Chapter 13

Magnetically coupled circuits

SJTU 1
 Mutual inductance

A single inductor:
d
v  : flux linkage
dt
  N N : number of turns; : flux
 d d di
 vN N
dt di dt

di
 vL
dt
d
while L  N
dt
SJTU 2
Mutual inductance of M21 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1

 
1  11  12
d1 di1
v1  N1  L1
dt dt

 2  12
d12 d12 di1
v2  N 2  N2
dt di1 dt
di d12
 v2  M 21 while M 21  N 2
dt dt
SJTU 3
 21
 2   21   22
22
d 2 di2
v1 i2(t) v2  N 2  L2
v2 dt dt

1   21
N1 N2
d 21 d 21 di2
v1  N1  N1
dt di2 dt
di2 d 21
 v1  M 12 while M 12  N1
dt dt
M 12  M 21  M (for nonmagnetic cores)
SJTU 4
 di1 di2
coil1  1   21 and v1  N1
dcoil1 v1  L1 M
dt dt dt
dcoil 2 di1 di2
coil 2   2  12 and v2  N 2
dt v2  M  L2
dt dt
SJTU 5
 di1 di2
coil1  1   21 and v1  N1
d coil1 v1  L1 M
dt dt dt
d coil 2 di1 di2
coil 2   2  12 and v2  N 2
dt v2   M  L2
dt dt
SJTU 6
Dot convention
i1 M i2 di1 di2
 
v1  L1 M

L2
 dt dt
v1 L1 v2
di1 di2
 
v2  M  L2
dt dt

i1 M i2
di1 di2
 

v1  L1 M
v1 L1 L2
v2
dt dt
   di1 di2
v2   M  L2
dt dt
When the reference direction for a current enters the dotted
terminal of a coil, the reference polarity of the voltage that it
induces in the other coil is positive
SJTU at its dotted terminal. 7
Examples
i1 M i2 i1 M

   
  
L2 L2
v1 L1 v2 v1 L1 v2
    
i2

di1 di2 di1 di2

v1  L1 M v1  L1 M
dt dt dt dt
di1 di2 di1 di2
v2   M  L2 v2   M  L2
dt dt dt dt

How could we determine dot markings if we don’t know?

SJTU 8
 Series connection

1 2 1 2

M M

(a)mutually coupled coils in (b)mutually coupled coils in

series-aiding connection series–opposing connection

Total inductance

LT=L1+L2+2M LT=L1+L2-2M

SJTU 9
 Parallel connection

+ I M + I M
V L1 L2 V L1 L2

(a)mutually coupled coils in (b)mutually coupled coils in

parallel-aiding connection parallel–opposing connection
Equivalent inductance
L1 L2  M 2 L1 L2  M 2
Le  Le 
L1  L2  2M L1  L2  2M
SJTU 10
 Coefficient of coupling

The coupling coefficient k is a measure of the magnetic

coupling between two coils

M
k
L1 L2 0  k 1

k < 0.5 loosely coupled;

k > 0.5 tightly coupled.

SJTU 11
 Tee model
i1 i2
i1 M i2
 L1  M L2  M 
  

L2 v1
v1 L1 v2 M v2
 
 

i1 i2
i1 M i2
 L1  M L2  M 
 

L2 v1
v1 L1 v2 M v2
 
  

SJTU 12
 TEE MODEL
M L1  M L2  M

 
L1 L2 M

Transformer-like Model Tee Model

If Dots on Opposite Sides  M  M

SJTU 13
Examples of the mutual coupled circuits

SJTU 14
Linear transformers
M
R1 R2
V ZL
L1 L2
I1 I2 jwM

Primary Secondary R1 R2
winding winding

V jwL1 jwL2 RL+jXL

I1 I2

Model in frequency field

SJTU 15
( R1  jwL1 ) I1  jwMI2  V
 jwMI1  ( R2  RL  jwL2  jX L ) I2  0

Total self-impedance of the mesh

let Z11  R1  jwL1 containing the primary winding
Z 22  R2  RL  jwL2  jX L
 R22  jX 22 Total self-impedance of the mesh c
ontaining the secodary winding

V
then I1 
X M2
Z11 
Z 22

I  Z M V 1
2
Z11 X M2
Z 22 
Z 22
SJTU 16
reflected impedance
R1 jwL1
V
I1 
X M2 V Zr (reflected
Z11 
Z 22 impedance)
I1
Zr
Equivalent primary winding circuit
let Zr  Rr  jXr
X M2
then Rr  2 R22
R22  X 22
2 (reflected resistance)
 X M2
Xr  2 X 22 (reflected reactance)
R22  X 22
2

