ) = = x
1
x
1
. f ( x) = x2 , g ( x) = (د
x
1
f + g ( x) = x2 +
1 1x
gof ( x) = 2 =
( x) = x = x21x1x
f x 2
gfof ( x) = (1x2 )2 = x4
x
1 1
gog ( x) = = 1= 4 x 1
fog ( x) = f ( g1(n)) = 1( )2 =
x
x
4
xx
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٨
:ﺣﻞ
x3 x<o x2 − x x<o
fg ( x) = f − g ( x) =
16 x≥o o x≥o
x2 x<o
x
2
x<o
f ( x) = , g ( x) = − x o ≤ x < 1 (ب
4 x≥o 4x
1< x
x2 x<o
: دارﯾﻢ، ﻣﯽﻧﻮﯾﺴﯿﻢf ( x) = 4 o ≤ x ≤ 1 را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرتf (x) اﺑﺘﺪا:ﺣﻞ
4 1< x
x4 x<o
fg( x ) = − 4 x o≤x
16 x 1< x
x2 − x x<o
وf − g ( x) =
o x≥o
x2 x<o
x2
x<o
f ( x) = , g ( x) = − x o ≤ x<1 (ب
4 x≥o 4x
1< x
٩ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
{S
ج(
1
x x < −1
x − 1
2
x<o
f( x) = , g ( x ) = x2 + 1 −1 ≤ x < 2
4 x≥1
x+2 2< x
ﺣﻞ:
x1 + 3 x2 + 3
f ( x1) = f ( x2 ) ⇒ 3 =3
x1 − 3 x2 − 3
x1 + 3 x2 + 3 6 6
⇒ = ⇒ 1+ = 1+
x1 − 3 x2 − 3 x1 − 3 x2 − 3
1 1
⇒ = ⇒ x1 − 3 = x2 − 3
x1 − 3 x2 − 3
⇒ x1 = x2
ﭘﺲ fﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ اﺳﺖ.
ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً آﯾﺎ fو gوارون ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮﻧﺪ.
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎﯾﺪ D f = Rgو D g = R fﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
x+1
x>o
f ( x ) = xاﺳﺖ. ﺣﻞ( اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت
− x + 1
x
ﻫﺮ ﺟﺰء اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ و ﭘﻮﺷﺎﺳﺖ ،ﭼﻮن ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯿﮏ اﺳﺖ.
f : R+ → R , f ( x) = x + 1 (2
2x + 1
}{ f : R −
1 →R , = )f ( x (4
x −1
ax + b
= ) f ( xروي داﻣﻨﻪاش ﺣﺘﻤﺎً ﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﻞ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت
cx + d
اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﻮﺷﺎ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ .ﭼﻮن:
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٢
2x − 1
= )f ( x
x −1
اوﻻً :ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ fﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ اﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ:
2x − 2 + 1 1
= )f ( x =2+
x −1 x1 − 1
1 1
f ( x) = f ( x2 ) ⇒ 2+ = 2+
x1 − 1 x2 − 1
1 1
⇒ = ⇒ x1 − 1 = x2 − 1
x1 − 1 x2 − 1
⇒ x1 = x2
ﭘﺲ fﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ اﺳﺖ.
ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً aرا ﻃﻮري ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ fﭘﻮﺷﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎﯾﺪ } R f = R − {aرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ .اﺑﺘﺪا R fرا ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﯿﻢ:
2x − 1 1 1
=y = 2+ ⇒ = y −2
x −1 x −1 x −1
1 1
=⇒ x − 1 ⇒ x = 1+
y −2 y−2
}⇒ R f = R − {2 ⇒ a =2
١٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ب( . f ( x ) = x − 4
.1ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﯾﺴﯿﺪ .ﭘـﺲ آﻧﻬـﺎ را روي ﯾـﮏ ﺧـﻂ ﻧﺸـﺎن
دﻫﯿﺪ.
)ب {
N (o ,3 ) = x x < 3 }
)ج }N ′(1, 3 ) = {x x − 1 ≤ 3
(2ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ } A = {x ∈ 2 x + 3 < 1ﯾﮏ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن aﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎع rاﺳـﺖ a .و rرا
ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ:
3 3
2x + 3 = 2 x + = 2 x − (− ) < 1
2 2
3 1 3 1
= ⇒ x − (− ) < ⇒ a = − , r
2 2 2 2
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ } A = {x ∈ R 13 x − 1 < 1x + 1ﯾﮏ ﻫﻤﺴـﺎﯾﮕﯽ ﻣﺘﻘـﺎرن ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ aو ﺑـﻪ
ﺷﻌﺎع rاﺳﺖ a .و rرا ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
ﺣﻞ:
3x − 1
3x − 1 < x + 1 ⇒ <1
x +1
3x − 1 3x −1
⇒ <1 ⇒ < −1 <1
x +1 x +1
٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
−4 4
⇒ −1< 3 <1 ⇒ 3− <1
x +1 x +1
4 2 1− x
<⇒ 2 ⇒ <1 <⇒ o
x +1 x+1 x +1
⇒ −1< x < 1
4 −4 1
−1< 3 − <−4 ⇒ <1
x +1 x +1 x +1
1 −x
⇒ ⇒ −1 < o <o ⇒ −1< x < o
x +1 x +1
)(−1 , 1) U (−1 , o) = (−1 , 1
=ﺟﻮاب a =o , r =1
اﮔﺮ ) (2a − 4 , a + 2ﯾﮏ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن 5ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺷﻌﺎع ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ را ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
ﺣﻞ:
3 3
2x + 3 < 6 ⇒ 2 x + <6 ⇒ x+ <3
2 2
3
⇒ a =− , r =3
2
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤
4
< ⇒ x −1
5
ε
≤δ ﭘﺲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﯿﻢ
5
)2 lim ( 3 x + 2) = − 4
x → −2
4
< 3x + 2 + 4 = 3 x + 2 < 4 ⇒ x + 2
3
ε
≤δ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﯿﻢ
3
3 ) lim x2 = 4
x→2
x2 − 4 = x + 2 x − 2
⇒ −1 < x − 2 < 1 1< x < 3 ⇒ max( x + 2) = 5
⇒ x2 − 4 ≤ 5 x − 2 < 4
ε
ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ δ ≤ min 1, را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ.
5
ε
ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ δ ≤ min 1, را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ.
3
3x +1 4
5) lim =
x+2 3
3x + 1 4 9x + 3 − 4x − 8 5 x − 1
== − =
x+2 3 x+2 x+2
5 5
−1 < x −1 < 1 ⇒ o< x<2 ⇒ max =
x+2 2
ε
ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ δ ≤ min 1, را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ.
5
x2 + 2
4) lim =3
x →2 5 x − 8
x2 − 3
7) lim 2 =1
x →2 x − 3 x + 3
x2 − 3 x2 − 3 − x2 + 3 x − 3 3
2
= 2
= 2 x−2
x − 3x+ 3 x − 3x+ 3 x − 3x+ 3
−1 < x − 2 < 1 ⇒1< x < 3
3
: درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﭘﺲx = ﻣﯽﺑﯿﻨﯿﻢ ﺧﻮد را درx2 − 3x + 3 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
2
3 3 3 3
max = = = =4
2
x − 3x+ 3 3 3 9 18 3
( )2 − 3( ) + 3 − +3
2 2 4 4 4
ε
. در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮدδ ≤ min 1, ﭘﺲ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
4
1
8) lim x = 1
x→o
x
1 1 1 1 1
− 1< ≤ ⇒ 1 − x〈 x ≤ 1 ⇒ x < o ⇒ − x < x − 1 ≤ o
x x x x x
1 1 1
x〈 o ⇒ 1 ≤ x < 1 − x ⇒ x − 1 < − x ⇒ x − 1 < x
x x x
. ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺣﻞ اﺳﺖδ ≤ ε اﮔﺮ
x2 − 9
9) lim (−1)[ x] =o
x→ 3 x2 + 3
[x] x+ 3
( x − 3)( x + 3)
(−1) 2
= 2 x− 3
x +3 x +3
−1 < x − 3 < 1 ⇒ 2< x<4
x+ 3 7
max 2 = =1
x + 3 4 + 3
. در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮدδ ≤ min {1, ε } ﭘﺲ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
٧ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
x2 − 2
11) lim =7
x→4 x − 2
x2 − 2 x2 − 2 − 7 x + 14 x−4 x− 3
−7 = =
x−2 x−2 x−2
−1 < x − 4 < 1 ⇒ 3 < x<5
x− 3 5−3 2
max = =
x−2 5−2 3
3
δ ≤ min 1, ε ﭘﺲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﯿﻢ
2
4x −1 3
12) lim =
x →1 5 x − 3 2
4x −1 3 8 x − 2 − 15 x + 9 7
− = = x−1
5x − 3 2 5x − 3 5x − 3
−1 < x −1 < 1 ⇒ o< x<2
7 7 7
max = −
5x − 3 o −3 3
3
. را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﯾﻢδ ≤ min 1 , ε ﭘﺲ
7
x2 − 4
lim (−1)[ x] =o
x→ 2 x+2
13)
x2 − 4
(−1)[ x] − o = x−2
x+2
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٨
x−3 1
lim =
)14 x→ 9 x−9 6
2
15) lim =2
x→ 4 x − 3
1
δ ≤ min , ε ﭘﺲ
2
2x + 1
16) lim =3
x→1 2 x − 1
2x + 1 2x + 1 − 6 x + 3 4
−3 = = x−1
2x − 1 2x − 1 2x − 1
1 1 3 5
− < x −1 < ⇒ < x<
4 4 4 4
4 4 4
⇒ max = = =8
2x − 1 3 1
2( ) − 1
4 2
1 ε
δ ≤ min , ﭘﺲ
4 8
x
17) lim =2
x →6 x − 3
x x − 2x + 6 x−6
−2 = =
x− 3 x− 3 x− 3
−1 < x − 6 < 1 ⇒ 5< x< 7
1 1 1
⇒ max = =
x− 3 5−3 2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٠
1 x+4 x+4
+1 = =
x+ 3 x+ 3 x+ 3
1 1 9 7
− 〈 x + 4〈 ⇒ − 〈 x〈−
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
max = =
x+ 3 9 3
− +3
2
1 3
δ ≤ min , ε ﭘﺲ
2 2
1 1
19) lim =
x→1
5−x 2
1 1 2− 5− x (2 − 5 − x )(2 + 5 − x )
− = =
5− x 2 5− x 2 5 − x (2 + 5 − x )
x −1
=
2 5 − x (2 + 5 − x )
−1 < x −1 < 1 ⇒ o< x<2
1 1
max =
2 5 − x (2 + 5 − x ) 2 5 − 2 (2 + 5 − 2 )
{
δ ≤ min 1 , (2 3 (2 + 3 ))ε ) ﭘﺲ
x2 − 16
20) lim = −8
x → −4 x + 4
x2 − 16 x2 − 16 + 8 x + 32 ( x + 4) 2
+8 = =
x+ 4 x+ 4 x+4
= x+4
١١ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
. δ = ε ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
x2 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) x+1 2
1) lim 2
= lim = lim =
x→1 x + 3x − 4 ( x − 1)( x + 4) x+ 4 5
x+ x+2 ( x2 − x − 2) ( x + 1)( x − 2)
2) lim = lim = lim
x → −1 x+1 ( x + 1)( x − x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x − x + 2 )
x−2 −1− 2 −3 3
= lim = = =
x − x + 2 −1− −1+ 2 − 2 2
x −2 x −2 x −2
3 ) lim 2
= lim = lim
x →4 x − 3x − 4 ( x + 1)( x − 4) ( x + 1)( x − 2)( x + 2)
1 1 1
= lim = =
( x + 1)( x + 2) 5 × 4 20
x2 − 9 x − 10 ( x − 10)( x + 1) x − 10 − 11
4) lim 2
= lim = lim =
x → −1 x + 3 x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 1) x+2 1
x2 + 19 x − 20 ( x − 1)( x + 20) x + 20 21
5) lim 2
= lim = lim =
x→1 x −1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) x +1 2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٢
x2 − 81 ( x − 9 )( x + 9 ) ( x − 3 )( 3 + 3 )( x + 9)
6) lim = lim = lim
x→ 9 x − 3 x−3 x−3
= lim ( x + 3 )( x + 9 ) = 108 {
x − 2 −1 ( x − 2 − 1)( x − 2 ) + 1) x− 3
7) lim 2
= lim = lim
x→ 3 x − x−6 ( x + 2)( x − 3)( x − 2 + 1) ( x + 2)( x − 3 )( x − 2 + 1)
1 1 1
= lim = =
x→ 3
( x + 2)( x − 2 + 1) 5 × 2 10
x 3 + x2 + 4 ( x + 2)( x2 − x + 2)
8) lim = lim
x→ −2 x2 − 4 ( xo − 2)( x + 2)
x2 − x + 2 8
= lim = = −2
x→ −2 x−2 −4
3 x2 − 2 x − 1 ( 3 x + 1)( x − 1) 3x +1
9) lim 2
= lim = lim =2
x→1 x −1 x→1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) x+1
١٣ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
x20 − 4 x + 3 x20 − x − 3 x + 3
10) lim = lim
x→1 x15 − 5 x + 4 x15 − x − 4 x + 4
x( x19 − 1) − 3 ( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x( x18 + x17 + ... + x + 1 − 3)
= lim = lim
x( x14 − 1) − 4( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x( x13 + x12 + ... + x + 1 − 4)
19 − 3 16 8
= = =
14 − 4 10 5
x4 + x 3 − x − 1 x4 − 1 + x( x2 − 1)
11) lim = lim
x→1 x 3 + 3 x2 − x − 3 x→1 x( x2 − 1) + 3 ( x2 − 1)
( x2 − 1)( x2 + 1 + x) 3
= lim =
x→1 ( x2 − 1)( x + 3 ) 4
1− x − x +1 − 2x −2
12) lim = lim = = −1
x→o x x( 1 − x + 1 + x 2
3
1+ x − 1− x 2 x( (1 + x) 2 + 3 1 − x2 + 3 (1 − x) 2 3
13) lim = lim =
x→o 3
1+ x −3 1− x 2 x( 1 + x + 1 − x ) 2
3
x +1 −1 x( x + 1 + 1) 2
14) lim = lim =
x→o x + 1 − 1 x→o x( ( x + 1) + x + 1 + 1) 3
3 2 3
1) lim [x]
x→ 3
lim [ x] = 3
x→ 3+
⇒ .ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺪ ﻧﺪارد
lim [ x] = 2
x→ 3−
2) lim [2 x + 1]
x→1
lim+ [2 x + 1] = 3
x→1
⇒ .ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺪ ﻧﺪارد
lim− [2x + 1] = 2
x→1
x−5
4) lim ⇒ .ﺣﺪ ﻧﺪارد
x →5 5− x
(−1) [ x] (−1)1 − 1
5) lim+ = = =1
x→1 x − 2 1− 2 −1
(−1) [ x ] (−1) o 1
6) lim− = = = −1
x→1 x−2 1− 2 − 2
x− 2− x −2 x − (2 − x) − 2 2x − 4
7) lim− = lim− = lim =2
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2 x−2
sin x sin x 2x 1 1 1
8) lim = lim × × = 1× 1× =
sin 2 x x sin 2 x 2 2 2
١٥ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
sin( x2 − 1) sin( x2 − 1)
9) lim = lim ( x + 1) =2
x→1 x −1 x→1 x2 − 1
1
10) 10) lim ( x − 2)2 sin 3
=o ()ﮐﺮاﻧﺪار در ﺣﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ
x→2 x−2
4x[ x] 4x [ x] o
lim lim+ = =o
x→o 2x + x x →o 2x + x 2x + x
12) ⇒ .ﺣﺪ ﻧﺪارد
4x [ x] −4x
lim− = = −4
x→o 2x + x 2x − x
sin x
12) lim
x→o x
sin x sin x
lim+ = lim+ =1
x→o x x→o x
⇒
sin x − sin x
lim− = lim− = −1
x→o x x→o x
3
x +1 −1 x( 4 ( x + 1) 3 + 4 ( x + 1) 2 + 4 ( x + 1) + 1 4
14) lim = lim =
4
x + 1 − 1 x→o x( 3 ( x + 1) 2 + 3 x + 1 + 1) 3
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٦
x
sin 2
1 − cos x 1 − cos x 2. 1 1
15) lim 2
= lim 2 = lim 2
=
x→o x x (1 + cos x x 1 + cos x 8
2
cos x − 3 cos x 6
cos 3 x − 6 cos2 x
16) lim = lim
sin 2 x sin 2 x
3
cos x (6 cos x − 1) (cos x − 1)
= lim 2
= lim
x→o sin x sin x( cos o x + ... + 6
2 6
cos x + 1)
x
2
− 2 sin 1 2
1
lim 2
× =−
sin x 6 6
sin(1 − x) sin(1 − x)
17) lim = lim ( x + 1) = −2
x→1 x −1 x→1 x −1
Π
18) lim (1 − x)tg x
x→1 2
π
1− x = ⇒ x = 1− t ⇒ = lim t tg (1 − t )
t →o 2
π
= lim t cot t
t →o 2
t π 2
= lim . cos t =
π 2 π
sin t
2
π
19) limπ tg (2 x) tg ( − x) = o × −1 = o
x→ 4
2
١٧ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
x2 x2
2 2 (1 + + x) n − (1 + − x)n
( 1 + X + x) − ( 1 + x − x)
n n
2 2
20) lim = lim
x→ o x x→o x
(1 + x) n − (1 − x)n
= lim = 2n
x→ o x
x x2 x3 1
+ − −1 −
21) lim 2 2 3 = 2 =1
x→1 x x2 x4 1
+ − −1 −
2 2 2 2
2 x
22) lim+ ( x + − 2) = 2 − 2 = o
x→ o x 2
1+ x − 1− x 2x 2
23) lim = lim = =1
x→ o x x → o x( 1 + x + 1 − x ) 2
x −1
24) lim ((−1)[ x] =o ()ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺮاﻧﺪار در ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺿﺮب ﺷﺪه
x →1 x
1 1
25) lim− = = −1
x→ o [x] − 1
x− 8 ( 3 x ) 3 − 23 ( 3 x − 2)( 3 x2 + 23 x + 4)
26) lim 3 = lim = lim
x→ 8 x − 2 x→ 8 3 x − 2 3
x −2
=3 64 + 23 8 + 4 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٨
127 ﺻﻔﺤﻪ
x2 − (a + 1) x + a ( x − 1)( x − a ) a −1
27) (a ≠ 1) lim 3 3
= lim =
x→a x −a x → a ( x − a )( x + ax + a ) 3 a 2
2 2
x 3 − 1 + 3 (1 − x2 )[x − 1]
28) lim .ﺣﺪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد
`
x→1 x −1
x2 x2 ( 1 + x sin x + cos x
29) lim = lim
x→o 1 + x sin x − cos x x→o 1 + x sin x − cos x
2 x2 x2 1 4
= lim = lim = =
x x x x x 1 1 3
2 sin 2 + 2 x sin cos 2 sin +
2 2 2 sin 2 2 , cos x ) 4 2
x2 ( 2 +
x x 2
x2 x2 1
2 2 sin 2
2 sin
1 − cos x 2 = lim 2 = 1 × 2 = 2 = 2
30) lim = lim
x→ o 1 − cos x x x 2 1 2
2 sin 2 2 sin 2
2 2 4
2 x
2 sin
1 − cos x 1 − cos x 2 .1 = o
31) lim = lim = lim
1 − cos x x x 2
2 sin 2 (1 + cos x ) 2 sin 2
2 2
2x − 2 2( x − 1) 2
32) lim = lim =
x→−2 x − 2 + [x − 2] − ( x − 2) − 1 − 1
= −2
sin x sin x
33) lim+ = lim+ x =o
x→o x x→o x
1 1 π
34) lim− Arcty = lim Arcty + = lim Arcty(+∞ ) =
x →1 1− x o 2
١٩ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
1 1 π
35) lim+ Arcty = lim Arcty − = lim Arctg (−∞) = −
x →1 1− x o 2
Arc cos(1 − x)
36) lim− = lim
x→1 x
x x x
1− −1 − −
1− x −1 2 1
37) lim = lim = lim 2 = lim 2 = −
x→o sin 2x x→o sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x 4
3x + 4 , x〈1
f ( x) =
[x] − a x〉1
: ﺣﻞ
lim f ( x) = lim ( 3 x + 4) = 7
x→1− x→1−
⇒ 1 − a = 7 a = −6
ax + b x〈−1
را ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪb وa ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ، f ( x) = ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ3
x − b x〉 − 1
2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢٠
lim f ( x) = 2 ﮐﻪ
x→−1
(ﺣﻞ
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ ( x2 − b) = 1 − b = 2
x→−1 x→−1
⇒ b = −1 ⇒ a = −3
2x − a x < −3
را ﻃــﻮري ﺗﻌﯿــﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ ﮐــﻪb وa f ( x) = ax + 2b − 3 ≤ x〈 3 :( ﻓــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ4
b − θ x 3 < x
. ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪlim f ( x) وlim f ( x)
3 a + 3b = −15 a + b = −5
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 2b = −8
− 2a + 2b = −6 − a + b = −3
⇒ b = −4 a = −1
x2 + 3 , x ≤ 1 x2 , x≤1
F ( x) = , g ( x) = ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ5
x + 1 , x > 1 x ,x>1
.ﺣﻞ
lim− f ( x) = lim− ( x2 + 3) = 4
x→1 x→1
⇒ ﺣﺪ ﻧﺪاردf
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ ( x + 1) = 2
x→1 x→1
٢١ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
lim g ( x) = lim− x2 = 1
x→1− x→1
⇒ ﺣﺪ ﻧﺪاردg
lim+ g ( x) = lim 2 =
x→1
x2 ( x2 + 3 ) , x≤1
f ( x).g ( x) =
2( x + 1) , x>1
⇒ .ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺪ دارد
lim+ f ( x).g ( x) = lim 2( x + 1) = 4
x→1
1 , x>o
( )
lim + x x − 2 ﻣﻘﺪار، f ( x) = o
2
, x = o ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ6)
x→ 2
1 x>o
,
=3ﺣﺪ
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮ fدر ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﺪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آﻧﮕﺎه در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺣﺪ دارد.
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮ ) lim f (xوﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ.
x→o
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﻟﺨﻮاه xoرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ و ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ t > oﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
(9ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ lim f ( x) = Aاﮔﺮ A ≠ oﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻋـﺪدي ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ δوﺟـﻮد
x→ a
A
o < x− a < δ ⇒ < f ( x) − A
2
A
< f ( x ) − A ≤ f ( x) − A
2
A
⇒ − < f ( x) − A
2
A
⇒ )< f ( x
2
x − x
، f (x) = ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﯽ را ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿـﺪ ﮐـﻪ fدر
, x
ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ )(10
x − x + 1 , x
آﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺪ دارد.
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﯾﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﯿﺎن اﺳﺖ.
x − x x
f ( x) =
x − x + 1 − 1 x
اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در اﻋﺪاد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺣﺪ دارد .ﯾﺮا اﮔﺮ xo = xﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .اﮔﺮ nزوج ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
x → xo
+
⇒ [x] = n ⇒ ﻓﺮد lim f ( x) = n − n = o
x→ xo+
x → xo
+
⇒ [x] = n − 1 ⇒ lim f (x) = n − (n −1) −1 = oﻓﺮد
x→xo
−
در اﻋﺪاد ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﯿﺰ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺪ دارد .ﭼﻮن در ﺳﻤﺖ راﺳﺖ ﯾﺎ ﭼﭗ [x] ، xm oزوج ﯾﺎ
ﻓﺮد ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ.
ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ lim f ( x) = A .و Bﻋﺪدي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ . A > Bپ )(11
x→a
ﺛﺎﺑــﺖ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ ﻋــﺪدي ﻣﺜﺒــﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ وﺟــﻮد دارد ﮐــﻪ اﮔــﺮ ، o < x − a < δآﻧﮕــﺎه
A+ B
> ). f (x
2
A− B
= εﭼﻮن ﺣﻞ( ﭼﻮن A > Bﭘﺲ A > Bﭘﺲ A − B > oاﮔﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﻢ
2
ﺣﺪود وﺟﻮد دارد .ﭘﺲ δ > oوﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ:
A− B
o < x− a ⇒ < f ( x) − A
2
A− B A− B
⇒ − < f ( x) − A < f
) lim f (xرا ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ . ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ 1 + x2 ≤ f ( x) ≤ 1 + x )(12
2 2
lim x ∞= + (1
x → −1 ( x + 1)2
4
2 2
>M ⇒ (x + 1)2 < 2 2
⇒ < x +1
8
)(x + 1 2 M M
٢٥ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
4
8
δ≤ .ﭘﺲ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
M
−3
lim = −2 (2
x → −2
( x + 2)4
−3 −3 3
< −M ⇒ >M ⇒ (x + 2)4 <
( x + 2)
4
( x + 2)4 M
3
⇒ x+2 < 4
M
3
δ ≤4 .ﭘﺲ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
M
2x + 3 5 5 5
=2+ >M ⇒ > M −2 ⇒ x−2<
x−2 x+2 x−2 M −2
5
δ≤ .ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
M −2
−2
lim+ = −∞ (4
x→1 x −1
1 − 4 x 15 + 16 − 4 x 15 15
= = −4 − >M ⇒ − > M +4
x−4 x− 4 x− 4 x− 4
15
⇒ − > x−4
M +4
3x
lim− = −∞ (6
x→ 2 x−2
3x 6 6
=3+ < −M ⇒ < −(3 + M )
x−2 x−2 x−2
6 3
⇒ − < x−2 ⇒ δ =
x+ M 3+M
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢٦
4 x2 − 5
lim (7
x→ +∞ 2 x2 − 1
4 x2 − 5 4 x2 − 5 − 4 x2 + 2 3
−2 = = <ε
2 x2 − 1 2 x2 − 1 2x2 − 1
3 3 +ε
⇒ < 2 x2 − 1 ⇒ < x2
ε 2ε
1− ε
⇒ <x
ε
3 +ε
M> ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
2ε
2x2 + 1
lim =2 (8
x→ +∞ x2 + 1
2x2 + 1 1 1
2
−2 = 2
<ε ⇒ < x2 + 1
x +1 x +1 ε
1− ε
⇒ <x
ε
1− ε
<M .ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
ε
(
lim x2 + 8 x = +∞
x → +∞
) (9
x2 + 8 x = (x + 4 )2 − 16 > M ⇒ x > M + 16 − 4
− x2 + 4 x = −( x − 2)2 + < − m
⇒ M + 4 < ( x − 2)2
⇒ 2 + m+ 4 < x
N > 2 + M + 4 ﭘﺲ
x2 + 1
lim =1 (11
x → −∞ x2 + 1
x2 + 1 2 2
2
= 2
<ε ⇒ < x2 − 1
x −1 x −1 ε
2+ε 2+ε
⇒ < ⇒ <x
4ε ε
2+ε
M ﭘﺲ
ε
x2
lim = +∞ (12
x → −∞ 2 − x
x2
>M ⇒ x2 > 2M − Mx
2− x
M2 M2
⇒ x2 > Mx + > 2M +
ε ε
2 2
M M
⇒ x + > 2M +
2 2
M2 M
⇒ x > 2M + −
ε 2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢٨
M2 M
N < 2M + − ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ
ε 2
(
lim x5 − 3 = +∞
x → +∞
) (13
x5 − 3 > M ⇒ x5 > M + 3
⇒ x>5 M +3
N > 5 M + 3 ﭘﺲ
(
lim x5 + x = +∞
x → +∞
) (14
x5 + x > M ⇒
. را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺖx ﭘﺲx → +∞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ
lim x2 + 1 = +∞ (17
x → +∞
lim − x2 − 6 x + 2 = +∞ (18
x → −∞
− x2 + 1 > N ⇒ (x − 3 )2 − 7 > N 2
⇒ x > N2 + 7 + 3 M ≥ N2 + 7 + 3
٢٩ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
lim − x2 − 6 x + 2 = +∞ (19
x → −∞
lim − x2 − 2 x − 2 = +∞ (20
x → −∞
lim − x2 − x = −∞ (21
x → −∞
2
2 1 1 2
− x − x > −N ⇒ x− − > N
2 4
1
⇒ x> + N2 + 1
4
1
M≥ + N 2 + 1 ﭘﺲ
4
x2 + 4 x −x
1) lim = lim = lim = −1
x→ −∞ x−2 x→ −∞ x − 2 x
x2 + 4 x −x
2) lim = lim = lim =1
x→ +∞ x+2 x → +∞ x+2 x
x −1 2 −1
3) lim+ = lim o − = +∞
x →2 x −x
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٣٠
4) lim
x→ +∞
( x + 1 − x) = lim
3 3
3
1
x3 + 1 + 2 3 x3 + 1 + 2
=o
2
x2 − x n2 − n2
5) lim = lim =o
x→ +∞ x2 − 1 x → +∞ n2 − 1
1 x
x 1+ + 2
x+ x+ x x x
6) lim = lim =1
x→ +∞ x x
5 + x2 x −x 1
7) lim 2
= lim = lim =−
x→ −∞ x 2x 2x 2
x −1
8) lim =o
x→1−
3 x − x2 − 1
3+x 6 6
9) lim− 2
= 1×o − = − = −∞
x→ 3 x − 5x + 6 o
x2 + 4 = 2
10) lim = + = +∞
x→ o x2 o
x+1− 3
( x − 8 ) 7 + 3 x + 3
11) = lim = 6 lim x − 8 =
lim
x→ 8
7+3 x −3 x→8 ( )(
3
x x +1 + 3 ) 6 3
x −2
lim
x→ 8
(
3
)
x2 + 23 x + 4 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
3
x+6 − 3 3
x−3
12) lim = lim =
x→27 (x − 27 )3
( x − 27)(x − 27 )2 3 x + 6 + 3
(
lim 3 x2 + 23 x + 4 )
٣١ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
x+ x+ x
) 13 lim ( x + x + x + x − x ) = lim
∞ →x
x+ x+ x x+ x
1 x
1+ + 2
x x x 1
= lim =
1 x 2
(x )+ 2 + 1
x x
2[cos x] 2 − 1
)14 lim− ∞= − = −
x→ o x o
)15 lim
3
x−3 x
= lim
12 3
x − 12 x4
= lim
12 3
x 1 − 12 x ( )
x→1
x −1 x −1 x→1
x −1
)( x − 1)( x + 1 1− −1
= − lim = =
12 11
)( x − 1)( x + x10 + ... + x + 1
12 12 12 6
x4 x2
4 2
+1 1+ −1−
( x4 + 1 − x ) 4
2
2 = lim( x − 1 ) = − 1
)16 lim = lim
x→ o x2 x→ o x2 4 2 2
2+ x
= ) f ( xروي ﺑــﺎزه ﻫــﺎي ) (−∞ , − 5و ] [− 5,−2] , [− ∞,−5و ج(
25 − x2
](5, +∞) , [5, ∞), (−2,5), (−2,5
-5 -2 5
) (2ﻓﻮاﺻﻠﯽ را ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ داده ﺷﺪه روي آﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ )∞ D f = (−∞,−3 ) ∪ [4,+اﺳﺖ .اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎزهﻫﺎ ﻓﻮاﺻـﻞ ﺣﻞ(
ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ اﻧﺪ.
7
= ). f ( x (2
x −9
2
ﭼﻮن ﻓﺮﺟﻪ رادﯾﮑﺎل ﻓﺮد و زﯾﺮ رادﯾﮑﺎل ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟـﺎ ﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ .ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺣﻞ(
ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ Rاﺳﺖ.
x2 − 3 x + 2
= )f ( x (4
x− 4
)∞D f = [1,2] ∪ (4,+
١ ٢ ۴
x-4 - - - +
x2 − 3 x + 2 + - + +
) (3ﻧﻘﺎط ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ را ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
x2 − 4
.ﺣﻞ( x=2ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ اﺳﺖ. = )f ( x (1
x−2
x−1
.ﺣﻞ( x=1ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ اﺳﺖ. = )f ( x (2
x−1
x
.ﺣﻞ( x=1ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ اﺳﺖ. = )f ( x (3
x
) ( x − 1)( x2 − 5 x + 6
= ). f ( x (4
x2 − 3 x + 2
x = 1,2ﻧﻘﺎط ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ اﻧﺪ. ﺣﻞ(
− 2 x + 1 x ≤ −1
f ( x) = 1 − x2 −1 < x < 1 (5
2x + 1 1< x
(4ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ داده ﺷﺪه را در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
]f ( x) = x − [x xo = 1 , xo = 2 (1
2 2x
x + x , x≠o xo = o
f ( x) = (3
2 x=o
5
= ). f ( x (4ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) (4 , 6و
2 − x2
4
x >1
f ( x) = x xo = 1 (8
2[2 x] + 1 x<1
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در xo = 1ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
3 x2 − 12
= ) f ( xﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ f (2) .را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. ) (5اﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺑﺎ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ
x−2
)3 ( x − 2)( x + 2
f (2) = lim f ( x) = lim = 12 ﺣﻞ(
x→2 x→2 x−2
x− x
x≠o
f ( x) = xدر ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ x=0ﭼــﻪ ﻧــﻮع
,
) (6ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ fﺑــﺎ ﺿــﺎﺑﻄﻪ
2 x=o
,
ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ دارد؟
lim f ( x) = o ﺣﻞ( ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﭼﻮن ﺣﺪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد زﯾﺮا:
x→o +
2x
lim− f ( x) = lim =2
x→o x
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٣٦
1
2 x cos , x≠ o
f ( x) = در x ) (7ﺑﻪ ازاء ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار aﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺑﺎ ﺿـﺎﺑﻄﻪ
a , x=o
π
− 2 sin −π ≤ x ≤ −
2
π π
f ( x) = a sin x + bﻣﻘﺪار aو bرا ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ. <− < x )(8
2 2
π
cos x ≤ x≤π
2
π
lim f ( x) = a + b = f ( ) = o ⇒ a +b = o
π− 2
→x
2
π
lim f ( x) = − a + b = f (− ) = 2 ⇒ −a + b = 2
π+ 2
x→−
2
⇒ b =1 , a = −1
x + 1 x − 1
f ( x) = در x = 1ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ دارد؟ + ) (99ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ
2 2
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ( ﭼﻮن ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﺎ روي Rﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ در x=2ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﻮد.
lim f ( x) = lim (2 x + ax) = 4 + 2a = f (2) = 4a + 1
x→2+ x→2+
3
= ⇒ 4 + 2a = 4 a + 1 ⇒ 2a = 3 ⇒ a
2
[[x] − x] , x∉ z
f ( x) = ﻫﻤـﻮاره (11ﺑﻪ ازاء ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار aﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺑﺎ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ
a , x∈ z
ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؟
ﺣــﻞ( ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﻮاص ﺟــﺰء ﺻــﺤﯿﺢ ﻫﻤــﻮاره o ≤ x − [x] < 1ﭘــﺲ
− 1 < [x] − x ≤ oﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﺮاي x∉ zﻫﻤـﻮاره دارﯾـﻢ [[x] − x] = −1ﭘـﺲ ﺑﺎﯾـﺪ
a = −1ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
e x + e − x , x ≥ o
f ( x) = در ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ x=0ﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ (13ﺑﻪ ازاء ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار aﺗـﺎﺑﻊ
2a − x , x < o
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٣٨
اﺳﺖ.
lim f ( x) = lim (2a − x) = 2a = f (o) = 1 + 1 = 2
x→o − x→o −
⇒ a =1 ﺣﻞ(
a (14و bرا ﭼﻨﺎن ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ xo = 4ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
a [x − 2] + b , x<4
x
f ( x) = + b , x=4
3
x2 − 16
, x>4
x−4
x2 − 16
lim f ( x) = lim = 8 = f (4 ) = 1 + b
x→ 4 + x→ 4 + x − 4
ﺣﻞ( lim− f ( x) = lim− (a [x − 2] + b) = 5a + b = f (4) = 1 + b
x→ 4 x→4
1
1+ b = 8 ⇒b=7 = 5a = 1 ⇒ a
5
2
lim f ( x) = − (a − 4 a ) − 3 = f (o) = o
x→o −
5
= xoو xo = 2و ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .آﯾﺎ اﯾـﻦ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ در
4
7
= xoﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
3
ﺣﻞ( ﭼﻮن ﺑﺮاي ، x∉ zدارﯾﻢ ، f (x) = 1اﮔﺮ xoﻋﺪدي ﺻـﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ آن ﮔـﺎه
lim f ( x) = 1
.ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﻋﺪاد ﺻﺤﯿﺤﯽ را ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ f ( xo ) = 1ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
x → xo
7 5
= xoﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ زﯾـﺮا اﯾـﻦ اﻋـﺪاد اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در ﻧﻘﺎط = , xo = 2 , xo
3 4
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤٠
(18ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ aو bرا ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ در xo = −2ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
x2 − 4
2 , x < −2
x + 4 x + 4
f ( x) = a , x = −2
+ 2
b x ] [ , x > −2
(1ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ gدر ﻧﻘﻄﻪ oﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ f , g (o) = oﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﯾﮏ
ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ در ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎوي ) f ( x) ≤ g ( xﺻـﺪق ﮐﻨـﺪ .ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﮐﻨﯿـﺪ fدر
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ oﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
ﺣــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻞ(
)f ( x) ≤ g ( x ⇒ f (o) ≤ g (o) = o ⇒ f (o) = o
⇒ − f ( x) ≤ f ( x) ≤ x o ≤ f (o) ≤ o ⇒ f (o) = o
)− g ( x) ≤ f ( x) ≤ g ( x
ﺣﻞ(
) f (a
= εرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ o < δ :ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﭼﻮن f (a ) > oاﺳﺖ اﮔﺮ
2
ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ
) f (a
x− a < 4 ⇒ < ) f ( x) − f (a
2
) f (a ) f (a
⇒ − < ) < f ( x) − f (a
2 2
) f (a 3
⇒ ) < f ( x) < f (a
2 2
ﭼﻮن f (a ) > oﭘﺲ fدر ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ δاز ، aﻣﺜﺒﺖ اﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ(
) f (a
ε = −ﭼـﻮن fدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﭼﻮن f (a ) < oﭘﺲ − f (a ) > oاﮔﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫـﯿﻢ
2
اﺳــــــــﺖ 4 > o .ﻣﻮﺟــــــــﻮد اﺳــــــــﺖ ﺑــــــــﻪ ﻃــــــــﻮري ﮐــــــــﻪ
) f (a
x−a <4 ⇒ f ( x) − f (a ) < −
2
) f (a ) f (a
⇒ f (a ) + < f ( x) < f (a ) −
2 2
3 ) f (a
< )f (a ) < f ( x ﭘﺲ
2 2
٤٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
(3ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fدر xoﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و در ﻫﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ xﻧﻘـﺎﻃﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ x2 , x1
x
−1 1+
x +1 −1 2 3
lim f ( x) = lim 3 = lim =
x→o x→o x + 1 − 1 x→o 1 + x − 1 2 ﺣﻞ(
3
3
= ⇒a
2
(5ﻓـــــــــــــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿـــــــــــــﺪ در ﻧﻘـــــــــــــﺎط دﯾﮕـــــــــــــﺮ
1
[x + 1]sin , )x ∈ (−1,o) ∪ (o,1
f ( x) = x
o , x=o
ﺣﺪ راﺳﺖ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد ﭘﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در ﺻﻔﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
ﺣـــﻞ :ﭼـــﻮن ﻫﻤـــﻮاره o ≤ x − [x] < 1ﭘـــﺲ g (x) > oاﺳـــﺖ ﻟـــﺬا
fog ( x) = f ( g ( x)) = 1اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺮاي gofدارﯾﻢ:
1 x>o
gof ( x) = 1 x=o
1 x<o
ﭘﺲ gof (x) = 1ﻫﻤﻮاره ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :اﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ دو ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ وﻟﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ آﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
(7ﺛﺎﺑــﺖ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ ﺗــﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ fدر ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ aﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ اﺳــﺖ اﮔــﺮ و ﻓﻘــﻂ اﮔــﺮ
) lim f ( x + a ) = f (a
x→o
٤٥ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ﺣﻞ( اﮔﺮ fدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ .ﺑـﻪ ازاي ε > oداده ﺷـﺪه δ > oﻣﻮﺟـﻮد
اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ
x− a <δ ⇒ f ( x) − f (a ) < ε
) lim f (t ) = f (a
ﭘﺲ fدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺲ
t→a
π
cos x , x ≤ 1
f ( x) = 2 (2
x −1 , x >1
ﺣﻞ( دارﯾﻢ . f (−1) = f (1) = o
π
lim + f ( x) = lim + cos x=o
x→ −1 x→ −1 2
⇒ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در -1ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
lim f ( x) = lim x − 1 = 2
x→ −1− x→−1−
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در اﻋﺪاد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ از ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .در ﺻﻔﺮ:
1
}x ∈ R − {o , f ( x) = (5
x
1
ﮐﻪ n ∈ Ζاﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت
n
و nﻋـﺪدي ﻃﺒﯿﻌـﯽ ﯾـﺎ f ( x) = x −اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻘﺎﻃﯽ ﮐـﻪ x = n [ x ] (6
ﺻﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
٤٧ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ﺣﻞ( اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﺻﻔﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﭼﻮن ﻫﺮ دﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ } {a nﮔﻮﯾﺎ ﯾـﺎ اﺳـﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ
ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﯿﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ − a n 2 , a n 2ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.
1
a n = xo +در ً Qﻗﺮار دارد و ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط :اﮔﺮ xo ∈ Qﺑﺎﺷﺪ
n
1
)f (a n ) = ( xo + ) 2 → xo 2 = f ( xo
n
1
bn = xo +در Qﻗﺮار ﻧﺪارد و و
n
1
f (bn ) = −( xo + ) ) 2 → − x ≠ f ( xo
n
ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در اﻋﺪاد اﺻﻢ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
1 1
=) (f , f (1) = 1 , )f ( o
2 2
1 1 1 1
]f ( x) = − x + [2 x] − − [− 2 x
2 2 2 2
1
)]= − x + ([2 x] − [− 2 x
2
−1 1
lim ( f ( x) = o −
=)
x→o + 2 2
1 1
= lim− f ( x) = o + ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
x→o 2 2
1 5
lim f ( x) = − 1 + (2 − (−3 )) = −1 +
x→1+ 2 2
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در 1ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ
⇒
1 1 3 1
lim f ( x) = − + (1 − (−2)) = − = 1
1+ 2 2 2 2
→x
2
1
ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ⇒ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در
2
f (o) = 2 ⇒ f (o) f (1) < o ⇒
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ داراي رﯾﺸﻪ اﺳﺖ
f (1) = −15
ﻓـﺮض ﮐﻨﯿـﺪ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ] f : [1,2] → [o, 3ﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و f (2) = 3و f (1) = o (13
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻋﺪدي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ xoدر ﺑﺎزه ) (1,2ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ . f ( xo ) = xo
ﺣﻞ( اﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ h( x) = f ( x) − xرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ .دارﯾﻢ:
h(1) = f (1) − 1 = o − 1 = −1
h(2) = f (2) − 2 = 3 − 2 = 1
ﭼــﻮن h(1)h(2) < oاﺳــﺖ .ﭘــﺲ xدر )2و (1ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ h(xo ) = oﭘــﺲ
f ( xo ) = xo
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٥٠
x3
ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ . f ( x) = − sin( πx) + 3آﯾﺎ ﻋﺪدي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ xoدر ﺑﺎزه ) 2و (-2 (14
4
7
= ) f ( xo؟ وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ
3
ﺣﻞ( ﭼــﻮن f (−2) = −2 + 3 = 1 , f (2) = 2 + 3 = 5و ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ fروي ) 2و (-2
7
ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و 1 < < 5ﭘﺲ xoوﺟﻮد دارد.
3
ﻓــــــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿــــــﺪ ﺗــــــﺎﺑﻊ f : [− 1,1] → Rﭘﯿﻮﺳــــــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــــــﺪ, (15
. f ( x) ≠ 2 , x ∈ [− 1,1] , f (o) = o
ﺣﻞ( اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ازاي f ( xo ) > 2 , xoﺷﻮد ,ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﻘـﺪار
ﺑﯿﻦ f ( xo ) , f (o) = oرا ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار 2را ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد ﯾﻌﻨﯽ xي وﺟـﻮد دارد
ﮐﻪ . f (x) = 2و اﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ ﻫﻤﻮاره f (x) < 2اﺳﺖ.
ﻓـــــــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿـــــــﺪ ﺗـــــــﺎﺑﻊ f : [3,5] → Rﭘﯿﻮﺳـــــــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـــــــﺪ. (16
f ( x) ≠ 4 , x ∈ [3,5] , f (3 ) = 30ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ . f (5) < 4
ﺣﻞ( اﮔﺮ f (5) > 4ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ,ﭼﻮن ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ f (3) = 3و ) f (5را
ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار 4را ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد ,ﯾﻌﻨﯽ xوﺟﻮد دارد ﮐـﻪ f (x) = 4ﮐـﻪ ﺗﻨـﺎﻗﺾ ﺑـﺎ
ﻓﺮض اﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ f (5) < 4اﺳﺖ.
ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f : [o, 3 ] → Rﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ f (o) = 1 ،و ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﻪ f (x) = o )(17
ﻫﯿﭻ رﯾﺸﻪ اي درﺑﺎزه ] [o, 3ﻧﺪاﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﮐﻨﯿـﺪ ﺑـﺮاي ﻫـﺮ ] ، x ∈ [o,3دارﯾـﻢ
f (x) > o
ﺣﻞ( ﺑﺮاي ] [o, x] x ∈ [o,3را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ f ,روي اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎزه ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ .ﭼـﻮن
, f (0) = 1اﮔﺮ f (x) < oﺑﺎﺷﺪ ,ﺣﺘﻤﺎً fروي اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎزه رﯾﺸﻪ داردﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﺳﺖ،
٥١ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ اﮔﺮ fدر ﻧﻘﻄﻪ oﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻫﻢ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ
) lim f ( x + a ) = f (a
x→o ﺣﻞ( ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﻟﺨﻮاه aرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﯿﻢ
)f ( x + a ) ≤ f ( x) + f ( x
)⇒ f ( x + a ) − f (a ) ≤ f ( x
x→o
ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ Iﺑﺎزه اي ﺑﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺗﺎﺑﻊﻫﺎي f , g : I → Rﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .و: )(19
s ( x) = Min{ f ( x), g ( x)} x ∈ I
)f ( x) + g ( x) f ( x) − g ( x
= )s ( x −
2 2
)f ( x) + g ( x) f ( x) − g ( x
= )t ( x −
2 2
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮض ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ fو gﻫﻤﻪ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺳﻤﺖ راﺳﺖ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ.
