SMART CITY

A
PROJECT
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Award of

3 Year Diploma in Civil Engineering

BY
Princ Bhardwaj ………………………….. (E1771432200024)
Neeraj Kumar …………………….………..(E1771432200027)
Saheb Hussain ………….…………... …….(E1771432200015)
Nilesh Sharma ………………………………(E1771437500055)

SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED TO
MR. ANKUR KUMAR SAHU MR. ANKUR KUMAR SAHU
(H.O.D CIVIL DEPARTMENT) (H.O.D CIVIL DEPARTMENT)

R.R INSTITUTE OF MODERN POLYTECHNIC,

LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH
MAY, 2020
 R.R. INSTITUTE OF MODERN POLYTECHNIC

LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We here be certify that the work embodied in this project entitled "Smart City" by Princ
Bhardwaj, Roll No.-E1771432200024, Neeraj Kumar, Roll No.-E1771432200027,
Saheb Hussain, Roll No.-E1771432200015, Nilesh Sharma, Roll No.-E1771432200055,
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of 3 years Diploma in Civil
Engineering submitted to the R.R Institute of Modern Polytechnic Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, is
an authentic record of my own work carried out under the Supervision of Mr. Ankur Kumar
Sahu (head of civil department). The matter presented in this project has not been
submitted by me in any other university/Institute for the award of any other degree or
diploma. The responsibility for any plagiarism related issue stands solely with me.

Princ Bhardwaj, Roll No.-E1771432200024

Neeraj Kumar, Roll No.-E1771432200027

Saheb Hussain, Roll No.-E1771432200015

Nilesh Sharma, Roll No.-E1771432200055

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct the best of my
knowledge and belief, however, responsibility for any plagiarism related issue solely stands
with the student.

Mr. Ankur Kumar Sahu Mr. Ankur Kumar Sahu

(Supervisor) ( H.O.D Civil Department)

R.R Institute of Modern Polytechnic

Date:-

(Signature of External Examiner)

1
 R.R. INSTITUTE OF MODERN POLYTECHNIC

LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

ACKNOWLEDGEMNET

Time has provided me the cherished opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to

my supervisor Mr. Ankur Kumar Sahu, H.O.D Civil Department RR Institute of
Modern Polytechnic, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, who permitted me to carry out project
work under his able guidance. I shall ever remain indebted to them for the meticulous
guidance, constructive criticism, clear thinking, keen interest constant encouragement
and forbearance right from the beginning of this project to its completion.

I am also thankful to all faculty and staff members of Civil Engineering Department
for their full cooperation and help.

I would like to special thank to Mr. Durgesh Verma Principal, R.R Institute of
Modern Polytechnic I would like to pay my sincere thanks to Mr. Anuj Rathore
(Coordinator).

I render my gratitude to the almighty who bestowed self-confidence, ability and

strength in me to complete this work.

Princ Bhardwaj, Roll No.-E1771432200024

Neeraj Kumar, Roll No.- E1771432200027

Saheb Hussain, Roll No.- E1771432200015

Nilesh Sharma, Roll No.- E1771432200055

2
 INDEX
1) ABSTRACT....................................................................................................4

1.1) AIM ................................................................................................. 5

1.2) OBJECTIVE...................................................................................... 5

1.3) SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS............................................................ 5

2) METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 6

3) LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................... 7

3.1) THESIS............................................................................................. 7

3.2) PUBLISHED BOOKS........................................................................ 8

3.3) PUBLISHED ARTICLES.................................................................. 8

3.4) JOURNALS...................................................................................... 9

3.5) WEBSITE.......................................................................................... 9

4) SUMMARY................................................................................................ 10

5) INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 11

6) SMART CITY NEEDS.............................................................................. 13

7) TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS................................................................ 19

8) CONVENTIONAL CITIES.......................................................................... 24

9) SMART CITIES- INDIA............................................................................. 25

10) COMING SMART CITIES IN INDIA......................................................... 29

11) CASE STUDY........................................................................................... 32

12) REFERENCES........................................................................................... 43

13) BIBLOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 44

3
 ABSTRACT

The smart city infrastructure is the introductory step for establishing the overall smart city
framework and architecture. Very few smart cities are recently established across the world.
Some examples are: Dubai, Malta, Kochi (India), Singapore.
The scope of these cities is mainly limited to construct a technology park which converting
the industrial real estate to state of the art information technology by using the evolution in
the telecom and IP networks that including insignificant asset management automation
system.
The development background is to create an operational platform that would manage the
power consumption and operational resources in order to reduce the overall running
operational cost. This report will debate the smart infrastructure development framework and
the surveying positional accuracy of locating the assets as a base of the smart city
development architecture integrated with all the facilities and systems related to the smart
city framework. The report will discuss also the main advantages of the proposed architecture
including the quantifiable and non quantifiable benefits.

