Mapeh PDF

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FOUNDATION
OF MAPEH
February 2013
2
Educational Trends
Course Overview
The course deals with the education foundation of Physical Education, Art,
Health and Music Education respectively. It covers the historical, philosophical,
sociological and psychological theories and principles necessary to understanding
the bases for the various activities involved. The course shall interrelate the different
subject into common understanding of its important in the MAPEH and in the life of a
human being.
Nowadays, there is a vast change of curricula and approaches in the world of

teaching and learning thus, this course relates the past to contemporary issues,
concerns, and development of MAPEH.
In order for learners to gain competency in this course, this course pack has
been structured into four modules as follows:
Module 1: Physical Education
Module 2: Music
Module 3: Art
Module 4: Health
At the completion of this course pack, learners should be able to:
• Grasp the history, philosophy, and psychological development of physical

education in the different era and comprehend the principles of Music, Arts,
PE, and Health, and Learn the proper way of demonstrating the different
aspect of Mapeh;
• Appreciate the historical development of Physical Education and be able to
appreciate the effort on practicing the different skill in the field of Mapeh
especially in sport; and
• Demonstrate the correct sports skills.
Students in this course are expected to go through to each module successively

comprising lessons with embedded exercises to work on. Applications in the form of
exercises on each lesson are projected to draw notions which would help students
understand the lesson.
May learning of this course pack be worthwhile and helpful to cultivate one’s
personality, study this course pack with your co-learners at your own pace. You can
also ask the help and support of your peers, tutor and friends.
Good luck!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 1: Physical Education
Module Overview ……………………………………………………….. 4

Lesson 1: The History of Physical Education
Lesson 2: Purpose and Objective of PE
Lesson 3: Philosophy of PE
Lesson 4: Psychological Perspective of PE
Module Summary................................................................................... 26
Module 2: Music
Module Overview ……………………………………………………. 27

Lesson 1: History of Music
Lesson 2: Objectives and Scope Sequence of Music
Lesson 3: Rudiments and Salient Features of a good music
Lesson 4: Philippine music.
Module Summary ............................................................................... 44
Module 3: Arts
Module Overview............................................................................... 42
Lesson 1: Arts and Its Classification
Lesson 2: Elements of Arts
Lesson 3: Principles of Arts and Design
Module Summary ............................................................................... 63
Module 4: Health
Module Overview ……………………………………………………. 27

Lesson 1: Health and Wellness
Lesson 2: Components of Wellness
Lesson 3: Good Personal Hygiene
Module Summary 44
Foundation of MAPEH Page |

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Module 1
Module Overview
Physical Education
In this module:
• The History of Physical Education

• Purpose and Objective of PE
• Philosophy of PE
• Psychological Perspective of PE
Physical education is an integral part of people's education. As a result of learning

PE, people can increase enjoyment, confidence and competence in a range of physical
activities.
This module will focus on the history, philosophy, and sociological development of
physical education in the different era and taking responsibility for being physically active
now and in the future. It also envisions to help develop positive attitudes to physical activity
and its importance in a healthy and fulfilling lifestyle as well as planning and creating various
techniques in teaching Physical Education.
At the completion of this module, you should be able to:
• Appreciate historical development of physical education;

• Demonstrate understanding on the concept, objectives and purposes of P.E.; and
• Apply the theories and philosophies in the teaching of physical education.
Are you ready? Then start the lessons now

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Lesson The History of Physical

1 Education
Objectives:
• Trace the historical development of physical education; and

• Appreciate historical development of physical education.
Introduction:
Have you wondered where does Physical Education originated? Well for this lesson, we will
discover and explore the history of Physical Education and to sightsee some important events in
the field of PE.
1. What physical activities have you experienced on your PE

class before?
THINK-PAIR-AND-SHARE _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Learners are encouraged to think 2. Do you remember some important events in the field of PE
of their first PE subject and ask that were discussed in your PE class?
them to share their experiences
and learnings related to physical _______________________________________________
education to their pair.
_______________________________________________
3. Are you aware where does physical education originated?
Analysis
• What important historical event have you remembered in the field of

physical education?
• What could have been the reason why it happened?
• Based on the activity above, can you locate now where does the
physical education first originated?

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Abstraction
How it began?
Physical education originated thousands of years ago, in Ancient Greece.

In roughly 380 BC, Plato mentioned physical education in "The Republic", stating
that two types of education were necessary: educating the mind and educating the
body. Gymnastics was the form of physical education taught in Ancient Greece.
Boys and young men were expected to practice gymnastics regularly, in the
gymnasium situated in the center of Athens. A healthy body was celebrated
through the competitive gymnastics and races of the Olympic Games.
The brief history of physical education would start in just about 1820 when
schools focused on gymnastics, hygiene training and care and development of the
human body. By the year 1950, over 400 institutes had introduced majors in physical
education. The Young Men's Christian Association launched its very first chapter in
1851 and focused on physical activities. Colleges were encouraged to focus on
intramural sports particularly track, field and football. But physical education became
a formal requirement following the civil war when many states opted to pass laws
that required schools to incorporate a substantial physical education component into
their curriculums. But it was not till 1970 that an amendment was made to the Federal
Education Act that allowed women from high school and college to compete in
athletic competitions. Sex-based discrimination was completely outlawed from
government funded programs at this point.
Development
The first teacher of physical education to appear in America was a German

named Charles Beck. Physical education was taught by a select few in Germany in
the late 1790s, and in the 1820s Beck decided to promote physical education across
the world, travelling to France, Switzerland and eventually America. In 1825, Beck
was hired by the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts, becoming the
first official physical education teacher in the States. The school contained a
gymnasium, and Beck primarily taught German gymnastics.
Physical Education in college
From 1825 to the present, the form of physical education taught in schools
has altered dramatically. Whilst gymnastics is still taught as part of physical
education, it no longer forms a key part of the curriculum. Instead, athletics and
sports are now the main focus. The current emphasis on overall health and fitness,
and particularly physical stamina and endurance, stems from World War II, when
45% of the first 2 million males drafted failed their physicals. Since 1941, physical
education has been given increased time, attention and priority in American schools.

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College athletics received a major stimulus when a National Collegiate
Athletic Association was created in the early twentieth centuries. There was a rise in
popularity of sports within colleges and universities and funding greatly increased.
Colleges took great pride in their athletic programs and sports scholarships became
a norm. There was also a surge in people who enrolled in sports education programs
to meet the growing demand for professionals in the field.
Decline in Physical Education
But this is not meant to imply that the history of physical education has been
all rosy. Late in the twentieth century there was certainly a decline in the commitment
to physical education. The growing offering of extra subjects and electives in schools
means that the shift was focusing away from physical education and towards
academics. The country also faced a recession around 1970 and 1980 and the
dearth of government funding means that physical education programs were often
the first to be cut from schools and universities.
The modern age
But recent awareness of the need for balanced curriculums particularly given
the national concern over the state of obesity and children's attention towards non-
physical activities like video games has brought physical education back in the
spotlight. The government has re-signaled its commitment to physical education by
making it mandatory in public schools in early classes. But it remains an elective at
the high school level. One of the most interesting developments in the history of
physical education has been how the definition of physical education has evolved.
While it only encompassed traditional sports in the beginning, it now includes several
fewer physical activities such as yoga and meditation which are considered critical
to helping students develop a sense of control in such a stressful age.

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Application
Reflect and write in your journal how you can use the above information on your
knowledge about Physical Education. Give some insights about the differences
between the ancient and modern age of physical education.
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Well done! You have just finished Lesson 1 of this module. Should there be some parts of
the lesson which you need clarification, please ask your tutor during your face-to-face interactions.
Now if you are ready, please proceed to Lesson 2 of this module which will discuss about the
Purpose and Objectives of Physical Education.

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Lesson Purpose and Objective of Physical

Education
2
Objective:
• Demonstrate understanding on the concept, objectives and purposes of physical

education.
Introduction:
In recent years, physical education has been falling out of its position as a staple of the
traditional school day. Research not only connects regular P.E. classes with improved academic
performance, but also suggests that lack of activity could be damaging children’s cardiovascular health.
Despite the scientific evidence, the modern curriculum continues to impede physical education in favor
of more time spent in the classroom, placing additional pressure on physical educators and school
departments to optimize the time allotted towards achieving crucial fitness goals
Diagram Analysis
Analyze the diagram on

the right side of this box
and answer the analysis
questions below.
Analysis
• What did you understand about the diagram illustrated above?
• How do the 8 aims and objectives of physical education relate with each other?

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• Based on the diagram above, is it possible to be physically fit with the absence
of one aim?
• Why do you think development of right attitude towards physical activity is

important?
Abstraction
1. Organic Development:
o Foremost objective & related with physical development.

o Development of organ systems such as circulatory system, nervous system,
muscular system, digestive system etc.
o Development in size, shape and efficiency of organic system are performed.
o During physical activities, the body demands more and more from various systems
and organs, which in turn have to function optimally to cope with the stress of
activity.
2. Neuro-muscular Development:
o Concern with better co-ordination between nervous system and muscular system.
o Good neuro-muscular co-ordination helps to keep of fatigue during vigorous
activities.
o Improves working with various equipment and tools.
o Also known as psycho motor development or co- ordination development.
3. Intellectual or Cognitive Development:
o Participants are required to follow the rules and regulations of a specific sport and
apply these rules according to the situation in that sport.
o Participants learns the values of these activities and carry it over for lifetime.
o Researches have proved that good sports person have higher IQ.
4. Social Development:
o Physical Education provides ample opportunities to its participants to interact with

other individual and groups.
o This gives wholesome experience to learn social norms.
o Individual develops social qualities & social habits.
o Values of competition and co-operation are also inculcated.

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5. Emotional Development:
o Physical education aims at emotional stability which helps in facing any type of
situation.
o Competitions are an indispensable part and are characterized by success and
failure.
o Physical education teaches to accept success and failure gracefully, which are
also helpful throughout the lifetime.
6. Health Knowledge Development:
o Health knowledge is a part and parcel of P.E. Program.

o School health education program includes not only principles and important rules
of health education but also information regarding healthy living and community
health.
o It also speaks of health hazards in society like alcohol, smoking, drug addiction etc.
o This knowledge builds a healthy and positive life style and society.
7. Development of Right Attitude towards Physical Activities:
o Physical education aims not only at teaching & learning various physical activities
but also helps to develop a healthy attitude towards sports and games.
8. Spiritual Development:
o By participating in physical activities and solving several tasks in the playfield, one
develops self-confidence and self-control.
o This self-control leads to moral and character development together with spiritual
development.
Application
Reflect and write in your journal how you can use the above information in
improving the delivery of instruction that will facilitate learning in physical education.
Congratulations You have just finished Lesson 2!
In this lesson, you learned about the three types of memory and how the brain functions.
In the next lesson, you will learn about the 7 major philosophies of physical education.

