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• It is a transition period of human development that occurs between childhood and adulthood (13 to 19
years old). (book)
• This stage is one of the most rapid phases of development. (WHO, 2017)
• Adolescence begins at puberty, which now occurs earlier, on average, than in the past. (Cleveland
Clinic, n.d.)
• Adolescents are also developing socially and emotionally during this time. The most important task of
adolescence is the search for identity or in Erik Erikson’s Stages in Psychosocial Development.
(Cleveland Clinic, n.d.)
Nutrition of Adolescence
Calories
- Boys require an average of 2,800 calories per day while girls need an average of 2,200 calories per
day. (Healthy Children, n.d.)
Protein
- Teens 14 to 18 years need about 0.85 grams of protein for each kilogram of body weight. In
practical terms, this means that a 14 to 18 year old who weighs 61 kilograms (135 lbs) needs about
52 grams of protein each day. (Atchisa, 2017)
The densest sources of protein include teenage favorites such as:
• Beef • Eggs • Chicken
• Turkey • Cheese • Fish
• Pork
• Vitamins
– Allowance for Vitamin A is the same for all levels. Vitamin C allowance is constantly higher among
boys than among girls aged 16 to 19 years. Compared to their female counterparts, the older male
adolescents have higher recommended allowance for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and
vitamin C. (book)
• Minerals
– The recommended calcium allowance of the 13 to 15 age group is higher (700 mg) compared to the
16 to 19 age group (600 mg). (book)
Obesity
• Defined as a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender.
(Levy, 2019)
• Adolescents whose BMI is in the top 5% for their age and gender are considered obese. Being in the
top 5% means their BMI is higher than 95% of their peers (at or over the 95th percentile). (Levy, 2019)
• Obesity is twice as common among adolescents as it was 30 years ago. Obese adolescents are more
likely than their peers to have high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. (Levy, 2019)
Intervention
• Overweight and obese teens should check with their doctor or dietitian about their individualized
calorie needs to move toward a healthier body weight.
• Calorie intake can be reduced by establishing a well-balanced diet of ordinary foods and making
permanent changes in eating habits.
• Calorie burning is increased by increasing physical activities
Anemia
• When the number of RBC in the body gets too low. (Miller, 2019)
• Red blood cells carry hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen throughout the body. Without enough
of them, the organs can’t work normally. (Miller, 2019)
• Iron-deficiency Anemia can cause teens to become sluggish, tired, and weak and have slower cognitive
development, decreased immune function and show a decrease in performance at school. (Coleman,
2018)
Intervention
• The recommended dietary allowance for iron is 11 milligrams for teen boys and 15 milligrams daily for
teen girls.
• Iron-rich foods for teens include lean red meats, poultry, fish and other seafood, egg yolks, raisins,
spinach, legumes and iron-fortified breads and cereals.
• Taking iron supplements
Nutritional problems related to:
• Psychological Factors – food aversions and emotional problems
• Crash diets/Fear of becoming overweight
• Food Diets
• Poor choice of snack foods
• Irregular eating pattern
• Additional stress of pregnancy
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
• it generally develops during adolescence or young adulthood and tends to affect more women than
men.
• People with anorexia generally view themselves as overweight, even if they’re dangerously
underweight. They tend to constantly monitor their weight, avoid eating certain types of foods, and
severely restrict their calories.
• Such individuals may also have difficulty eating in public and exhibit a strong desire to control their
environment, limiting their ability to be spontaneous.
• Two subtypes — the restricting type and the binge eating and purging type
• Anorexia can be very damaging to the body. If left untreated, anorexia can lead to serious
complications such as malnutrition and organ failure.
S/x:
• Dramatic weight loss • Preparing elaborate meals for others but refusing
• Wearing loose, bulky clothes to hide weight loss to eat them
• Preoccupation with food, dieting, counting • Exercising excessively
calories, etc. • Making comments about being “fat”
• Refusal to eat certain foods, such as carbs or fats • Stopping menstruating
• Avoiding mealtimes or eating in front of others • Complaining about constipation or stomach pain
• Denying that extreme thinness is a problem
Anorexia Nervosa Meal Plan Lunch: 2 Starch, 2 Vegetable, 3 Meat, 2 Fat, 1 Milk
• The preferred meal plan model for anorexia • Grilled cheese sandwich: 2 slices of bread (2
nervosa recovery is the exchange system. It starch exchanges), 2 tsp butter (2 fat
is often used in hospital, residential and exchanges), 3 slices of cheese (3 meat
outpatient eating disorder recovery exchanges)
treatment. Originally designed for patients • Tomato soup (1 cup tomato soup condensed-2
with diabetes, the system is versatile in vegetable exchanges) made with 1 cup whole
recovery because it takes into consideration milk (1 milk exchange)
macronutrient proportions (protein, Other Weight Gain Strategies In order to increase
carbohydrate, fat) without a direct focus on caloric intake to achieve a steady weight gain
calories. An illustrative 3,000-calorie course, you can always remember some simple
Exchange System Meal Plan for a day might tactics:
comprise 12 starch, 4 fruit, 4 milk, 5 • Increase the frequency of eating (from three
vegetables, 9 meats, and 7 fats. times per day to six times per day)
A daily regimen might divide the exchanges into • Increase the actual portion size
meals and snacks as follows: • Increase caloric density (add fat while cooking
• 2 slices of toast (2 starch exchanges) with 1 tsp. such as oil, butter, cream, cheese which can
butter (1 fat exchange) increase calories without increasing portion size)
• 2 scrambled eggs (2 meat exchanges) made with • Increase the actual portion size
2oz whole milk plus 6oz of whole milk on the • Increase caloric density (add fat while cooking
side to drink (total-1 milk exchange), such as oil, butter, cream, cheese which can
• 4 oz of orange juice & 1/2 cup fruit salad (total – increase calories without increasing portion size)
2 fruit exchanges)
• This plan is therefore aimed both at parents of teenagers who have a responsibility to ensure that the
adolescent eats a good food, and at teenagers themselves – they may well be searching on the internet
for good, healthy meal plans including food choices that they like.