دو ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ fو gدر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ .آﯾﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ؟ )(20
اﻟﻒ( fدر ﻧﻘﻄﻪ aﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و gدر ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ aﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷـﺪ اﻣـﺎ fogدر ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ a
ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
1 x>o
g ( x) =
را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﯾﻢ − 1 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f ( x) = x2و x < o ﺣﻞ(
fog ( x) = 1
ب( fدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و gدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ fogدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺣﻞ( ﻣﺜﺎل ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻟﻒ را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ اﯾﻨﺒﺎر . gof (x) = 1
ج( ﻧﻪ fدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻧﻪ gاﻣﺎ fogدر aﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
∞ lim f ( x) = +
∞x→+
⇒
∞ lim f ( x) = −
∞x→ −
ﺣﻞ( ﭼــﻮن a n a o < oﻓــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ a o < oو . a n > oﭼــﻮن nزوج اﺳــﺖ و
a n > oﭘﺲ
از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ f (o) = a :< oﭘﺲ ﺣﺪ اﻗـﻞ ﯾـﮏ رﯾﺸـﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘـﯽ در ) (−∞ , oو ﯾـﮏ رﯾﺸـﻪ
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢
f ( x) = 3 x + 1 (1
3 ( x + h) + 1 − 3 x − 1 3h
f ' ( x) = lim = lim =3
h h
f ( x) = 3 x + 4 (2
3 ( x + h) + 4 − 3 x + 4 3 ( x + h) + 4 − ( 3 x + 4 )
f ' ( x) = lim = lim =3
h→ o h h 3 ( x + h) + 4 + x + 4
3h 3
= lim =
h 3 ( x + h) + 4 + x + 4 2 3 x + 4
3x
f ( x) = (3
x2 + 1
2x 2x o
−
x + 1 xo2 + 1
2
2 x xo2 + 2 x − 2 xo x2 − 2xo
lim = lim
x→o x − xo ( x − xo ) ( x2 + 1) ( xo2 )
2 x xo2 + 2 x − 2 xo x2 − 2 xo
= lim
( x − xo ) ( x2 + 1) ( xo 2 + 1)
2(1 − xo 2 )
lim = f ' ( xo )
( xo 2 + 1) 2
x
f ( x) = (4
x +1
٣ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
x xo
−
x +1 xo + 1 x xo + 1 − xo x + 1
lim =
x − xo ( x − xo ) x + 1 xo + 1
x − xo 1
= lim =
( x − xo ) x + 1 xo + 1 ( x xo + 1 + xo x + 1 2( xo + 1) xo + 1
f ( x) = 5 x2 + x (1
5 x2 + x − 6 (5 x + 6 ) ( x − 1)
f ' (1) = lim = lim = 11
x −1 x −1
x =1 , f ( x) = x2 + 5 (2
x2 + 5 − 3 x2 − 4 4 2
f ' (2) = lim = ` lim = =
x →2 x−2 x →2 ( x − 1) ( x2 + 5 + 3 ) 6 3
x+2
x =1 , f ( x) = (3
2x + 1
x+2
−1
1− x 1
f ' (1) = lim 2 x + 1 = lim =−
x→ 2 x −1 x →2 ( x − 1) (2 x + 1) 3
x
x=1 , f ( x) = (4
x2 + 1
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤
x 1
+
2 2 ( x + 1)2
f ' (1) = lim x + 1 = lim =o
x→ 2 )( x + 1 )x → 2 ( x + 1) (2 x + 1
) (3در ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ اوﻻً ،ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ را در ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ داده ﺷـﺪه ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﮐﻨﯿـﺪ ) ( x = aﺛﺎﻧﯿـﺎً
) f +' (aو ) f −' (aرا در ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ( اوﻻً ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در a = −4ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً f + ' (−4) = −1و f − ' (−4) = 1
ﺣﻞ( اوﻻً ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در a = 2ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ∞ f + ' (2) = +و f −' (2) = 4
) (4اوﻻً ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ f ( x) = xدر x = oﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
x−o x
lim = lim
x →2 x−o x →2 x
٥ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ﭘﺲ f +' (o) = 1و f −' (o) = −1اﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬا ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻧﺪارد
x
= )f ' ( x ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ x ≠ oدارﯾﻢ:
x
) a (5و bرا ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ داده ﺷـﺪه ﻣﺸـﺘﻖ ﭘـﺬﯾﺮ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
⇒ f −' (1) = 2 = f + ' (1) = a ⇒ a =2
b = −1
2ax x<3
f ( x) = ﭘﺲ دارﯾﻢ از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ دارﯾﻢ:
b x≤3
ﺣﻞ(
x
y = −اﺳﺖ. ) (7در ﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي از ﻣﺨﻔﯽ ، y = x3 − 3 x + 5ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎس ﻋﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ
9
1
3 x2 − 3 = −2 ⇒ 3 x2 = 1 ⇒ x=±
3
٧ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
x
y = −اﺳﺖ. ) (8در ﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي از ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ، y = x3 − 3 x + 5ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎس ﻋﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ
9
3 x2 − 3 + 9 ⇒ 3 x2 = 12 ⇒ ⇒ x2 = 4 x = ±2
) (9ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎس ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ y = 3 x − 2را در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) A(2 , oﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ.
1
= )m = y' (2 ∞(2) = + ﺣﻞ(
3 3 ( x − 2)2
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ(
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﭼﻮن f ' − (1) = 2 , f ' + (1) = 4اﺳﺖ.
1
= )f ( x ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ⇒ f ′(1) = + ∞ ⇒ .
3 3
)( x − 1
2
1
x>o
. f (x) = 1 + xﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ fدر ﻧﻘﻄﻪ x = oﻣﺸﺘﻖ )(2ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
1 + x x≤o
1 − x
ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٠
−1
x>o = )⇒ f ′( x ⇒ f ′ (o ) = −1
( x + 1)2 +
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ⇒ .
−2
x<o = )⇒ f ′( x ⇒ f−′ (o ) = −2
(1 − x)2
2 x x≥1
. f (x) = 2ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿـﺪ fدر ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ) (3ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
x + 1 x<1
ﺣﻞ(
x > o ⇒ f ′ ( x) = 2 f+′ (1) = 2
ﭘﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ و f ′(1) = 2اﺳﺖ.
x < o ⇒ f ′ ( x) = 2 x f−′ (1) = 2
x −1 x ≠ o
] . f (x) = (− 1)[ xآﯾـﺎ fدر ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ي x = oﻣﺸـﺘﻖ ، ) (4ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
x
ﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ؟
ﺣﻞ( زﯾﺮا اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ در داﻣﻨﻪ ي ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪارد .ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ،ﭘﺲ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
ﺣﻞ( اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در اﻋﺪاد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ،ﭼﻮن در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺎط ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
) (6ﻓــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ fدر ﻧﻘﻄــﻪي aﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ و . f (a ) ≠ oﺛﺎﺑــﺖ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ.
) g (x) = [ x − 1] f (nدر ﻧﻘﻄﻪي aﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
ﺣﻞ(
) f ( x) − f (a 1x − alf ( x) − o
lim ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ) f ′ + (a ) = f (aو ) f ′ − (a ) = − f (aﭘﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ= lim
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
x→ a x−a x→ a x−a
1x − al
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ=ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﺎﺑﻊf (a
زﯾﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ lim ) (7ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ aو bرا ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ )
x→ a x − a
1
x ≥1
f ( x) = x
ax2 + b x <1
1
x x≥1
lim f ( x) = a + b = f (1) = 1
x→1′
1
f ( x) = − x ≤ −1
x
f ′ + (1) = −1 = f ′ − (1) = 2a ax2 + b − 1 < x < 1
1 3
⇒ a=− =⇒ b
2 2
ﺣﻞ(
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٢
x
x + ( x − 1) arcsin −1
x +1
f ′ (1) = lim
x→1 x −1
x 1
= lim 1 + arcsin = 1 + arcsin
x→1
x + 1 2
π
= 1+
4
. راﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪf ′(o ) , f (x) = x(x − 1)(x − 2)....(x − 100) ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ9)
π
. را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪf ′ ﻣﻘﺪار، f (x) = [ x] sin x ( اﮔﺮ10)
2
π π π π
f + h − f + h sin + h − 2
π 2 2 = 2 2
f ′ = lim
2 h → o h h
h →o
ﺣﻞ( دارﯾﻢ
π
sin + h − 1
= lim 2 = (sin x)′ π = o
h →o h 2
f ( x)
⇒ 1≤ ≤ 1+ x
x
x>o ⇒ f +′ (o ) = 1
f ( x)
x<o ⇒ 1 + x≤ ≤1
x
⇒ f ′ − (o ) = 1
xx −o
lim = lim x = o ⇒ f ′(o ) = o
x−o
sin y + y cos x − y
1) x sin y + y sin x = xy y′ = −
x cos y + sin x − x
١٥ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
3
3 23 x
2) y = x2 + 3 y2 = 3 16
y
y′ = − = −3
3 x
23 y
y 3
− x
2 x 2 y − 3x
3) y x − x x = 5 y′ = − =
x 4x
2 xy
4) x2 y + sin 2 y = y y=
x2 + sin 2 y − 1
14 x
1) y = cos − 1 7 x2 y′ = −
1 − 49 x4
3 x2 + 2
2) y = sin − 1 (cos 2 x) y′ = −
2
1 − x2 + 2 x
− 2 sin 2 x
3 ) y = sin − 1(cos 2 x) y′ = =−2
2
1 − cos 2 x
5 x4
4) y = tan − 1 x5 y′ =
1 + x10
− sin x
5) y = tan − 1(cos x) y′ =
1 + cos2 x
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٦
5
−
1 − x2
6) y = cos 5 cos − 1 x y′ =
2
1 − 25 cos − 1x
1
7) y = tg − 1 ( x+1 ) y′ = 2 x+1 =
1
1+ ( x+1 )
2 2 x + 1 ( x + 2)
π
8) y = sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x y= ⇒ y′ = o
2
9) y = cos − 1(sin x)
cos x
y′ = =1
2
1 − sin x
1
−
1
10) y = tan − 1 y′ = x2 =−
1
x 1 x2 + 1
1+
x2
sin y + 2x
11) x sin y + x2 = tan − 1 y y′ = −
1
x cos y +
1 + y2
ﺣﻞ(
) (5اﮔﺮ fﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك درزﻣـﺎن tﻃـﯽ ﻣـﯽ ﮐﻨـﺪ،ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳـﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ
d 2s
ﺷﺘﺎب ، a = 2اﮔﺮ s = 50 + 80t + 16tﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
2
dt
d 2 y dy
را در b = 1ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. 2
و ) (6اﮔﺮ x = t + t 2و ، y = t + t 3ﻣﻘﺪار
dx dx
ﺣﻞ(
آﻧﮕـــﺎه ∆yو dyرا ﺑـــﻪ ازاي x = 3و ∆x = o / 1 ) (7اﮔـــﺮ y = 3 x2 + 4 x + 1
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
) (8اﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ي ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﯾﮏ ذره s = 20 + 30t + 3t 2ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ و ﺷـﺘﺎب ذره را در
t = 2ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ds
=v = 30 + 6t ⇒ v(2) = 42
dt
d 2s
a = 2 =6 ⇒a = 6
dt
dy
را در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ ) (9اﮔﺮ ، f ( x) = x2 + xآﻧﮕﺎه = y′
dx
١٩ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
1) y = f x + x ( ) f ′( x) =
2x + 1
2 x2 + x
y′ = 1 +
1
2 x + x +1 ( )
2 x 2 x+ x 2 + x+ x ( ) ( )
2) y = f (cos x + cot x)
2(cos x + cot x) + 1
( (
y′ = − sin x − 1 + cot 2 x ))
2 (cos x + cot x) + (cos x + cot x)
2
x2 − 1 2
3 ) y = f 2 ⇒ y = f 1 − 2
x +1 x + 1
2
21 − 2
4x x +1
y′ =
(x + 1)
2 2
2
2
2
1 − 2 + 1 − 2
x +1 x +1
2 x2 + 1 2 x4 + x2 + 1
⇒ y′ = 2 x. .
2
x + x2 4
f
x + x + x4 + x2
2
( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻄﻬﺎي ﻣﻤﺎس و ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫـﺎي ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﻪ ي10)
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٠
3
)1 f ( x) = x2 − 4 x
y = (1 − 4 ) = 9
3
(
y′ = 3 (2 x − 4 ) x2 − 4 x )
⇒ y′(1) = 3 (− 2)(− 3 ) = 18
)y − 9 = 18( x − 1 ⇒ y = 18 x − 9
x2 + 1
2) f ( x ) = 2
2x − 1
1+1
=y =2
2 −1
y′ = 2
(
x 2 x2 − 1 − 4 x x2 + 1 )
=
− 6x ( )
= )⇒ y′(1
−6
=−
3
x2 + 1
2
( )
x2 + 1
2
4 ( 2 )
3 3 7
y−2 = − ⇒ y = − x+
)2( x − 1 2 2
y = 3 (1 − 2) = 1
2
1
)4 = )f ( x x+
x
y = f (1) = 1 + 1 = 2
1 1
= )y′( x − ⇒ y′(1) = o ⇒ y = 2
2 x 2x x
1
= yاﮔﺮ y′و y′′ﻣﺸﻘﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ اول و دوم ﻻ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ، (11در ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
x2 + 1
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ راﺑﻄﻪ 2 y′2 − yy′′ = y 4ﺑﺮﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ(
x2 + 1
= yﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ xy′′ + 2 y′ = 2 ) (12در ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
x
ﺣﻞ(
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢٢
x2 + 1 1
y= = x+
x x
1 1
y′ = 1 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 1 − y′
x x
2 1
y′′ = 3 ⇒ xy′′ = 2 2 = 2(1 − y′ ) ⇒ xy′′ + 2 y′ = 2
x x
وg ′(o ) ≠ o ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ ﻫــﺎي ﻣﺸــﺘﻖ ﭘــﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ وf , g : R → R ( ﻓــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ13)
. ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪf (o ) = g (o ) = o
f ( x) f ′(o )
=
g ( x) g ′(o )
lim
x→o
(ﺣﻞ
f ( x) − o
f ( x)
= lim x − o =
f ' (o)
x→o g ( x) x→o g ( x) − o
lim
g ' (o)
x−o
x3
x≤o
.ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ را ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﻨﯿﺪ f ( x) = 3 ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ14)
5 x2 − 4 x
2 x>o
(ﺣﻞ
x2 x≤o
f ′( x) =
5 x − 4 x>o
٢٣ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
1 − x x<1
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ را f ( x) = (1 − x)(2 − x) 1≤ x≤2 .( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ15)
− (2 − x) x>2
.ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ
(ﺣﻞ
− 1 x <1
f ′( x) = 2 − x − (1 − x) 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
+ 1 x>2
2
tan x −
1) y = ⇒ y = tan x. x 3
3
x2
2 5
− 2 −
⇒ y′ = sec x.x 2 3
− x 3 . tan x
3
1
−
2
x2
1+
3) y = Arc cot
x
⇒ y′ 4
2 x
2 Arc cot
2
−1
⇒ y′ =
(4 + x )
2
Arc cot
x
2
(
4 ) y = Arc tan x − 1 + x2 )
x
y′ =
1−
1 + x2 ( 1 + x − x)
=
2
1 + (x − 1 + x ) 1 + x 1 + (x − 1 + x )
2 2
2 2 2
1
Arc sin x x>o
1
5) y = Arc sin ⇒ y'=
x − Arc sin 1 x<o
x
1
− 2 −1
x = x>o
1 x x −1 2
1− 2
x
y′ =
1
x2 1
= x<o
1− 1 x x2 − 1
x2
٢٥ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
y cos xy − y sin xy y
6) sin xy + cos xy = o ⇒ y′ = − =−
x cos xy − x sin xy x
⇒ y tan ( xy) − x = o
x
7 ) x y = Arctg
y
y2 sec 2 ( xy) − 1
⇒ y′ = −
tan( xy) + xy sec 2 ( xy)
1
+1
1 − y2
f ′( x)
Arc sin f ( x) = n Arc sin x
n
⇒ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ =
1 − ( f ( x))
2
1 − x2
⇒
( f ′( x))2 =
n2
( ) (
⇒ 1 − x2 ( f ′( x)) = n 2 1 − f 2 ( x)
2
)
1 − ( f ( x))
2
1 − x2
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ( )
⇒ 2 1 − x2 f ′′( x) f ′( x) − 2x( f ′( x)) = −2n 2 f ′( x) f ( x)
2
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٦
( )
⇒ 1 − x2 f ′′( x) − x( f ′( x)) + n 2 f ( x) = o
2
ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ nﺻﺤﯿﺢ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻘﺎط ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. lim sin πx = o ﺣﻞ( ﭼﻮن
x→n
2
f (x) = x2 − 1 (x + 1)3ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ fراﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ. ) (19ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
ﺣﻞ(
2
)f ( x) = x2 − 1 ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1
2
2 2 2
= x − 1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) | x + 1
( ( (()) ) )
| )⇒ f ′( x) = 2 2 x( x + 1) + x − 1 x2 − 1 ( x + 1) | ( x + 1
2
|| x + 1
(( )
)+ x2 − 1 ( x + 1 ) x+1
) (20ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ n ، f : R → Rﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
π
1) y = sin x ⇒ y (n ) = sin x + n
2
π
2) y = cos x ⇒ y (n ) = cos x + n
2
π π
3) y = sin 2 x ⇒ y (n ) = sin 2 x x + n ⇒ y(n ) = 2n−1 sin 2x + n
2 2
1 1
4) y = cos 2 x ⇒ y = + cos 2 x
2 2
1 π
⇒ y = × 2 n cos 2 x + n
2 2
π
= 2 n −1 cos 2 x + n
2
1+ x −2 4
5) y= y′ = , y′′ =
1− x (1 − x)2 (1 − x)3
− 12 48
y′′′ = , y( 4 ) =
(1 − x)4 (1 − x)5
2n!
........ y( n ) = (− 1)
n
(1 − x)n +1
ﺑـﺮA(1,1) در ﻧﻘﻄﻪy = x2 + bx + c را ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدارc, b (ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ22)
. ﻣﻤﺎس ﺑﺎﺷﺪy = x ﺧﻂ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٨
1 1
6 y = 2x + 1 =⇒ y x+ ﺣﻞ(
3 6
1
اﺳﺖ ﻟﺬا ﺷﯿﺐ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ − 3اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ ﭘﺲ ﺷﯿﺐ ﺧﻂ داده ﺷﺪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
3
3 x2 + 6 x = − 3 ⇒ x2 + 2 x + 1 = o
( x + 1)2 = o ⇒ x = − 1 ⇒ y = −3
⇒ )y′(− 1) = 3 − 6 = − 3 ⇒ y + 3 = −3 ( x + 1 y = −3 x − 6
) (25در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f : R → Rﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯿﻢ | f (x) |≤ x2 , x ∈ Rﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ fدر x = o
ﺣﻞ(
)f ( x
≤ f ( x) |≤ x2 ⇒ | f ( x) ≤| x |2 ⇒ − x ≤ x
x
)f ( x
| ⇒ | ≤| x
x
ﺣﻞ( ﺧﯿﺮ؛ ﻣﺜﻼً f (x) = xرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در x = oﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻧﺪارد.
π
(27اﮔﺮ f (x) = [x]sin xﻣﻘﺪار f ′ را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
4
π
f ( x) − f
π
f ′ = lim =4 [x]sin x = o
lim
4 x→ π π π π
x− →x x−
4 4 4 4
f (a + 2h ) − f (a − h )
.را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ lim
h→ o h
(ﺣﻞ
f (a + 2h ) − f (a − h ) f (a + 2h ) − f (a ) f (a ) − f (a − h )
lim = 2 lim + lim
h 2h h
h→o h→o h→o
= 2 f ′(a ) + f ′(a ) = 3 f ′(a )
f ( x) − f (o ) f ( x)
f ′(o ) = lim = lim =1
x→o x−o x→o x
f ( x)
1≤ ≤ 1 + x زﯾﺮا
x
f (a + 2h ) − f (a )
را lim , f ′(a ) = 4 , f (a ) = o ( اﮔﺮ30)
h →o 5h
.ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
(ﺣﻞ
f (a + 2h ) − f (a ) 2 f ( a + 2h ) − f (a )
lim = lim
h→o 5h 5 h→o 5h
2
= f ′(a ) = 4 ⇒ f ′(a ) = 10
5
راg ′′(o ) آﻧﮕـﺎهg (x) = f (xf (x)) دو ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺘﻖ ﭘـﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ وR ﺑـﺮf ( اﮔﺮ31)
٣١ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﺪ:
u ( x) = xf ( x) ⇒ u (o ) = o
) u ′( x) = f ( x) + xf ′( x) ⇒ u ′(o ) = f (o
) g ( x) = f (u ) ⇒ g ′( x) = u ′ f ′(u
) g ′′( x) = u ′′f ′(u ) + (u ′ ) f ′′(u
2
ﺣﻞ(
) ( g o f )′ (a ) = g ′( f (a )). f ′ (a
()= g ′(− 2. − 2) = (− 1)(− 2) = 2
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٣٢
dy
dy 3t 2 dy 27 27
= dt
= ⇒ = )(3 =
dx dx
dt
)2(t + 2 dx 2× 5 1o
) (34اﮔﺮ f ' (1) = f (1) = −2و ، g ' (−2) = 3ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ) ( g o f )' (1را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
)xf (a ) − af ( x
limرا ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. ) (35اﮔﺮ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ در aﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻣﻘﺪار
x → a x− a
)xf (a ) − xf ( x) + xf ( x) − af ( x
lim
x−a
x→a
x− a ) f ( x) − f (a
)= lim f ( x −x
x− a x− a
x→a x→ a
) = f (a ) − af ' (a
x = t 2 − 1
در ) (36ﺿﺮﯾﺐ زاوﯾﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎس ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﭘـﺎراﻣﺘﺮي ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﻪ
y = t 2 + 1
ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢
ﺣﻞ( ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اي ﻫﺎ روي ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎزه ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ رل را دارﻧﺪ .ﭼﻮن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻧﺪ و ﻣﺸـﺘﻖ
آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اي اﺳﺖ.
f (2) = f (−1) = o
f ' (c ) = o ⇒ 3 c 2 − 4 c − 1 = o
4 ± 28 2 ± 7
=c =
6 3
f ( x) = x 3 − 16 x (2و] oو x ∈ [− 4
ﺣﻞ :
)f (−4) = −64 + 64 = o = f (o
4
f ' (c ) = 3c 2 − 16 = o ⇒ c = ±
3
4 1
= )x ∈ [o , 4 ] , f ( x x3 − 3 x3
1 2
4 −
f ' ( x) = x 3 − x 3
3 (3
ﭘﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ روي ] 3و [oﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ و روي ) 3و (oﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ.
٣ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم :ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
ﺣﻞ :
1 3
3 − 1 −
f ' ( x) = x 4 − x 4
4 2
ﭘﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fروي ] 4و [oﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ و روي ) 4و (oﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ.
1 3
3 −4 1 − 4
c − c =o
4 2
1
3 1 3c 2 −2
1
− 3
= 3
=o
4c 4 2c 4 4c 4
4
=⇒c
9
x + 3 → x ≤ 2
x ∈ [− 3 , 7 ] , f ( x) =
7 − x → x > 2 (5
1 → x ≤ 2
f ' ( x) =
ﺣﻞ( اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در 2ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ،ﭘﺲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ و − 1 → x > 2
x2 − x − 12
= )x ∈ [− 3 , 4] , f ( x
x− 3 (6
ﺣﻞ(
f (2) = 8 − 24 + 22 − 6 = o
f ( 3) = 27 − 54 + 33 − 6 = o
f ' (c ) = 3c 2 − 12c + 11 = o
12 ± 12 1 3
=c = ±
24 2 12
f ( x) = ( x − π ) sin x , ∈ [o , π ] (8
ﺣﻞ( اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در ] 4و 1 ∈ [− 2ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ،ﭘﺲ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
4 3 2
) (2اﮔﺮ f ( x) = x − 2 x + 2 x − xﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ رل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﻪ
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اي در ﻗﻀﯿﻪ رل ﺻﺪق ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ،ﭘﺲ در )1و (oﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﯾـﮏ cوﺟـﻮد دارد
ﮐﻪ
f ' (c ) = 4 c 3 − 6 c 2 + 4 c − 1 = o
3
) (3ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ رل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ، x + 2 x + c = oﮐﻪ در آن cﯾﮏ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ
دﻟﺨﻮاه اﺳﺖ ،ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﯾﮏ رﯾﺸﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺣﻞ( اﮔﺮ f ( x) = x 3 + 2x + cﺑـﯿﺶ از ﯾـﮏ رﯾﺸـﻪ داﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ f ' ( x) = 3 x2 + 2
ﺣﻞ( f (o) f (1) < oﭘﺲ f (o) = −3و f (1) = 1ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﯾـﮏ
1
2 −
f ' ( x) = x 3
3 ﺣﻞ(
1
f ' (c ) = −
(c − 1) 2
3
) ( f ( 3) − f
1 2
⇒ 1− =
)(c − 1 2 3
3−
2
1 5−5
1− 2
= 2 2
3
= o ⇒ (c − 1) 2 = 1
)(c − 1
2
⇒c=o
(3
] 5وx ∈ [− 1
2 x + 3, x < 3
15 − 2, x ≥ 3
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در 3ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ،ﭼـﻮن f ' − ( 3 ) = 2و ، f ' + ( 3) = −2ﭘـﺲ ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ
ﻗﻀﯿﻪ را ﻧﺪارد.