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Lesson The Philosophy of PE

3
Objectives:
• Identify the philosophical theories of physical education.

• Apply the theories and philosophies in the teaching of physical education.
Introduction:
What's the point of all of those physical education classes we've all taken? Sure, we got to
have some fun playing sports but was that all there was to it? Of course not. The philosophy
behind physical education entails principles that teach students the mechanics of physical activity,
why it's important, and how they can and should remain physically active on their own.
It goes much deeper than that, of course. Underlying this outward manifestation of physical
education is the understanding that if students learn all of this and apply it, it will benefit them
tremendously in terms of physical and mental well-being. This will, in turn, benefit the entire nation
since healthier people do not take up as many healthcare resources.
Clearly, good physical education affects the health and economics of individuals and an entire
nation. So why don't we take a closer look at the goals, purposes, and current trends of physical
education.
Picture Analysis
Analyze the poster slogan

at the right side. What
important message does it
depicts? Does one’s
philosophy helps build
physical health? What do you
think?

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Analysis
• What did you understand about the poster slogan above?
• Based on the illustration above, why physical education important?
• What philosophy do you think does building creativity and self-expression?

Why do you say so?
• What philosophy do you think does developing teamwork and cooperation?

Why do you say so?
• How can you as a teacher relates philosophy in teaching in philosophy of

physical education?

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Abstraction
7 Major Philosophies in Physical Education
1. Idealism
o The mind, developed through the acquisition of knowledge, is of highest

importance.
o Values exist independently of individuals.
o Fitness and strength activities contribute to the development of one's personality.
o Horace Mann, Wordsworth, Kant, Plato, and Descartes were idealist
2. Realism
o The physical world is real.

o A realist believes in the laws of nature, the scientific method, and mind
and body harmony.
o Religion and philosophy co-exist.
o Physical fitness results in greater productivity, physical drills are
important to the learning process, athletic programs lead to desired
social behavior, and play and recreation help life adjustment.
o Aristotle was a realist.
3. Pragmatism
o Experience is key to life.

o Dynamic experience shapes individuals' truth.
o Education is child-centered.
o Varied activities present experiences that are more meaningful.
o Activities are socializing.
o Problem solving accomplishes learning.
o John Dewy and Charles Pierce were pragmatists
4. Naturalism
o This philosophy is materialistic.

o Things that actually exist are found only within the physical realm of nature.
o Nature is valuable.
o The individual is more important than society.
o Self-activities accomplish learning and activities more than physical in nature.
o Naturalists promote play and discourage high levels of competition.
o Physical education takes a holistic approach.
5. Existentialism
o The chief concern is individualism.

o Existentialists do not want the individual to conform to society.
o They promote freedom of choice and a variety of interests.
o Individuals need to have their own system of values.
o Playing develops creativity and the discovery of the "inner self."
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o Sartre, Soren and Kierkegaard were Existentialists
6. Humanism
o One of the modern philosophies of physical education that most schools

follow today.
o The basis of the humanistic philosophy is the development of individual
talents and total fulfillment that encourages total involvement and
participation in one's environment.
o Humanists encourage self-actualization and self-fulfillment.
o Curriculums based on the Humanistic approach are more student-centered.
7. Eclecticism
o The second modern philosophy of physical education that most schools

follow today.
o The Eclectic approach combines beliefs from different philosophies and
does not resemble any single philosophy.
o When blended skillfully, the Eclectic approach affords a sound philosophy for an
individual.
Application
Based on the philosophies presented above, design a lesson that will employ
activities in physical education at least 3 philosophies in the lesson. Use Semi-
detailed 4A’s lesson plan.
Now that you have already known the philosophies of physical, you can now
proceed to the next lesson which will discuss on multimedia design: visual and visual
literacy.

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Lesson Psychological Perspective and Mental

Training for Physical Education
4
Objectives:
• Identify the psychological theories of physical education, and

• Apply the theories and principles in the teaching of physical education.
Introduction:
Psychology of the sportsperson is very important for achieving the heights in sports. It
includes various components physical, mental, spiritual and good emotional health of the
sportsperson. Psychology includes the various components like personality; attitudes, anxiety,
aggression and stress also play an important role. This lesson identifies all these factors and their
importance to become the elite and successful sportspersons in their life.
Picture Analysis
Study the diagram for

two minutes. Form an
overall impression of
the diagram and then
examine individual
component.

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Inference:
Based on what you have observed above, list three things you might infer from this
diagram.
1.
2.
3.
Questions:
a) Why have you chosen these three components of mental training techniques?
b) What do you think is the main concept of the components in the diagram aside from
mental training techniques?
c) Do you think psychology or the study of human behavior plays important role in the
field of physical education? Why?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Analysis
• Based on the activity above, did the picture relates to psychology or

human behavior? How?
• What about the worksheet, did it help you analyze the concept of the
picture aside from mental training techniques? How?
• Can you remember some theories or principles related to psychology that

are also essential in physical education?

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Abstraction 14
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To understand more the concept of psychology in physical education, please

study the following:
Mental Training Techniques in Physical Education
1. Goal Setting
Generally, process goals focus on how to do something while performance goals

focus on objective success or failure at the task.
SMART goals Being SMART about goal setting reminds you that your goals should be:
Specific: Set difficult but realistic positive performance and/or process goals that are
clearly stated.
Measurable: Set numeric goals so your progress can be easily measured.
Adjustable: Goals (and goal schedules) may need to be changed due to such things as
injury or sickness. Or you may have set goals that were in hindsight to easy
or too hard. Also, you should review your training methods to see if they are
effective and adjust your goals if needed.
Realistic: Know your limitations, but set goals that are challenging. Setting goals that are
too hard sets you up for failure, but they also need to stretch your abilities.
Time Referenced: Set target dates for achieving your goals. Again, these should be
challenging but realistic.
Goal Setting: Things to Avoid
• Setting goals that are not specific, realistic or measurable.

• Setting too many our progresses. Goals at once: keep it simple.
• Not monitoring Concentration and attention
2. Concentration
Concentration and attention control are perhaps the most important mental skills to
master. As there are so many potential distractions (sights, sounds, feelings, thoughts),
remaining optimally focused pays dividends. Selective attention is the ability to choose the
most appropriate stimuli to focus on, while concentration is the ability to sustain attention
over time. Players need to be able to shift attention rapidly and accurately. This constant
mental shifting from external to internal, broad to narrow and back is the essence of
attention control. Proper attention control allows a player to choose what is important, stay
focused upon it as long as necessary, and shift focus as needed.

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3. Centering and relaxation
Centering and relaxation assist an athlete shift his or her thoughts away from
anxious negative thinking towards a relaxed, positive, focused mind-set. A simple way of
achieving this is through breathing exercises. One breathing exercise is centering, which
is breathing that commences from your center of gravity (behind your navel). This process
reduces tension and assists control under pressure through remaining relaxed.
The process deserves further reading but in simple terms it requires:
• An at ease standing position or lying with legs uncrossed

• Placing hands on top of each other on the abdomen below the navel
• Focusing on point behind the navel – the power and control center
• Breathing in through nose, using the stomach and sensing it expand
• Breathing out through the mouth, with the exhalation equal in time to inhalation
• Focusing attention on breathing and a single meaningful word on exhaling
4. Visualization and imagery
Imagery is the process of simulating sensory experiences in the mind in the

absence of external stimuli. Whenever a player daydreams of or imagines hitting an ace,
the player is using imagery. While visualization typically describes simulation of visual
stimuli, imagery may involve the simulation of many factors: sound, touch, body
awareness, psychological states such as confidence, and numerous other mental and
physical experiences. However, many coaches and sport psychologists use imagery and
visualization as synonymous terms.
Imagery is popular in sports, and much research evidence suggests that it

positively improves performance. Factors believed to improve an individual’s ability to
benefit from imagery include the ability to form vivid images, control the images, and relax
before producing images. Imagery is used to help players anticipate and solve problems,
prepare for tournaments, rehearse particular strokes and sequences, cope with adversity,
and reinforce positive performance.
Imagery may be performed individually or in a group, and it may be guided by a

sport psychologist or a coach. Like all mental skills, imagery and visualization must be
practiced by athletes consistently and correctly to produce positive effects.
Benefits of mind training techniques/skills:
Mind skills/techniques help athletes adjust their actions, thoughts, feelings, and
physical sensations in order to improve their games. Mental skills techniques do this by
helping the player to:
1. Improve focus and deal with distractions.
Many athletes have the ability to concentrate, but often their focus is displaced on
the wrong areas such as when a batter thinks “I need to get a hit” while in the batter’s box,
which is a result-oriented focus. Much of my instruction on focus deals with helping athlete
to stay focused on the present moment and let go of results.

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2. Grow confidence in athletes who have doubts.
Doubt is the opposite of confidence. If you maintain many doubts prior to or during
your performance, this indicates low self-confidence or at least you are sabotaging what
confidence you had at the start of the competition. Confidence is what I call a core mental
game skill because of its importance and relationship to other mental skills.
3. Develop coping skills to deal with setbacks and errors.
Emotional control is a prerequisite to getting into the zone. Athletes with very high
and strict expectations, have trouble dealing with minor errors that are a natural part of
sports. It’s important to address these expectations and also help athletes stay composed
under pressure and when they commit errors or become frustrated.
4. Find the right zone of intensity for your sport.
This will vary from person to person and from sport to sport. Feeling “up” and
positively charged is critical, but not getting overly excited is also important. You have to
tread a fine line between being excited to complete, but not getting over-excited.
5. Help teams develop communication skills and cohesion.
A major part of sports psychology and mental training is helping teams improve
cohesion and communication. The more a team works as a unit, the better the results for
all involved.
6. Develop confidence post-injury.
Some athletes find themselves fully prepared physically to get back into
competition and practice, but mentally some scars remain. Injury can hurt confidence,
generate doubt during competition, and cause a lack of focus. I help athletes mentally heal
from injuries and deal with the fear of reinjury.
7. To develop game-specific strategies and game plans.
All great coaches employ game plans, race strategies, and course management
skills to help athletes mentally prepare for competition. This is an area beyond developing
basic mental skills in which a mental coach helps athletes and teams. This is very
important in sports such as golf, racing, and many team sports.
8. To identify and enter the “mental zone” more often.
This incorporates everything I do in the mental side of sports. The overall aim is to
help athletes enter the zone by developing foundational mental skills that can help athletes
enter the zone more frequently. It’s impossible to play in the zone every day, but you can
set the conditions for it to happen more often.

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Application
Given the above concepts of mental health training, write and reflect on
the eight concepts on how you will use these trainings in your physical education
class.
Well done! You have just finished Lesson 4 of this module.