4
 1.1) AIM
This report aims to:

• Provide a description of key concepts related to Smart Cities, establish the definition
of Smart Cities based on the key concepts, and describe relevant terminology.

• Study and document the technological, market and societal requirements for the ICT
standardization aspects of Smart Cities.

• Study and document current technologies that are being deployed to enable Smart
Cities.

1.2) OBJECTIVE
• Study efficiency of public utility in transportation, communication,
water/gas/electricity supply and subsequently realize a modern lifestyle for domiciles.

• Study the aspects of safe and secure living environment utilizing technological
innovations which subsequently adds to the inclusive growth prospects of these cities.

• Know about the optimally utilize information technology to habilitate the migrant
population with e-management systems being the spine of infrastructure.

1.3) SCOPE

 SCOPE , a Smart – city Cloud – based Open Platform and Ecosystem , is creating a
cloud platform that exposes the digital pulse of the city for innovators to develop
smart services.
 To develop smart- city services , including:
a) Transportation and mobility services to reduce traffic congestion, save time and
wasted fuel , and reduce pollution.
b) Public safety and security services for big – data – driven dispatch of police/
traffic details.

1.3) LIMITATIONS
 Due to time limitations the live case study is restricted in Delhi only.
 The work done on the other states would be quoted as the example of information by
the secondary sources.
 Work done in other country will be quoted as an example.
 Study and research are not for a specific region.

5
2) METHODOLOGY
The following order concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline
regarding the research process:

• Identification of the problem;

• Review of literature;

• Extensive literature survey;

• Designing the Methodology;

• Studying of related works under smart cities;

• Analysis of smart city technology , tends / Emerging business models;

• Understanding the state of the art of smart cities;

• Collecting the data;

• Identified a need of smart city development framework:

• Researched , designed and developed the proposed framework;

• preparation of the report or presentation of the results,i.e., formal write-up of

conclusions reached.

6
3) LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1) 1) THESIS
Name of branch:- Department of Computer Science,Electrical and Space Engineering
Lulea University of Technology Lulea, SWEDEN.

Name of work :- A Development Framework for Smart City Services.

Author:- Samuel Idowu, Nadeem Bari.

Year - November 13, 2012

Content of work:- in this thesis , they create a generic development frame work that
can help in the development and deployment of smart cities services. As proof of concept ,
they applied their proposed system to a specific city and a specific city services..their target
city is skelleftea , Sweden.
Literature outcome:- They developed a frame work,which can be used for different smart
city services. This framework is achieved by combinning real architecture system with
simulation environments.
They implemented a waste management service as proof of concept. The implemented
service targets waste management companies as primary users, while city inhabitants also
benefits from implemented services via end—user application.

Application related to work:- it help to understand different technologies were used

ranging from web technologies to mobile technologies..

Name of branch :- School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona,

Sweden.
Name of work:- Smart Cities: Strategic Sustainable Development for an Urban World.

Author:- Caroline Colldahl , Sonya Frey, Joseph E. Kelemen

Year:- 2019

Content of work:- This thesis explores the concept of smart cities as a potential urban
construct that can address the social and ecological sustainability challengeswhich society
faces.

Literature outcome:- The results showed that the smart city concept is already in line with
many aspects of the SSD approach, and is particularly effective in developing solutions that
are citizen-centric.

Application related to work:- the application of an SSD approach, current sustainability

limitations of the smart city concept can be mitigated, leading cities to develop towards
sustainability in a more efficient and effective manner.

3.2) PUBLISHED BOOKS

7
1)
Name of the book :- Geographic Information System for Smart Cities

Auther:- Prof Tm Vinod Kumar

Published on :- 14 jan , 2019

Content of book :- Geographic Information System for Smart Cities is the first book that
advocates that smart cities can be planned, managed and developed using GIS. The book is a
combined effort of 23 international experts, where they explore the possibility of developing
smart cities from experiences of many countries. The book gives prime responsibility of city
being self-aware to geographic information system and its future development. The emphasis
is on practical issues. There are several chapters that throw light on how GIS is utilized for
sea erosion issues, slum rehabilitation with all India and state perspective, how GIS is used
for smart growth and transport planning, and how GIS is used for land use allocation and also
for community planning and so on. But all of these are with respect to smart cities only.