2
. x ∈ [− 4 , 5] , f ( x) = 3( x − 4) (4
3
1
−
) f ، f ' ( x) = 2( x − 4در ] 5و 4 ∈ [− 4ﻣﺸـﺘﻖ ﭘـﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴـﺖ ،ﭘـﺲ ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ
3
ﺣﻞ(
ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
x2 − 3
= )x ∈ [− 5 , o] , f ( x
. x + 3 (5
. x ∈ [− 1 , 5] , f ( x) = x + 7 x − 1 (6
2
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٨
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f (t ) = Ln(1 + nرا روي ﺑﺎزه ] xو [oدر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀـﯿﻪ
٩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم :ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
) (12اﮔﺮ fﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزه ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ]1و [oﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ و f (o) = oو اﮔﺮ ) f ' ( xﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎزه ﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎز
)f ( x
= )g ( x
ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎزه )1و (o )1و (oﻣﻮﺟﻮد و ﺻﻌﻮدي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻧﺸـﺎن دﻫﯿـﺪ ﮐـﻪ x
ﺻﻌﻮدي اﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ( ﺑﺮاي o < x < 1ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ دارﯾﻢ:
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٠
)f ( x) − f (o
= )g ( x )= f ' (cx
x−o
o < x1 < x2 < 1 ⇒ cx1 ≤ cx2
' fﺻﻌﻮدي اﺳﺖ ) f ' ⇒ f ' (cx1 ) ≤ f ' (cx2
x
= )f ' ( x
.ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ aو bﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ دارﯾﻢ: ) (13ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ 1 + x2
1
f (b) − f (a ) ≤ b − a
2
ﺣﻞ(
1 + x2 − 2 x2 1 − x2 x2
= )f ' ( x = ≤ 1−
(1 + x2 ) 2 (1 + x2 ) 2 (1 + x2 ) 2
x2 1
2 2
≥ 2 2 2
2
) . (1 + xﻟﺬا از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ ) 2 x ≤ (1 + xﭘﺲ
1 1
= f ' ( x) ≤ 1 −
2 2
ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ aو bﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ و دﻟﺨﻮاه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
) f (b) − f (a 1
≤ ) = f ' (c
b−a 2
1
⇒ f (b) − f (a ) ≤ b − a
2
π
< o < β ≤α
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ: ) (14اﮔﺮ 2
١١ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم :ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f ( x) = tan xرا روي ﺑﺎزه ] αو [βدر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ.
اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ را داراﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ:
tan α − tan β 1
=
α −β cos 2 c
1
2
ﭼﻮن β < c < αو cos xﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺻﻌﻮدي اﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ
1 1 1
2
≤ 2
≤
cos β cos c cos2 α
ﻟﺬا
1 tan α − tan β 1
2
≤ ≤
cos β α −β cos 2 α
) (15درﺳﺘﯽ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺎﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ]2و [oﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
3 − x2
,o ≤ x ≤ 1
f ( x) = 2
1 , x > 1
x
lim f ( x) = f (1) = 1
x → 1ﭘﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﺎ روي ] [o , 2ﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ .از ﺣﻞ(
ﻃﺮﻓﯽ:
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٢
ﭘﺲ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ fﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ روي ) (o , 2ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد اﺳـﺖ .ﻟـﺬا ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀـﯿﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪار
ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ.
3
) (17ﻗﻀﯿﻪ رل را ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮده ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آن ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ x + x − 1 = oﯾـﮏ
و ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﮏ رﯾﺸﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ دارد.
ﺣﻞ( اﮔـﺮ fروي ] [a, bﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ و روي ) (a, bﻣﺸـﺘﻖ ﭘـﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و )f (a ) = f (b
) (18ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻀﯿﻪ رل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺑـﯿﻦ ﻫـﺮ دو رﯾﺸـﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘـﯽ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﻪ e x sin x = 1
−x
ﺣﻞ( e sin x = 1ﻣﻌﺎدل اﺳﺖ ﺑـﺎ . sin x = eو e cos x = −1ﻣﻌـﺎدل اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ
x x
−x
. cos x = −e
−x
ﺣﺎل ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f ( x) = sin x − eرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ .اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ رل را داراﺳﺖ و
−x
. f ' ( x) = cos x + e
x+1 x
(Ln >)
اﺳﺖ. x ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ) (11ﺑﺮاي x > oدارﯾﻢ x + 1
x 1
≤
ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ o < x ≤ 1آﻧﮕﺎه x + 1 1 + xﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ:
x x+1
(≤ Ln )
x+1 x
) (20ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﻪ ازاي ﻫـﺮ ﻋـﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘـﯽ α ≥ 1
z ≥ o (1 + z) ≥ 1 + αz
α
اﮔﺮ
اﯾــﻦ ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ ﺷــﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀــﯿﻪ ﻣﻘــﺪار ﻣﯿــﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ را داراﺳــﺖ .ﭘــﺲ o < c < zﻣﻮﺟــﻮدات ﮐــﻪ
)f ( z) − f (o (1 + z)α − αz − 1
⇒ ) = f ' (c = α (1 + c)α −1 − α ≥ o
z−o z
ﭼﻮن c > oاﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ (1 + z)α ≥ 1 + αz
دارد.
از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ f ' (−1) = −4 + 16 − 12 = oو اﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ رﯾﺸﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ اﺳﺖ.
رﯾﺸﻪ دارد.
١٥ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم :ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
ﺣــﻞ( f (1) = 8 > o , f (o) = −2 < oﭘــﺲ ﺣــﺪاﻗﻞ ﯾــﮏ رﯾﺸــﻪ در ] [o , 1دارد .از
ﻃﺮﻓﯽ:
f ' ( x) = 2 o x4 + 9 x2 + 3 > o
) (23ﻓــﺮض ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ ) f (xروي ] [o , 1ﻣﺸــﺘﻖ ﭘــﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ .ﺛﺎﺑــﺖ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ ﻋــﺪدي ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ
o < c < 1 , cوﺟﻮد دارد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ )c 2 f ' (c) + 2cf (c ) = f (1
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) h( x) = x f ( xرا روي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ]1و [oدر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀـﯿﻪ
2
1
)10 f ( x) = 2 x +
2x
1 4 x2 − 1
f ' ( x) = 2 − =
2x2 2x2
1 1 1 1
− ∞ , − , + ∞ − ,
ﺻﻌﻮدي اﺳﺖ. و 2 2 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ روي 2 2 ﻧﺰوﻟﯽ و روي
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f (t ) = Αrc tan tرا روي ﺑﺎزه ] [o , xدر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ
ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ را دارد .ﭘﺲ دارﯾﻢ:
)f ( x) − f (o Αrc tan x − o 1
⇒ ) = f ' (c =
x−o x 1 + c2
1 1
< <1
2
1 + xﻟﺬا دارﯾﻢ: 1 + c2 ﭼﻮن o < c < xﭘﺲ
1 Αrc tan x x
2
< <1 ⇒ < Αrc tan x < x
1+ x x 1 + x2
x2 x2
< )< x − Ln(1 + x
4 2
ﭘﺲ دارﯾﻢ:
1 x − Ln(1 + x) 1 x2 x2
< < ⇒ < x − Ln (1 + x) <
4 x2 2 4 2
x
)( x > o < Ln(1 + x) < x
1+ x ) (5ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ:
ﺣﻞ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 292ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
2 π
< x < sin x < x,o < x
π 2 ) (6ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎوي زﯾﺮ را ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
ﺣﻞ( ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎوي sin x < xدر ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ 2ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻟﻒ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪ.
π 2
x, 2 f (t ) = sin t − t
در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ ،اﯾﻦ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ را روي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي x > oﺗﺎﺑﻊ π
٢١ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم :ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
π
<o< x
. tan x + sin x > 2x ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ: ) (7اﮔﺮ 2
) (8ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fدر ﺑﺎزه ] [a, bﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ' ' fدر ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) (a, bﻫﻤـﻮاره ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد و
ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ.
x+ y 1
( ∀x, y ∈ [a , b ] : f ))) ≤ ( f ( x) + f ( y
2 2
) (9اﮔﺮ fدر ﺑﺎزه ]1و [oﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ و f (o) = oو اﮔـﺮ ) f ' ( xﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎزه ) (o,1ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد و
)f ( x
= )g ( x
ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزه ) (o,1ﺻﻌﻮدي اﺳﺖ. ﺻﻌﻮدي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ x
⇒ } = {− 2,2ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ
)3 f ( x) = sin 2 x − sin x
f ' ( x) = sin 2 x − cos x = o
⇒ cos x = o
1
= sin x
2
π π 5π
⇒ = kπ + ,2kπ + ,2kπ +
ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ 2 6 6
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ در x = 2ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ .ﭘﺲ x = 2ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ.
٢٣ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم
7 4 1
5) f ( x) = x3 + x3 − 3x 3
4 1 2
7 4 −
f ' ( x) = x 3 + x 3 − x 3
3 3
7 x2 + 4 x − 3
= 2
= o → 7 x2 + 4 x − 3 = o
3 x3
3
o,−1, ⇒
ﭘﺲ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ 7
6) f ( x) = 3 ( x3 − 3 x2 + 4)
3 x2 − 6 x
f ' ( x) =
3 3 ( x3 − 3 x2 + 4)2
3 x2 − 6 x = o ⇒ x = o,2
x3 − 3 x2 + 4 = o ⇒ ( x − 2)2 ( x + 1) = o ⇒ = 2,−1
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲx = 2 ﺑﻪ ازاي
{ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽo,−1} ⇒
( x + 1)
7) f ( x) = 2
( x − 5 x + 4)
(ﺣﻞ
D f = R − {1,4}
x2 − 5 x + 4 − 2 x2 − 2 x + 5 x + 5
f ' ( x) =
( x2 − 5 x + 4)2
⇒ − x2 − 2 x + 9 = o ⇒ 2
+ 2x − 9 = o
−2± 4o
x= = −1 ± 1 o ⇒
2 ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٤
3 1
)8 = )f ( x x2 − 4 x2 +2
] ∞D f = [o,+
1 1
3 − 3x − 4 4
= f ' ( x) = x 2 − 2x 2 1
⇒ = ⇒
2 3
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ 2x 2
2
= )f ( x x + cos x
2
2 2 π 3π
= )f ' ( x = − sin x = o ⇒ sin x ⇒ x= ,
2 2 4 4
f ' ' ( x) = − cos x (2
π π π 2
=x ⇒ f ' ' ( ) − cos( ) = − ⇒
4 4 4 2 ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ
3π 3π 2
=x = ) ('' ⇒ f ⇒
4 4 2 ﻣﯿﻨﯿﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ
٢٥ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم :ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
f ( x) = −4 x 3 + 3 x2 + 18 x
f ' ( x) = −12x2 + 6 x + 18 = −6(2x2 − x − 6) = o
1± 7 3
=⇒ x ⇒ x = 2, x = −
4 2
(3
f ' ' ( x) = −24 x + 6
ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ⇒ x = 2 ⇒ f ' ' (2) < o
3 3
x=− ⇒ ⇒ f ' ' (− ) > o
2 2 ﻣﯿﻨﯿﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ
f ( x) = 2 x 3 − 9 x2 + 27
f ' ( x) = 6 x2 − 18 x = 6 x( x − 3 ) ⇒ x = o, x = 3
f ' ' ( x) = 12x − 18 (4
ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ⇒ x = o ⇒ f ' ' (o) = −18 < o
1 1
−
= )f ( x 4 x2 + 4x 2
1 3
− − 1 1 x −1
f ' ( x) = 2x 2 − 2x 2 (= 2 − () = 2 ) = o⇒ x=1
x x x x x
3 5
− −
f ' ' ( x) = − x 2 + 3x 2
(5
ﻣﯿﻨﯿﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ⇒ f ' ' (1) = 2 > o
(7
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢٦
f ( x) = ( x − 4)2 x ⇒ D f = [o,+∞ ]
1 4 x( x − 4) + ( x − 4) 2
f ' ( x) = 2( x − 4) x + ( x − 4) 2 =
2 x 2 x
( x − 4)(5 x − 4) 4
= = o ⇒ x = 4, x =
2 x 5
1
2 x (1 o x − 24) − ( x − 4)(5 x − 4)
x 2x(1 o x − 24) − ( x − 4)(5 x − 4)
f ' ' ( x) = =
2 x 2x
8 × 16
f ' ' (4) = = 16 > o ⇒
8 ﻣﯿﻨﯿﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ4 درf
8
× (−4)
4
f ''( ) = 5 <o⇒
5 8 4
5 ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ5 درf
9 x2
f ( x) = +
x 9
9 2 x − 81 + 2x 3 81 81
f ' ( x) = − + = = o ⇒ x3 = ⇒ x = 3
x2 9 9x 2 2 2 (8
ﻣﯿﻨﯿﻤﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ
18 2 81
f ' ' ( x) = + ⇒ f ' ' ( 3 )>o⇒
x3 9 2
٢٧ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم :ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
٢٩ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
∫x
2
1 + xdx
(ج
2udu = dx ﭘﺲu 2 = 1 + x ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﺪ
∫ (u ∫
2
− 1)2 2u 2 du = 2 (u 6 − 2u 4 + u 2 )du
u 7 2u 5 u 3
= 2( − + )+c
7 5 3
7 5 3
( x + 1) 2 2( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2
= 2( − + )+c
7 5 3
∫x
3
x2 − 1dx
(ه
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٣٠
dx 2
u = x ⇒ 2du =
x ∫
⇒ 2 (u − 1) 2 du = (u − 1) 3 + c
3
2
= ( x − 1) 3 + c
3
x5 dx 1 − 6 x5 1
∫ 1 − x6
=−
6 ∫ 1 − x6
dx = − × 2 1 − x6 + c
6
1
= − 1 − x6 + c
3 (و
xdx xdx
∫ = ∫
1 + x2 (1 + x2 ) 3 1 + x2 (1 + x2 ) 1 + x2
u 2 = 1 + x2 ⇒ udu = xdx
udu udu
∫ 2
1 + (u − 1)u 3
=
1− u3 + u5
∫
(ز
( x + 1)dx ( x + 1)dx
∫ ( x2 + 2x + 2) 3 = ∫ ((x + 1)2 + 1) 3
du 1 1 1 1
u = ( x + 1) 2 + 1 ⇒ = × − × + c = − +c
u3 2 2 u2 4(( x + 1) 2 + 1) 2 (ح
4 − x2
∫ x4
dx; u = 2 sin x ⇒ du = 2 cos xdx
1 cos 2 x 1 1
∫4
4 sin x
dx =
4 ∫
cot 2 x ⋅ csc 2 xdx = − cot 3 x + c
12 (ط
٣١ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
x2 + 1
∫ 3 x3 + 3 x + 1 dx
du
u = x3 + 3 x + 1 ⇒ = ( x2 + 1)dx
3
2 2
1 du 1 3 1
3 ∫3 = × u 3 + c = ( x 3 + 3 x + 1) 3 + c
u 3 2 2 (ي
∫ x 3 1 − xdx
2
u 3 = 1 − x ⇒ −3u 2 du = dx
∫ ∫
− 3 (1 − u 3 ) 2 u 3 du = −3 (u 3 − 2u 6 + u 9 )du
u 4 2u 7 u 1o
= −3 ( − + )+c
4 7 1o
4 7 1o
(1 − x) 3 2(1 − x) 3 (1 −x) 3
= −3 ( − + )+c
4 7 1o (ك
2
x2 1 3 x2 1 3
∫3 x3 + 1
dx =
3 ∫3 x3 + 1
dx = × ( x 3 + 1) 3 + c
3 2
(ل
1
∫x ∫
5 5
5 − x2 dx = − 5 − x2 (−2x)dx
2
6
1 5
= − × (5 − x2 ) 5 + c
2 6 (م
dx
∫
= sec 4 xdx + 4 ∫ (sin 2x)2 = ∫ sec ∫
2
x(1 + tan 2 x)dx + 4 csc 2 2 x
tan 3 x
= tan x + − 2 cot 2 x + c
3 (ﺣﻞ
. 357 ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ20-3-5
.( ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ1)
tan 3 x
= − tan x + x + c
3 (1
tan 5 x tan 3 x
= − + tan x − x + c
5 3 (2
٣٣ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
cos 3 x
∫ sin 9 x dx
cos x(1 − sin 2 x) cos x cos x
= ∫ sin x9
dx = ∫ sin 9 x dx − ∫ sin 7 x dx
1 1
=− + +c
8 sin 8 x 6 sin 6 x (3
sec 4 x sec 2 x(1 + tan 2 x)
∫ sec 4 x ⋅ cot 6 xdx = ∫ tan 6 x dx = ∫ tan 6 x
dx
sec 2 x sec 2 x 1 1
= ∫ tan 6 x dx + ∫ tan 4 x dx = − 5 tan 5 x − 3 tan 3 x + c (4
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٣٤
∫ ∫
= cot 9 x . cse2 xdx − cot 7 x . cse2 xd x
cot10 x cot 8 x
=− + +c
10 8
dx
u = tan x ⇒ du =
cos2 x
= ∫ ((u + 1) − (u + 1) )du =
11 (tan x + 1)12 (tan x + 1)11
10
−
12 11
٣٥ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
sin x dx sin x dx
10) ∫ cos2 x + 2 cos+ 1 = ∫ (cos x + 1)2
(u = cos x + 1 ⇒ − du = sin x dx)
du 1
=− ∫ u 2 = cos x + 1 + c
I In = tan n x dx
و, ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺘﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿـﺪ.
4 In ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ2)
. را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪI 6
(ﺣﻞ
∫ ∫ ( )
In = tan n − 2 x . tan 2 x dx = tan n x sec 2 x − 1 dx = tan x
∫ ∫ (
= tan n −1 x . tan 2 x dx − tan n − 2 x sec n − 2 x − 1 dx )
tan n −1
= − I n −2 6 + c
n −1
tan n −1
⇒ In + I n − 2 = +c
n −1
∫
I 2 = tan 3 x dx = ∫ (sec )
2
x − 1 dx = tan x − x
tan 3 x
I4 = − tan x + x + c
3
tan 5 x tan 3 x
I6 = − + tan x − x + c
5 3
(x, y) ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ راﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ زاوﯾﻬﺨﻄﻮط ﻣﻤﺎس در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ3)
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٣٦
x
−
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از آن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ y
ﺣﻞ(
dy x
=− ⇒ ydy = − xdx
dx y
⇒ ydy = − xdx + c
y2 x2
=− =c ⇒ x2 + y2 = 2c
2 2
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺨﻔﯽﻫﺎ ،دواﯾﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت اﺳﺖ.
) (4ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻣﺨﻔﯽ را ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) (2 , 9ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ زاوﯾﻪ ﻣﻤﺎس ﺑﺮﺧﯽ
2
3 xﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
y = x3 + c
9= 8+c ⇒ c =1
y = x3 + 1
ﺣﻞ(
) (6ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ x + 3اﺳﺖ .ﻫﺮﮔﺎه ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﻪ ازاي x = 1ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 1ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ,ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ را
ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ.
٣٧ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
y' = x + 3 ⇒ y= ∫ x+ 3 +c
2
⇒ y= (x + 3 ) x + 3 + c
3
2 13
(1 , 1) ⇒ 1 = × 4 × 2× c ⇒ c=−
3 3
2 13
y = (x + 3 ) x + 3 −
3 3 (ﺣﻞ
.( ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﻧﺘﺮاﻟﻬﺎي زﯾﺮ را ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ7)
sin x dx 1
1) ∫ (1 + cos x)2 = − 1 + cos x + c
1
∫ cos ∫ (1 + cos 2 x)
6 3
x dx = dx
8
∫( )
1
2) = 1 + 3 cos 2 x + 3 cos2 2 x + cos 3 2 x dx
8
1
∫ ∫
= dx + 3 cos 2 x dx +
8
3
2
(1 + cos 4 x)dx + cos 2 x 1 − sin 2 2x dx
∫ ∫
( )
1 3 3 3 1 sin 3 2 x
= x + sin 2 x + x + sin 4 x + sin 2 x − +c
8 2 2 8 2 6
3) ∫ ∫ (
sin 5 x cos2 x dx = sin x 1 − cos2 x cos2 xdx )
2
∫ ∫ ∫
= sin x . cos2 x dx − 2 sin x . cos 4 x dx + sin x . cos 6 x dx
cos 3 x 2 cos 7 x
=− + cos 5 x − +c
3 5 7
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٣٨
1
4) ∫
cos 3 3 x
3
sin 3 x
dx = cos∫3 x 1 − sin 2
3 (
x sin
−
)
3 3 x dx
1 5
−
∫
= sin 3 3 x . cos 3 x dx − ∫ sin 3 x . cos 3 x dx
2 8
1 1
= sin 3 3 x + sin 3 3 x + c
2 8
1
∫ sin 3 y cos 3 y dy = 6 sin
2
5) 3y+c
1
6) ∫ cos t . cos 3t dt = 2 ∫ (cos 2t + cos t ) dt
1 1
= sin 2t + sin t + c
4 2
1
7) ∫ sin x . sin 3 x . sin 5 x = ∫ 2 (cos 2x − cos x)sin 5 x dx
1 1
=
2 ∫
sin 5 x . cos 2 x dx − sin 5 x . cos x dx
2 ∫
1 7 3 1
∫
= sin x + sin x dx − (sin 3 x + sin 2 x)dx
∫
2 2 2 2
−1 7 1 3 1 1
= cos x − cos x + cos 3 x + cos 2 x + c
7 2 3 2 6 4
٣٩ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
1
8) ∫ sin
4
x cos 4 x dx =(2 sin x cos x)4 dx
∫
16
1 1
= ∫
sin 4 2x dx = (1 − cos 4 x)2
∫
16 32
∫( )
1
= 1 − 2 cos 4 x + cos2 4 x dx
32
1 1 1 1
= x − sin 4 x + x + sin 8 x + c
32 2 2 16
u = 1 + sin ( x − 1) = sin ( x − 1)cos( x − 1) dx
2 du
⇒
2
I=
1
2 ∫ u du =
1
3
1
3
( )
u u +c = 1 + sin 2 ( x − 1) 1 + sin 2( x −1) + c
dx dx dx
10) ∫ cos2 x . sin 2 x = 4∫ (2 sin x cos x)2 = 4∫ sin 2 2x = −2 cot 2x + c
1 4 13 4 7 4 11 4 9
I = sin + sin x + sin x + sin x + c
2 13 4 7 4 11 4 9 4
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٤٠
1 + sin 3 x 1 sin 3 x
12) ∫ cos2 3 x dx = ∫ cos2 3 x dx + ∫ cos2 x dx
1 1 1
= tan 3 x − . +c
3 3 cos 3 x
(sin x + cos x) u = sin x − cos x ⇒ du = (cos x + sin x)dx
13) ∫ 3 (sin x − cos x)
1 2
− 2
dy 3 du = 2 u 3 + c = 2 (sin x − cos x) + c
= ∫ 3
u
= u ∫ 3 3
3
du
∫x
n −1
14) sin xn dx u = xn ⇒ = xn −1 dx
n
1 1
=
n∫sin u du = − cos xn + c
n
sin 3 x 1 − cos xn x
15) ∫ 5 cos 3 x ∫
= sin x
5
cos 3 x
dx
3 13
−
∫
= cos 5 x . sin x dx − ∫ cos 5 x . sin x dx
2 18
5 5
= − cos 5 x + cos 5 x + c
2 18
sin x du 1 1
16) ∫ (1 + cos x)2 dx = − ∫ u 2 = u + c = 1 + cos x + c
dx dx
17) ∫ x sin 2
x
, u = x ⇒ 2du =
x
∫ sin 2 u = −2 cot( x )+ c
du
I =2
٤١ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
x dx du
18) ∫ cos2 x2 , u = x2 ⇒
2
= x dx
1 du 1
I= ∫ 2
= tan x2 + c
2 cos u 2
(1 + cos x)6
∫ sin x(1 + cos x) dx = − ∫ u
5 5
19) du = − +c
6
اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﲔ
٤٣ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ :اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ
ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺣﺪ ,اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f (x) = xرا در ﻓﺎﻟﻪ ] [0 , 1ﺑﯿﺎﯾﯿﺪ.