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Physical education is an integral part of the total education. Quality physical education
programs are needed to increase the physical competence, health-related fitness, self-
responsibility and enjoyment of physical activity for all students so that they can be
physically active for a lifetime. Physical education programs can only provide these benefits
if they are well-planned and well-implemented.
Module 1 Highlights:
• Physical education originated thousands of years ago, in Ancient Greece.
In roughly 380 BC, Plato mentioned physical education in "The Republic",
stating that two types of education were necessary: educating the mind and
educating the body.
• The aims and objectives of Physical Education are: organic development,

neuro-muscular development, intellectual or cognitive development, social
development, emotional development, health knowledge development,
development of right attitude towards physical activities, spiritual
development.
• 7 Major Philosophies in Physical Education includes: idealism, realism,

pragmatism, naturalism, existentialism, humanism, eclecticism
• Benefits of mind training techniques/skills includes: Improve focus and deal

with distractions, Grow confidence in athletes who have doubts, Develop
coping skills to deal with setbacks and errors, Find the right zone of intensity
for your sport, Help teams develop communication skills and cohesion,
Develop confidence post-injury, To develop game-specific strategies and
game plans, To identify and enter the “mental zone” more often.
CONGRATULATIONS!
You have just finished this module.

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Module 2
MUSIC
In this module:
• History of Music
• Objectives and Scope Sequence of Music
• Rudiments and Salient Features of a good music
• Philippine music.
Many studies from field of education systems shows to us that music has big
influence on human beings, especially on children and their cognitive and psychophysical
development. Music is an extremely important subject for all to learn and can lead to better
brain development, increases in human connection, and even stress relief.
This module will focus on the philosophy of music, Objectives and Scope Sequence
of Music, Rudiments and Salient Features of a good music and Philippine music.
At the completion of this module, you should be able to:
• Demonstrate understanding on the concept, objectives and purposes of P.E.

• Identify the philosophical, and psychological theories of physical education.
• Plan and create a learner-centered PE instruction through lesson planning.
Are you ready? Then start the lessons now

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History of Music
Objectives:
• Identify the different period in music; and

• Explain the implication of understanding the historical perspective to the
development of Music.
Introduction:
In all probability, music has played an important role in the lifecycle of humans perhaps even
before we could speak. Significant evidence has been discovered that very early man developed
primitive flutes from animal bones and used stones and wood as percussion.
Voice would have been the first and most natural means of expression in our distant
ancestors, used to bond socially or comfort a sleepless child. It is from these humble beginnings that
the music we enjoy today evolved.
As we move further through the history of music, we find increasing evidence of its key role
in sacred and secular settings, although the division into these categories was not defined in this
way until many years later.
Dvalmeei Ercennaaiss
Scrambled Words
Robaque
Form the different
word from the given set of
scrambled words. Write
your answers on the Calssicla Manroict
space below each
word
Neromd

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Analysis
1. What words have you form in the box of scrambled words?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. Do you think these words relate to music? Why or Why not?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. Among the 6 formed words, which do you think is closest to your era? Why
you say so?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. Among the 6 formed words, what do you think is the longest era of music?
___________________________________________________________
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Abstraction
5 Periods of Music History
o Medieval
o Renaissance
o Baroque
o Classical
o Romantic

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1. Medieval Period
As we move forward in musical time, we

begin to enter the Medieval Period of
music which can be generally agreed to span the
period from around 500AD up until the mid-
fifteenth century. By this time music was a
dominant art in taverns to cathedrals, practiced
by kings to paupers alike. It was during this
extended period of music that the sound of music
becomes increasingly familiar. This is partly due
to the development of musical notation, much of
which has survived, that allows us a window
back into this fascinating time.
From the written music that survives from

the monasteries and other important accounts of
musical practices, it’s possible to assemble an
image of a vibrant culture that ranges from the
sacred to the secular. Throughout the Medieval
period, the music slowly began to adopt ever
more elaborate structures and devices that
produced works of immense beauty and
devotion.
(medieval music notation)
Hildegard von Bingen and Perotin

pioneered many of the musical forms we still
recognize today including the motet and the
sacred Mass. Alongside these important forms
came the madrigal that often reflects the moods
and feelings of the people of the time. Its
wonderfully polyphonic form is both mesmerizing
and delightful.
(medieval music)
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2. Renaissance Period
(photo of Josquin des Prez: famous composer in the renaissance period)
Instruments developed in accordance with the composer’s imaginations. A full gamut of

wind, brass and percussion instruments accompanied the Medieval music, although it is still the
human voice that dominates many of the compositions. Towards the close of the high medieval
period, we find the emergence of instrumental pieces in their own right which in turn paves the way
for many musical forms in the following period: The Renaissance.
Before leaving this period of music it is important to mention the Troubadours and the
Trouveres. These travelling storytellers and musicians covered vast distances on their journeys
across Europe and further afield into Asia. They told stories, sung ballads and perhaps most
importantly, brought with them influences from far and wide that seamlessly blended with the western
musical cultures.
The Renaissance (1450 – 1600) was a golden period in music history. Freed from the
constraints of Medieval musical conventions the composers of the Renaissance forged a new way
forward. Josquin des Prez is considered to be one of the early Renaissance composers to be a great
master of the polyphonic style, often combining many voices to create elaborate musical textures.
Keyboard instruments also became increasingly common and the advent of the sonata
followed in due course. Other popular forms for instrumental music included the toccata, canzona
and ricercar to name but a few, emanating from the Courtly dance.
Towards the end of the Renaissance, what was called the Church Modes began to dissolve
in favor of what is now considered to be functional harmony or tonality based on a system of keys
rather than modes.

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3. Baroque Period
(baroque music style and characteristics)
The Baroque Period (1600-1760), houses some of the most famous composers and
pieces that we have in Western Classical Music. It also sees some of the most important musical
and instrumental developments. Italy, Germany, England and France continue from the
Renaissance to dominate the musical landscape, each influencing the other with conventions
and style.
Amongst the many celebrated composers of the time, G F Handel, Bach, Vivaldi and
Purcell provide a substantial introduction to the music of this era. It is during this glittering span
of time that Handel composes his oratorio “The Messiah”, Vivaldi the “Four Seasons”, Bach his
six “Brandenburg Concertos” and the “48 Preludes and Fugues”, together with Purcell’s opera
“Dido and Aeneas”.
Instrumental music was composed and performed in tandem with vocal works, each of
equal importance in the Baroque. The virtuosity that began amongst the elite Renaissance
performers flourished in the Baroque. Consider the keyboard Sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti or
the Concertos that Vivaldi composed for his student performers. This, in turn, leads to significant
instrumental developments, and thanks to the aristocratic support of Catherine Medici, the birth
of the Violin.
Common musical forms were established founded on the Renaissance composer

principles but extended and developed in ways that they would have probably found
unimaginable. The Suite became a Baroque favorite, comprising contrasting fast slow
movements like the Prelude; Allemande, Gigue, Courante and the Sarabande. Concertos
became ever more popular, giving instrumentalists the opportunity to display their technical and
expressive powers.
Notation accompanies these developments and steadily we find that the accuracy of
composers works becomes more precise and detailed giving us a better possibility of realizing
their intentions in performances of today.

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4. Classical Period
(classical period of music)
From the Baroque, we step into the Classical Period (1730-1820). Here Haydn and Mozart
dominate the musical landscape and Germany and Austria sit at the creative heart of the period.
From the ornate Baroque composers of the Classical period moved away from the polyphonic
towards the homophonic, writing music that was, on the surface of it at least, simple, sleek and
measured.
One key development is that of the Piano. The Baroque harpsichord is replaced by the early
piano which was a more reliable and expressive instrument. Mozart and Haydn each wrote a large
number of works for the Piano which allowed for this instrument to develop significantly during this
period.
Chamber music alongside orchestral music was a feature of the Classical Era with particular
attention drawn towards the String Quartet. The orchestra itself was firmly established and towards
the latter end of the period began to include clarinets, trombones, and timpani.
The rise of the virtuoso performer continued throughout this period of music as demonstrated
by the many of the concertos and sonatas composed during this time. Opera flourished in these
decades and became a fully-fledged musical form of entertainment that extended way beyond the
dreams of the Baroque composers.

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5. Romantic Period
(romantic era of music)
As the Classical era closed Beethoven is the most notable composer who made such a
huge contribution to the change into the Romantic Era (1780 – 1880). Beethoven’s immense genius
shaped the next few decades with his substantial redefining of many of the established musical
conventions of the Classical era. His work on Sonata form in his concertos, symphonies, string
quartets and sonatas, goes almost unmatched by any other composer.
The Romantic era saw huge developments in the quality and range of many instruments
that naturally encouraged ever more expressive and diverse music from the composers. Musical
forms like the Romantic orchestra became expansive landscapes where composers gave full and
unbridled reign to their deepest emotions and dreams.
Berlioz in his “Symphonie Fantastique” is a fine example of this, or later Wagner in his
immense operas. The symphonies of Gustav Mahler stand like stone pillars of achievement at the
end of the Romantic period alongside the tone poems of Richard Strauss. The Romantic period
presents us with a vast array of rich music that only towards the end of the 19 th Century began to
fade.
It is hard to conceive of what could follow such a triumphant, heroic time in musical history
but as we push forward into the 20th Century the musical landscape takes a dramatic turn. Echoes
of the Romantic Era still thread through the next century in the works of Elgar, Shostakovich and
Arthur Bliss, but it is the music from France we have title impressionism that sparkles its way into
our musical consciences.
In parallel, the Teutonic world began to undergo its own revolution in the form of the second
Viennese school, led by Arnold Schoenberg. Disillusioned with the confines of tonality Schoenberg
threw out the tonal system in favor of a new twelve-tone serial system giving each step of the
chromatic scale equal musical validity. The result was serial music that was completely atonal and
transformed the musical landscape almost beyond anything that had happened before.

