Deflection of Beams by Learning outcomes

Integration P Express the shear force and bending

moment along a beam using interval
equations.
P Apply singularity function to express the
shear force and bending moment along a
beam.
P Use the integration method to determine the
deflection and slope at any point on a beam.

Prof. V.E. Buchanan

School of Engineering

1 2

Interval equations for S.F. and B.M. Example 2

P An interval equation is an equation that is M D 0
valid for a particular section of a beam. R A  5  20  3  35
.  50  1
P A section is defined by the location and  R A  52 kN
number of external forces on the beam.  52  20 x 0  x  3
 20 0  x  2.5   
  V ( x)    8 3  x  4 kN
V ( x )   26 2.5  x  55
. 
  58 4  x  5
 14 .  x  7.5
55

 20x 2 
 52 x  0  x  3
 2 
20 x 0  x  2.5  M ( x)   52 x  60 x  15.  3  x  4 kNm
 
M ( x )   20 x  46( x  2.5) 2.5  x  55
.  52 x  60 x  15.   50 x  4 4  x  5
 20 x  46 x  2.5  40 x  55  
    .  55.  x  7.5  

3 4

Example 3 - Interval equations Example 3, contd.

M B 0
 3 P wL 
3 wL L RA    
RA  L  P  L    4 8 
4 2 4
 3 P wL 
 RA      3 P wL L
 4 8   0 x

 4 8 4
  3P wL  L  P wL L L
   x 0 x V ( x)     x
 4 8 4  4 8 4 2
  3P wL   L L L  P  wL  w x  L

L
xL
M ( x)      x  P x   x  4 8  2 2
 4 8  4 4 2
2
 3P wL   L  w  L L The expressions for V and M become more involved as
 
 4 8   x  P  x     x   xL the loadings increase. We can use singularity functions
  4 2  2 2 to make the expressions for V and M simpler.

5 6
 What is a singularity function? Properties of singularity functions
as ¢x-a¦n, where n is any integer, and a is a
P A singularity function is an expression for x written  x  a  n
 
when x  a 
xa 
n

constant equal to the value of x at the initial 
0 when x  a 

boundary of a specific interval along the beam. 0 1 when x  a 
P By making use of singularity function (Macaulay’s xa   
method) properties, a single equation for shearing 0 when x  a 
n 1
 x  a  n11 x  a when n  0 
0 1
force and bending moment can be obtained. n
x  a dx  x  a
P Hence, the corresponding value of V and M in any
interval can be computed. d n 1
xa n xa when n  0
n

P Since the normal rules for integration do not dx

permit integration over a beam with discontinuity
(discontinuous loads), this can be overcome by d 0 1 1 when x  a and x  a 
xa  xa  
using singularity functions. dx  when x  a 

7 8

Applying singularity function Applying singularity function

  3P wL  L
From    x 0 x
 4 8 4
Example 1
  3 P wL   L L L
M ( x)      x  P x   x
  4 8   4 4 2
20 x 0  x  2.5  2
   3P wL   L w  L L
M ( x )   20 x  46( x  2.5) 2.5  x  55
.  
 4 8  x  P  x  
  x   xL
  4 2  2 2
 20 x  46 x  2.5  40 x  55
    .  55.  x  7.5 1 2
 3 P wL  L w L
Using singularity function: M ( x)    x P x  x 0 x L
 4 8  4 2 2
1 1 1
M ( x)  20 x  0  46 x  2.5  40 x  55. 0  x  7.5 0 1

Note: We often replace ¢x-0¦1 with x when the origin

dM  3 P wL  L L
V ( x)      P x w x 0 x L
dx  4 8  4 2
coincides with the end of the beam

9 10

Another Open-ended right discontinuous

example of distributed loading
ingularity
function w 2
M  RA x  x  x1
2
M1  RL x 0  x  x1
M 2  R L x  P x  x1  x2  x  x2
M 3  R L x  P x  x1   M A x2  x  x3
w 3
w x  x 3
2
M  RA x  x  x1
M 4  R L x  P x  x1   M A 
2
x2  x  L 6 L  x1 
1 0 w 2
M ( x )  R L x  P x  x1  M A x  x 2  x  x3 0 x L
2

11 12
Open-ended discontinuous u.d.l. Open-ended discontinuous
linearly distributed loading

= =
w 2 w 2
M  RA x  x0  x  x1
2 2

= M  RA x 
w 3 w 3 w
x  x1  3 x  x2  2 x  x2
2

6 L  x1  6 L  x2  2
w 2 w 2
M  RA x  x  x1  x  x2
2 2
13 14

Methods of calculating deflection Slope and displacement curve

and slope The coordinates of the elastic curve for a beam or shaft
can be determined using an equation that expresses y
Application as a function of x, where y is the vertical deflection and
x is the horizontal position where that deflection occurs:
Integration method
Area-moment method Simple loading d2y
1 M dx 2
Superposition method   3
Conjugate beam method R EI
  dy  2  2
1    
  dx  
Complicated loading
Energy Methods Trusses Since most engineering designs limit small deflections,
then (dy/dx)2 will be very small, resulting in:
Frames
M d2y d2y
 2 EI 2  M
EI dx dx

15 16

Differential equations for a beam Deflection curve by integration

d4y
Load EI  w
dx 4
3 Differentiate
Shear Force EI d y3  V P The deflection curve can be found by
dx
integrating the:
d2y < Bending moment equation ( 2 constants of
Bending Moment EI  M integration)
dx 2
< Shear force equation (3 constants of integration)
Integrate < Load equation (4 constants of integration)
dy
Slope EI 
dx P The chosen method depends on which is
more convenient; generally, it is the bending
Deflection EIy  u moment equation.