2
ب(
ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ اﻟﻒ(
ﻗﻀﯿﻪ . 4 − 2 − 6ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ fدر ﺑﺎزهاي ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﺎط c , b , aﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ در اﯾـﻦ
ﺻﻮرت:
ﻗﻀــﯿﻪ .6-2-4اﮔــﺮ fو gﺑــﺮ ] [a , bﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ و ﺑــﺮاي ره ]، x∈[a , b
) (2اﮔـﺮ fﺑـﺮ ] [a , bاﻧﺘﮕــﺮال ﭘـﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و ﺑــﺮاي ﻫـﺮ xدر ﻓﺎﺻــﻠﻪ ] ، [a , b
٤٥ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ :اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ
) (3اﮔﺮ fروي ] [a , bﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و ﺑـﺮاي ﻫـﺮ ] f (x) < o ، x∈[a , bاﻧﮕـﺎه:
ﺣﻞ(
≤ f ( x) dx
b b
∫a ∫a o dx = o
12-2-6ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .371
12 22 n2
lim 8 3 + 3 + .... + 3
n
n n
∞ n → +را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﯾﮏ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﯾﺴﯿﺪ. ) (1ﺣﺪ
ﺣﻞ(
n 2
1i 1 2
= 8 lim ∑ = 8 x dx
nn o ∫
ﺣﺪ i =n
n
∑ i2
n
lim
i =1
∞ n → +را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﯾﺴﯿﺪ. ) (2ﺣﺪ
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤٦
1 n2
n n n
1
∑ i2 ∑ ∑ n.
n n n
lim = lim • 2 = lim 2 = lim
n i i i
i =1 i =1 i =1 ) (
n
1 1
= ∫o x2 dx
) (3ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
اﻟﻒ(
1
∫−1 x dx
ﺣﻞ(
n n
1 1 1i 1
∫−1 x dx = 2∫o dx = 2 lim ∑ = 2 lim 2
nn n
∑i
i =1 i =1
)n(n + 1
= 2 lim =1
2n2
ب(
5
=J ∫3 [x] dx
) kdx = k (b − a
b
) (4اﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fروي ] [a , bاﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ:
6 − 2 − 6دارﯾﻢ:
ﭘﺲ
) (5ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ را ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي داده ﺷﺪه در آن ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد.
اﻟﻒ(
1 3
∫− 2 (x + 1) 2 dx
3
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f (x)= (x + 1) 2روي ] [− 1 , 1ﺻﻌﻮدي اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ ﺣﻞ(
max f ( x) = f (1) = 2 2
max f ( x) = f (− 1) = o
1
⇒ o ≤ ∫−2 f (x) dx ≤ 2 ))2 (2 − (− 1
1 3
⇒ ≤ o ∫−2 (x + 1) 2 dx ≤ 6 2
ب(
"
1
∫
o
2 1 + sin 2 x dx
2
" 1
o , 2 f ( x) = 1 + sin 2 x
اﺳﺖ ،ﭼﻮن ﺗﺮﮐﯿـﺐ دو ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﺻـﻌﻮدي روي 2 ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤٨
max f ( x) = 1
"
3 3 π
= )min f ( x ≤ f ( x) dx
"
2
⇒ ≤ ×
2 2 ∫ o
2
2
ج(
4
. ∫1
x − 2 dx
max x − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2
min x − 2 = 2 − 2 = o
4
⇒ ≤o ∫1 x − 2 dx ≤ 6
د(
2 x+ 5
∫− 5 x − 3 dx
x+5
= )f (x
ﻧﺰوﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ ﺣﻞ( x − 3
max f ( x) = f (− 5 ) = o
min f ( x) = f (2) = −7
2
⇒ ≤ −49 ∫− 5 f (x) dx ≤ o
1 2 1 1 2
∫o x dx ≤ ∫1 x2 dx
و ) (6ﺑﺪوﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ∫o x dx ≥ ∫o x dx
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f (x) = x − xرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ دارﯾﻢ:
2
٤٩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ :اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ
1 1
⇒ o ≤ x ≤1 ⇒ f ( x) ≥ o ⇒ x ≥ x2 ∫o ≥ x dx ∫o x
2
dx
2 2
o ≥1 ⇒ ⇒ f ( x) ≤ o ⇒ x ≤ x2 ∫o x dx ≤ ∫o x2 dx
1
1
f ( x) dx = o
)∫−1 f (x) dx = o = f (o
∫−1 ⇒
2
[− 1 ) (10اﮔﺮ fروي ] [− 1 , 4اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ fروي ], 4
4
5
⇒ ∫−1 f (x) dx = 15
13 − 3 − 6ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 378
ﺣﻞ(
o
= f ( x) dx f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx
a a
∫−a ∫−a ∫o
o
f (− x) (− dx) + ∫o f (x) dx
a
= ∫a
f (− x) dx + ∫o f (x) dx
a a
= ∫o
= − f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx = o
a a
∫o ∫o
(2در ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ 1اﮔﺮ fزوج ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ,ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ:
٥١ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ
f ( x) dx = 2 f ( x) dx
a a
∫−a ∫o
o
f ( x) dx = f ( x) dx + ∫o f (x) dx
a a
∫−a ∫−a
o
∫a f (− x) dx + ∫o f (x) dx
a
=
f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx = 2 f ( x) dx
a a a
= ∫o ∫o ∫o
:( اﻧﺘﮕﺮاﻟﻬﺎي زﯾﺮ را ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ3
"
cos x
I= ∫
o
2
cos x + sin x
dx
(اﻟﻒ
π
u= −x
و دارﯾﻢdu = −dx ﭘﺲ 2 اﮔﺮ ﻗﺮا دﻫﯿﻢ
π
o
I= ∫ π
sin
(− du ) = ∫ 2
sin u
du
2
sin u + cos u o cos u + sin u
π π
cos u cos u
I + I = 2I = ∫o
2
cos u + sin u
du + ∫ o
2
cos u + sin u
du
π
π π
= ∫ o
2 du =
2
⇒ I=
2
π
sin m x
I= ∫o
2
sin m x + cos m x
dx
(ب
π
u= −x
: و دارﯾﻢdu = −dx ﭘﺲ 2 ﺣﻞ( اﮔﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﻢ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٥٢
π
o cos m u cos m u
I =− ∫
π
cos m u + sin m u
dx = ∫
o
2
cos m u + sin m u
du
2
π π π
sin m u cos m u π
I + I = 2I = ∫
o
2
sin m u + cos m u
du + ∫
o
2
cos m u + sin m u
du = ∫o
2 du =
2
π
⇒ I=
4
.( ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ4)
F (t ) =
t sin x
∫−2 1 + 1+ x 2
dx
1
F ' (t ) =
sin t
.
)اﻟﻒ 2 t 1+ 1+ t
F (t ) = f ( x) dx
g
∫a
)ب F ' (t ) = g ' (t ) f ( g (t ))
F (t ) =
x
∫− x t dt
F ( x) = 2 tdt F ' ( x) = 2 x
x
)ج ∫o ⇒
F ( x) =
x dt
∫− x 3 + t 4
2
F ( x) = 2 F ' ( x) =
x dt
∫o 3+t 4
⇒
3 + t 4 )د
dy
. را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪdx ( در ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ زﯾﺮ6)
y x
∫o cos2 tdt + ∫o sin
2
tdt = o
(اﻟﻒ
d x2
∫o sin tdt = − 2x sin 2 x2
2
dy
= − dx
d y
cos2 y
∫o
dx 2
cos tdt
dx (ﺣﻞ
x y
∫π 3 − 2 sin 2 z dz + ∫o cos tdt = o
2 (ب
(ﺣﻞ
d x
dy dx ∫π 3 − 2 sin 2 z dz
3 − 2 sin 2 x
2
=− y
=−
d
∫o cos tdt
dx cos y
dy
π
u = x−
وdu = dx ﭘﺲ 2 :ﺣﻞ( ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﯿﻢ
π
π u + cos u
2
I= ∫
−
2
π
1 + sin 2 u
du
2
π π
u cos u π cos u
= ∫ −
2
π 2
1 + sin u
du +
2 ∫ −
2
π
1 + sin 2 u
du
2 2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٥٤
π π
cos u
=π ∫
o
2
1 + sin 2 u
du = π Arc tan(sin u ) 2
o
π2
=
4
٥٥ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ :اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ
) (10ﻓﺮض ﮐﯿﻨﺪ ) f(xدﻟﺨﻮاه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ∫−a f ( x)dx = ∫o[ f ( x) + f (− x)]dx :
a a
)f ( x) − f (− x) f ( x) − f (− x
= )f ( x =
2 2 ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f(xرا ﻣﯽ ﺗـﻮان ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٥٦
f ( x) − f (− x) f ( x) + f (− x)
ﭘــــﺲ.ﻓــــﺮد اﺳــــﺖ 2 زوج و 2 ﻧﻮﺷــــﺖ ﮐــــﻪ
a a f ( x) + f (− x) a f ( x) − f (− x)
∫−a
f ( x)dx = ∫
−a 2
dx + ∫ −a 2
dx
a f ( x) + f (− x) a
= 2∫ dx + o = ∫ ( f ( x) + f (− x))dx
o 2 o
2π
I = ∫ f ( x) cos xdx
. ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ دﻫﯿﺪt=sinx را ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ o (اﻧﺘﮕﺮال11)
dt
t = sin x ⇒ x = Arc sin t ⇒ dx =
1− t2
cos x = 1 − t 2
1 o −1 o
I= ∫o f ( Arc sin t )dt + ∫1 f ( Arc sin t )dt + ∫o f ( Arc sin t )dt + ∫−1 f ( Arc sin t )dt
t t
∫
o
f ( x) g (t − x)dx = ∫ g ( x) f (t − x)dx
o (ب
: ﭘﺲ دارﯾﻢu(t)=0 , u(0)=t وdu=-dx ﭘﺲu=t-x ﺣﻞ( ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﺪ
o
∫ f ( x) g (t − x)dx = − ∫ f (t − u ) g (u )du
t
o t
t t
= ∫ g (u ) f (t − u )du = ∫ g ( x) f (t − x)dx
o o
٥٧ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ
π π
∫o
2
sin m xdx = ∫ 2 cosm xdx
o (ج
π π π
u ( ) = o , u (o) = , du = − dx u= −x
ﻟـﺬا2 2 ﭘـﺲ 2 ﺣـﻞ( اﮔـﺮ ﻗـﺮار دﻫـﯿﻢ
:دارﯾﻢ
π π π
π o
∫ 2
sin xdx = − ∫π sin ( − u )du = ∫ 2 cos m udu = ∫ 2 cosm xdx
m m
o
2 2 o o
π π
∫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ∫و
2
sin 2 xdx 2
cos2 xdx
o o )ج( اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻫـﺎي12 ( ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ13)
.ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
:ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ دارﯾﻢ
π π π π π π
∫ sin xdx + ∫ cos xdx = ∫ (sin + cos x)dx = ∫ dx = 2 ∫ sin xdx = 2∫ cos 2 xdx
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
o o o o o o
π π
π
⇒ ∫ 2 sin 2 xdx = ∫ 2 cos 2 xdx =
o o 2
π
= − cos =2
o
L mπ
)ب
∫−L
sin
L
xdx = o
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺮد اﺳﺖ
L mπ mπ
)ج
∫−L
cos
L
x = sin
L
xdx = o
.ﭼﻮن ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺮد اﺳﺖ
1
F ( x) − G ( x) = x x
G ( x) = ∫ tdt , F ( x) = ∫ udu
2 ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ 1 o ( اﮔﺮ17)
(ﺣﻞ
x
F ( x) = ∫ udu
o
1 u2 1 1
⇒ F ( x) − G ( x) = ∫ udu = =
o 2 o 2
x
G ( x) = ∫ udu
1
(ﺣﻞ
1 1 2 n −1
= ﺣﺪlim n → +∞ ( + + ... + )
n n n n
n −1
1 i 1 x2 1 1
= lim n → +∞ ∑ ( ) = ∫ xdx = =
i =o n n
o 2 o 2
1 dx n n n
∫ 1+ x
o 2
= lim n → +∞ ( 2 2
+ 2 2 + ... 2
n +1 n + 2 n + n2 (ب
(ﺣﻞ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٦٠
1 1 1 1
= ﺣﺪlim n →∞ ( + + ... + )
n 1 + ( 1 )2 1 + ( 2 )2 n 2
1+ ( )
n n n
n
1 1 1 dx π
= lim ∑ =∫ 2
=
i o 1+ x 4
i =1 n 1 + ( ) 2
n
2 1 π 2π (n − 1)π
= lim (sin + sin + ... + sin )
π n n n n
n→∞
(ج
(ﺣﻞ
1 n
π i 1 π 1 π 2
= ﺣﺪ lim ∑ sin π ( ) = ∫ sin xdx = − cos x =
π i =1 n n π o π o π
1
B(m, n) = ∫ xm (1 − x)n dx
را ﺛﺎﺑـﺖB(m,n)=Bn,m) اوﻻً ﺗﺴﺎوي. o ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ19)
ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ،ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
π
B(m, n) = 2∫ 2 sin 2 m+1 x. cos2 n +1 xdx
. o
: ﭘﺲ دارﯾﻢu (1) = o , u (o) = 1 , du = −dx ﭘﺲu=1-x ﺣﻞ( اوﻻً اﮔﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﻢ
1 1
B(m, n) = − ∫ (1 − u ) m u n du = ∫ xn (1 − x)m dx = (n, m)
o o
2
و ﮐﺮاﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪdx = 2 sin t cos dt , (1 − x) = cos t آﻧﮕﺎهx = sin t اﮔﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﻢ:ًﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ
2
π
o, 2
: ﭘﺲ دارﯾﻢ.ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد
π π
1
B(m, n) = ∫ xm (1 − x) n dx = ∫ 2 sin 2m t. cos2 n t.2 sin t cos dt = 2∫ 2 sin 2 m+1 t . cos2n +1 tdt
o o o
٦١ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻣﻌﯿﻦ:ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ
6
I = ∫ xy dx
3 ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮥ، ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ، y = 2 sin θ , x = 6 cosθ ( ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض20)
π
θ= آﻧﮕﺎه x = 3 اﮔﺮ ، dx = −6 sin θ dθ
6 (ﺣﻞ
θ = oآﻧﮕﺎه x = 6 اﮔﺮ
π
72 3 π 24
⇒I =∫ 6 cos θ .2 sin θ .(−6 sin θ )dθ = 72∫ sin θ . cos θdθ = sin θ 6 = 24(sin 3 − o) = = 3
2
3 6 8
o
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﲑ
ﺟﱪی
٦٣ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ :ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی
π
y =
6 ﺣﻞ( ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
π 3 π 3
cos y = cos = , tan y = tan =
6 2 6 3
π 1 2
cot y = cot = 3 , sec y = =
6 cos y 3
1
csc y = =2
sin y
.( در ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار دﻗﯿﻖ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ داده ﺷﺪه را ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﻨﯿﺪ3)
)اﻟﻒ
3 12
sin(cos −1 ( ) − sin −1 (− ))
5 13 3 12 5 13
tg (sec −1 ( ) + csc −1 (− )) = tg (cos−1 ( ) − sin −1 (− )) =
3 12 5 13 3 12
cos(cos−1 ( ) − sin −1 (− ))
5 13
3 3 12 12
sin(cos −1 ( ) cos(cos−1 ( )) − cos(sin −1 ( )) sin(sin −1 (− ))
= 5 5 13 13
3 12 3 12
cos(cos−1 ( )) − cos(sin −1 ( )) + sin(cos −1 ( )) sin(sin −1 (− ))
5 13 5 13
4 3 5 12 12 60
× − × −
= 5 5 13 13 = 25 169
3 5 4 12 15 48
× − × −
5 13 5 13 65 65
)ب
2 1 2 1 2 1
sin(cos −1 (− ) + 2 sin −1 (− )) = sin( π − cos −1 ( ) − 2 sin −1 ( )) = sin(cos −1 ( ) + 2 sin −1 ( ))
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 1 2 1
= sin(cos −1 ( )) cos(2 sin −1 ( )) + cos(cos−1 ( )) sin( 2 sin −1 ( ))
3 3 3 3
4 1 2 1 1 5 16 4 2 2
= 1 − × (2( 1 − )2 + 1) + × 2 × × 1 − = × ( + 1) + ×
9 9 3 3 9 3 9 9 3
٦٥ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
)ج
1 −1 π 1 π 1
cos(sin −1 (− ) + sin −1 ( )) = cos(− − sin −1 ( )) = cos cos(sin −1 ( ))
2 4 6 4 6 4
3 1 1 1 3 15 1 3 5 − 1
= × 1− − × = × − =
2 16 2 4 2 4 8 8
.( ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ4)
)اﻟﻒ
f ( x) = x2 sin −1 ( x2 )
2 x2
f ′( x) = 2 x sin −1 ( x2 ) +
1 − x4
)ب
f ( x) = sin −1 (cos x)
− sin x
f ′( x) = = −1
1 − cos2 x
)د
f ( x) = x cos−1 x2 + sin −1 x
1 − 2x x 1 1
f ′( x) = cos−1 x2 + + .
2 x 1− x 4
2 x 1 − x2
)ج
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٦٦
2
f ( x) = 3 sec −1 + csc −1 2 x
x
x 1
f ( x) = 3 cos −1 + sin −1
2 2x
3 −1 1 1
f ′( x) = . +
2 x2 2 1 − 4 x2
1−
4
)ﻫـ
1 2
f ( x) = x(sec −1 2 x)2 ⇒ f ( x) = x(cos−1 )
2x
1 2 −1 1 1 2 2
f ′( x) = (cos−1 ( )) − 2 x( 2 ) = (cos−1 ( )) +
2x 2x 1 2x 4 x2 − 1
1−
4 x2
)و
1
f ( x) = csc −1 x2 + 1 ⇒ f ( x) = sin −1 2
)2
x +1
−x
x2 + 1 = − 1
f ′( x) =
1 ( x2 + 1) x2 + 1
1− 2
x +1
(ﺣﻞ
٦٧ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
−1 −1 −1 x+ y
tg x + tg y = tg
1 − xy (ب
(ﺣﻞ
tg (tg −1 x) + tg (tg −1 y) x+ y x+ y
tg (tg −1x + tg −1 y) = −1 −1
= ⇒ tg −1x = tg −1 y + tg −1 .
1 − tg (tg x).tg (tg y) 1 − xy 1 − xy
(ﺣﻞ
4 3 4 9 3 16 16 9 7
sin −1 + sin −1 (− ) = sin −1 ( 1 − − 1 − = sin −1 ( − ) = sin −1 ( )
5 5 5 25 5 25 25 25 25
1 1 2
A = tg −1 + tg −1 + tg −1
3 4 9 (ب
(ﺣﻞ
1 1 7 2
+ +
2 7 2 85 π
A = tg −1 3 4 + tg −1 = tg −1 + tg −1 = tg −1 11 9 = tg −1 =
1 9 11 9 14 85 4
1− 1−
12 99
:( ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ7)
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٦٨
π
x > −1
1 − x 4
tg −1 x + tg −1 =
x − 3π x < −1
4
ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ؟؟؟
sin x + cos x
( A = cot −1 )
را ﺳﺎده ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. ) (8ﻋﺒﺎرت sin x − cos x
ﺣﻞ(
π
) sin x + cos x = 2 cos( x −
4
π
) 2 cos( x −
π 4 ) = cot −1 (cot(x − π )) = x − π
( sin x − cos x = 2 sin( x − ) ⇒ A = cot −1
4 π 4 4
) 2 sin( x −
4
−1
f ( x ) = sinرا رﺳــﻢ و ﻧﺸــﺎن دﻫﯿــﺪ دورة ﺗﻨــﺎوب آن )) (9ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ (sin x
2πاﺳﺖ.