2)

Name of the book :- Smart Cities - Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New
Utopia.
Author :- Anthony M Townsend

Published on :- 5 nov, 2019

Content of book :- In Smart Cities, urbanist and technology expert Anthony Townsend takes
a broad historical look at the forces that have shaped the planning and design of cities and
information technologies from the rise of the great industrial cities of the nineteenth century
to the present. A century ago, the telegraph and the mechanical tabulator were used to tame
cities of millions. Today, cellular networks and cloud computing tie together the complex
choreography of mega-regions of tens of millions of people.

3.3) PUBLISHED ARTICLES

1)
Name of the article :- smart cities – commonsense urbanism

Article written by :-  Ar. Arnav Mathur

Published in :- Design Detail Magazine 

Published on :- August-October 2019

8
Content of article :- In this article arnav mathur discuss the networked infrastructure and
wireless sensor networks and their design and technologies.

3.4) published journals

Name of work:- GIS for Smart Cities

Published on:- September 2019

Content of journal :- This journal describes the way GIS can help in planning, designing,
execution and management of various functions of a smart city. A few examples have been
taken to describe the concepts, the opportunities are wide-ranging.

3.5) websites
1 http://www.eu-smartcities.eu/
2 http://www.future-internet.eu/
3 http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/

9
4) SUMMARY
 A smart city offers its inhabitants maximal life quality with minimal consumption of
resources, based on an intelligent interconnection of infrastructure (transport, energy,
communication etc.) on different hierarchic levels (building, quarters, city). 

 „intelligent“ in this context does not necessarily equate information technology.

Passive or self-regulating mechanisms are to be preferred to actively controlled
approaches when having similar performance.“

 Smart city“ is no new label, but describes a deepening engagement for the expansion
of existing activities and projects of an innovative city possessing the „European
Energy Award“. For those cities, the Smart City programme offers new possibilities
for support of their innovative and „smart“ projects on the way to achieving the
ambitious goals.

 More than half of the population of the Earth now live in urban areas (United Nations,
2012).

 Modern cities face many challenges and opportunities because of this. The challenges
range from providing a good quality of life for citizens to ensuring appropriate socio-
economic development year on year, while the opportunities can be seen in businesses
becoming more efficient and innovative, to the reduction of crime through the use of
ICTs in policing.

 cities “smart” has grown out of the need for cities to meet these challenges and
opportunities.Based on an analysis of the literature on Smart Cities1, Future Internet2
and Open Living Labs3, this paper examines, from the perspective of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) usage, what the essential components are for
making a city “smart”. It outlines five essential ICT elements that cities need to
acquire or develop on their path to becoming smarter. The paper then comments on
the non-material essentials that also make up a good ICT strategy for smart cities. It
argues that along with the five ICT essentials outlined in this paper, cities must
develop sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among main stakeholders
to ensure the effective sharing of common city resources among citizens and
businesses. If this is achieved, urban and regional innovation ecosystems can develop,
in turn, speeding up the process of becoming a "smart city".

10
 CHAPTER 1
5) INTRODUCTION
5.1) background

People migrate to cities primarily for employment. To support their happy and comfortable
living, they also need good quality housing, cost efficient physical and social infrastructure
such as water, sanitation, electricity, clean air, education, health care, security, entertainment,
etc. Industries also locate in cities because there are agglomeration economies that provide
easy access to labour and other factors of production. In this context, Smart Cities are those
that are able to attract investments. Good infrastructure, simple and transparent online
processes that make it easy to establish an enterprise and run it efficiently are important
features of an investor friendly city to deliver sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future of
its citizens”.

A smart city has been defined as a ‘knowledge’, ‘digital’, ‘cyber’ or ‘eco’ city1; representing
a concept open to a variety of interpretations, depending on the goals set out by a smart city’s
planners. We might refer to a smart city as an improvement on today’s city both functionally
and structurally, using information and communication technology (ICT) as an infrastructure.

Information Technology is changing the evolution of cities. The notion of “growing” cities
based on implementing correct urban planning is being replaced with the idea of making a
city “smart”. The Internet is changing the traditional urban planning model and compelling
planners to not only consider the physical planning of a city but also to consider the use of
Information Technology to make the economy, environment, mobility and governance of a
city more efficient and effective.