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Application
Venn Diagram:
Compare and Contrast the modern music into the classical music. After completing
the diagram, explain the implication of understanding historical perspective to the
development of Music.
MODERN CLASSICAL
Explanation:
Well-done! So, you have successfully completed the activities and tasks for lesson
1. It is expected that you have gained insights and meaningful experience in lesson 1. Now,
you are already prepared to move to lesson 2 of this module. So? Enjoy and keep working

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Lesson Fundamental Elements of Music

2
Objectives:
• Identify the fundamental elements of music;

• compose music of own style with the presence of all fundamental elements;
and
• draw out implications of the fundamental elements of music.
Introduction:
You don't need to be a musician to understand the basic elements of music. Anyone who
appreciates music will benefit from learning how to identify music's building blocks. Music may be
soft or loud, slow or fast, and regular or irregular in tempo—all of these are evidence of a performer
interpreting a composition's elements or parameters.
Leading musical theorists differ on how many elements of music exist: Some say there are
as few as four or five, while others contend that there are as many as nine or 10. Knowing the
generally accepted elements can help you understand the essential components of music.
Activating Prior Knowledge Elements Definition Characteristics
Beat
Fill in the boxes with the Meter

desired information based on
your prior knowledge. Dynamics
Harmony
Melody
Pitch
Rhythm
Tempo
Texture
Timbre

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Analysis
Thinking Creatively!
Pause for a while. Examine your own answers in the table and answer the following
questions below.
1. Which element do you think is the most important element in the field of
music?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Do you think music could still be considered as music with the absence of
one element? Why you say so?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Abstraction
1. Beat and Meter
A beat is what gives music its

rhythmic pattern; it can be regular or
irregular. Beats are grouped together in a
measure; the notes and rests correspond to
a certain number of beats.
Meter refers to rhythmic patterns

produced by grouping together strong and
weak beats. A meter may be in duple (two
beats in a measure), triple (three beats in a
measure), quadruple (four beats in a
measure), and so on.
Foundation of MAPEH
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2. Dynamics
Dynamics refers to the volume of a

performance. In written compositions,
dynamics are indicated by abbreviations or
symbols that signify the intensity at which
a note or passage should be played or
sung. They can be used like punctuation in
a sentence to indicate precise moments of
emphasis.
Dynamics are derived from Italian.

Read a score and you'll see words
like pianissimo used to indicate a very soft
passage and fortissimo to indicate a very
loud section, for instance.
3. Harmony
Harmony is what you hear when

two or more notes or chords are played at
the same time. Harmony supports the
melody and gives it texture. Harmonic
chords may be described as major, minor,
augmented, or diminished, depending on
the notes being played together.
In a barbershop quartet, for

example, one person will sing the melody.
The harmony is provided by three others—
a tenor, a bass, and a baritone, all singing
complimentary note combinations—in
perfect pitch with one another.
Foundation of MAPEH
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4. Melody
Melody is the overarching tune created

by playing a succession or series of notes, and
it is affected by pitch and rhythm. A
composition may have a single melody that
runs through once, or there may be multiple
melodies arranged in a verse-chorus form, as
you'd find in rock 'n' roll.
In classical music, the melody is usually

repeated as a recurring musical theme that
varies as the composition progresses.
5. Pitch
The pitch of a sound is based on the

frequency of vibration and the size of the
vibrating object. The slower the vibration and
the bigger the vibrating object, the lower the
pitch; the faster the vibration and the smaller
the vibrating object, the higher the pitch.
For example, the pitch of a double

bass is lower than that of the violin because
the double bass has longer strings. Pitch may
be definite, easily identifiable (as with
the piano, where there is a key for each note),
or indefinite, meaning pitch is difficult to
discern (as with a percussion instrument, such
as the cymbals).

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6. Rhythm
Rhythm may be defined as the

pattern or placement of sounds in time and
beats in music. Roger Kamien in his book
"Music: An Appreciation" defines rhythm as
"the particular arrangement of note lengths
in a piece of music." Rhythm is shaped by
meter; it has certain elements such as beat
and tempo.
7. Tempo
Tempo refers to the speed at

which a piece of music is played. In
compositions, a work's tempo is indicated
by an Italian word at the beginning of a
score.
Largo describes a very slow,

languid pace (think of a placid lake),
while moderato indicates a moderate
pace, and presto a very fast one. Tempo
can also be used to indicate
emphasis. Ritenuto, for instance, tells the
musicians to slow down suddenly.

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8. Texture
Musical texture refers to the number and type

of layers used in a composition and how these layers
are related.
A texture may be monophonic (single melodic

line), polyphonic (two or more melodic lines) and
homophonic (the main melody accompanied by
chords).
9. Timbre
Also known as tone color,

timbre refers to the quality of sound that
distinguishes one voice or instrument from
another. It may range from dull to lush and
from dark to bright, depending on
technique.
For example, a clarinet playing an

up-tempo melody in the mid to upper
register could be described as having a
bright timbre. That same instrument slowly
playing a monotone in its lowest register
could be described as having a dull timbre.

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Application
Being an Artist!
Compose an original song with at least 2 to 3 verse. You may choose the
theme of the song (College Journey, Teenage Life, and My Dreams). Record it and
submit it through email or messenger but for those offline students, submit your
recorded song once recommended or face to face class is suggested.
Well-done! So, you have successfully completed the activities and tasks for
lesson It is expected that you have gained insights and meaningful experience in
lesson 2. Now, you are already prepared to move to lesson 3 of this module. So? Enjoy
and keep working!

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Lesson
Rudiments and Salient Features
3
of a good music
Objectives:
• Identify the rudiments and salient features of good music; and

• Discuss the elements and salient features of Music.
Introduction:
How is it possible to identify principles that speak to the quality of song melodies, when
every melody that you write needs to be unique, never heard before? It’s chiefly by looking at the
thousands of great songs from the past several decades of pop songwriting, and identifying those
melodies that seem to make a strong connection to audiences.
So, what are the characteristics that all songs seem to have in common, no matter what the
genre? So, you might wonder what could it be?
Activating my Thoughts
Activate your thoughts by comparing and contrasting the three singers below.
All you need to do is to determine the similarities and differences of the 3 artists
(Justin Bieber, Celine Dion, Bob Marley) by filling in the desired information in the
table.

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How are the models similar?
Artist Justin Bieber Celine Dion Bob Marley
Justin Bieber XXXXX
Celine Dion XXXXX
Bob Marley XXXXX
How are the artist different?
Artist Justin Bieber Celine Dion Bob Marley
Justin Bieber XXXXX
Celine Dion XXXXX
Bob Marley XXXXX
Analysis
Based on the table above, consider the questions that follow:
• What do you think is the main similarities of these three artists?

• What do you think is the main differences of these three artists?
• Among the three artists, which type of music do you connect the most?
Why so?
• What do you think would be the main factors to consider for a good music?
Give three factors and explain briefly.

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Abstraction
1. Complexity / Variety
Good music has a high degree of complexity and internal variety. Minimalist or overly
simple music can't do much at all for you. In general (and other things being equal) the amount
of enjoyment you can get out of a piece of music is proportional to its complexity. The ideal of
"variety" should apply to your universe of music as a whole, not just to individual pieces. The
wider the range of stuff you like, the better will be your musical life. You can afford to carry some
knick-knacks and even a bit of rubbish along with the gold.
2. Unity / Coherence / Integrity
Variety without unity means noise! In good music, all the bits and pieces cohere to
make a satisfying "whole". A good piece of music is like a vibrant, happy society - it consists
of all sorts of folk but they all depend on one another and they all get along just fine.
3. Originality / Style
The best composers have an original, individual style and all the musical pieces they
create offer something new, both inspired and inspiring. (With the vast amount of music around
now, this is getting increasingly difficult.) “Original” doesn’t mean “outlandish”. If a musical piece
is too far out, it becomes inaccessible.
4. Organization / Balance / Flow / Direction
A good piece of music is well balanced and interestingly organized, the melody flows
and the whole thing has a sense of direction – it sounds like it’s going somewhere. “Balance”
means a lot of things, including orchestral or voice balance which, these days, is often
achieved electronically.
5. Sublimity / Transportation
Great music takes you somewhere else! It’s mind-blowing, it consumes you, elevates
you or whatever. Different kinds of music take you to different places. Some people reckon
there are good and bad places, and that’s what makes music good or bad.
6. Climax / Tension / Resolution
“Too many pieces of music finish too long after the end” (Stravinski)
A good musical piece has points of tension followed by a release. In particular the
piece as a whole usually has a climax and ends with a dispersal of remaining tensions.
Harmony (and dissonance) is usually the main element involved in this.
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Pop songs often fade out instead of ending properly, while classical pieces often
stamp home the final resolution with repetition or fanfare - as Igor Stravinski wittily pointed
out.
7. Spontaneous, Natural feel
The best music sounds spontaneous and natural, not forced or contrived. People will
have their own opinions about this. Einstein once said that while Beethoven created his music,
Mozart's was so pure that it seemed to have been ever-present in the universe, waiting to
be discovered.
Others say listening to Mozart is like collecting shells along the beach. It's easy to see
what they mean, but doubtful whether this puts Mozart in a class above Beethoven.
8. Inevitability / completeness / non-arbitrariness
Good music leaves you with the feeling that all the notes are right and that even if
you altered a small number of them the whole piece would be spoilt. This characteristic is
more important with some genres than with others. For example, jazz is largely improvised,
so a degree of arbitrariness is to be expected.
The fact is; however, that much composed music does sound like that, and this is
especially true of modern music, which is governed by fewer rules and it really doesn’t matter
much what notes are played! Some kinds of music are just too easy to construct and require
little skill or creativity.
9. Excitement / Passion
"In opera, there is always too much singing" (Claude Debussy)
This is perhaps the most subjective aspect of good music. If a piece of music is
incapable of exciting or impassioning you (or somebody), you'd probably say it's boring and
not worth listening to. It pays to be reasonably objective here, and to realize that many, if not
most, people are excited by stuff that you might find uninspiring. Mood swings also come into
the picture.
10. Respect for Tradition
This is partly a concession to the "what is music?" argument and an acknowledgment

that the greatest music comes from the past, but the truth is that the best and most popular
music of today has its roots in traditional harmony and rhythm and follows most of the same
principles that were used by Bach. There appear to be some absolute values that underly all
good music.

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11. Accessibility / Attention grabbing
Good music must be accessible, i.e. comprehensible to the usual audience for that
particular style of music. So, it has to be ordinary enough for them to be able to appreciate it,
original enough to grab their attention, and memorable enough for them to want to return to it
again and again. This is usually achieved by showcasing distinctive melodies, motifs or
"hooks".
Application
Concept Mapping
Develop a concept map showing your understanding of the above-

presented concepts of good music. Write your answer on the space
provided. Then, write a one-paragraph essay about the concept map
that you have developed.
Concept Map
Well-done! You have successfully completed the activities and tasks for lesson 3. It
is expected that you have gained insights and meaningful experience in principles of
inclusion and other related topics. Now, you are already prepared to move to lesson 4 of
this module which is about Philippine Music. Enjoy and keep working!

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Lesson Historical Overview of

4 Philippine Music
Objectives:
• Identify the three main divisions of Philippine Music;

• Discuss the implications of each division in the field of Philippine Music;
• Appreciate historical overview of Philippine Music.
Introduction:
The Philippines, an archipelago of 7,100 islands, is made up of 77 provinces grouped into

16 regions. The main groups include Luzon, the Visayan islands, and the Mindanao islands. Based
on religion, the population may be grouped into three broad categories: Christian groups,
indigenous religion groups, and Muslim groups. The Christian groups are the largest and are
concentrated in the lowlands of Luzon and the Visayan islands. Indigenous religion groups are
found in upland northern Luzon, Mindanao and Palawan. Muslim groups are concentrated in
Mindanao, the Sulu islands and southern Palawan.
Although, geographically, the Philippines belongs to the East, its music has been heavily
influenced by the West owing to 333 years of Spanish rule and 45 years of American domination.
Music in the highland and lowland hamlets where indigenous culture continues to thrive has strong
Asian elements. Spanish and American influences are highly evident in the music of the urban
areas.
Concept Map
Philippine
Provide answers in the
Music
concept map based on
your understanding of
Philippine Music. You
may add circles if
needed.

