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Abstract— Electromagnetic Bandgaps (EBG) have emerged as more complex. On the one hand, in a MS-PS balun, the ground
a new technology which makes possible the design of more plane gets narrow to reach the parallel-strip line, so the number
compact filters. In last years, some studies have been carried of gaps is limited. On the other hand,as it will be study, the
out regarding planar transmission lines such as microstrip, or
coplanar, showing very promising results. Parallel-strip lines have inclusion of those gaps could decrease the balancing capacity.
also received a lot of interest during last years, since it has In this paper, we study the design and performance of
been proven that it is possible to design antennas for UWB a typical balun for UWB band applications (3.1 GHz-10.6
applications in this kind of technology. The baluns which are GHz) where a EBG technique has been applied in order
commonly used for feeding these structures show extremely large to get a stop-band above 10.6 GHz. First, the proposed
bandwidths, which may be not necessary,or even harmful taking
into account spurious, noise or coexistence with other systems. In geometry and the applied gaps will be showed. Finally, the
this paper, the design of a new UWB balun with filter capabilities electromagnetic performance and the influence of the gaps will
is presented, usign bandgaps so as to reduce this bandwidth in be discussed, taking the classical balun as reference, leading
excess. to some conclusions.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The printed parallel-strip transmission line, as a balanced
structure, has received the attention of some researchers, as
it can be used for building structures by means of similar
methods that those employed in microstrip designs show-
ing a balanced behaviour. Some passive devices, as hybrids
or filters have been presented [1], as well as antennas [2-
3]. These radiating structures have to be conected either
to power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers or other passive
devices which are usually unbalanced structures. Therefore,
a balanced-to-unbalanced structure must be designed. The
proposed balanced-to-unbalanced structures in the literature
show extremely large bandwidths, what is usually taken as
an advantage. However, as UWB Parallel-strip antennas, or
harmonics coming from power amplifiers, may radiate or be
in a band larger than expected, it is normally needed the use of
Fig. 1. Microstrip EBG filter structure
filters. This will require additional space as well as the balun.
It may be interesting try to reduce the bandwidth of this balun
so as to make more compact the whole system. II. S INGLE - PLANE C OMPACT EBG BALUN S TRUCTURE
In order to reduce the bandwidth, this work proposes the
Fig.1 shows a simple microstrip EBG structure. It consists
use of electromagnetic bandgaps (EBGs). Introducing periodic
of a series of slots made in one dimension and a simple
structures in the balun properly, a bandgap where the electro-
transmission line. This structure posses a bandgap, according
magnetic waves are not allowed to propagate are created. As
to the Bragg reflection condition [9], which relates the period
a consequence, a stop band, which can be wide enough,may
with the frequency f0 of the bandgap,
be created. Planar EBG structures implemented in microstrip
technologies have been studied [4-8], where planar periodic β · DT = π (1)
“holes” are etched in the ground plane, as it is easy to be
manufactured. Depending on the shape and periodicity of these where β is the wavenumber in the substrate material:
√
holes, different stop-band performances are obtained. 2π 2πf0 ef f
β= = (2)
The application in case of parallel-strip baluns is slightly λg c
TABLE I
G AP DIMENSIONS IN THE EBG BALUN
Slot 1 2 3 4 5
Size(mm) 6.4 6.4 6.4 5.4 4.4
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Comparison Non EBG vs 5-gap Balun Performances Evolution in the EBG-balun with gap number
0 0
-5 -5
-10 -10
Scattering parameters(dB)
-15 -15
11
-20 -20
3 gaps
-25 -25 4 gaps
5 gaps
-30 -30
-35 -35
21
-20 5 gaps
remains constant, whereas the fade in the stop-band improves.
-25
As far as the return losses are concerned, the last slots
improves slightly this parameter in the lower band, but the -30
-50
IV. BALANCE S TUDY 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frequency (GHz)
In spite of that typical electromagnetic performance seems
to agree with the expected EBG behaviour, when the structure Fig. 5. Influence of the number of slots in the band gap structure
needs to work as a balun (for instance, in antenna feeders),
the performance of the balance might be influence. In fact, the
slots will delay the current density, or will introduce losses not are slightly delayed, which is translated into a non perfect
expected in the top layer. balance. However, it does not seem to be a large error, although
The study of the balance is not an easy task, but some this must be studied more in detail.
estimations may be made by means of the current density,
comparing the results to the standard balun. A method for V. C ONCLUSION
evaluating the balance current consist in perform a current
decomposition into even and odd parts, that is, if Ju , Jd are An EBG balun structure has been proposed in order to
the current densities in the strips, reduced the excess in bandwidth wich may be harmful in
UWB band communications. The proposed balun is based on
Jeven + Jodd periodic slots etched in ground planes, and its performances
Ju =
2 and dimensions have been obtained by the Finite Element
Jeven − Jodd Method (HFSS). These simulations show a wide and deep
Jd =
(3) stop-band place above 11 GHz and with stop-levels around
2
-30 dB. The influence of the bandgap has been showed by a
The difference between Jeven , Jodd is the source of the
current analysis, showing that the balance at the parallel-strip
unbalance. As a result, the current densities should be equal
line is changed, although this error may not be very large.
to obtain a perfect balance-to unbalance structure.
The figures corresponding to the current densities are Fig.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
6 and Fig.7. This figures show different time intervals (ωt) in
the standard and the EBG cases and they have been obtained This work has been funded by the Ministry of Education
at 4 GHz and in the point J (see Fig. 3). and Science and the European funds of Regional Develop-
Two different conclusions are obtained from these curves. ment (FEDER) under the projects TEC 2007-64536/TCM ,
One the one hand, the standard balun shows perfect symmetry TEC 2004-04529/TCM, the Gobierno de Aragon for WALQA
respect to the x-axis. This symmetry is broken in the case of technology park and the European Union through the Pro-
the EBG balun. On the other hand, as expected, the currents gram Marco under the project PULSERS PHASE-2 (Pervasive
1139
Current Density Standard balun
250
[7] Li Yang,M. Fan, F. Chen, J. She, and Z. Feng,“A Novel Compact
Electromagnetic-Bandgap (EBG) Structure and Its Applications for Mi-
crowave Circuits”,IEEE Transactions on Microwave theory and Tech-
200
niques, vol. 53, no. 1, january 2005
[8] Shao Ying Huang and Yee Hui Lee,“Tapered Dual-Plane Compact Elec-
tromagnetic Bandgap Microstrip Filter Structures”,IEEE Transactions on
Current Density (A/m)
Phase=0º
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5
Strip Length (mm)
Phase=135º
200
Current Density (A/m)
150
Phase=90º
100
Phase=45º
50
Phase=0º
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5
Strip Length (mm)
R EFERENCES
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