π π
−1 −
≤≤ x
2دارﯾﻢ − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 :و sin (sin x) = x ﺣﻞ( ﺑﻪ ازاي 2
π π
− 3
2 2 س
π π
−3
2 2
o
o dx 1 −1 7 x 1 −1 1 π
1) ∫ 3 = sin ( ) 3 = − sin −1 ( ) = ×
−
7 36 − 49x2 7 6 − 7 2 7 6
7
10
10
dx 1 3x 3
2) ∫3
5 2
= sec −1 ( )
x 9 x − 25 3
2 5 5 2
3
3
1 1 1 1 1 2 π π π
= sec −1 (2) − sec −1 ( 2) = cos −1 ( ) − cos −1 ( ) = − =
3 3 3 2 3 2 9 12 36
3 dx 3 dx
3)∫ =∫
2
( x + 2) x + 4 x + 3 ( x + 2) ( x + 2)2 − 1
= 3 sec −1 ( x + 2) + c س
sec 2 dx 1 −1 tgx
4)∫ = tg ( ) + c
9 + tg 2 x 3 3
2
2
dx 3 2
5) ∫ 3 = sec ( x) 3 = cos −1 ( ) − cos −1 ( )
−1
2
x x2 − 1 2 2
2
π π
= −
6 4
: ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪx > −1 ( ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ11)
x −1 π
tg −1 ( ) = tg −1 x −
x +1 4
: دارﯾﻢ6 ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٧٠
x −1
tg −1 x − tg −1 ( )
x +1
1− x 1 + x2
x+
= tg −1 1 + x = tg −1 1 + x = tg −11 = π
1− x 1 + x2 4
1− x
1+ x 1+ x
x <1
:آﻧﮕﺎه ( ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎه12)
x
sin −1 x = tg −1 ( )
x2 − 1
sin(sin −1 x) x
tg (sin −1 ) = −1
=
cos(sin x) 1 − x2
x
⇒ sin −1 x = tg −1 ( )
1 − x2 (ﺣﻞ
x
tg −1 x = sin −1 ( )
1 + x2 ( ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ13)
x
sin(sin −1 ( )
−1
tg (sin (
x
)= 1 + x2
1 + x2 cos(sin −1 (
x
)
1 + x2
x x
= 1 + x = 1 + x2 = x
2
x2 1
1−
1+ x 2
1 + x2
x
⇒ tg −1 x = sin −1 ( )
1 + x2
404 ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﮥ
:ـ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال زﯾﺮ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ1
٧١ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ :ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی
2
∫ −2
ln( x + 1 + x2 )dx = o
1 − x ln x 1 ln x
= )f ′( x = 2−
x2 x x
2 1 ln x
f ′′( x) = − 3 − ( 2 − )
x x x
6 2 1 ln x
f ′′′( x) = 4 + 3 + 2 −
x x x x
− 24 6 2 1 ln x
f (4) = 5 − 4 − 3 − ( 2 − )
x x x x x
12 o 24 6 2 1 ln x
f (5) = 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 −
x x x x x x ﺣﻞ(
.4ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﮔﯿﺮي ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ در ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿـﺪ ﮐـﻪ اﮔـﺮ o < a < bآﻧﮕـﺎه
b−a b b−a
< < ln
b a b
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f(x)=lnxروي ﺑﺎزة ] [a, bﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ را داراﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ دارﯾﻢ:
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٧٢
ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f (t ) = ln(1 + t ) − tروي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ] [o, xﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ را داراﺳﺖ
ﭘﺲ:
)f ( x) − f (o
o<c< x , = )f ′(c
x
ln(1 + x) − x 1 −c
⇒ = = −1
x 1+ c 1+ c
x −c
− < <o
1+ x 1+ c ﭼﻮن o < c < xﭘﺲ
1 −x
<− x
2 x < 1آﻧﮕﺎه 1 + x اﮔﺮ
1 −x
<− x
2 x > 1آﻧﮕﺎه 1 + x اﮔﺮ
1 ln(1 + x) − x
<− x <o
2 x ﭘﺲ
1
x − x2 < ln(1 + x) < x
2 ﻟﺬا:
٧٣ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
π π
π cos x
2) ∫ dx = ln(2 + sin x) 2 + ln(2 + sin x) π
o 2 + sin x
o 2
3 2
= ln + ln = o
2 3
9 dx dx
3)∫ u = 1 + x ⇒ 2du =
4
)1 + x) x x
5 du 5 5
= 2∫ = 2 ln u = 2 ln
3 u 3 3
o dy o dy 1 o 1 1
4)∫ 2
=∫ = ∫ ( − )du
−3 y + 3 y − 4 − 3 ( y + 4)( y − 1) 5 − 3 y − 1 y + 4
1 y −1 o 1 1
= ln = (ln − ln 4)
5 y+4 − 3 5 4
1 1
= ln
5 16
1 dx 1 dx 1 1 1
5) ∫ = ∫o ( x − 2)( x − 3 ) ∫o ( x − 3 − x − 2 )dx
=
o x2 − 5 x + 6
x− 3 1 3 4
= ln = ln 2 − ln = ln
x−2 o 2 3
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٧٤
1
, x
xﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﻢ ،دارﯾﻢ: ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي
1 1 1
ln < − 1 ⇒ − ln x < − 1
x x x
1
⇒ 1 − ln x − < o
x
و از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ :ﮐﻪ
1
1− < ln x < x − 1
x
1
1− < ln x
x ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎوي اول دارﯾﻢ ln x < x − 1و از ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎوي دوم دارﯾﻢ:
1
1− < ln x < x − 1
x ﭘﺲ :
)ln(1 + x
lim x→o =1
)ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻫﻮﭘﯿﺘﺎل( x .9ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ،xﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﻢ ،x+1دارﯾﻢ:
x
< ln(1 + x) < x
+1
1 )ln(1 + x
< <1
x +1 x ﭘﺲ
1
lim = lim 1 = 1
،ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﯽ x +1 ﭼﻮن دارﯾﻢ:
)ln(1 + x
lim x→o =1
x
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٧٦
ln x
∞lim x→+ =o
)ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻫﻮﭘﯿﺘﺎل( x .10ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
x −1
< ln x < x − 1
x ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ 8دارﯾﻢ:
x − 1 ln x x − 1
2
< <
، xاز ﻃﺮﻓﯽ دارﯾﻢ: x دو ﻃﺮف را ﺑﺮ xﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢx .
ـﺎى
روشﻫــــــــــ
اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﮔﯿﺮی
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢
∫x
n
.را ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ Lnx dx اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
xn +1 dx
v= , du =
n +1 x
xn +1 xn xn +1 xn +1
Ιn = Lnx − ∫ dx = Lnx − +c ﭘﺲ
n +1 n +1 n +1 (n + 1)2
∫
( ﭘﯿـﺪاn > 1) , Ιn = cos n xdx ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﻣـﻮل ﺑﺎزﮔﺸـﺘﯽ ﺑـﺮای
∫ cos
4
.را ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ x dx ﮐﻨﯿﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ آن
∫
. ﻣﯽ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﯿﻢΙn = cos n −1 x. cos xdx را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرتΙn (ﺣﻞ
1
⇒ x Ln(a 2 + x2 ) − Ln(a 2 + x2 ) + c
2
1 1
∫x e − x dx = − ∫ u eu du = − (− x2 − 1) e − x + c
2 2
3
4)
2 2
∫x e x dx = ( x5 − 5 x4 + 2 o x3 − 6 o x2 + 12 o x − 12o) e x
5
5)
6) Ι = ∫ sin( Lnx) dx
1
u = sin( Lnx) , dv = dx ⇒ du = cos( Lnx) , v = x
x
Ι = x sin( Lnx) − ∫ cos( Lnx) dx
1
u = cos( Lnx) , dv = dx ⇒ du = − sin( Lnx) , v = x
x
Ι = x sin( Lnx) − x cos( Lnx) − Ι
x
Ι = (sin( Lnx) − cos( Lnx)) + c
2
7) Ι = ∫ x tg −1 x dx
1 x2
u = tg −1 x , dv = x dx ⇒ dv = dx , v =
1 + x2 2
x2 1 x2 x2 1 1
Ι = tg −1 x − ∫ 2 dx = tg −1 x − x + tg −1 x + c
2 2 x +1 2 2 2
∫ sin
−1
8) x dx t 2 = x ⇒ 2tdt = dx
t2
Ι = 2∫ t sin −1 tdt = t 2 sin −1 t − ∫ dt
1− t 2
1− t 2 + 1
= t 2 sin −1 t + ∫ dt
1− t 2
= t 2 sin −1 t + sin −1 t + ∫ 1 − t 2 dt
1 1
∫ 1 − t 2 dt = ∫ cos 2 θ d θ = t + cos 2θ
2 4
1 1
⇒ Ι = x sin −1 x + sin −1 x + cos −1 x + cos 2(cos −1 x )
2 4
٥ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
9) ∫
Ι = ( x 3 + x) chx dx
1+ x
11) ∫
Ι = x Ln(
1− x
) dx
1+ x 2
u = Ln( ) , dv = dx ⇒ du = dx ,v = x
1− x 1 − x2
1+ x 2x 1+ x
Ι = x Ln(
1− x
)−
1− x 2 ∫
dx = x Ln(
1 − x
) + Ln(1 − x2 ) + c
1 + x
12) ∫
Ι = x2 Ln(
1− x
) dx
1− x 2 x3
u = Ln( ) , dv = x2 dx ⇒ du = − dx ,v = dx
1+ x 1 − x2 3
x3 1− x 1 3
Ι=
3
Ln( )+
1+ x 3
x 1 − x2 dx ∫
x3 1− x 1 x
=
3
Lx( )−
1+ x 3
( x + 2 ) dx
x −1 ∫
x3 1− x 1 2 1
= Lx( ) − x − Ln( x2 − 1) + c
3 1+ x 3 6
13 ) Ι= e ∫
x
dx
u 2 = x ⇒ 2udu = dx
∫
Ι = 2 u e u du = 2(u − 1) e u + c = 2( x − 1) e +c
x
tg −1 e x
14 ) Ι= ∫ ex
dx
−1 x dx ex 1
u = tg e , dv = ⇒ du = 2x
dx , v = −
e x
1+ e ex
tg −1 e x dx tg −1 e x du
Ι=−
e x
+ ∫ 1 + e2 x =
e x
+ ∫ u(1 + u 2 )
tg −1 e x 1
=− + Ln e x + Ln(1 + e 2 x ) − 2tg −1 e x + c
e x 2
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٦
٧ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
15 ) ∫
Ι = (sin −1 x) 2 dx
2
u = (sin −1 x) 2 , dv = dx ⇒ du = sin −1 x dx , v = x
2
1− x
2
Ι = x (sin −1 x) 2 − ∫ 1 − x2
sin −1 x dx
Lnx 2 Lnx 1
Ι = −x(
x
) − 2( (
x ∫
)' dx − 2 dx) + c
x
∫
Lnx 2 Lnx 1
= −x( ) − 2( )+ +c
x x x
Ln (1 + x) 1
17 ) Ι= ∫2 (1 + x)
dx =
2
u du ∫
1
= ( Ln(1 + x))2 + c
4
π2
18 ) Ι= ∫o
2 cos 2 x dx
u = 2x ⇒ 2udu = 2dx
π
Ι= ∫o u cos u du = u sin u + cos u + c
4
∫1 sec
−1
19 ) Ι= x dx , u= x
2u du = dx
2 2 1
∫
Ι = 2 u sec −1 u du = 2 u cos −1 ( ) du
1 1 u ∫
1 1 −1 1
t = cos −1 ( ) ⇒ dt = − 2 . du = du
u u 1 u u 2
− 1
1− 2
u
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٨
u2 1 u
Ι = 2(
2
cos −1 ( )) −
u u2 −1
∫du
1 2 π
= u 2 cos −1 ( ) − u 2 − 1 = 4 × − 3
u 1 3
3π 3π
20) Ι= ∫ π
4 x . cot x . csc x dx = − ∫ π
4 x (csc x)' dx
4 4
u = x , dv = (csc x)' dx ⇒ du = dx , v = csc x
3π
3π
4
Ι = x csc x
π ∫
− π 4 csc x dx
4
4
dx sin x 1 1 − cos x
∫ csc x dx =
sin x∫ = ∫2
1 − cos x
dx = Ln
2 1 + cos x
3π π 1 2 +1 2 −1
Ι=( × 2 − × 2 ) − ( Ln − Ln )
4 4 2 2 −1 2 +1
π2
21) Ι= ∫o
4 sin x dx u 2 = x ⇒ 2u du = dx
π π
Ι=2 ∫ o
2 u sin u du = 2(−u cos u + sin u ) 2
o
. ۴۴۴ ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ
.ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻫﺎی زﯾﺮ را ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
٩ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
x 5 − x 4 + 4 x 3 − 4 x2 + 8 x − 4
1) ∫ ( x2 + 2) 3
dx
Αx + Β Cx + D Ex + F
f ( x) = 2 + 2 2
+ 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1)2
⇒ ( Ax + B) ( x4 + 2 x2 + 1) + (Cx + D ) ( x2 + 1) + Ex + F
= x 5 − x 4 + 4 x 3 − 4 x2 + 8 x − 4
⇒ A= 1 , B = −1 , 2A+ C = 4 ⇒ C = 2
2B
(sec 2 x + 1).sec 2 x
2) ∫ 1 + tg 2 x
u = tgx ⇒ du = sec 2 xdx , u 2 = sec 2 x − 1
(u 2 + 2)du
I= ∫ 1+ u3
u2 + 2 A Bu + c
3
= +
1+ u 1 + u 1 + u + u2
⇒ ( A + B)u 2 + ( A + B + C )u + A + C = u 2 + 2
A+ B = 1
A + B + C = o ⇒ C = −1 , A = 3 , B = −2
A+ C = 2
3 2u + 1
⇒I=
u +1∫ du − 2 ∫
u + u +1
du = 3 ln(u + 1) − ln( u 2 + u + 1) + c
x2 + 2 x − 1
3) I= ∫ 27 x 3 − 1
dx
x2 + 2 x − 1 A Bx + C
= + 2
( 3 x − 1)(9 x2 + 3 x + 1) 3 x − 1 9x + 3 x + 1
⇒ (9 A + 3 B) x2 + (3 A − B + 3C ) x + A = x2 + 2x − 1
⇒ 9 A + 3 B = 1 , 3 A − +3C = 2 , A − C = −1
A = C − 1 , 9C − 9 + 3 B = 1
3C − 3 − B + 3C = 2
9C + 3 B = 10 25
⇒ ⇒ 27C = 25 ⇒ C =
6C − B = 5 27
−2 75 45 10
A= , B= − =
27 9 9 3
2 dx 2
⇒− ∫
27 3 x − 1
= − ln( 3 x − 1)
81
10 25
x−
3 27 = 1 . 90x − 25
9 x2 + 3 x + 1 27 9 x2 + 3 x + 1
2 1 90x − 25
I = − ln( 3 x − 1) +
81 ∫
27 9 x2 + 3 x + 1
dx
dx dx
4) I= ∫ x3 + x2 + x =∫ x( x2 + x + 1)
1 A Bx + C
2
= +
x( x + x + 1) x x2 + x + 1
A=1 , B = −1 , C = −1
1
(x + )
dx x+1 1 2 2 )
I= ∫
x
− 2
x + x+1∫= ln x − ln( x2 + x + 1) +
2 3
tg −1 (
3
2
١١ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
dθ
5) ∫ cosθ (1 + sin θ )
du
u = sin θ ⇒ = dθ
cos θ
du du
I= ∫ 2
(1 − u ) (1 + u )
= ∫ (1 + u ) 2 (1 − u )
1 A B C
2
= + 2
+
(1 + u ) (1 − u ) 1 + u (1 + u ) 1 − u
1 1 1
C= , B= , A=
4 2 4
1 du 1 du 1 du
I= ∫ + ∫
4 1 + u 2 (1 + u ) 2 4 u − 1
− ∫
1 1 1
I = ln(1 + sin θ ) − − ln(sin θ − 1) + C
4 2(1 + sin θ ) 4
dθ dθ dθ
6) ∫ sin(1 + sin θ ) = ∫ sin θ − ∫ 1 + sin θ
1 sin θ − 1 1 − sin θ
= ln
2 sin θ + 1
− ∫
cos 2 θ
dθ
1 sin θ − 1 1
= ln − tgθ = +C
2 sin θ + 1 cosθ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٢
dt
7) ∫ (1 + t )(1 + t 2 )2
1 A Bt + C Dt + E
2 2
= + 2 +
(1 + t )(1 + t ) 1+ t t + 1 (t 2 + 1) 2
A(t 2 + 1) 2 + ( Bt + C )(t 2 + 1) + dt + E = 1
1 1
A= , B=−
4 4
3
A+ C + E = 1 ⇒ C+E=
4
x2 + 1
8) ∫ x3 + 8 dx
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 A Bx + C
= = + 2
x3 + 8 ( x2 + 2)( x2 + 2x + 4) x + 2 x + 2x + 4
⇒ ( A + B) x2 + (2 A + 2B + 2C ) x + 4 A + 2C = x2 + 1
A+ B = 1
3 1
⇒ C = −1 , A= , B=
4 4
A+ B + C = o
4 A + 2C = 1
1 dx 1 3x +1
I= ∫ + ∫
4 x + 2 4 x2 + 2 x + 4
dx
1 1 2 x + 2 + ( x − 1)
= ln( x + 2) +
4 4 ∫
x2 + 2x + 4
dx
1 1 1 ( x − 1)
= ln( x + 2) + ln( x2 + 2 x + 4) +
4 4 4 x2 + 2x + 4∫
( x − 1) 1 2 x +1
∫ 2
( x + 1) + 3
dx = ln(( x + 1)2 + 3 ) −
2 3
tg −1 (
3
)
١٣ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
dx dx
9) ∫ x4 − 3 x 3 = ∫ x 3 ( x − 3 )
dx A B C D
3
= + 2+ 3 +
x ( x − 3) x x x x− 3
1 4
C=− , D =1 , A = −1 , B=
3 3
4 1 1 1
I = − ln x − . − . 2 + ln( x − 3 ) + C
3 x 6 x
x2 + 2 x2 + 2
10) ∫ 4 x5 + 4 x3 + x ∫ x(2x2 + 1)2 =
x2 + 2 A Bx + C Dx + E
= + 2 +
x(2 x2 + 1)2 x 2x + 1 (2 x2 + 1) 2
A= 2 , B = −4 , ...
xdx
11) ∫ ( x2 − x + 1)2
x Ax + B Cx + D
= =
( x2 − x + 1)2 x2 − x + 1 ( x2 − x + 1) 2
A=1 , B+ D = o , C =o
3B + D = 2 ⇒ B = 1 , D = −1
1 dx
12) ∫
o x + 2x2 + x + 2
3
4 x2 dx
13) ∫o 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 4
o x2 dx
14) ∫−1 (2x2 + 2x + 1)2
.449 ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﮥ
.ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ را ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٤
dx 1
1) ∫ = sin −1 (2 x) + C
1 − 4 x2 2
x2 dx
2) ∫ 9 − x2
x = 3 sin θ ⇒ dx = 3 cos θ dθ
9 sin 2 θ .3 cos θdθ 9 9
I= ∫ 3 cos θ
= θ − sin 2θ
2 4
x 3 dx
3) ∫ 9 − x2
∫ ∫
= 27 sin 3 θdθ = 27 sin θ − cos 2 θ sin θ
∫x
2
5) 9 − x2 dx
∫
x = 3 sin θ ⇒ I = 81 sin 2 θ . cos 2 θdθ
81 81 81
I=
4 ∫sin 2 2θ dθ = θ − sin 4θ + C
8 32
x+1
6) ∫ 9− x 2 ∫
dx = (sin θ + 1)dθ = − cos θ + θ
x3
7) ∫ 9+ x 2
dx x = 3tgθ ⇒ dx = 3 sec 2 θdθ
∫ ∫
I = 27 tg 3θ dθ = 27 tgθ (sec 2 θ − 1)dθ
27 2
= tg θ + 27 ln(cos θ ) + C
2
١٥ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
1 − x2 cos2 θ
8) I= ∫ x2
dx = ∫ sin 2 θ dθ = − cot θ − θ + C
o x
9) I= ∫−lne 2 1 − e 2 x dx
π
1
∫ ∫
2 2 cos 2 θ
u=e x
⇒ I= 1 1 − u du = π
dθ
2 6
π
1 1 2 π π 3
= ( θ + sin 2θ ) = − ( + )
2 4 π 4 12 8
6
dx dx du
10) ∫ ( x2 + 2x + 2)2 = ∫ (( x + 1)2 + 1)2 =∫ (u 2 + 1)2
sec 2 θ 1 1
∫ sec 4 θ dθ = ∫ cos
2
θdθ = θ + sin 2θ + C
2 4
dx
11) ∫ 5
, 2 x = tgθ
2 2
(1 + 2 x )
1 sec 2 θ 1
2 ∫ sec 5 θ 2∫
3
I= dθ = cos θ dθ
1 1 sin 3 θ
∫
2
= (cosθ − sin θ cosθ )dθ = sin θ − +C
2 2 3 2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٦
2dt
dθ 1 + t 2 dt = dt
12) ∫ 2 + sin θ
= ∫ 2t 2
t + t +1∫
2+ 2
1+ t
1
t+
2
= tg −1 ( 2 ) + C
3 3
2
2dt
π
dθ 1
1+ t2 1 2dt
13) ∫o
2
1 + sin θ + cos θ
= ∫o 2t 1− t2
= ∫
o 2 + 2t
1+ +
1+ t2 1+ t2
1
= ln(1 + t ) = ln 2
o
2dt
dθ 1 + t2
14) ∫ 3 + 2 cos θ
= ∫
1− t2
dt
3 +2+
1 + t2
2dt 2 −1 t
= 2 ∫
t +5
=
5
tg ( ) + C
5
١٧ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﱪی:ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ
dx du
∫ sec ∫ cos2 x = ∫ (1 − u 2 )2
3
15) xdx =
du
u = sin x ⇒ dx =
cos x
1 A B C D
2 2
= + 2
+ +
(1 − u ) (1 + u ) u + 1 (u + 1) u − 1 (u − 1) 2
1 1 1
D= , B= , A+ C = o , A− C = −
4 4 2
1 1
A= − , C=
4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
I = − ln sin x + 1 − . + ln sin x − 1 − .
4 2 1 + sin x 4 4 sin x − 1
dx dt x
16) ∫ csc xdx = ∫ sin x = ∫ t = ln tg
2
+C
x2 1 x2
17) ∫
I = x sin −1 xdx =
2
sin −1 x −
2 ∫ 1− x 2
dx
2
x 1
=
2 2 ∫
sin −1 x − sin 2 θ dθ
2
x 1 1
= sin −1 x − (sin −1 x) + sin 2(sin −1 x) + C
2 4 8
2dt
dx 1 + t2 dt
18) ∫ 1 − sin x + cos x
= ∫ 2t 1− t 2
=
1− t∫
1− +
1+ t2 1+ t2
x
= − ln tg −1 + C
2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٨
π sin x −1 du 1 1 1 π π
19) ∫o 4 + cos x 2
dx = − ∫1 4+u
= tg −1u = × =
2 2 −1 2 2 4
dx sec θ .tgθ
∫ x4 ∫ sec 4 θ .tgθ dθ = ∫ cos
3
20) = θdθ
x2−1
sin 3 θ
∫
= (1 − sin 2 θ ) cos θdθ = sin θ −
3
+C
dx dx
21) ∫ 2x − x 2
= ∫ 1 − ( x − 1) 2
= sin −1 ( x − 1) + C
dx dx 1 −1 2x + 3
22) ∫ 4 x2 + 12x + 13 ∫ = =
(2x + 3 ) 2 + 4 4
tg (
2
)
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ
ﳐﺘﺼﺎت ﻗﻄﱮ و
ﻣﻨﺤﲎﻫﺎى ﻗﻄﱮ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
7π
)اﻟﻒ (2 , 2) : (2 2 , )
4
4π
)ب 1 , − 3 ) : (2 ,ـ ( )
3
π
)ج ) (1 , 3) : (2 ,
3
x2 − 4 x + y2 = o ⇒ x2 + y2 = 4 x
)ج ⇒ r 2 = 4 r cos θ
⇒ r = 4 cos θ
4
بr) = ⇒
r 3 r− 2 cos θ = 4
3 − 2 cos θ
3 x2 + y2 − 2x = 4 ⇒ 3( x2 + y2 ) = (2x + 4)2
3 x2 + 3 y2 = 4x2 + 16 x + 16
y
جr) 2
= θ x⇒ 2y+ 2tg= ـ1
( )
x
⇒ y = xtg ( x2 + y2 )
1) r 2 = 9 sin 2θ 2) r 2 = 16 cos 2θ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٤
3) r = 3 cos 3θ
4) r = 4 sin 2θ
6) r = 1 + 2 sin θ
5) r = 3 sin 3θ 1
r = 2( + sin θ )
2
٥ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
9) r = ae kθ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٦
d c
y = x− x+
b b
d
= yاﺳــﺖ .ﮐــﻪ در ﻣﺨﺘﺼــﺎت ﻗﻄﺒــﯽ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﻂ ﻣــﻮرد ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت x
b
d
ﺻﻮرت ) ( θ = tg −1ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.
b
d c
ـ = r sin θ r cos θ +
b b
c c
=r =
) 1 ( bـ 1 ( b )) + d cos(tgـ b sin θ + d cos θ b sin( tg
d d
c
=r 2
b d2
+
b2 + d 2 b2 + d 2
c
=r
b + d2
2
1 π
( 1ـ θ = tg =)
3 6
6
=r =3
4
٧ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻗﺒﻠﯽ را ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ْ 45در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ دوران دﻫﯿﻢ.