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Analysis
Based on concept map above, answer the questions that follows:
• Do you think Philippine Music is directly influenced by religion? Why or Why not?
• Do you think culture plays big role in the field of music?
• Do you think Philippine Music changes over time because of colonialism?
Why so?
• What do you think are the strongest points of Philippine music compared to the
music of the neighboring Southeast Asian Nation?
Abstraction
In discussing Philippine music, three main divisions are apparent: (1) an old Asian
influenced music referred to as the indigenous; (2) a religious and secular music influenced by
Spanish and European forms; and (3) an American/European inspired classical, semi-classical,
and popular music.
The Indigenous Traditions
The indigenous traditions are practiced by

about 10% of the population. Eight percent of this
minority comprises some 50 language groups of
people who live in the mountains of northern Luzon
and the islands of Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan, and
Mindoro in southern and western Philippines. The
remaining 2% of these groups are the Muslims from
Mindanao and Sulu.
While there is no written information about

the music in the Philippines before the arrival of
Magellan in 1521, subsequent reports made by
friars, civil servants and travelers include
descriptions of instrumental and vocal music–
sometimes mentioned in passing, other times in
greater detail. From these documents, various
kinds of interments made of bronze, bamboo, or
wood are cited. These include gongs of various
kinds of size and shapes, drums, flutes of
different types, zithers, lutes, clappers, and
buzzers. Vocal genres include epics relating
genealogies and exploits of heroes and gods;
work songs related to planting, harvesting, fishing; ritual songs to drive away evil spirits or to invoke
blessings from the good spirits; songs to celebrate festive occasions particularly marriage, birth,
victory at war, or the settling of tribal disputes; mourning songs for the dead; courting songs; and
children’s game songs. It is this type of music that is still practiced today by the indigenous groups.

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The Spanish-European Influenced Traditions
With the coming of the Spaniards the Filipino’s music underwent a transformation with the
influx of western influences, particularly the Spanish-European culture prevalent during the 17th to
the 19th centuries. The Hispanization during the succeeding three centuries after 1521 was tied up
with religious conversion. It effected a change in the people’s musical thinking and what emerged
was a hybrid expression tinged with Hispanic flavor. It produced a religious music connected to and
outside the Catholic liturgy and a European-inspired secular music adapted by the Filipinos and
reflected in their folk songs and instrumental music.
Spanish Influences
Paseo de Iloilo
This is one of the most sophisticated

courtship and flirtation dances of the Spanish era.
The gentlemen compete among each other to win
the heart of the dalaga, or young lady, by
exemplifying chivalry, grace, and confidence. One
of the most sophisticated courtship and flirtation
dances of the Spanish era. The gentlemen
compete among each other to win the heart of the
dalaga, or young lady, by exemplifying chivalry,
grace, and confidence.
Jota Manileña
A dance that originated in the capital city

around the 19th century. Like the other Jotas in
Philippine folk dances, this is an adaptation of the
Castillian Jota, but the castanets are made of
bamboo and are only held, not fastened, to the
fingers. It is recognizably Iberian in flavor.

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The American Influenced Traditions
The American regime lasted from 1898 to 1946 during which time Philippine music underwent
another process of transformation. In the newly established public-school system, music was
included in the curriculum at the elementary and later at the high school levels. Music
conservatories and colleges were established at the tertiary level. Graduates from these institutions
included the first generation of Filipino composers whose works were written in western idioms and
forms. Their works and those of the succeeding generations of Filipino composers represent the
classical art music tradition which continues to flourish today.
Side by side with this classical art music tradition was a lighter type of music. This semi-classical
repertoire includes stylized folk songs, theater music, and instrumental music.
The sarswela tradition produced a large body of music consisting of songs patterned after
opera arias of the day as well as short instrumental overtures and interludes.
The strong band tradition in the Philippines, which began during the previous Spanish period
and which continues to this day, produced outstanding musicians, composers and performers.
Another popular instrumental ensemble was the rondalla which superseded an earlier type of
ensemble called the cumparsa. The latter was an adaptation of similar instrumental groups,
the murza of Mexico and the estudiantina of Spain.
American lifestyle and pop culture gave rise to music created by Filipinos using western pop
forms. Referred to as Pinoy pop it includes a wide range of forms: folk songs, dance tunes, ballads,
Broadway type songs, rock’ n’ roll, disco, jazz, and rap.
These three main streams of Philippine music– indigenous, Spanish influenced religious and
secular music, American/European influenced classical, semi-classical, and popular music
comprise what we refer to today as Philippine music.

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Application
Self-Reflect
After discussing this lesson, reflect on the following questions.
1. Identify which among the streams of Philippine music must be preserved well to
continue the culture for the next generation of music and why?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. How does the three streams of music influence your understanding of the Philippine
Music?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Which steams of Music directly influences religion? Why you say so?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. Do you think music changes over time? Provide examples.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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Module
Summary
In the course of history, music is the greatest creation of mankind. Creativity in the pure and
undiluted form is the true definition of Music. Music is an important part of our life as it is a way of
expressing our feelings as well as emotions.
Some people consider music as a way to escape from the pain of life. It gives you relief and
allows you to reduce the stress. Music is a powerful therapy that will make you calm down and in
the moment of joy, it will make you cheerful. Furthermore, it develops the mind and boosts your
self-confidence. Music plays a more important role in our life than just being a source of
entertainment.
Module Highlights
• There are five Periods of Music History; Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque,

Classical and Romantic.
• The Fundamental Elements of Music; Beat, Meter, Dynamics, Harmony,

Melody, Pitch, Rhythm, Tempo, Texture, and Timbre.
• The Salient features of good music; Complexity / Variety, Unity / Coherence

/ Integrity, Originality / Style, Organization / Balance / Flow / Direction,
Sublimity / Transportation, Climax / Tension / Resolution,
Spontaneous/Natural feel, Inevitability / completeness / non-arbitrariness,
Excitement / Passion, Respect for Tradition, and Accessibility / Attention
grabbing
• Three main divisions of Philippine Music: (1) an old Asian influenced music
referred to as the indigenous; (2) a religious and secular music influenced by
Spanish and European forms; and (3) an American/European inspired
classical, semi-classical, and popular music.
Congratulations! You have successfully completed Module 2. Indeed, you have

just taken a meaningful learning journey in having your knowledge and skills in teaching.

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Module 3
ARTS
“Arts is not what you see, but what you make others to see”
- Edgar Degas
In this Module
• Arts and Its Classification

• Elements of Arts
• Principles of Arts and Design
Introduction
Art has always been around in one form or another, helping mankind in the
development of diverse activities and their outcomes. Art is as vast as an ocean,
embodying a wide range of activities, such as sculpting, painting, photography and
architecture, etc. If we take a look at our past, we can see that the earliest form of art
that mankind learnt, was painting, presented on ancient walls. With the advancement
of time, newer forms of art arose, such as music, theatre and photography, etc., which
are nowadays considered the most beautiful types of performing arts.
Art is a way of expression, a way of joy, a way of making people understand

things which can’t be done verbally. In fact, we can say that everything that is beautiful
is art. Art provides mankind with a diverse range of necessities and comforts. The
use of art in various political and social issues to organize campaigns and create
awareness is indispensable. The importance of art in education for kids, as well as
adults, is undeniable. Art is everywhere around us.

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Lesson Arts and its Classifications

1
Objectives:
• Develop a personal definition of arts;

• Identify the various classifications of arts; and
• Draw personal image of freedom with the presence of all classifications
of arts.
Introduction
The arts refers to the theory, human application and physical expression of creativity found
in human cultures and societies through skills and imagination in order to
produce objects, environments and experiences. Major constituents of the arts include visual
arts (including architecture, ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography,
and sculpting), literature (including fiction, drama, poetry, and prose), performing
arts (including dance, music, and theatre), and culinary arts (including cooking, chocolate
making and winemaking).
Some art forms combine a visual element with performance (e.g. cinematography), or
artwork with the written word (e.g. comics). From prehistoric cave paintings to modern-day films,
art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying humankind's relationship with the environment.
1. P A _N T _ N _
2. S _ U L _ T U _ E
Fill in the blanks 3. PH _ T _ G R _ P H _
4. C O N _ E _ P _ R A _ Y
Complete the words by 5. A _ I M _ T I _ N
filling in the correct letters
in the blanks. 6. C A L _ I G _ P H _
7. D _ A W _ N _
8. R O _ O T _ C _

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Analysis
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• What words have you assembled above?

• What do you think are these words all about? Why you say so?
• Do these words have something in common? What could it be?
• Among the words above, which are you most familiar and Why?
• What is your own definition of arts?
Abstraction
The various classifications of art include: fine art, visual art, plastic art, performance
art, applied art and decorative art.
1. Fine Art
This category includes works of art that are created primarily for aesthetic reasons.
Fine arts include:
Drawing – charcoal, chalk, crayon, pastel, pencil, or pen and ink
(pencil drawing)
Painting – oils, watercolor, gouache, acrylics, ink and wash, tempera, or encaustic
paints
(abstract painting)

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Printmaking – woodcuts, stencils, engraving, etching and lithography, or

screen-printing, foil imaging, or giclee prints
(print screen)
Sculpture – bronze, stone, marble, wood, or clay.
(bronze horse head sculpture)
Calligraphy – beautiful and stylized handwriting
(calligraphy)

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2. Visual Art
The visual arts include all the fine arts, in addition to the following:
New media – digital art, computer graphics, computer animation, virtual art, Internet
art, interactive art, video games, computer robotics, 3D printing, and art
as biotechnology
(digital art)
Photography art
(photograph)
Environmental art

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Contemporary forms of expression – assemblage, collage, conceptual, installation
(colorful abstract contemporary painting)
Plastic Art - The term plastic art includes art works that are molded and not
necessarily plastic objects. This category consists of three-dimensional
works like clay, plaster, stone, metals, wood and, paper (origami).
(plastic colorful bottle caps)
3. Performance Art
This classification consists of an art form that refers to public performance events
which occur mostly in the theater.
Performance arts includes:
• Traditional performance art

• Contemporary performance art
• Hyper-modern performance art

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Traditional performance art – theatre, opera, music, and ballet
(Buchaechum, the beautiful Korean Traditional Dance)
Contemporary performance art – mime
(contemporary dance)
Hyper-modern performance art – happenings
(hip hop dance)

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4. Applied Art
This category encompasses the application of aesthetic designs to everyday

functional objects. Applied arts are intended for the use of a career. It includes
architecture, computer art, photography, industrial design, graphic design, fashion
design, and interior design.
(Budapest Museum of Applied Arts)
5. Decorative Art
This classification refers to functional but ornamental art forms, such as jewelry,
ceramics, mosaic art and other items that are embellished by ornaments and other
designs. It also includes works in glass, clay, wood, metal, textile fabric, furniture,
furnishings, stained glass and tapestry art.
(decorative art)

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Application
Draw and Express
Draw a simple thing that will describe your definition of freedom. After you
draw, write a simple note why you have chosen that thing as your symbol of
freedom.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Well-done! You have successfully completed the activities and tasks for lesson
1. It is expected that you have gained insights and meaningful experience in principles
of inclusion and other related topics. Now, you are already prepared to move to lesson
2 of this module. Enjoy and keep working!

