November 18, 2014 Worksheet 19: Integration by Substitution (indefinite, definite,

initial value)

1. Find Z   
1 1
x+ 1 − 2 dx
x x
in two ways:

(a) by a substitution;

u = x + 1
Z    
1 1
x+ 1 − 2 dx 
x
x x 

Z
u2 
= u du = +C

 du 1
2  dx = 1 − x2

1 2
 
1 
= x+ + C. 
2 x
  
 du = 1 − 1 dx

x2


(b) by multiplying out and integrating term by term. Show that your two answers are the
same.
Z    Z  
1 1 1 1 1
x+ 1 − 2 dx = x − + − 3 dx
x x x x x
Z  2

1 x 1
= x − 3 dx = + 2 + C2 .
x 2 2x
We have deliberately given the arbitrary constant in part (b) here the new name C2 , so
we can show that our answers from part (a) and part (b) are the same. Specifically, let’s
start with our answer from part (a) and show that it’s really the same as the answer
from part (b), as follows:

1 2
   
1 1 2 1 1
x+ +C = x + 2x · + 2 + C
2 x 2 x x
x2
 
1 2 1 1
= x +2+ 2 +C = +1+ 2 +C
2 x 2 2x
x 2 1
= + 2 + C2 ,
2 2x
where C2 = 1 + C. (If C is an arbitrary constant, then so is C + 1.)
 Z
x
2. Find dx
(x2 + 1)2

Z
x
dx
(x2 + 1)2
 u = x2 + 1
  
Z Z
1 du 1 1 1
du = −

= 2
= 2
+C  du = 2x dx
u 2 2 u 2u 
 du

1 = x dx
=− 2
+ C. 
2
2(x + 1)

√
4
e x
Z
3. Find √ dx. Express your answer in terms of whole numbers and e.
1 x

 √
√ u = x
Z 4 x Z 2
e 
√ dx = eu (2 du) 
 du = √ 1
1 x 1 dx
Z 2

 2 x
2
eu du = 2eu 1 1

=2  2 du = √ dx

1  x
= 2e2 − 2e.  when x = 1, u = √1 = 1

√


 when x = 4, u = 4 = 2
4. Find the area under the graph of
ln(x)
y=
x
from x = 1 to x = e2 . Express your answer as a whole number.

y
0.5

x
2
ã ã

-0.5

Z e2 Z 2 
ln(x)  u = ln(x)
dx = u du 
1 x 0  du = 1 dx

u2 2 22 02 x
 
−

= = = 2. 
when x = 1, u = ln(1) = 0
2 1 2 2 

 when x = e2 , u = ln(e2 ) = 2

Z
1
5. Find dx
5x − 1

Z Z  
1 1 du 
 u = 5x − 1
dx =
5x − 1 u 5

 du = 5 dx
Z 
1 1 1 
= du = ln(|u|) + C  du
5 u 5  5 = dx

1 
= ln(|5x − 1|) + C. 
5
6. Solve the initial value problem
dy ex
= , y(ln 5) = 4 + ln 10.
dx 5 + ex

Z Z 2
1
y= du = u du = ln(|u|) + C 
 u = 5 + ex
u 0 
= ln(|5 + ex |) + C = ln(5 + ex ) + C,  du = ex dx


since 5 + ex is always positive. Now the initial condition y(ln 5) = 4 + ln 10 gives

4 + ln 10 = ln(5 + eln 5 ) + C = ln(5 + 5) + C = ln(10) + C,

so C = 4. So

y = ln(5 + ex ) + 4.