π
اﻟﻒ ≤ ) D = {( r ,θ )1 ≤ r ≤ 2 , o ≤ θ }
2
1 2
π
≤ ) R = {( r ,θ )r ≥ o , o ≤ θب
2
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٨
π π
) جP = {(r ,θ ) o ≤ r ≤ 2 cosθ , ـ ≤θ ≤ }
2 2
2
o ≤ r ≤ 2 cosθ ⇒ o ≤ r ≤ 2r cos θ
o ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 2x
( x − 1)2 + y2 ≤ 1
π
) دT = {(r ,θ ) ـ3 ≤ r ≤ 2 , θ = }
4
π
) هK = {(r ,θ )r ≤ o ,θ = }
4
٩ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
π π
=θ ⇒ r = cos(2 × ) = o
4 4 ﺣﻞ(
π π
θ = ⇒ r = 1 − sin = o
2 2
2 2
cos(2θ ) = 1 − sin θ ⇒ 1 − 2 sin θ = 1 − sin θ ⇒ 2 sin θ = sin θ
π 5π
و = ⇒θ = o , π , θ
6 6
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٠
θ = o → r = 2 sin o = o
π π " ﻗﻄﺐ روي دو ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ
θ = → r = 2 cos = o
4 2
π π
cos 2θ = sin θ = cos(θ − ) ⇒ 2θ = 2Kπ ± (θ − )
2 2
π π 3π
⇒ θ = 2Kπ − ⇒ θ = − ,
2 2 2
2kπ π π 2π π
θ= + ⇒θ , +
3 2 2 3 2
2
r = 1 , r = 2 cos θ (ج
1 π
1 = 2 cos θ ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = ±
2 3
1 2π 4π
ـ1 = 2 cosθ ⇒ cosθ − ⇒ θ = ,
2 3 3
π π
θ=ـ ⇒ r = 4(1 + sin( − ) = o
2 2
3
.2ﻧﻤــﻮدار ، r = sin θﺧــﻮدش را ﻗﻄــﻊ ﻣــﯽ ﮐﻨــﺪ .ﻧﻘــﺎط ﺗﻘــﺎﻃﻊ را ﺗﻌــﯿﻦ
2
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
3 π
(1 +ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آورﯾﺪ. ) و
2 3
ﺣﻞ(
dr π
= cos θ , tg = 3
dθ 3
3 3
3. +1+
= m = tgd 2 2
3 3
− (1 + ) 3
2 2
5 3
+
m= 2 2
3 3
− 3−
2 2
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٢
.2زاوﯾــﻪ ﺑــﯿﻦ ﺷــﻌﺎع ﺣﺎﻣــﻞ و ﺧــﻂ ﻣﻤــﺎس ﺑــﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨــﯽ ﻫــﺎي زﯾــﺮ را در ﻧﻘــﺎط
π
و p( 2 ) , r 2 = 4 cos 2θ اﻟﻒ(
6
.3ﻣﻄﻠــﻮب اﺳــﺖ اﻧــﺪازه زاوﯾــﻪ ﮐــﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺧﻄﻬــﺎي ﻣﻤــﺎس ﺑــﺮ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﺗﻘــﺎﻃﻊ
2
2π
p ( −2 , ) , r = 4 cos θ − 3 , r = 4 cosθ
3
3 3
− × .(−4 )−2
3 2 2−2
= m1 = tgd1 = =o
3 3 3 3
×−4 + 2 × (− ×) − 4 + 2 × (− )
2 3 2 2
١٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
θ
tgβ = tg .4دﻟﻨﻤﺎي ) r = 2(1 − cosθﻣﻔﺮوض اﺳﺖ .ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
2
ﺣﻞ(
.5ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ .ﺑـﻪ ازاي ﻫـﺮ ، a , bﺧﻄـﻮط ﻣﻤـﺎس در ﻫـﺮ ﯾـﮏ از ﻧﻘـﺎط ﺗﻘـﺎﻃﻊ
ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎى
اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٦
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
2
.2ﺳـــﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺼـــﻮر ﺑـــﻪ ﻧﻤـــﻮدار ﺗﻮاﺑـــﻊ 2 y − y + 3 − x = o , x − y = vرا
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
ﺣﻞ(
١٧ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
x = v + y , x = 2 y2 − y + 3
v + y = 2 y2 − y + 3 ⇒ 2 y2 − 2 y − 4 = o ⇒ y2 − y − 2 = o y = −1 , y = 2
2 2
)s = ∫ (2 y2 − 2 y − 4)dy = ( y 3 − y2 − 4 y
−1 3
16 −2
(= − 12) − ( − 1 − 4) = 6 − 12 + 5 = 1
3 3
o ≤ x ≤ 2πﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
π 3π
=s ∫
o
4 (cos x − sin x)dx + ∫
π
4 (sin x − cos x)dx
4
2π
+ ∫3π
4
(sin x − cos x)dx
s=3
2 2
.4ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮر ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻤــﻮدار ﺗﻮاﺑــﻊ y = 4 − x , y = x − 2 xرا ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٨
2 2 2
x − 2 x = 4 − x ⇒ 2x − 2 x − 4 = o
2
⇒ x − x − 2 = o ⇒ x = −1 , x = 2
2
1 2 3 2
=s ∫
−1
) (4 − 2x + 2 x)dx = (4 x − x + x
3
16 2 16 29
=8− = + 4 + 4 − − 1 = 15 −
3 3 3 3
2
y = 2x , y = 2 x − x ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎي
3
2
2 x 8
o∫
s = (2 x − x − 2 x)dx = −
3
=
3
2 2
.6ﺳـــﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺼـــﻮر ﺑـــﻪ ﻧﻤـــﻮدار ﺗﻮاﺑـــﻊ x = 2 y , x = 1 − 3 yرا ﻣﺤﺎﺳـــﺒﻪ
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
١٩ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
1 1
= 2 y2 = 1 − 3 y2 ⇒ y2 ⇒ y=±
5 5
1 1
∫=s 5
1 ∫(1− 3 y2 − 2 y2 )dy = 2 5 (1 − 3 y2 − 2 y2 )dy
− o
5
1
2 1 1 2
) = 2 ( y − y − y33
(5 = 2 − − )
3 5 5 5 15 5
o
8 2
=y 2
.7ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﺳﻬﻤﯽ , x = 4 y
x +4
ﺣﻞ(
x2 8
= 2 ⇒ x4 + 4x2 − 32 = o
4 x +4
⇒ ( x2 + 8)( x2 − 4) = o ⇒ x = ±2
2 x2 8 2 8 2 x
2
s = ∫ (− + 2 )dx = 2∫ 2 ∫dx − 2 dx
−2 4 x +4 o x +4 o 4
2 2
x −1 x3 4
= 8tg ( ) − = 2π −
2 o 6 o
3
.8ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ از رﺑـﻊ اول را ﮐـﻪ داﺧـﻞ داﯾـﺮه x2 + y2 = 3و ﻣﺤـﺪود ﺑـﻪ
2 2
ﺳﻬﻤﯽ ﻫﺎي x = 2 y , y = 2 xﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٠
ﺣﻞ(
x = 2 ⇒ y2 = 8 − 4 = 4 ⇒ y = ±2
2 2
∫s = 2 x3 − x2 dx = 2∫ x 1 − x
o o
1 − x = u ⇒ dx = −2udu
2
1
u3 u5
) s = −4∫ u (1 − u )du = −4 ( −
2 2
2 2
.11ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑـﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﯽ ﻫـﺎي y = ( x − 4) , y = 16 − xو ﻣﺤـﻮر xﻫـﺎ را
ﺗﻌﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
٢١ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
16 − x2 = ( x − 4)2
16 − x2 = x2 − 8 x + 16 ⇒ 2x2 − 8 x = o ⇒ x = o , 4
4
4 x3 ( x − 4)3
∫=s (16 − x − ( x − 4) )dx = 16 x −
2 2
−
o 3 3 o
64 64
= (64 − )+ = 64
3 3
.12ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ y = x4 − 2x2 + 3و ﻣﺤﻮر xﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ
ﺣﻞ(
3 2
)y′ = 4 x − 6 x + 2x = x( x − 1)(4 x − 2
1
= ⇒ x = o , x =1 , x
2
49
=y=3 , y=3 , y
16
2 2
.13ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ( y − 1) = x − 1 , x = 2( y − 1را ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٢
x = 2( x − 1) ⇒ X = 2
( y − 1)2 = 1 ⇒ y = o , y = 2
2 2
s = ∫ (1 + ( y − 1)2 − 2( y − 1)2 )dy = ∫ (1 − ( y − 1)2 dy
o o
2
( y − 1) 3 1 1 4
= (y − ) = = (2 − ) −
3 o
3 3 3
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
1
.15ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻫﺎي دو ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ اي را ﮐﻪ ﺳﻬﻤﯽ y = x2درون داﯾـﺮه x2 + y2 = 8
2
ﺣﻞ(
2 4
x 2 x 4 2
=y ⇒x + = 8 ⇒ x + 4 x − 32 = o
2 4
2 2
⇒ ( x + 8)( x − 4) = o ⇒ x = ±2
.16ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ دو ﻗﺮص ﻣﺴﺘﺪﯾﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻌﺎع واﺣـﺪ در ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ 2aاز ﻫـﻢ ﻗـﺮار دارﻧـﺪ
٢٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
1 1
) = 4( sin −1 ( 1 − a 2 ) + sin 2(sin −1 1 − a 2 ) − a 1− a 2
2 4
3
(18اﮔﺮ α > o) g ( x) = x , f ( x) = αxﺛﺎﺑﺖ( اﻧﮕﺎه ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮر ﺑـﻪ دو
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٤
α x = x3 ⇒ x = o , x = α , x = − α
o α
=s ∫ − α
(α x − x3 )dx + ∫
o
)( x3 − α x
α
α x4 x2
∫=2 ) ( x − α x)dx = 2 ( − α
3
o 4 2 o
α2 α2 α2
(=2 − =
4 2 2
2
(19ﻣﺴــﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮر ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻤــﻮدار x y + 4 y − 12 = oو ﻣﺤــﻮر ﻣﺨﺘﺼــﺎت و
12
= y( x2 + 4) = 12 ⇒ y
4 + x2
2
2 12 x π 3π
∫ =s = dx = 6tg −1 ( ) = 6
o 4+ x 2 o 4 2
3 3
.20ﻣﺴــﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮر ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻤــﻮدار ﺗﻮاﺑــﻊ x = y , y = x , x + y = 2را
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
1
s1 = ∫ (2 − y − 3 y )dy
0
1
s2 = ∫ (2 − y − 3 y )dx
0
4 1
y2 3 3 1 3 3
s1 = s2 = (2 y − = − y ) = 2− −
2 4 o
4 4 4
٢٥ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
.1
x = t2 −1
−1 ≤ t ≤ 1 , c :
y = t − t
3
o
o 2 5 2 3
= s = ∫ (t 3 − t )(2t )dt t − t
−2 5 3 −2
1 π π 3π
= ( + )=
4 2 4 16
x2 y2
.را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ + = 1 ( ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﯿﻀﯽ3
a 2 b2
x = a cos t
o ≤ t ≤ 2π :ﺣﻞ( ﺑﯿﻀﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﯾﺮ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮي ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ
y = b sin t
π π
s=4 ∫ o
2 − b sin t (a sin t )dt = − 2ab ∫
o
2 (1 − cos 2t )dt
π
= 2ab × = πab
2
2 2 2
3 3 3
. را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪx + y = a ( ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ4
x = a (t − sin t )
c:
y = a (1 − cos t )
٢٧ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
π π
s = ∫ 2 a (1 − cos t )2 dt = a ∫ 2 (1− 2 cos t + cos 2 )dt
o o
π
1 1 2 3π
= ) = (t − 2 sin t + t + sin 2t −2
2 4 o 4
4π
1 4π 1a 3 16 4 3
=s ∫ = (aθ )dθ θ = aπ
2
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢٨
1 π
= 3 cos θ = 1+ cos θ ⇒ cos θ ⇒θ = ±
2 3
π
1
s = ∫ 3π ((3 cos θ )2 − (1 + cos)2 )dθ
2 −3
π
π
1 3
∫= 3 ) (2 cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ − 1)dθ = (θ + sin 2θ − 2 sin θ − θ
o 2 o
3
3 3
= =− 3⇒s
4 4
.4ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺑﻪ r = e2θو ﺧﻄﻮط . θ = 2π , θ = o
2π
1 2π 1 1 4π
∫ e dθ = e2π
4θ
=s = )(e − 1
2 o 8 o 8
3π π
= θﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺣﻞ( دو ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻫﻤﺪﯾﮕﺮ را در = , θ
2 2
π
≤ o ≤ θرا ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﺮده ،دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻘﺎرن ،ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ
2
π 2
1
×s = 2
2 ∫o
2 (1 − (1 − cos θ )) dθ
π 2 π
1 1 π
= ∫ o
2 ) (2 cos θ − cos θ )dθ = (2 sin θ − θ − sin 2θ
2 4 ∫
o
2 =2−
4
.6ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻪ دو ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ . r = sin 2θ , r = cos 2θ
ﺣﻞ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻘﺎرن ،ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ را در رﺑﻊ اول ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﺮده ،ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ.
٢٩ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
π 2
S=2 ∫ o
4 ) (6 sin θ
π
=6 ∫ o
4 (1 − cos 2θ )dθ
π
) = 6(θ − 2 sin 2θ ∫ o
4
π
(= 6 )− 2
4
ﺣﻞ(
π π
S = 4∫ a 2 cos 2θ = 4a 2 s in 2θ o4 = 4a 2
4
o
3
ﺣﻞ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺜﺎل 3-3-10ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ πاﺳﺖ.
2
.10ﻣﺴــﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤــﺪود ﺑــﻪ درون r 2 = sin 2θو داﯾــﺮه r = 2 sin θرا ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٣٠
π
1
s=
2 ∫
o
2 2 sin 2 θ − sin 2θ )dθ
π
1 1 1 1 2
= ( θ − sin 2θ + cos 2θ )
2 2 4 2 o
1 π 1 1 1 π
= ( − − ) = ( − 1)
2 4 2 2 2 4
θ
. ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪo ≤ θ ≤ π را در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪr = a sin 3 ﻃﻮل ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ.1
3
(ﺣﻞ
π 2 2 π 2 4 θ 2θ 2 6 θ
s= ∫o (dr ) + r (dθ ) = ∫o a sin
3
cos + a sin
3 2
2 2
θ
π a π θ
=
o ∫ 3
dθ =
a sin
2 o
(1 − cos )dθ
3 ∫
a 3 2θ π a 3 3
= (θ − sin ) = (π − )
2 2 3 o 2 4
π
. ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪo ≤ θ ≤ را در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪr = 2a cos2 θ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﻃﻮل ﻗﻮس.2
4
(ﺣﻞ
٣١ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
d
= −2a sin 2θ
dθ
π 2 2 2 4 π 2 2
s= 4
o∫ 4 a sin 2θ + 4a cos θ dθ = 2a ∫o
4 cosθ 4 sin θ + cos θ dθ
π 2 1 2
∫
= 2a 4
o
cos θ 3 sin θ + 1dθ = 2a ∫o 2 1 + 3u du
2 3
1
3u = tgt = ∫ 1 + 3u du =
3 ∫
sec θdθ
dr dr 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= a sin θ ⇒ ( ) + r = a sin θ + a cos θ + a
dθ dθ
(ﺣﻞ
π 2
s =2 ∫o 2a dθ = 2 2a π
(ﺣﻞ
π 2 2
s=4 ∫o
2 sin 2t + cos 2t dt = 2π
3 3
o ≤ θ ≤ 2π , y = a sin θ , x = a cos θ (ب
(ﺣﻞ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٣٢
dx dy
= −3a cos 2 θ sin θ , = 3a sin 2 θ cos θ
dθ dt
π
π
sin 2 θ 2
∫s = 4 2
3a sin θ cos θ dθ = 12a = 6a
o 2 o
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
2y 4y
9
⇒ 1 + ( y′)2 = 1 + x
4
4
4 9 2 4 9 9
∫=s 1 + xdx = × (1 + x ) 1 + x
o 4 3 9 4 4 o
8
= )(1o 1o − 1
27
π
≤ o ≤ xﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. .6ﻃﻮل ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ y = ln cos xرا در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ
4
ﺣﻞ(
π
y′ = −tgx ⇒ s = ∫ 4 sec xdx
o
π
⇒ s = ln sec x + tgx 4
o
= ln 2 +1
1 1
.7ﻃﻮل ﻗﻮس ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ y = x2از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) A(o , oﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) B (1 ,را ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ
2 2
٣٣ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
.ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
(ﺣﻞ
π
−1
y′ = x ⇒ s = ∫ 1+ x dx = ∫ sec3 θ dθ
2 4
o o
2 2
π
1 1 4
s = ( tgθ sec θ + ln sec θ + tgθ )
2 2 o
2 1
=( + ln 2 )
4 2
.آورﯾﺪ
(ﺣﻞ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٣٤
16 x
= 3 y2 y′ = 16 x ⇒ y′
3 y2
dx 3 y2 dx 9 y4 9× 8 y
= = ⇒ ( )2 2 2
=
dy 16 x dy (16) x (16)2
dx 9
1 + ( )2 = 1+ y
dy 32
18
18 9 2 32 9
∫=s 1+ ydy = × (1 + y
2 32 3 9 32 2
64 9 9 9
= ((1+ ) × 18 − (1 + ) 1+
27 32 16 16
2 2
2 2
) 4 x(1 + x
= 18 yy′ = 24 x(1 + x ) ⇒ y′
3y
2 2 4
2 2 2
) 16 x (1 + x
= )( y′ 2
) = 4 x (1 + x
9y
2 2 2 2
=s ∫o 1 + 4 x (1 + x )dx
ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺪ:.
dx dy
) = et (cos t − sin t ), = et (sin t + cos t
dt dt t
∫=s
4
2e dt = 2e
t t
4
)= 2(e − 1
4 x = e cos t
o o
C: t
, o≤t ≤4
y = e sin t
ﺣﻞ(
2
C : x = ln 1 + t , o ≤ t ≤ 1
−1
y = tg t
ﺣﻞ(
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٣٦
dx t dy 1
= , =
dt 1 + t 2
dt 1+ t 2
1
1 t2 1 1 dt
S=∫ + dt = ∫ = ln (t + 1 + t 2 )
o (1 + t ) (1 + t )
2 2 2 o
1+ t 2
o
1+ 2
= ln (1 + 2) − ln 2 = ln ( )
2
3
1
. ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪo ≤ x ≤ 3 را در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪy = ( x2 + 2) 2 ﻃﻮل ﻗﻮس.13
3
(ﺣﻞ
1
2 2 2 2 2
y′ = x( x + 2) ⇒ 1 + ( y′) = 1 + x ( x + 2)
3
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3
x
s= ∫o 1 + x ( x + 2) = ∫o ( x + 1) dx = ∫o ( x + 1) dx =
3
+ x = 12
o
ex −1
. ﺗﻌﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ2 ≤ x ≤ 3 را در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪy = ln ﻃﻮل ﻗﻮس.14
ex + 1
(ﺣﻞ
y = ln (e x − 1) ln (e x + 1)
ex ex 2e x
y′ = − =
e x − 1 e x + 1 e2 x − 1
4e2 x (e2 x + 1)2
1 + ( y′)2 = 1 + 2 x =
(e − 1)2 (e2 x − 1)2
−x 3
3 e2 x + 1 3e +e
x
s=∫ dx = ∫ −x
dx = ln(e x − e − x )
2 e −1
2x 2 e −e
x
2
e3 − e −3
= ln
e 2 − e −2
٣٧ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
3
2
1 1 2
.15ﻃـﻮل ﻗـﻮس ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﯽ ) y = t + t , x = (2t + 3را در ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ o ≤ t ≤ 3
3 3
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
1
dx dy 2
2
= (2t + 3) , = t
dt dt 3 ﺣﻞ(
3 4 2 1 3 2
=s ∫o = 2t + 3 + t
9 3 ∫o (2t + 9) − 78 dt
1
y = x4 +را در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ 1 ≤ x ≤ 1oﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. .16ﻃﻮل ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ
32x2
1 1
= (1o4 − ) ) − (1−
32 o o 32
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٣٨
3
4 4
V = π ∫ ( y − 8) dx = π ∫ ( x − 8)2 dx
2 2
o o
.3ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺨﺮوط ﻣﺴﺘﺪﯾﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻗﺎﻋﺪه aو ارﺗﻔﺎع hرا ﺗﻌﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
a
=y x
h
2
2
h a 1 2
V =π ∫o 2
x dx = πa h
3
h
.5ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از دوران ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳـﻬﻤﯽ y2 = xو ﻣﺤـﻮر
ﺣﻞ(
1
V = ∫ ((2 − x )2 − (2 − 1)2 )dx
o
1
1 8 x2 8 1
) = π ∫ (3 − 4 x + x)dx = π (3 x − x x + ) = π (3 − +
o 3 2 o 3 2
٣٩ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
ﺗﻌﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
2 2
V = π ∫ (2 y − y2 )2 dy = π ∫ (4 y2 − 4 y3 + y4 )dy
o o
2
4 y5 32 32
) = π ( y3 − y4 + ) = π ( − 16 +
3 5 o 3 5
2
.7ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ Aﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ y = xو x = o , y = 4 , y = 1ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر
2 1
V = 2π ∫ (42 − x4 )dx − π ∫ (1 − x4 )dx
−2 −1
2 1
V = 2π ∫ (16 − x4 )dx − 2π ∫ (1 − x4 )dx
o −1
2 2
x5 x5
) = 2π (16 x − ) − 2π ( x −
5 o 5 o
32 1
⇒ V = 2π (32 − ) ) − 2π (1−
5 5
x2 y2
را ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر xﻫﺎ دوران ﻣﯽ دﻫﯿﻢ ،ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ + .8ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ = 1
a 2 b2
ﭼﻘﺪر اﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤٠
2
2 2 x
y = b (1 − 2
)
a
2 2
a 2 2 a
x x
V =π ∫− a b (1 − 2
)dx = 2πb ∫o (1 − 2
)dx
a a
2 2
a 4
= 2π b (a − ) = π b a
3 3
2 2
ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از دوران ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎي y = 8 x , y = x
x4 = 8 x ⇒ x = o , x = 2
2
2 x5
∫V =π ) (8 x − x )dx = π (4x −
4 2
o 5 o
32
= π (8 − )
5
ﺣﻞ(
٤١ ﻓﺼﻞ دوم :ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ
y = a − x ⇒ y = a + x − 2 ax
a
V = π ∫ ((a + x)2 − 4(a + x) ax + 4ax)dx
o
a
(a + x)3 8
5
4 2
( = ⇒V − ax ax − 2 × (ax) 2 + 2ax2
3 3 a 5 o
y = 1را ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر yﻫﺎ دوران ﻣﯽ دﻫﯿﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
π
π 2
x2 2 π
∫ V = 2π 2 ( x(1 − sin x)dx = 2π ( + x cos x − sin x − sin x) = 2π )− 1
o 2 o
8
1
.12ﺣﺠــﻢ ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ از دوران ﻧﺎﺣﯿــﻪ ﻣﺤــﺪود ﺑــﻪ ﺳــﻬﻤﯽ y = x2 + 2و ﺧــﻂ
4
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٤٢
5 + 1o 5
1 5 x + 14 2
( V = π ∫5 − 21o5 ( x2 + 2)2 − ) dx
2
4 8
.1در ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﮐﺮوي ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎع 5ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ،ﺣﻔﺮه اي ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻌﺎع 2ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﯽ
ﻣﺘﺮ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺣﻔﺮه ﯾﮏ ﻗﻄﺮ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ .ﺣﺠﻢ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺟﺴﻢ
4
4 x4
∫V =π ) (64 − x )dx = π (64x −
3
o 4 o
V = π (256 − 64) = 192π
.3ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺎدث از دوران ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ OACﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﯽ y2 = x3
3
4
V = π ∫ ((8 − x 2 )2 − 64)dx
o
3
4
V = π ∫ ((16 − x 2 + x3 )dx
o
5 4
x4 32 2 (32)2
V =π( − x ) = π (64 − )
4 5 o
5
.4ﻣﻄﻠــﻮب اﺳــﺖ ﺣﺠــﻢ ﺣــﺎدث از دوران ﻧﺎﺣﯿــﻪ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮر ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨــﯽ ﻫــﺎي
2 2
. x = −2 y = x , y = xﺣﻮل ﺧﻂ
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ(
4 y
V = π ∫ ((2 − )2 − (2 − y )2 )dy
o 2
4 y2
V = π ∫ (−2 y + + 2 y − y)dy
o 4
4
y3 4 3 64 32
V = π ( + y y − y2 ) = π ( + )− 24
12 3 2 o 12 3
48 72
(V = π − ) = 8π
3 3
.7ﯾﮏ دﯾﺴﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎع و ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ) (b , oﮐﻪ b ≤ a ≤ oﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر yﻫﺎ دوران ﻣـﯽ
ﺣﻞ(
٤٥ ﺣﺪ و ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوم
( x − b)2 + y2 = a 2 ⇒ y = ± a 2 − ( x − b)2
b+ a a
V = 4π ∫ x a 2 − ( x − b)2 dx = 4π ∫ ( x + b) a 2 − x2 dx
b −a −a
a a
= 4π ∫ x a 2 − x2 dx + 4π ∫ b a 2 − x2 dx
−a −a
a π a2
= 8π b ∫ a 2 − x2 dx = 8π × = 2π 2 a 2b.