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Lesson
Elements of Arts
2
Objectives
• Identify the fundamental elements of arts;

• Differentiate each element from one another; and
• Discuss personal views about arts.
Introduction
Upon understanding any field, it’s important to have a solid foundation from
which to grow. In the field of art, this means understanding the elements of art. These
creative building blocks are essential and having a grasp on how they work is important
both for artists and for lovers of art. By gaining a deeper understanding of the elements
of art, it’s easier to analyze, unravel, and create any type of artwork from painting and
photography to sculpture and architecture.
In fact, many of these elements are taught to schoolchildren as part of basic

art education. But while the concepts may seem simple, once mastered they can
stretch and grow in all directions, no matter what style of art is being created or
appreciated. The elements of art are concrete visual components that work in tandem
with principals of art that organize and harmonize them.
Starbust
Perform the activity at

the right side of this
box. Follow the
instructions carefully
1. Draw a group of circles forming the shape of a flower on the space provided.
2. Find a space in the box where you can put the name of the flower above in artistic
manner.
3. Color your flower depending of your choice, be creative.
4. Share your output with your classmates.

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Analysis
• What flower have you formed from the group of circles?
• Can you identify the elements of arts present on your output?
• Do you think with the absence of one element it would still be

called as an art? Why?
Abstraction
Line, color, shape, form, value, space, and texture are the seven core elements of
art and they often overlap and inform one another. Whether talking about drawing, painting,
sculpture, or design, these components of art all need to be taken into consideration. Once
you have a handle on these seven visual elements, it’s even easier to create your own art.
1. Line
These marks span a distance between

two points and can be straight or curved.
In visual art, lines don’t only need to be
made with marks and outlines. They can
also be implied or abstract. Whether two-
dimensional or three-dimensional,
there’s no denying that lines have a huge
impact on the rest of the elements of art.
They can be used to create shape and
form, as well as give a sense of depth and
structure. Lines are the foundation of
drawing and are a powerful tool unto
themselves.
Using different types of lines—

continuous, broken, vertical, jagged,
horizontal—drastically changes the
psychology of an artwork, impacting the
viewer greatly.
(rose line drawing)

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2. Color
By working with hue, value, and

intensity—three building blocks of
colors—artists can tap into a wide range
of emotions. There’s nothing that changes
an artwork’s emotional impact more than
color. Masters like Van Gogh, Monet,
and Toulouse-Lautrec all expertly
manipulated color in their art to provoke
different feelings. Color can be used
symbolically or to create a pattern. It can
be selected for contrast or to set a specific
mood.
A deep understanding of color

theory helps any artist make better use of
the colors they have at their disposal.
(color pencil art)
3. Color
The result of closed lines, shapes are

two-dimensional, flat, and only have height
and width. Geometric shapes like circles and
squares are mathematical and precise, while
organic shapes take cues from nature and
tend to be curved and abstract.
Henri Matisse‘s collage art makes

great use of organic shapes, while Piet
Mondrian is known for relying on geometric
shapes in his paintings. Shapes can be used
to control how we perceive a composition. For
instance, triangles can help draw the eye to a
particular point, while circles represent
continuity.
(collage art)

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4. Form
When a shape acquires depth and

becomes three-dimensional, then it
takes on form. Cylinders, pyramids, and
spheres are some of the more common
forms, though they can also be
amorphous. In sculpture, form is of the
utmost importance, though it can easily
be introduced into drawing and painting
using 3D art techniques. Baroque
sculptor Bernini was a master of form,
carving his sculptures in a way that gave
enjoyment from any perspective.
Form is also a big consideration in

architecture, with acclaimed architects
like Frank Lloyd-Wright, Zaha Hadid,
and Tadao Ando giving careful
consideration to this element in their
designs.
(form art)
5. Value
Related to color, value is the

lightness and darkness of a color. The
lightest value is white and the darkest
value is black, with the difference
between them defined as the contrast.
Playing with value can not only change
certain forms, but also influence the
mood of the artwork. Value is so
important that the Italians created a
term—chiaroscuro—that specifically
refers to the use of light and dark in a
piece of art. Baroque painter
Caravaggio was a master of
using chiaroscuro in his moody oil
paintings.
Photographer Ansel Adams is

another example of an artist who
expertly used value to his advantage by
using areas of contrast to create interest
in his landscape photography.
(Tonal value drawing)

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6. Space
This element of art can be

manipulated based on how an artist
places lines, shapes, forms, and color.
The placement of these other elements
creates space. Space can be either
positive or negative. Positive space is
an area occupied by an object or form,
while negative space is an area that
runs between, through, around, or within
objects. Artists often think about the
foreground, middle ground, and
background of their artwork,
purposefully placing shapes and lines
throughout the space to achieve the
perfect composition.
A sense of depth in two-

dimensional works is often achieved
by perspective, which itself can rely on
lines or colors.
(depth in art space)
7. Texture
Texture is an element of art that

also plays to our sense of touch. It’s
defined as a description of the way
something feels or looks like it would
feel. Sometimes we’re speaking about
an actual texture that can be felt, as in
the case of Icelandic artist Hrafnhildur
Arnardóttir, who creates installation art
using synthetic hair. Other times, the
texture is an implied visual texture that
is two-dimensional. Smooth, rough,
hard, soft, furry, fluffy, and bumpy are
just some different textures that evoke
different responses.
For instance, an artist looks for

a hyper realistic result would want
clouds to appear fluffy, while another
artist wishing to subvert conventions
might play with texture to create a
surreal experience for the viewer. 19th-
century sculptor Antonio Canova was a
master of this, as exemplified by his
portrait of Napoleon’s sister where
she’s resting on a cushion that seems
so soft and touchable, it’s hard to
believe that it’s marble. (textures in arts)

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Application
Reflective Journal
Read and reflect on the quotation below, write an essay regarding to your
views about it. Write your answer in the box.
Well-done! You have successfully completed the activities and tasks for
lesson 2 on the elements of arts. Now, you are already prepared to move to
lesson 3. Enjoy and keep working.

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Lesson Principle of Arts and Design

3
Objectives:
• Identify the seven principles of arts and design;

• Differentiate each principle from another;
• Differentiate views of arts from traditional to contemporary; and
• Explain understanding about the principles of design.
Introduction
The principles of design are the rules a designer must follow to create an
effective and attractive composition. Design differs from art in that it has to have a
purpose. Visually, this functionality is interpreted by making sure an image has a center
of attention, a point of focus.
Picture A
Speak the Pic!
Look at the two Living

room in the pictures at the
right side. What does the
picture A show and what
about picture B?
Picture B

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Analysis
Which picture is properly designed? Picture A or Picture B? Which

living room would you like to live? Why?
Give reason from choosing picture A:
Give reason for choosing picture B:
Abstraction
The 7 principles of art and design
1. Balance
Balance refers to the visual weight of the elements of the composition. It is a sense
that the painting feels stable and "feels right." Imbalance causes a feeling of discomfort
in the viewer.
Balance can be achieved in 3 different ways:
Symmetry, in which both sides of a composition have the same elements in the same
position, as in a mirror-image, or the two sides of a face.
Asymmetry, in which the composition is balanced due to the contrast of any of the
elements of art. For example, a large circle on one side of a composition might be
balanced by a small square on the other side.
Radial symmetry, in which elements are equally spaced around a central point, as in
the spokes coming out of the hub of a bicycle tire.

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2. Contrast
Contrast is the difference between elements of art in a composition, such that each
element is made stronger in relation to the other. When placed next to each other,
contrasting elements command the viewer's attention. Areas of contrast are among the first
places that a viewer's eye is drawn.
Contrast can be achieved by juxtapositions of any of the elements of

art. Negative/Positive space is an example of contrast. Complementary colors placed side
by side is an example of contrast. Notan is an example of contrast.
(Japanese notan art)
3. Emphasis
Emphasis is when the artist creates an area of the composition that is visually
dominant and com mands the viewer's attention. This is often achieved by contrast.
(Art design emphasis)

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4. Movement
Movement is the result of using the elements of art such that they move the
viewer's eye around and within the image. A sense of movement can be created by
diagonal or curvy lines, either real or implied, by edges, by the illusion of space, by
repetition, by energetic mark-making.
(visual movement in art)
5. Pattern
Pattern is the uniform repetition of any of the elements of art or any combination
thereof. Anything can be turned into a pattern through repetition. Some classic patterns
are spirals, grids, weaves. For examples of different pattern types see the Artlandia
Glossary of Pattern Design. A popular drawing practice is Zentangles, in which an
abstract or representational outline is divided into different areas, each of which contains
a unique pattern.
(zentangle woman inspired)

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6. Rhythm
Rhythm is created by movement implied through the repetition of elements of art

in a non-uniform but organized way. It is related to rhythm in music. Unlike pattern, which
demands consistency, rhythm relies on variety.
(rhythm in art)
7. Unity/Variety
Unity/Variety You want your painting to feel unified such that all the elements fit
together comfortably. Too much unity creates monotony, too much variety creates
chaos. You need both. Ideally, you want areas of interest in your composition along with
places for your eye to rest.
(unity and variety in art)

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Application
Reflective journal:
Fill-in the chart below with your honest and sincere responses. Then,
answer the questions that follow:
Before, I designed my artworks Now, I designed my artworks based

based on…? on?
Does the lesson help you to improved your knowledge about designing
artworks?
Well-done! You have successfully completed the activities and tasks for
lesson 3. Now, you are already prepared to move to lesson 4. Enjoy and keep
working!