5.2. Smart City and its domains

We can define Smart City as services and infrastructures that are supported by using
information and communication technologies. The amalgamation of conventional city
services and infrastructures with ITC based technological advancements and applications,
smart city operations become more effective, agile, flexible and sustainable.In the
transformation process of smartness, cities adopt new technologies to their core systems to
maintain effective use of limited resources.Smartness or intelligence can be defined as the
ability to use the information and turn them into knowledge by the help of information and
communications technologies.Smart city transformation requires an integrated framework
based on existing social, economic, organizational and competitive assets of city. Developing
and operating a strategic framework helps for effective urban planning and efficient
allocation of limited sources. Smart city approach can be divided in to 6 core domains that
carry smart services. These are smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart
mobility, smart environment and smart living.

11
5.3. World Example

Singapore is one of the leading city that applies ICT strategies and smart policies in urban
area extensively. The government set a vision of an Intelligent Island in 1992. IT education,
IT infrastructure and IT economy are the three pillars of the Singapore IT strategy. With an
iterative master plans, Singapore turned in a hub for international trade, transportation and
technology.

12
 CHAPTER 2
6) SMART CITY NEEDS
6.1 Technological needs

Smart Cities are characterized by the availability of a wide range of technologies capable of
working together to deliver complex systems and solutions. Smart Cities need robust and
resilient technologies to help:

• Provide a shared understanding of the core concepts underpinning Smart Cities that can be
used to develop coherent models and thus improve system interoperability;

• Facilitate instrumentation through the use of multiple types of device for sensing, capturing,
storing, and exploiting the use of data from multiple sources, fixed as well as mobile;

• Make data exchange fluid and rapid between different types of network topology and using
different types of communication and transmission;

• Facilitate the use and aggregation of data by systems and services that may not have
initially generated them;

• Allow for data to be presented in a variety of formats, dependent on the context and the
person or technical system needing it, allowing it to be visualised, accessed, and acted upon
more easily, thus making it much more useful;

• Allow heterogeneous ICT-systems to work together;

• Ensure that data is exchanged and used safely and securely; and

• Allow for greater automation that can enable city functions to be delivered reliably, and
effectively, reducing the need of direct human intervention where and when this is
appropriate. (M. Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R. Sharif; and N. Ahmad ., 2009)

6.2 Market needs

Smart Cities are characterized by an economic environment in which technological

innovation can thrive and where innovation can in turn benefit and sustain such cities into the
future. This environment needs:

• Adequate and appropriately trained workforces available to new business opportunities,

able to work flexibly (e.g. teleworking ) as needed;

• Adaptive learning spaces, coupled with distance learning tools, to allow ad-hoc skills
development wherever students may find themselves gathered in the city;

13
• A marketplace that supports automatically discoverable services and resources, the
matching of requirements with possible solution providers, as well as low-friction
transactions; (Gregory Yovanof ; George Hazapis.,2017)

• Stable and responsive (physical and digital) infrastructure that provides a basis for business
establishment and investment; and

• Smarter infrastructure that can respond to both business and public sector requirements.

6.3 Societal needs

Smart Cities are characterized by a built infrastructure together with physical and virtual
environments capable of sustaining the complex interactions between citizens, businesses,
and services (whether public or private) who, together with policy makers, need to address
economic, social and political challenges as they arise. Such challenges need:

• scenario-building, macro-economic and social modelling that takes due account of

demographic trends and the ever-changing needs of the population;

• analytics and evidence that can support models and scenarios so that this knowledge can be
used effectively, both by city managers and planners and by the citizen;

• More modern industry that is ‘greener’ and more people-friendly;

• citizens to play an active role in decisions regarding the life and future directions of the city;
and encourage better city governance;

• decision-making supported by detailed, measureable, real-time knowledge about the city

will be available at every level, so that it can be easily accessed by whichever person or
technical system would be able use it to help fulfil their role or achieve their goals;

• Improved quality of life and safety of citizens and delivery of different services;

• An appropriate balance, in the collection and use of personal information, between the
legitimate desire of individual privacy and the collective social benefits of sharing (for
example in the domains of public health and safety);

• a network of collaborative spaces, to enable dynamic communities that will spur innovation
and growth and enhance citizen well-being;

• services that adapt to long-term challenges as well as short-term demands or emergencies;

and a sustainable environment (air quality, waste management, adaptability to climate change
and threats, etc.).

14
 CHAPTER 3
7) ICT STANDARDIZATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SMART
CITIES..
From these needs – technological, market, and societal – we can identify a number of types of
ICT standardization requirements.

