THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, JANUARY 6, 1893.

5 pended from

the ceiling by insulating supports: (1) By attaching to the free

pole an exhausted bulb furnished with one electrode and a

straight carbon filament, the filament became luminous, though

very feebly; (2) vacuum tubes, Crookes tubes, and

phosphorescent-powder tubes became luminous when held in

the hand below or near the plate- they seem to go out when

passed from one hand to the other along all their length; (3) the

tubes became luminous when laid on a block of paraffin below

the suspended plate. (0) The two poles connected by a wire

with an air space for the passage of the spark of the direct

induced current: a vacuum tube lighted up when held near the

coil. (ri) The same arrangement as for (c), but one of the poles is

connected to the suspended plate: tubes lighted up near the

coil, and under or near the plate. By using a Foucault contact-

breaker, making only five oscilla- tions per second, the

preceding experiments still succeed. With a much smaller coil

the phenomena occur with prac- tically the same strength. One

of the poles of the small coil can he touched with impunity by

forming a chain of two persons holding a vacuum tube between

them ; one person touching one of the poles and the other

holding a second vacuum tube in the free hand, both tubes will
light. Dissipation otllnergy.-Mr. Nikola Tesla contributes an

article on the dissipation of electrical energy of the Hertz

resonator to the American Electrical Engineer. The apparatus

being immersed in air or other discontinuous medium, there

occurs a dissipation of energy by " sound- waves of electrified

air.” Owing to this dissipation the period of vibration of an

air-condenser cannot be accurately determined. Mr. Tesla has

already drawn attention tn this important point. These waves

are propagated at right angles from charged surfaces, even if

heavily insulated. Assuming that the charge imparted to a

molecule or atom hy direct contact or inductively is

proportionate to the electric density of the surface, the

dissipation should be pro- portionate to the square of the

density and to the number of waves per second. From a

wire,'with high-frequency currents the dissipation is not far

from proportionate to the frequency, and increases rapidly

when the diameter is small. A wire made hot in the ordinary

way behaves in some respects like one the charge of which is

rapidly alternating, the dissipation depending on curvature of

surface. In his experiments Mr. Tesla noticed that the mica

vanes in Crookee’s instrument are repelled with greater

force when the incandescent wire is exceedingly thin. This

observa- tion led Mr. Tesla to produce the spin in alternating

electrostatic fields. When he first undertook to produce

incandescence of a wire in a bulb by connecting it to one only

of the terminals of a high-tension transformer, he could not

succeed for a long time. He reduced the length of wire without

result. It then occurred to him to make the surface as large as

possible, yet the hulk small-taking an exceedingly thin wire-and

on turning on the current the wire instantly fused. Two very thin

wires attached to the terminals of a high-frequency coil are

capable of giving off an appreciable amount of energy. The

waves are conspicuous at distances of 6ft., and differ from

sound»waves only by being electrified, and cannot be entirely

stopped by interposition of an insulated metal plate. The

“ringing ” ofa condenser is due to the presence of air

near the charged surfaces. Further, when a dis ruptive discharge

coil is immersed in oil, the surface of the oil is agitated. This is

not due to the oil: it is the air above the oil which is agitated.

The action of the air is shown in a curious manner, for if a

pointed metal bar is held \vith the point close over the coil, a

hole 2in. deep is formed in the oil by the molecules of air

violently projected from the point. It seems that the dissipation

of energy is more rapid when the resonator is immersed in air

than in oil; and the dissipation owing to the presence of air

renders the difference between magnetic and non-magnetic

metals more striking. A virtually as if its arrived at from his lead

to the result fully as important, resonator of magnetic metal

behaves circuit were longer. The conclusion own and Prof.

Bjerknes’ experiments, that air must be considered as a

factor if not more so, than the resistance of the metals.

© 2020 - "The Tesla Collection".

电气工程师，1893 年 1 月 6 日。5 通过绝缘支架从天花板上垂下：

（1）通过将一个装有一个电极和一根直碳纤维的耗尽灯泡连接到自由

杆上，灯丝变得发光，尽管非常微弱；（2）真空管、弯曲管，当把磷

光粉管握在盘子下面或附近时，它们就会发光——当它们从一只手传

到另一只手时，它们似乎会熄灭；（3）当把它们放在悬挂板下面的一

块石蜡上时，它们就会发光。（0）用一根导线连接的两极，有一个空

气空间，供直接感应电流的火花通过：一根真空管，当放在线圈附近

时，它就会点亮。（ri）与（c）相同的布置，但其中一根电杆连接至

悬吊板：在线圈附近、在板下或附近照亮的管子。通过使用福柯触点

断路器，每秒只做五次振荡，前面的实验仍然成功。对于更小的线圈，

这种现象发生时的强度实际上是相同的。小线圈的一个磁极可以不受

惩罚地接触到它的一个磁极，两个人之间拿着一个真空管；一个人触
摸其中一个磁极，另一个人手握第二个真空管，两个灯管都会发光。

耗散 otllnergy。—尼古拉·特斯拉先生为美国电气工程师写了一篇关

于赫兹谐振器电能耗散的文章。设备浸入空气或其他不连续介质中时，

会发生“通电空气声波”的能量耗散；由于这种耗散，空气冷凝器的

振动周期无法准确确定。特斯拉先生已经引起了人们对这一重要问题

的注意。这些波从带电表面以直角传播，即使高度绝缘。假设分子或

原子直接接触或感应的电荷与表面的电密度成正比，则耗散应与密度

的平方和每秒的波数成正比。在高频电流下，导线的损耗与频率不成

正比，当直径很小时，损耗迅速增加。用普通方法加热的金属丝，在

某些方面表现为电荷迅速交替的电线，其损耗取决于表面的曲率。在

他的实验中，泰斯拉先生注意到克鲁基的云母片™当白炽线非常细时，

仪器会受到更大的力的排斥。这一观察结果使特斯拉先生在交变静电

场中产生了自旋。当他第一次尝试将灯泡中的一根电线连接到高压变

压器的一个端子上时，他很长一段时间都无法成功。他缩短了电线的

长度，但没有结果。他突然想到要把表面弄得尽可能大，而绿巨人却

很小，拿着一根极细的电线，一接通电流，电线就立刻熔断了。连接

在高频线圈端子上的两根非常细的导线能够发出可观的能量。声波在

6 英尺的距离处很明显，与声波的区别仅仅在于通电，而不能完全通

过插入绝缘金属板来阻止。冷凝器的响声是由于带电表面附近存在空

气。此外，当断开放电线圈浸入油中时，油的表面被搅动。这不是由

于油的原因：是油上面的空气在搅动。空气的作用以一种奇怪的方式

表现出来，因为如果一根尖头的金属棒紧靠着线圈的上方，就会有一
个 2 英寸的孔。深层是由空气分子猛烈地从油中喷射出来而形成的。

当谐振器浸在空气中时，能量的耗散似乎比油中的快；空气的存在使

磁性金属和非磁性金属之间的差别更加明显。一个实际上似乎它从他

的引线到结果都一样重要，磁性金属的谐振器表现电路更长。结论是

own 和 Bjerknes 教授™ 实验表明，空气是一个比金属电阻更重要的

因素。