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Art is a part of our culture. It should be given importance by the people. It is the
expression of our creative ideas and imagination. It has different forms such as the visual
arts, sculpture, music, literature, theater, films, and other ways that artists choose as a
medium for their craft.
Art transcends time. It transcends the artist who was responsible in its creation. It
shatters barriers and goes beyond them to be able to share its message and speak of its
meaning. Art rises above language, class, religion, gender, and other factors that seem to
divide the world. Art brings people together.
Module Highlights
• The various classifications of art include: fine art, visual art, plastic art,
performance art, applied art and decorative art.
• The seven core elements of arts are Line, color, shape, form, value, space,
and texture. These elements often overlap and inform one another.
• The seven principles of arts and designs are balance, emphasis, contrast,
movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity/variety.
Congratulations! You have successfully completed Module 3. Indeed, you

have just taken a meaningful learning journey in having your knowledge and skills
in teaching.

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Module 4
HEALTH
“He who has health has hope; and he who

has hope has everything.”
-Arabian Proverb
In this module:
• Health and Wellness

• Components of Wellness
• Good Personal Hygiene
Introduction
Better health is central to human happiness and well-being. It also makes an

important contribution to economic progress, as healthy populations live longer, are more
productive, and save more.
Better health is central to human happiness and well-being. It also makes an

important contribution to economic progress, as healthy populations live longer, are more
productive, and save more.

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Lesson
1 Health and Wellness
Objectives
• Reflect on the importance of mental and physical health;
• Identify the factors of good health and preserving health; and
• Explain your personal understanding of health and wellness.
Introduction
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.” This means that health is a resource to support an
individual’s function in wider society, rather than an end in itself. A healthful lifestyle
provides the means to lead a full life with meaning and purpose.
Topic: HEALTH AND WELLNESS
MUST Know SHOULD know COULD know

Must, Should and
Could Know Chart
1. 1. 1.
Fill in the bow at the right side
according to the given topic
2. 2. 2.
“health and wellness”;
provide 5 factors as to what
people must know ab, should 3. 3. 3.
know and could know about
health.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

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Analysis
After doing the activity, what do you think is in need as of

today in times of pandemic?
Abstraction
Mental and physical health are probably the two most frequently discussed types of
health. Spiritual, emotional, and financial health also contribute to overall health. Medical
experts have linked these to lower stress levels and improved mental and physical well-
being.
People with better financial health, for example, may worry less about finances and
have the means to buy fresh food more regularly. Those with good spiritual health may feel
a sense of calm and purpose that fuels good mental health.
Physical health
A person who has good physical health is likely to have bodily functions and
processes working at their peak. This is not only due not only to an absence of disease.
Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest all contribute to good health. People
receive medical treatment to maintain the balance, when necessary.
Physical well-being involves pursuing a healthful lifestyle to decrease the risk of

disease. Maintaining physical fitness, for example, can protect and develop the endurance
of a person’s breathing and heart function, muscular strength, flexibility, and body
composition.
Looking after physical health and well-being also involves reducing the risk of an
injury or health issue, such as:
• minimizing hazards in the workplace

• using contraception when having sex
• practicing effective hygiene
• avoiding the use of tobacco, alcohol, or illegal drugs
• taking the recommended vaccines for a specific condition or country when
traveling
Good physical health can work in tandem with mental health to improve a person’s
overall quality of life.

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Mental health
According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, mental health refers
to a person’s emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Mental health is as important
as physical health as part of a full, active lifestyle.
It is harder to define mental health than physical health because many psychological
diagnoses depend on an individual’s perception of their experience.
With improvements in testing, however, doctors are now able to identify some physical signs
of some types of mental illness in CT scans and genetic tests.
Good mental health is not only categorized by the absence of depression, anxiety,
or another disorder. It also depends on a person’s ability to:
• enjoy life
• bounce back after difficult experiences and adapt to adversity
• balance different elements of life, such as family and finances
• feel safe and secure
• achieve their full potential
Physical and mental health have strong connections. For example, if a chronic illness
affects a person’s ability to complete their regular tasks, it may lead to depression and
stress. These feelings could be due to financial problems or mobility issues. A mental illness,
such as depression or anorexia, can affect body weight and overall function.
It is important to approach “health” as a whole, rather than as a series of separate

factors. All types of health are linked, and people should aim for overall well-being and
balance as the keys to good health.
Factors for good health
Good health depends on a wide range of factors.
Genetic factors
A person is born with a variety of genes. In some people, an unusual genetic pattern
or change can lead to a less-than-optimum level of health. People may inherit genes from
their parents that increase their risk for certain health conditions.
Environmental factors
Environmental factors play a role in health. Sometimes, the environment alone is

enough to impact health. Other times, an environmental trigger can cause illness in a person
who has an increased genetic risk of a particular disease.

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Access to healthcare plays a role, but the WHO suggest that the following factors
may have a more significant impact on health than this:
• where a person lives

• the state of the surrounding environment
• genetics
• their income
• their level of education
• employment status
It is possible to categorize these as follows:
• The social and economic environment: This may include the financial status
of a family or community, as well as the social culture and quality of relationships.
• The physical environment: This includes which germs exist in an area, as well
as pollution levels.
• A person’s characteristics and behaviors: A person’s genetic makeup and

lifestyle choices can affect their overall health.
Preserving health
The best way to maintain health is to preserve it through a healthful lifestyle rather
than waiting until sickness or infirmity to address health problems. People use the name
wellness to describe this continuous state of enhanced well-being.
The WHO define wellness as follows:
“Wellness is the optimal state of health of individuals and groups. There are two
focal concerns: the realization of the fullest potential of an individual physically,
psychologically, socially, spiritually, and economically, and the fulfillment of one’s roles and
expectations in the family, community, place of worship, and other settings.” Wellness
promotes active awareness of and participating in measures that preserve health, both as
an individual and in the community. Maintaining wellness and optimal health is a lifelong,
daily commitment.
Steps that can help people attain wellness include:
• eating a balanced, nutritious diet from as many natural sources as possible

• engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate to high-intensity exercise every week,
according to the American Heart Association
• screening for diseases that may present a risk
• learning to manage stress effectively
• engaging in activities that provide purpose
• connecting with and caring for other people
• maintaining a positive outlook on life
• defining a value system and putting it into action
The definition of peak health is highly individual, as are the steps a person may take
to get there. Every person has different health goals and a variety of ways to achieve them.
It may not be possible to avoid disease altogether. However, a person should do as much
as they can to develop resilience and prepare the body and mind to deal with illnesses as
they arise.

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Application
KWL Chart
Complete the KWL chart showing your understanding about Heath and
Wellness. Provide a short essay to each box referring to what you know, what
you want to know, and what you have learned.
Topic: My Health
What I know? What I want to know? What I learned?
Congratulations you have just finished the Lesson 1. It is expected that you
have gained insights on health and wellness!

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Lesson Components of Wellness

2
Objectives
• Identify the components of wellness;

• Justify personal views about wellness; and
• Be critical on identified proper ways to maintain wellness
Introduction
Wellness includes aspects of physical, mental, emotional, environmental,

occupational, social, intellectual, and spiritual health. Wellness is not just the absence of
illness; it’s engaging in everyday life and living each day to its fullest as it pertains to you.
Wellness is unique to everyone, but it consists of some aspect of balance between these
components.
Daily Activities My Healthy My Unhealthy

Routine/s Routines
What I do when….
1. I wake up in the
Listing my
morning.
Daily Routine
2. I eat my breakfast.
Fill in the bow at the right
side about your daily
routines based on the given
situation/activity. Provide the 3. I take a bath.
healthy and unhealthy
routines.
4. I go to sleep.
5. I take my medicine.

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Analysis
Answer the following questions based on the activity above.
1. What are the positive effects of having healthy lifestyle?
2. What would you do to lessen or eliminate your unhealthy habits?
3. Would you recommend to others your healthy routines?
4. What must be done to avoid illnesses or any type of diseases?
Abstraction
Wellness is an active process, and you are in the driver’s seat. Let’s break down
some components of wellness…
1. Physical Wellness:
This is probably the first thing you think of when you think of health and
wellness. But physical health is much more than “losing a few pounds”. Physical
wellness is taking the necessary steps to maintain optimal health and functioning.
This includes participating in physical activity and maintaining proper nutrition by
eating a well-balanced diet.
Some ideas to achieve physical wellness:
• participate in physical activity every day for 30 minutes
• take the stairs instead of the elevator
• learn how to read nutrition labels
• eat a variety of foods and understand portion sizes
• maintain a regular sleep schedule.
2. Emotional Wellness:
This includes stress management, self-care, relaxation, and

understanding/managing your emotions. It allows you to recognize and understand
your emotions, cope with them, and express them.
• Take time for yourself to process, unwind, rejuvenate by finding a few
minutes to be alone each day.
• Stay positive! write notes to yourself, stick post-it’s around the house/office
to remind yourself.
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• Maintain a gratitude practice.

• Explore and practice mindfulness.
• Give yourself grace, see all opportunities as experiences for learning and
growth.
3. Spiritual Wellness:
This can refer to religion, values, faith, ethics, morals, etc. It allows you to be
in touch with yourself and what you believe in. In this aspect you are likely to find
meaning, purpose, appreciation, and your guiding compass.
• If you identify with a specific religion, continue to explore that. If you don’t, be
open to exploring different belief systems.
• Meditate
• Take time for self-inquiry, get curious about knowing yourself and what you
align with.
• Maintain your spiritual or religious practices.
4. Social Wellness:
This has to do with the relationships you have and interaction with others,
how you relate and connect with others. Having strong and positive relationships
provides you with support as well as self-esteem, joy, and connection.
• Join a club or organization that interests you
• Take the time to call an old friend to catch up
• Keep in touch with supportive friends and family, distance yourself from toxic
individuals
• Identify what you look for in social relationships, what you need, and what
you can give
5. Environmental Wellness:
This refers to your relationship with your environment, living in harmony with
the Earth, and taking care of the surroundings. Just like plants, we need sunlight,
fresh air, and fresh water to thrive.
• Recycle, conserve energy, reduce your footprint
• Spend time outside
• Try earthing

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6. Occupational Wellness:
This refers to how we interact with our job, our achievements at work, and
our outlook of the work we do. Our attitude toward our work directly influences our
overall health.
• Explore different career options, if you’re not doing what you love investigate
alternative jobs.
• If a career switch isn’t in your cards (and even if it is) look into non-
paid/volunteer work that interests and motivates you.
• Set realistic career goals, and work toward them.
7. Intellectual Wellness:
This refers to participation in new and creative activities, learning and

exploring new skills.
• Try something new, explore new hobbies
• Be open-minded
• Travel
• Find new ways to be creative
Application:
Completing the Fragments
Write an essay by completing the fragments inside the box. Justify your own
views about wellness.
I realize that wellness is…
People should know that wellness is…
Congratulations! You have successfully completed lesson 2. Indeed, you

have just taken a meaningful learning journey in having your knowledge and skills.