o 4
دوران ﻣـﯽ ﮐﻨـﺪ وx = b > a ﺣـﻮل ﺧـﻂx = a > o , y = o , y = x ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﯽ.8
(ﺣﻞ
a
V = π ∫ ((b − y)2 − (b −a )2 dy
0
a
( y − b) 3 ( a − b) 3
V= π( − (b − a )2 y) = π ( − a (b − a )2 )
3 o
3
1 ﺻﻔﺤﻪ/ﻓﺼﻞ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
ﻓﺼﻞ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ
ﺻــﻮرﲥﺎی ﻣﺒــﻬﻢ و اﻧﺘﮕــﺮال
ﻫﺎی ﻧﺎﺳﺮه
. ۵١٩ ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ
. ﺣﺪﻫﺎی زﯾﺮ را ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.١
1
sin −1 x 1 − x2
1) lim = lim =1
x →o tg −1 x 1
1 + x2
sin 2 t sin 2t
2) lim = lim =o
t −π 1
t →π t →π
cos 3 x −3 sin 3 x 3
3) lim = lim =−
π − 2x −2 2
π π
x→ x→
2 2
2
sin x sin 2x 2 cos 2x
4) lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = +∞
x→o tgx − x x→o sec x − 1
2 x→o 2 sec2 x . tgx
2
−1
2tg x − π
= lim 1 + x = −2
2
5) lim x (2tg −1 x − π ) = lim
x→∞ x→∞ 1 x→∞ 1
− 2
x x
1 1 e −1
at
ae at
6) lim ( − at ) = lim = lim at =a
t →o e + a t e
at at
t →o t te t →o t e
= lim+ e − sin
2 2
7) lim+ (csc x)sin x x Lnx
= eo = 1
x →o x→o
2
1 1 −3
x
x −13
3 1
9) lim 2 = lim 1
=
x→1 x→1
2 −3 2
x3 − 1 x
3
1
Ln (e x) − 1 Ln e + Ln x − 1 x −1
10) lim = lim = lim =
x→1 sin π x x→1 sin π x x→1 π cos π x π
Ln sin r cot r
11) limπ = limπ =o
r→ cos r r → − sin r
2 2
1
Lnx x
1 −1
12) lim x x
= lim e x Lnx
= lim e x
= lim e x x
=1
+ + + +
x→o x→o x→o x→o
1 1 Lnx + 1− x
13) lim+ ( − ) = lim+
x→1 x − 1 Lnx x→1 ( x − 1) Lnx
1 1
−1 − 2
= lim+ x = lim x = −1
x→1 x −1 1 1 2
Lnx + + 2
x x x
1 Ln cos 2t
= lim e = e −2
2t
t →o
f ( x + h) − 2 f ( x) + f ( x − h)
lim
دو ﺑﺎر ﻣﺸﺘﻖf ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ h2 .١۵
h→o
.ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
( ﺣﻞ
f ' ( x + h) − 2 f ' ( x) − f ' ( x − h) f ' ' ( x + h) − 2 f ' ' ( x) + f ' ' ( x − h)
= ﺣﺪlim = lim =o
2h 2
3 ﺻﻔﺤﻪ/ﻓﺼﻞ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
1 − xn
n
∑x
k =1
k
−n
1 −
x
x
−n
16) lim = lim
x −1 x −1
x →1 x →1
x ( xn − 1) − n( x − 1) (n + 1) xn − 1− n
= lim =
( x − 1)2 2( x − 1)
x →1
n (n + 1) xn −1 n (n + 1)
= lim =
2 2
x −x
x
e x Lnx − x
17) lim = lim
1 − x + L o gx 1− x − L o gx
x → 1+ x → 1+
(1 + Lnx) e x Lnx − 1
= lim =o
1 1
−1 + .
Ln1o x
2 2
−1 −1
−
sin 2x − 2 sin x 1− 4x2 1 − x2
18) lim = lim
x3 3 x2
x→o x→o
1 1
2 × (− ) (−8 x) 2 × (− ) (−2x)
2 − 2
3
(1 − x2 ) 3 2
(1 − 4x )
2 2
lim
6x
x→o
8−2
= =1
6
1 x x
19) lim (a tg −1 − b tg −1 )
x x a b
x → o+
1 1
2 x − 2 x
x x 1 1
1+ 2 1+ 2 x( 2 − 2 )
= lim a b = lim b a
1
3 2 3x
x
2
+
x→o x → o+
1 1 1
= ( 2 − 2)
3 b a
ﻓﺼﻞ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال /ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 4
1 1
+
x − a + x− a 2 x 2 x−a
)20 lim = lim
x2 − a 2 x
x2 − a 2
x→a x→a
x− a + x 1
2 x 1
= lim = = 2
x a 2 a
x+ a 2a
x→a
.٢ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺎی aو bرا ﻃﻮری ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ:
x→o
x2
= limﺣﺪ a+x
=1 ⇒ b =1 , a =4
b − cos x
x→o
ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ . ۵٢٨
] [− 1, 1ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﯾﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ: .١ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fدر ﺑﺎزه
1 x=o
f ( x) = 2
x x≠o
1
را ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. ∫−1 f ( x) dx ﻧﻮع و ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
ﺣﻞ( اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻧﺎﺳﺮه ﻧﻮع دوم اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻘﺪار آن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ زﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ
1 1 2
∫−1 ∫o
= x2 dx = 2 x2 dx
3
∞+ dx
p >1 ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ ،اﮔﺮ ∫1 xp
.٢ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻧﺎﺳﺮه
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
∞+ dx t t 1− p 1
∫1 ∫1 x
−p
= lim dx = lim −
xp 1− p 1− p
∞t → + ∞t → +
، p > 1ﺗﻮان xدر ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﮔﺮ
∞+ dx 1
∫1 x p
=−
1− p
ﻓﺼﻞ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال /ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 5
∞t → +
3
= lim( Ln (t + 1) n − Ln (2t 2 + n)) − A
4
∞t → +
(t + 1) n
= lim Ln 3
−A
2
(2t + n) 4
∞t → +
3 3
×⇒ n = 2 =
4 2
1 8
Ι = Ln 4 − Ln
8 7 3
) (
2 4
∞+ dx
را ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. ∫o (1 + x2 ) 3
(۴ﻧﻮع اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
π
t
∫ π
= 2 sec x dx lim ∫ π sec x dx = lim Ln sec t + tg t − A
4 4
π− π−
→t →t
2 2
∞= +
اﻧﺘﮕﺮال واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ.
.۶ﺑﻪ ازای ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ nﻧﻮع اﻧﺘﮕـﺮال ﻫـﺎی زﯾـﺮ را ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ
ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
1 n
n ≤ −1واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ. n > −1ﳘﮕﺮا و ﺑﺮای = Ιﺑﺮای ∫o x اﻟﻒ( dx
ﻓﺼﻞ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال /ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 6
1 n
=Ι ∫o x Ln 2 x dx ب(
∞+ dx
واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ. ∫1 x
داﻧﯿﻢ
1
x cos x
1 dx lim =1 1 dx
∫o x
و 1 واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ ﭼﻮن ∫o x cos x ب(
x
x → o+
واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ ،ﻃﺒﻖ آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺣﺪی اﻧﺘﮕﺮال داده ﺷﺪه واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ.
1 1 ∞+ dx
و 2
x + Lnx
≤
x2
،ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ ،زﯾﺮا دارﯾﻢ: ∫1 x + Lnx2
ج(
+ ∞ dx
ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ ﻃﺒﻖ آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ اﻧﺘﮕـﺮال داده ∫1 x2
اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
ﺷﺪه ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ.
1 dx
. ∫o 1 − x3
د(
1 1
≤ ﭘﺲ x 3 < x2 دارﯾﻢ ﺑﺮای o < x < 1
1 − x3 1 − x2
1 dx
ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ ،ﻃﺒـﻖ آزﻣـﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ ∫o 1− x 2
اﻣﺎ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
cos x
π
lim x = 1 cos x
اﻣـــﺎ اﻧﺘﮕـــﺮال 1 واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ .ﭼﻮن ∫o 2
x
dx و(
x
x → o+
π
dx
واﮔﺮاﺳـﺖ ،ﭘـﺲ ﻃﺒـﻖ آزﻣـﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ ﺣـﺪی اﻧﺘﮕـﺮال ∫o
2
x
واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ.
+ ∞ − x2 π
،در اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ. ∫o e = dx
2
.٨ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
ﺣﻞ(
u = x ⇒ x = u 2 ⇒ dx = 2u du
+ ∞ e−x + ∞ −u2 π اﻟﻒ(
∫o x
dx = 2 ∫o
e × du = 2
2
= π
t
. lim ∫−t f ( x) dx = o
1
= ) f ( xرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ. ﺣﻞ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
x3
+∞ −x
ﺑــﻪ ازای ﻫــﺮ tﺣﻘﯿﻘــﯽ ∫1 e xt dx .١٠ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ.
xt e − x
+ ∞ −2 x lim =o
ﳘﮕﺮاﺳــﺖ .ﭘــﺲ ∫1 e dx و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال e −2 x ﺣﻞ( ﭼﻮن
∞x →+
اﻧﺘﮕﺮال داده ﺷﺪه ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ.
ﻓﺼﻞ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال /ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 8
+ ∞ −t
= ) Γ ( sﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ اﺳﺖ. ∫o .١١ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﮔﺎﻣﺎe . t s −1 dt .
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
اﻟﻒ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) Γ (sﺑﻪ ازای ﻫﺮ s > oﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ( ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ١٠اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺮای ﻫﺮ sﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ.
). Γ ( x + 1) = x Γ ( x ب( ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ
+ ∞ −t ∞+ ∞+
= )Γ ( x + 1 ∫o e . t x dt = −t x e −t
o
+ ∫o )x t x−1 e −t dt = o + Γ ( x
! . Γ (n + 1) = n ج(
ﺣﻞ( ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ب دارﯾﻢ:
! Γ (n + 1) = n Γ (n) = n Γ (n − 1 + 1) = n (n − 1) Γ (n − 1) = n (n − 1) (n − 2) ...1 = n
x
≤
x
اﯾﻦ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ ﭼﻮن ∫1 x
اﻟﻒ( dx
∞+ dx
واﮔﺮاﺳــﺖ ،اﻧﺘﮕــﺮال ∫1 x
ﻃﺒﻖ آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﭼﻮن اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
ﺑﺰرﮔﱰ واﮔﺮاﺳﺖ.
1 − 4 sin 2 x 1 + ∞ 1 − 4 sin 2 x
x3 + 3 x
≤
x3
اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ ﭼﻮن ∫1 x3 + 3 x
ب(
∞+ dx
ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ .ﻃﺒﻖ آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ اﻧﺘﮕـﺮال داده ∫1 x3
و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال
ﺷﺪه ﳘﮕﺮاﺳﺖ.
ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ
اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻂ
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٢
ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ
اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻂ
ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ . ۵٣۵
.١ﺟﻮاﲠﺎی ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﯾﺮ را ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
(4 + 2i) x + (5 − 3i ) y = 13 + i
(1 + i) Z1 − i Z2 = 2 + i
(2 + i ) Z1 + (2 − i ) Z2 = 2i
ﺣﻞ( از روش ﮐﺮاﻣﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ.
٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ :اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
2+i −i
2i 2−i 5−2 3
= Z1 = =
1+ i −i 3 + i − 1 + 2i 3i − 2
2+i 2−i
1+ i 2+i
2+i 2i 2i − 2 − 3 − 4i − 5 − 2i
= Z2 = =
3i − 2 3i − 2 3i − 2
ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ . ۵٣٧
n n −1
a Z + a Zﮐــــﻪ در آن + ... + a Z + a o = o ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
n n− 1
Z1 Z
( )= 1
Z2 Z2
ﺣﻞ(
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٤
Z1
( ) = ( Z1 Z2 −1 ) = Z1 Z2 −1
Z2
Z1
= Z1 Z2 −1 =
Z2
. ﻋﺒﺎرات زﯾﺮ را ﺳﺎده ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.٢
(2 + i ) ( 3 − 2i) (1 + 2i)
)اﻟﻒ
(1 − i )2
( 8 − i) (1 + 2i ) 1 o +15i 15
= 2
= = − + 5i
1 − 2i + i − 2i 2
i 4 + i 9 + i 16 1+ i +1
)ب = =2+i
2 − i 5 + i 1o − i 15 2 − i −1+ i
1+ i 2 1− i 3 2i 2i 1 − i
)ج 3( ) − 2( ) = 3( ) − 2( )( )
1− i 1+ i − 2i − 2i 1 + i
1− i
= −3 + ( ) = −3 − i
1+ i
. درﺳﺘﯽ ﻫﺎی زﯾﺮ را ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.٣
Z + Z = 2 Re(Z ) (اﻟﻒ
(Re(Z ) + Im(Z )i) + (Re( Z ) − Im( Z )i ) = 2 Re( Z ) (ﺣﻞ
Z − Z = 2 Im( Z )i (ب
(Re(Z ) + Im Z i) − (Re Z − Im Z i) = 2 Im( Z )i
1 1
را رﺳــﻢRe( ) = ﳕﻮدارZ = x + yi ≠ o ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض.۴
Z 2
.ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
(ﺣﻞ
٥ ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ :اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
1oo
،در اﯾــــﻦ ﺻــــﻮرت ∑ ik = x + yi .۶ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
k =o
x + yi
و yرا x ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺣﻘﯿﻘـﯽ = x − yi .٧اﮔﺮ
x − yi
ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ٦
x + yi = ( x − yi )2 = x2 + (− yi )2 − 2 x yi
= ( x2 − y2 ) − 2 x yi
x2 − y2 = x
⇒
− 2 xy = y
y=o ⇒ x = o , x =1
1 3
⇒ y≠o x=− , y=±
2 2
ﯾﮏ ﭼﻨﺪ ﲨﻠﻪ ای ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ؛ f .٨اﮔﺮ
) . Z1 + Z2 = (a 1 + a 2 , b1 + b2
ﺣﻞ(
2 2
Z = x + yi ⇒ x≤ x ≤ x + y = Z ⇒ Re( Z ) ≤ Z
Z1 − Z2 ≤ Z1 − Z2
1 3
Z 3 = − +اﻋﺪاد Z1 = 2 + iو Z2 = 3 − 2iو i .٢اﮔﺮ
2 2
ﳐﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﻋﺒﺎرات زﯾﺮ را ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
ﺣﻞ(
2Z2 + Z1 − 5 − i = 3 − 4i
2Z1 − Z2 + 3 − i = 4 + 3i
3 3
3 − 4i ) ( 25
⇒ =Α 3
= 3
=1
4 + 3i 25
٩ ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ :اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
π
)د 2i ⇒ 2i = 2 , = )Arg (2i
2
Z = x + y iو ، Z − 1 + i = 1ﻣﮑـ
ـﺎن Zرا .۴ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.
ﺣﻞ(
Z − 1+ i = ( x − 1) + ( y + 1) i
⇒ Z − 1+ i = ( x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 1
( x + 1) + y i = ( x − 1) + y i
x + ( y + 1) i = ( x − 1) 2 + y 2
⇒ x2 + ( y + 1) 2 = ( x − 1) 2 + y2
⇒ x2 + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = x2 − 2 x + 1 + y2
⇒ 2 y = −2 x ⇒ y = −x
.۶ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ
2 2 2 2
) Z1 + Z2 + Z1 − Z2 = 2 ( Z1 + Z2
ﺣﻞ(
2
Z i Zi = Z iرا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪدارﯾﻢ ﺣﻞ( اﻟﻒ( راﺑﻄﻪ
2
Zi
= Zi
Zi
١١ ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ :اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
a Z +b
=1
bZ+a
b bZ
a Z + b = Z (a + ) = Z a+ 2
Z Z
= a +bZ = a +b Z = a +b Z ﺣﻞ(
a Z +b a Z +b
⇒ = =1
a +b Z a +b Z
Re ( Z ) + Im ( Z ) ≤ 2 Z
ﺣﻞ (
Z2 = 1 , Z1 = 1
α2 β 2 C
=R + −
A2 A2 A
ﺣﻞ(
) AZ Z = A( x2 + y2
)D Z + D Z = 2 Re ( D Z ) = 2 (α x − β y
⇒ Ax2 + Ay2 + 2α x − 2 β y + C = o
α 2 β α2 β2
⇒ A( x + ) + A( y − )2 − 2 − 2 + C = o
A A A A
α β α 2
β 2
C
⇒ ( x + )2 + ( y − )2 = 3 + 3 −
A A A A A
ﻣﺮﮐﺰ داﯾﺮه
π
اﺳﺖ. Z2 , Z1ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
2
ﺣﻞ(
2 2 2 2
Z1 − Z2 = Z1 + Z2 ⇒ Z1 + Z2 + 2 Z1 Z2 cos θ
2 2
= Z1 + Z2 − 2 Z1 Z2 cos α
π
⇒ ⇒ 4 Z1 Z2 cos θ = o =θ
2
ـﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
ـﯽ ﻧـ b a , Z ∈ Cدو ﻋـ
ـﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘـ .١٩ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
Z + a i = Z + b iآﻧﮕـــــــــــــــﺎه ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﺪ اﮔﺮ
Z − Z = − ( a + b) i
ﺣﻞ(
⇒ a 2 + 2 a y = 2 b y + b2
a +b
(2 a − 2 b) y = b2 − a 2 ⇒ y = −
2
Z − Z = 2 yi = − (a + b) i
ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ . ٥٤٦
اﻋﺪاد زﯾﺮ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺗﯽ ﳕﺎﯾﺶ دﻫﯿﺪ:
ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )(١ ١٦
5π 5π
) Z1 = −3 + 3 i = 2 3 (cosاﻟﻒ ) + i sin
6 6
(i − 1) 2 − 2 i
)ب = Z2 = ) = −2 = 2 (cos π + i sin π
i i
π π
)ج )) Z 3 = −1 − 3 i = 2 (cos (− ) + i sin (−
3 3
ﲤﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ . ۵۴٧
n < oﺻـــﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﯿـــﺰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ دﺳﺘﻮر دﻣﻮ آور ﺑﺮای
ﺑﺮﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ.
Z1 Z1
=
Z2 Z2
ﺣﻞ(
١٧ اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻒ:ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ
Z1 Z1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) Z1
= = (cos θ1 + i sin θ2 ) (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
Z2 Z2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 ) Z2
Z1 Z1
= (cos (θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ2 ))
Z2 Z2
Z1
⇒ Arg ( ) =1 − 2 = Arg Z1 − Arg Z2
Z2
Z1 Z1 Z1
= cos (θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ2 ) =
Z2 Z2 Z2
(1 + i) n
. را ﳏﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪI =
(1 − i ) n −2
(ﺣﻞ
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ١٨
π π π π
I = (1 + i) n (1 − i ) 2− n = 2 (cos + i sin ) n 2 (cos − i sin ) 2− n
4 4 4 4
n n
1− nπ nπ (2 − n)π (2 − n)π
=22 ×2 2 (cos+ i sin ) (cos − i sin )
2 4 4 4
nπ nπ
= 2 (cos + i sin )
2 2
( را ﺑــﻪ دو ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﳏﺎﺳــﺒﻪ و1 + i) n ﻋﺪد ﳐﺘﻠﻂ.٣
.ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ را ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ
(ﺣﻞ
(1 + i) 2 = 2 i ⇒ n = 2k ⇒ (1 + i ) n = (2 i ) k
n = 2k +1 ⇒ (1 + i ) n = (2 i ) k (1 + i )
. ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ.۵
sin 4θ
= 2 cos 3θ + 6 cos θ − 4
sin θ
(ﺣﻞ
3π 3π
2kπ + 2kπ +
Wk = 6 2 (cos 4 + i sin 4 )
3 3
2 2
Wo = 6 2 ( +i )
2 2
11π 11π
W1 = 6 2 (cos + i sin )
12 12
19π 19π
W2 = 6 2 cos + i siin )
12 12
1
3 7π
)ب (−2 3 − 2 i) , r =4 , θ=
6
7π 7π
2kπ + 2kπ +
Wk = 4 4 (cos 6 + i sin 6 )
3 3
7π 7π
W = 4 4 (cos + i sin )
o 24 24
19π 19π
W = 4 4 (cos + i sin )
1 24 24
31π 31π
W = 4 4 (cos + i sin )
2 24 24
43π 43π
W = 4 4 (cos + i sin )
3 24 24
. را ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ6Z 4 − 25Z 3 + 32Z 2 + 3Z − 1o = o ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ.٧
و ±2 و ±1 ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ −1o ﻣﻘﺴﻮم ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻫﺎی (ﺣﻞ
.اﺳﺖ ±5
و ±2 و ±1 ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 6 ﻣﻘﺴﻮم ﻋﻠﯿـﻪ ﻫـﺎی
.اﺳﺖ ±3
5 5
.را ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ (1 + Z ) = (1 − Z ) ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ.١٠
(١) ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ٢٢
(ﺣﻞ
1+ Z 5 5
Z +1
( ) =1 , W =1 , W=
1− Z Z −1
1+ Z
W =1 ⇒ =1 ⇒ Z =o
o 1− Z o
2π 2π 1 + Z1
W1 = cos + i sin =
5 5 1− Z
1
4π 4π 1+ Z
2
W2 = cos + i sin =
5 5 1− Z
2
6π 6π 1 + Z3
W3 = cos + i sin =
5 5 1− Z
3
8π 8π 1 + Z4
W4 = cos + i sin =
5 5 1− Z
4
7π 7π
2kπ − 2kπ −
2 12 + i sin 12 )
Zk = 6 (cos
2 6 6
٢٣ ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ :اﻋﺪاد ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
1−i
6
3 +i
π
−i 5π
1−i 2 e 4 2 −i 12
)ب = = e
π 2
3 +i i
2e 6
5π 5π
2kπ − 2kπ −
2 (12 ) + i sin )) 12
Zk = 6 ((cos
2 6 6
( x + i) n − ( x − i) n = o ⇒ ( x + i ) n − ( x − i ) n
x+i n
(⇒ ) =1
x−i
x+i
=Z ⇒ Zn =1
x−i
2kπ 2kπ
Z k = cos + i sin , k = o , 1, 2 , ... , n − 1 ﺣﻞ(
8 8
x+i
= Zk ⇒ x Z k − i Zk = x + i
x−i
)x ( Z k − 1) = i ( Z k + 1
Zk + 1
x=i k = o , 1, 2 , ... , n − 1
Zk − 1
x2 y2
b = a −c
2 2 2
, + =1
a 2 b2
را ﺑــــﻪ Ax + B y + C = o .١۴ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ
ﺷﮑﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻨﻮﯾﺴﯿﺪ.
Z+Z Z−Z
(A () + B )+C =o ﺣﻞ(
2 2i
.١۵ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ داﯾﺮه ای را ﺑﻨﻮﯾﺴﯿﺪ ﮐـﻪ از ﺳـﻪ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ
ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬرد. 1 + i , 2i , 1 − i
. R=1
1
و ﺷﻌﺎع )(o , 2 داﯾﺮه ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ : = Z − 2i ج(
2
1
. =R
2