2.

4 GHz MICROSTRIP CIRCULAR

PATCH ANTENNA
FOR
WI-FI APPLICATIONS

TASK REPORT

SUBMITTED BY
DEEPAK K (171EC139)

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
SATHYAMANGALAM-638401

JULY 2020

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 DECLARATION

I affirm that the lab task work titled “Design of 2.4GHz microstrip circular patch antenna
for WI-FI applications” being submitted as the record of original work done by us under
the guidance of Dr. Sampath P, Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

(Signature of candidate)
Deepak K
171EC139

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 1. OBJECTIVE

To design a circular microstrip patch antenna which can be used for Wi-Fi
applications.

2. INTRODUCTION
Micro strip antennas have profound applications especially in the field of medical,
military, mobile and satellite communications. Microstrip antennas are very
versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance at the
particular patch shape. Their utilization has become diverse because of their small
size and light weight. Rapid and cost effective fabrication is especially important
when it comes to the prototyping of antennas for their performance evaluation. As
wireless applications require more and more bandwidth, the demand for wideband
antennas operating at higher frequencies becomes inevitable. Inherently microstrip
antennas have narrow bandwidth and low efficiency and their performance greatly
depends on the substrate parameters i.e. its dielectric constant, uniformity and loss
tangent. The microstrip antennas are mostly a broadside radiator. The position of
the feed has to be changed as before to control the input impedance. The patch,
micro strip transmission line (or input, output pin of coaxial probe), and ground
plane are made of high conductive material. The patch may be in a variety of
shapes, but rectangular and circular are the most common because ease of analysis
and fabrication, attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross
polarization. The patch is designed in such a way so that its pattern is maximum
normal to it. End-fire radiator can also be chosen by proper mode selection. The
microstrip patch consists of a metallic “patch” on top of the dielectric substrate and
below the dielectric material it has ground plane.

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 3. PARAMETERS TO DESIGN A PATCH ANTENNA

The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular microstrip

patch antenna are :
1.Frequency of operation (fr): The resonant frequency of the antenna must
be selected appropriately. The resonant frequency selected
for design is at Wi-Fi that is at 2.45 GHz.
2.Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr): The dielectric material selected for
the design is FR-4 epoxy which has a dielectric constant
of 4.4. A substrate with a high dielectric constant reduces the dimensions of the
antenna.
3.Height of dielectric substrate (h): For the microstrip patch antenna it is
essential that the antenna is not bulky.

4. FORMULATIONS
Theoretical analysis and calculation of Microstrip patch is calculated with
following equations:

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 5.ALGORITHM AND SIMULATIONS
CIRCULAR ARRAY VS LINEAR ARRAY:
% Radiation pattern of Uniform Circular Array (UCA) and Uniform Linear Array (ULA)
clear all
clc
% define parameters
lambda=1; % wavelength
k=2*pi/lambda; % propagation constant
N=15; % number of antenna elements
delta=0.4*lambda; % spacing between antenna elements
alpha=2*pi/N; % alpha for array
theta_o=[0:pi/20:pi]; % phase difference for input in antenna elements
theta=[-pi:pi/200:pi]; % vary theta in xz plane
% we calculate antenna factor for both array and plot together
% AF for UCA
for n=1:length(theta_o)
AFUCA=zeros(N,length(theta));
for m=1:N
AFUCA(m,:)= exp((j*k*delta/alpha).*(sin(m*alpha+theta)-...
sin(m*alpha+theta_o(n))));
end
AFUCA(n,:)=real(sum(AFUCA,1)); % sum for each thetas
absAFUCA(n,:)=abs(AFUCA(n,:));
end
AFULA=zeros(length(theta_o),length(theta));
for n=1:length(theta_o)
% we do not consider exponential term for AF (it represents phase)
AFULA(n,:)=(sin(k*N*(delta/2).*(cos(theta)-cos...
(theta_o(n)))))./(sin(k*(delta/2).*(cos(theta)-cos(theta_o(n)))));
end
figure(1)
%comparision of ULA and UCA for different theta_o
for i=1:length(theta_o)
clf
polar(theta,absAFUCA(i,:),'b')
hold on
polar(theta,AFULA(i,:),'r')
legend('Circular Array','Linear Array')
display(theta_o(i)*180/pi)
pause(3)
end

circular array and linear array with 0degree

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then next images will be in the order of 9 multiples