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Lesson Good Personal Hygiene

3
Objectives
• Reflect on the different types of personal hygiene;
• Develop personal plan for maintaining hygiene; and
• Be critical on identified personal hygiene.
Introduction
Personal hygiene is how you care for your body. This practice includes bathing,
washing your hands, brushing your teeth, and more.
Every day, you come into contact with millions of outside germs and viruses. They
can linger on your body, and in some cases, they may make you sick. Personal hygiene
practices can help you and the people around you prevent illnesses. They can also help you
feel good about your appearance.
Learn more about why hygiene is so important, the best ways to practice it, and how
you can change your habits to make yourself feel and look better.
Concept Map
My
Personal
Fill in the circles in the Hygiene
concept map about your
personal hygiene. Identify 4
hygiene that you always do
everyday.

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Analysis
After completing the concept map, answer the following questions.
• Why is good personal hygiene important?
• Do you think having good hygiene improves self-esteem in one’s social life?
Why or Why not?
• Do you think your current ways of hygiene are already enough? Or there’s a
need to changed and learned?
Abstraction
Types of personal hygiene
Each person’s idea of personal hygiene differs. These main categories are a useful
place to start for building good hygiene habits:
Toilet hygiene
Wash your hands after you use the restroom. Scrub with soap for 20 to 30 seconds,
and be sure to clean between your fingers, on the back of your hands, and under your nails.
Rinse with warm water, and dry with a clean towel.
If you don’t have running water or soap, an alcohol-based hand sanitizer will also
work. Use one that’s at least 60 percent alcohol.
Shower hygiene
Personal preference may dictate how often you wish to shower, but most people will
benefit from a rinse at least every other day. Showering with soap helps rinse away dead
skin cells, bacteria, and oils.
You should also wash your hair at least twice a week. Shampooing your hair and
scalp helps remove skin buildup and protects against oily residues that can irritate your skin.
Nail hygiene
Trim your nails regularly to keep them short and clean. Brush under them with a nail
brush or washcloth to rinse away buildup, dirt, and germs.

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Tidying your nails helps you prevent spreading germs into your mouth and other
body openings. You should also avoid biting your nails.
Teeth hygiene
Good dental hygiene is about more than just pearly white teeth. Caring for your teeth
and gums is a smart way to prevent gum diseases and cavities.
Brush at least twice a day for 2 minutes. Aim to brush after you wake up and before
bed. If you can, brush after every meal, too. Floss between your teeth daily, and ask your
dentist about using an antibacterial mouthwash.
These two steps can help prevent tooth decay and eliminate pockets where bacteria
and germs can build up.
Sickness hygiene
If you’re not feeling well, you should take steps to keep from spreading germs to
others. This includes covering your mouth and nose when sneezing, wiping down shared
surfaces with an antibacterial wipe, and not sharing any utensils or electronics. Also,
immediately throw away any soiled tissues.
Hands hygiene
Germs on your hands can easily enter your body through your mouth, nose, eyes,
or ears. Wash your hands:
• when you handle food
• before you eat
• if you handle garbage
• when you sneeze
• any time you touch an animal
Likewise, wash your hands after changing a baby’s diaper, helping someone clean
themselves, or when cleaning a cut or wound.
Side effects of poor personal hygiene
Good personal hygiene habits are directly related to less illnesses and better health.
Poor personal hygiene habits, however, can lead to some minor side effects, like body
odor and greasy skin. They can also lead to more troublesome or even serious issues.

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For example, if you don’t wash your hands frequently, you can easily transfer germs
and bacteria to your mouth or eyes. This can lead to any number of issues, from stomach
viruses to pink eye. Not brushing your teeth can lead to teeth issues and plaque buildup.
Poor dental care is also a risk factor for several serious health issues, including heart
disease.
Poor hygiene habits can also affect your self-esteem. Looking and feeling
presentable can give you a confidence boost and a sense of pride in your appearance.
Other conditions may be prevented or the risk minimized by practicing good personal
hygiene. These are some examples:
• scabies pubic lice, head lice, body lice, diarrhea, athlete’s foot, ringworm,
pinworms, swimmer’s ear, hot tub rash.
Creating a personal hygiene routine
If you want to improve your personal hygiene or help a child develop better habits,
these strategies might be helpful:
Set reminders
If you can’t remember to do things like shower, wash your hair, clip your nails, or
brush your teeth, set a reminder on your phone. The cue will push you to the activity, and
over time, you’ll begin to do it yourself.
Use signs
Hang a reminder in the bathroom to wash your hands after using the toilet. Put a
little sign by the plates or bowls in the kitchen to cue yourself to wash your hands before
eating. These signs can help jog your memory and improve your habits. They can help both
you and your children.
Practice makes perfect
It takes time to learn a new habit. Start with a new habit at the beginning of the week
and make it your priority. Practice it for a week or two. When you feel comfortable with it,
add a new one. Overtime, you’ll establish the habits you wish to have.

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Application
Create your own weekly plan for your personal hygiene. List all your activities doing
your daily hygiene per box. After listing, provide a brief comments/explanation about your listed
personal hygiene activities.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Comments:
Congratulations! You have successfully completed lesson 3. Indeed,

you have just taken a meaningful learning journey in having your knowledge
and skills in teaching.

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Module
Summary
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of
health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race,
religion, political belief, economic or social conditions in life.
The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and
is dependent on the fullest co-operation of individuals and States. The achievement of any
State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all.
Module Highlights
• Physical well-being involves pursuing a healthful lifestyle to decrease the risk

of disease. Maintaining physical fitness, for example, can protect and
develop the endurance of a person’s breathing and heart function, muscular
strength, flexibility, and body composition.
• Wellness promotes active awareness of and participating in measures that

preserve health, both as an individual and in the community. Maintaining
wellness and optimal health is a lifelong, daily commitment.
• Types of personal hygiene: Toilet hygiene, Shower hygiene, Nail hygiene,
Teeth hygiene, Sickness hygiene, and Hands hygiene.
Congratulations you have successfully finished the last module of this course.
It is hoped that after finishing this module you will be more aware about your health.

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References
Alquraini, T & Gut, D. (2012). Critical components of successful inclusion of

students with severe disabilities: literature review. International Journal
of Special Education. 27,(1), 1-18.
Arthur-Kelly,M., Lyons,G., Butterfield, N., & Gordon, C. (2007). Classroom

Management: creating positive learning environments. Thomson
Learning. Melbourne.
Comfort, R. (1990). On the idea of curriculum modification by teachers.

Academic Therapy, 25(4), 397-405.
Conway, R. (2007). Adapting curriculum, teaching and learning strategies. In

P. Foreman (Ed.), Inclusion in action (2nd Ed.) Cengage Learning.
Melbourne.
Curtin, M. & Clarke,G.(2005). Listening to young people with physical

disabilities' experiences of education. International Journal of Disability,
Development and Education, 52, (3), 195-214
Deller, S. & Rinvolucri, M. (2002). Using the Mother Tongue: Making the most
of the learner’s language. Delta Publishing House. Germany.
DepEd Order No. 74, S.2009. Institutionalizing mother tongue-based

multilingual education in Philippine Elementary Schools.
DepEd Order No.18, S.2011. Guidelines of the Conduct of MTBMLE training
DepEd Primer on MTBMLE
DepED resource Book on MTBMLE
Del Rosario, N. et al. (2012). Magbasa na Kita: Giya sa pagtudlo ug

Sugbuanong Binisaya – Baitang
DepEd 2003 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey
DepEd Guidelines on the Implementation of Special Education (2008).
Fadel, C. (2008). Multimodal Learning Trough Media: What the Research Says.
Global Lead, Education; Cisco Systems, Inc. Available Online. Retrieved
January 3, 2013.
Foreman, P. (2008). Setting the scene: teachers and inclusion. In P. Foreman

(Ed.), Inclusion in action (2nd Ed.) Cengage Learning. Melbourne.
Janney, R., & Snell, M. E. (2006). Social relationships and peer support (2 nd
ed.). Paul H. Brookes Publisher. Baltimore, Md.

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Koga, N., & Hall, T. (2004). Curriculum modification. National Center on

Accessing the General Curriculum. Wakefield, MA.
Kelly, R. (2010). Three Strategies for Engaging Students through Multimodal

Course Design. Faculty Focus, Focused on Today’s Higher Education
Professional. Available Online Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Maier, C. (2010). Multimodal Teaching Strategies. Available online at

eHow.com. Retrieved January 8, 2013
Mastropieri, M & Scruggs, T. (2004). The inclusive classroom: strategies for

effective instruction. Pearson, Merrill Prentice Hall. Columbus, Ohio.
Philippine education for All 2015: implementation and Challenges journal.

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11

Nowadays, there is a vast change of curricula and approaches in the world of

Module 1: Physical Education

At the completion of this course pack, learners should be able to:

• Grasp the history, philosophy, and psychological development of physical

Students in this course are expected to go through to each module successively

Module 1: Physical Education

Module Overview ……………………………………………………….. 4

Module Overview ……………………………………………………. 27

Module Summary ............................................................................... 44

Module Overview ……………………………………………………. 27

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

• The History of Physical Education

Physical education is an integral part of people's education. As a result of learning

At the completion of this module, you should be able to:

• Appreciate historical development of physical education;

Are you ready? Then start the lessons now

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

Lesson The History of Physical

• Trace the historical development of physical education; and

1. What physical activities have you experienced on your PE

3. Are you aware where does physical education originated?

• What important historical event have you remembered in the field of

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

Physical education originated thousands of years ago, in Ancient Greece.

The first teacher of physical education to appear in America was a German

Physical Education in college

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

Decline in Physical Education

The modern age

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

Lesson Purpose and Objective of Physical

• Demonstrate understanding on the concept, objectives and purposes of physical

Analyze the diagram on

• What did you understand about the diagram illustrated above?

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

• Why do you think development of right attitude towards physical activity is

o Foremost objective & related with physical development.

3. Intellectual or Cognitive Development:

o Physical Education provides ample opportunities to its participants to interact with

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

6. Health Knowledge Development:

o Health knowledge is a part and parcel of P.E. Program.

7. Development of Right Attitude towards Physical Activities:

Congratulations You have just finished Lesson 2!

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

Lesson The Philosophy of PE

• Identify the philosophical theories of physical education.

Analyze the poster slogan

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

• What did you understand about the poster slogan above?

• Based on the illustration above, why physical education important?

• What philosophy do you think does building creativity and self-expression?

• What philosophy do you think does developing teamwork and cooperation?

• How can you as a teacher relates philosophy in teaching in philosophy of

Foundation of MAPEH Page |

7 Major Philosophies in Physical Education

o The mind, developed through the acquisition of knowledge, is of highest

o The physical world is real.

o Experience is key to life.

o This philosophy is materialistic.

o The chief concern is individualism.