SUMMER CLASS 2020

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

LESSON 2

MODES OF DISCOURSE

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Determine the modes of discourse used in academic and professional writing.
2. Compare and contrast old and new technology through their objective and evocative
description.
4. Write meaningful persuasive essays using right situations, conditions, and activities.
5. Utilize five human senses in understanding and writing descriptive prose.
6. Apply the cause multi-effect combination in writing.
7. Use appropriate activities to activate their interest.

Input in focus

 Descriptive prose identifies the shape, materials, position and function of the subject.

Write a descriptive prose that would provide the functional view of each topic. Then list down their
similarities and differences

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Similarities Differences

1. __________________________ 1. ______________________________

2. __________________________ 2. ______________________________

3. __________________________ 3. _____________________________

4. __________________________ 4. ______________________________

5. ___________________________ 5. ______________________________

Prepared by: SIR MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 1

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Insight in FOCUS

 Writing descriptive prose is just one of the way or methods in developing a discourse, paragraph
or concept.

 These methods present variety of conventions and purposes of language-based writing and
speaking, providing students array of opportunity to understand and organize ideas logically and
impressively.

 And since academic and professional writers undergo writing challenges from narrating events
to conveying information, giving factual accounts, creating and inventing a concept, and proving
the validity of an idea or concept.

 Students must provide with the right opportunities and meaningful experiences to cope with
academic and professional writing demands.

COMMON MODES OF DISCOURSE

1. Analysis
2. Definition
3. Comparison and contrast
4. Compare and Contrast
5. Cause and Effect
6. description
7. Persuasion

ANALYSIS

 In this way, the writer divides his subjects intro parts or aspects and then discusses each
individually.
 The analysis may be used to argue a point or to evaluate something.
 Simple analysis is only to explain something from a unique perspective.
 The proper analysis is for someone to read an argumentative essay and then analyzes its parts
step by step using one or more points of view or theories.

DEFINITION

 Definition begins by stating the TERM being explained, followed by its reference to the GENUS
(the category where it belongs) and ends up with its DESCRIPTION of its unique character trait
that shows its difference to others in the same category.

 With more details and examples added, the definition is made clear, more vivid, and more
interesting to the readers. Breaking down the subject into sub-categories can also help organize
definition. Giving a counter example of what it is not is likewise useful.

COMPARISON and contrast

 Giving similarities and differences is what this technique of writing is all about.

 The COMPARISON involves getting two similar but non-identical objects and determining their
likeness while

 CONTRAST focuses on identifying their differences.

 There are two patterns to choose from in writing a READABLE and OPERATIVE paragraph of
comparison and contrast

Prepared by: SIR MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 2

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

These are the opposing and alternating patterns

Opposing pattern

 Emphasizes significant details or main differences of the units before the minor ones.

 A writer discusses the first unit fully, point by point, before considering the second
group and all its characteristics.

 This is also known as BLOCK PATTERN

Alternating Pattern

 Points out the similarities or differences of minor details rather than the larger
similarities or differences between the objects or units up for comparison.

 In this pattern, a writer presents the details about one aspect of one unit and then the
details of the other unit about the same character, and he goes on until he has
touched all the need aspects

CAUSE and EFFECT

 Development of cause and effect is a method where either the cause or the effect constitutes
the central idea.

 One may present the cause or causes first of a mere effect or effects first moving towards the
same cause/causes.

 In a simple paragraph, it is best to focus on either causes or effects, not both.

 The topic sentence should clearly indicate the focus of the paragraph.

TYPES OF CAUSES

Immediate Causes are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect.

Example: The immediate cause of flash floods in any streets of Metro Manila has
been the uninterrupted rainfalls for one hour due to a typhoon.

Ultimate Causes somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even be hidden.
Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate
causes, thus creating, a CASUAL chain.

Example: Donnabelle, a sales representatives, prepared extensively for a

meeting with a client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause),
and made

DESCRIPTION

 The description is a method of paragraph development used to create a vivid image of a person,
place or thing. It utilizes the person’s five senses such as touch, taste, sound, sight and smell.

There are two kinds of Description

Objective Description

 Is a sort where the language used presents the physical object in a away that anyone would see
them.

 It uses spatial order (space), texture, size, shape, color, etc.

Prepared by: SIR MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 3

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

 Example:

 A police report where an investigator describes a handgun or a sharp knife, as ordinarily seen by
anyone, used in homicide or murder.

Impressionistic description

 Is a kind which is largely based on human senses to paint a vivid picture to the imagination of
the readers.

 This sensual impression uses figurative language like simile and metaphor to bring an object to
live for the readers.

 It uses sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch.

 Example:

 A dove as symbols of love, peace or as messengers. Doves appear in the symbolism of Judaism,
Christianity and Paganism, and of both military and pacifist groups.

Persuasion

 Is the act of convincing someone to take the author’s stand on a particular issue, to vote for a
particular candidate, to patronize a particular product, or to accept a particular proposed
project.

How to write persuasively:

1. The thesis must have a reliable, dependable and active stance on the issue.

2. The arrangements must be presented one by one to avoid confusion among the readers.

3. Evidence must lead to arguments, not the other way around.

4. Sentences must be short and precise.

TASK 2.1 SOLO WORK

Write an analysis process composition

This type of writing teaches the readers how to do something or understand the mechanics of
something.

1. Pick out a process

2. Pick out a valid central point. The main point will explain the difficulty of the process.
3. Pick out essential steps in the process. Don’t exclude any action, the more information, the
better.
4. Use the chronological order.
5. Include transitional phrases to improve fluency.
6. Have a strong thesis statement. Your thesis will blend with the process in which you are
explaining the central point.

Suggested topics:

1. How to survive a terror teacher.

2. How to kick a bad habit.
3. How to troubleshoot a cell phone.
4. How to win a friend, boyfriend or girlfriend.
5. How to avoid being held up.
6. (Title) __________________________
7. Thesis Statement
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________

Prepared by: SIR MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 4

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Task 2.2 Construct cause and effect relationship between the following situations using the
given graphic organizers.

1. “K-12” IS NOW IMPLEMENTED IN PHILIPPINES educational system and as the recipient to

experience or benefit from it, list down possible effects or implications of this implementation.

Effect

Effect Cause Effect

Effect

2. There has been a proposal to move the school year opening from June to august, in fact,
other schools have started implementing it. what are the implications or effects should all
schools in the Philippines implement this?

Effect
Effect Effect

Cause

3. Congressman Manny Pacquiao is planning to run for president in the near future. What do
you think are his qualifications and credentials to be a presidential candidate?

Prepared by: SIR MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 5