SJTU 17
 2
XM
Z11
Z V  1
I2  M 2
Z11 X Z M VS
Z 22  M Z22
Z 22 Z11
I2

Equivalent secondary winding circuit

SJTU 18
 Ideal transformer
three properties:
I1 I2
+ + 1. The coefficient of coupling is unity (k
=1)
V1 V2
2. The self- and mutual inductance of ea
- - ch coil is infinite (L1=L2=M=∞), but
1: n L1 N 1
 1 is
 definite.
L 2 N
2 n

 3. Primary and secondary coils are lossl

V2 v2 (t ) N 2 ess.
  n
V1 v1 (t ) N1
I2 i2 (t ) N1 1
  
I i (t ) N n
1 1 2

SJTU 19
 I1 I2
V2 v2 (t ) N2
+ + 
   n
V1 v1 (t ) N1
V1 V2
I2 i2 (t ) N1 1
  
- - I i1 (t ) N 2 n
1: n 1

I1 I2 V2 v2 (t ) N 2
+ + 

V1 v1 (t ) N1
 n
V1 V2
I2 i2 (t ) N1 1
  
- - I i1 (t ) N 2 n
1: n 1

I1 I2
V2 v2 (t ) N
+ +    2  n
V1 v1 (t ) N1
V1 V2
I2 i2 (t ) N1 1
  
- - I i1 (t ) N2 n
1: n 1
SJTU 20
 Transformer as a matching device
I1 I2 I1 I2
+ + + +
V1 RL V2 V1 V2
RL/n2
- - - -
1: n 1: n

I1 R I2 I1 R I2
+ + + +
nR 2

V1 V2 V1 V2
- - - -
1: n 1: n
SJTU 21
 Transformer as a matching device
I1 I2
+ +
V1 RL V2 ZL
Z in  2
- - n Thevenin
equivalent
1: n
Zin
1: n
Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2/n2

Vs1 Vs2/n
Vs1 Vs2
I1 I2
SJTU 22
 1: n
Z1 Z2 n2 Z1 Z2

Vs1 nVs1 Vs2

Vs2
I1 I2

SJTU 23
 Solving Ideal Transformer Problem
• Method 1: Write out equations first
– Loop equations or Nodal equations
– Two more transformer equations
• Method 2 : Form equivalent circuit first
– Reflecting into secondary
Z1 1: n Z2
Z eq  n 2 Z1 Veq  nVs1
Vs1
– Reflecting into primary Vs2
Z2 Vs 2
Z eq  2 Veq 
n n
SJTU 24
The Ideal Transformer

SJTU 25
 General transformer model
1. Lossless, k=1, but L1,L2,M are not infinite
I1 I2 I1 I2
M
+ + + +
V1 L1 L2 V2 V1 L1 V2

- - - -
1: n

L2
n
L1

SJTU 26
 General transformer model
2. Lossless, k≠1, L1,L2,M are not infinite

I1 I2 I1 I2
+
M
+ + +
LS1 LS2
V1 V1 V2
L1 L2 V2 LM

- - -
- 1: n
L1 M
let n then LS 1  L1 
L2 n
M
LM 
n
 L2  nM
LS 2SJTU 27
 General transformer model
3. No restriction I1 I2
M
+ +
V1 L1 L2 V2

- -
I1 I2
+ +
LS1 R1 LS2/n 2
R2/n2
V1 V2
LM

- -
1: n

SJTU 28
 SUMMARY
• Mutual inductance, M, is the circuit parameter relating the
voltage induced in one circuit to a time-varying current in
another circuit.
• The coefficient of coupling, k, is the measure of the degree
of magnetic coupling. By definition, 0≤k≤1
• The relationship between the self-inductance of each
winding and the mutual inductance between the windings
is M  k L1 L2
• The dot convention establishes the polarity of mutually
induced voltage
• Reflected impedance is the impedance of the secondary
circuit as seen from the terminals of the primary circuit, or
vise versa. SJTU 29
 SUMMARY

• The two-winding linear transformer is a coupling device m

ade up of two coils wound on the same nonmagnetic core.
• An ideal transformer is a lossless transformer with unity co
upling coefficient(k=1) and infinite inductance.
• An ideal transformer can be used to match the magnitude of
the load impedance, ZL, to the magnitude of the source imp
edance, ZS, thus maximizing the amount of average power t
ransferred.

SJTU 30