17 18
 Deflection curve by integration - Boundary conditions
procedure for bending moment P Boundary conditions
pertain to the deflections
P For each region of the beam (between any two and slopes at the supports
discontinuous loadings or cross sections), of the beam.
determime the bending-moment equations.
P At a simple support the
P Integrate the moment equation to find the slope, deflection is zero.
producing one constant.
P At a fixed support (e.g.,
P Integrate each slope equation to obtain the cantilevered beam) both
corresponding deflection y, which produces the deflection and the
another constant of integration. slope are zero.
P Evaluate the constants from the boundary Each such boundary condition supplies one
(known) conditions pertaining to the slopes and equation that can be used to evaluate the
deflections. constants of integration.
19 20

Example 4 - To determine the equation

Example 4,
of the elastic curve for a u.d.l. contd. dy R x 2 wx 3
Slope,   EI  A   C1
dx 2 6
wL
RA  R x 3 wx 4
2 Deflection, u(x)  EIy  A   C1 x  C2
6 24
At x = 0, y = 0 At x = L, y = 0
Substituting in u(x): Substituting in u(x):
wL L3 wL4
d2y wx 2 0  0  0  0  C2 0    C1 L
EI  M  R x  2 6 24
dx 2
A
2  C2  0
wL3
 C1  
dy R A x 2 wx 3 24
Slope,   EI    C1
dx 2 6 wLx 3 wx 4 wL3 x
Deflection, EIy   
R x 3 wx 4 12 24 24
Deflection, u(x)  EIy  A   C1 x  C2
6 24

21 22

Example 5 - To determine the equation Example 6

of the elastic curve for a cantilever Develop an expression
for the moment M (x)
d2y 1
2
 M and derive the
dx EI
deflection equation of
d2y 1 the elastic curve. A is
 Px
dx 2 EI pinned. (Beer &
dy 1  Px 2  Johnston)
   C1  Applying boundary conditions
dx EI  2  Pa  a 1
dy
x  L,
PL2
 0  C1  RA   R B  P 1   M  R A x  RB x  L
1  Px 3
 dx 2 L  L
y     C1 x  C2  x  L, y  0  C2  
PL3 d2y 1
EI  6  3  M
dx 2 EI
P  x 3 L2 x L3 
y  
EI  6 2
 
3
d2y 1

dx 2 EI

R A x  RB x  L
1

23 24
 Solution 6, contd. Solution 6, contd.
 
2
d y 1 1  x 3
x L
3
 R A L2
 C1   and C2  0
1
 R A x  RB x  L y R  R  C x  C
EI   6
1 2
dx 2 EI
A B
6 6 
1  
2
dy x2 xL 1  x 3 x L
3
L2 
  RA  RB  C1  y R  R  R A x
dx EI  2 2  
EI 
A
6
B
6 6 
1  x 3 
3
x L Pa  a
y  R  R  C1 x  C2  But R A   L R B  P 1  
EI 
A
6
B
6   3 
L
1  Pax 3  a  x L PaL 
Applying boundary conditions y     P 1    x
At x  0, y  0: C2  0 EI  6 L  L 6 6 
But Pa 2
a  L 
2
R L3
At x  L, y  0: 0  A  C1 L
R L
 C1   A Note:  P ( x  a  L)  
6 6 3EI

25 26

Solution 7
Example 7
A cantilevered beam is loaded and supported as =
shown. Using integration, find the equation of
the elastic curve. Hence, determine the
2
d y w 2 w 2
EI  M   Px  x  0.5  x  2.5
dx 2 2 2
deflection and slope at the load P. EI = 2 MNm2 EI
dy

Px 2

w
x  0.5 
3 w 3
x  2.5  C1
dx 2 6 6
Px 3 w 4 w 4
EIy    x  0.5  x  2.5  C1 x  C2
6 24 24
dy 98500
B. C. x  3,  0  C1  or 32833.333
dx 3
B. C. x  3, y  0  C2  69500
5000 x 3 4000 4 4000 4 98500
 EIy    x  0.5  x  2.5  x  69500
6 24 24 3
Or y
500
3EI  4 4
 5x  x  0.5  x  2.5  197 x  417
3


27 28

Solution 7, contd. References/Bibliography

y
500
3EI  4 4
5x 3  x  0.5  x  2.5  197 x  417  P E.J. Hearn. Mechanics of Materials, Volume
1 - An Introduction to the Mechanics of
500
 y ( x  0)    0  0  0  0  417   34.75 mm   Elastic and Plastic Deformation of Solids and
3  2  106 Structural Materials (3rd ed.). Elsevier, 1997

 
dy 500 3 3 P F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston & E.R. Eisenberg.
  15x 2  4 x  05
.  4 x  2.5  197 Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics, 7th
dx 3EI ed. Solutions manual. McGraw-Hill, 2003.
500
 ( x  0 ) 
6  106
0  197  0.0164 rad or 0.94 o P R.C. Hibbeler. Statics and Mechanics of
Materials, 4th ed. Pearson, 2013

29 30