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CIRCULAR ARRAY ANTENNA WITH 4 ELEMENTS:
PROGRAM:
% Create a circularArray with dipole element.
% Generated by MATLAB(R) 9.8 and Antenna Toolbox 4.2.
% Generated on: 19-Jul-2020 20:51:51

%% Array Properties
%Define Array
arrayObject = circularArray;

arrayObject.NumElements = 4;

%Define Array Elements

Element1 = dipole;
arrayObject.Element = [Element1 ];

% Design array at frequency 2450000000Hz

arrayObject = design(arrayObject,2450000000,Element1);

%% Array Analysis
% Show for circularArray
figure;
show(arrayObject)
% Layout for circularArray
figure;
layout(arrayObject)
% Elevation for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000; elRange = 0:5:360; Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject, plotFrequency,0,elRange,'Termination',Termination);
% Sparameters for circularArray
freqRange = 2205000000:24500000:2695000000; RefImpedance = 50;
figure;
rfplot(sparameters(arrayObject, freqRange,RefImpedance));
% Pattern for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000; Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject, plotFrequency,'Termination',Termination);
% Azimuth for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000; azRange = 0:5:360; Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject, plotFrequency,azRange,0,'Termination',Termination);
% Impedance for circularArray
freqRange = 2205000000:24500000:2695000000;

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figure;
impedance(arrayObject, freqRange)
% Sparameters for circularArray
freqRange = 2205000000:24500000:2695000000; RefImpedance = 50;
figure;
rfplot(sparameters(arrayObject, freqRange,RefImpedance));
% Element Pattern for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000;
elementNumber = [1];Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject,
plotFrequency,'ElementNumber',elementNumber,'Termination',Termination)
% Element AZ for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000;azRange = 0:5:360;
elementNumber = [1];Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject,
plotFrequency,azRange,0,'ElementNumber',elementNumber,'Termination',Termination)
% Element EL for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000;elRange = 0:5:360;
elementNumber = [1];Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject,
plotFrequency,0,elRange,'ElementNumber',elementNumber,'Termination',Termination)
% Element Pattern for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000;
elementNumber = [2];Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject,
plotFrequency,'ElementNumber',elementNumber,'Termination',Termination)
% Element AZ for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000;azRange = 0:5:360;
elementNumber = [2];Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject,
plotFrequency,azRange,0,'ElementNumber',elementNumber,'Termination',Termination)
% Element EL for circularArray
plotFrequency = 2450000000;elRange = 0:5:360;
elementNumber = [2];Termination = 50;
figure;
pattern(arrayObject,
plotFrequency,0,elRange,'ElementNumber',elementNumber,'Termination',Termination)

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ARRAY DESIGN:

ARRAY LAYOUT DESIGN:

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DESIGN PARAMETERS IN 3D:

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 6. PERFORMANCE OF UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY(ULA)
VS UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARRAY(UCA)
Diversity performance is evaluated based on BER results. The analytical
BER is derived as function of antenna correlation for both types of antenna arrays.
Results show that the UCA outperforms the ULA on average for small and
moderate angle spread for similar aperture sizes. However, the ULA outperforms
the UCA for certain angles-of-arrival (e.g., near broadside of the ULA) with
moderate angle spreads. All other conditions resulted in similar performance
between the arrays. With small values of angle spread, there is little diversity
advantage from either array, while for large angle spreads both arrays provide four-
branch diversity performance. Results also show that the central AOA can have a
significant impact on the BER performance of both the UCA and the ULA.
7.CONCLUSION
Microstrip patch antenna arrays of circular shaped radiating elements
were successfully designed and implemented. Through the Analysis of MATLAB
simulation software, it was observed that the antenna resonated at 2.4 GHz
frequency.

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