7.1 Understanding and modeling Smart Cities

Subclause 5.3.1 states that a shared understanding of concepts is needed and this is best
achieved through formal models. Such models facilitate aggregation and heterogeneous
system interoperability; as well as fluid, safe, and secure data exchanges, particularly across
different system topographies.
The ISO TMB Special Advisory Group (ISO TMB SAG) on Smart Cities has indicated a
desire to promote the coordinated development of a common conceptual model for
Smart Cities that can be used across all standards bodies in their further standardisation
efforts. Given the central role played by ICT in Smart Cities, JTC 1 should play a leading role
in any such effort and should leverage the expertise available in a number of SC’s as well as
existing standards. For example, ISO 42010 provides a useful meta-model for the
development of a domain model and that helps with identifying the types of stakeholder and
types of ICT systems that together represent the unique “ecosystem” of a Smart City. ISO
10746 further helps identify the different views and viewpoints that make up the complexity
of Smart Cities. Using these two existing standards – and the Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA) paradigm1) – will enable JTC 1 to direct work in the development of any specific
formal models that are required. Furthermore, JTC 1 can provide expertise in developing
leadership guides on the role that ICT and ICT standards ought to play in the development of
Smart City strategies. (M. Naphade ; G. Banavar ; C. Harrison; J. Paraszczak; R. Morris.,2011)
Some examples of work to which JTC 1 should contribute are:

• A Smart City framework

A Framework helps capture various cross-city governance processes that deliver
benefits based on core guiding principles and taking due account of critical success
factors.

• A domain knowledge model

The aggregation of multi-source and heterogeneous data and service needs a set of unified
concepts and terminologies. In addition, the development of applications needs the support of
common knowledge of Smart Cities. In order to support crossdomain and cross-city
interoperation of knowledge, a core concept model specifies terms from different
stakeholders, supports semantic understanding and provides a standardized expression of
knowledge. Such a model should be completed with a taxonomy of (smart) device types
(such as types of sensor, mobile devices, hardware, software, systems, etc.); Smart Cities
sectors (such as health, transport, governance, etc.); and ‘components’ within each sector
(such as medical devices, forensics/analytics, for health; buses, trams, railways, for transport;
etc.).

15
• A data and services model
Using the OSI2) as a template, a data a services model would reflect the data,
communications, service and application layers that are used by citizens,businesses,
and city authorities. Such a model would provide an adequate technical view of and
for a more general Smart City model. (M. Naphade ; G. Banavar ; C. Harrison; J. Paraszczak;

• Data flows
Data is created in social and physical systems, collected, transmitted, stored and possibly
shared before the data can be analysed, displayed and finally used to make decisions. At each
step, different stakeholders are involved and technical challenges to be addressed (e.g. related
to interfaces and interoperability) as well as social issues (e.g. privacy, security,
monetization). Such data flows need to be observed within as well as between different
systems and help understand where further standards may be needed.

7.2 Facilitating smart infrastructure, education, business, and services

All cities face challenges from urban planning, infrastructure development, education and
training, decision-making and accountability, through to the deployment and use of goods
and services. A Smart City is also a complex “system of systems”, of both traditional
systems, such as critical infrastructure, as well as new ones resulting from emerging
technologies, such as virtualization, sensor networks, etc.

All aspects of a city’s life – in particular those in a Smart City –are complex combinations of
events in both the real world (and physical space) and digital world (of cyberspace) and many
transactions and interactions take place in or between both. Wherever they take place, the
outcomes are certainly felt in the real world of a city’s stakeholders. (M. Naphade ; G.
Banavar ; C. Harrison; J. Paraszczak; R. Morris.,2011) There are many existing technologies (and
often standards associated with them) in use in Smart City programmes but it is the need for
ever more complex combinations of these together with emerging technologies – and a
greater understanding of both the technological and social consequences of these
combinations – that makes greater visibility and use of ICT standards all the more important.
This may require that existing ICT standards are revisitedand revised in light of the additional
needs identified by Smart Cities and presentnew requirements to many existing challenges,
such as:

• Infrastructure and supply chain

Criteria for design, management and control of maintenance services for buildings Automatic
vehicle and equipment identification Infrastructure and supply chain

• Built environment
Building Information Modelling (BIM) Smart buildings

• Transport, logistics, and service delivery

Electronic prescriptions and message exchange between health care providers and pharmacies
Road vehicle schedule and control systems V2V communications Electric/hybrid vehicles
and utility grid Freight identification and handling Public transport vehicle management and
passenger information (Danilo C Terante.,2018)

16
• Security
Cybersecurity is defined as preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of
information in Cyberspace (see ISO/IEC 27032 Guidelines for cybersecurity). Cybersecurity
relies on information security, application security, network security, and Internet security as
fundamental building blocks. Cybersecurity is one of the activities necessary for CIIP
(Critical Information Infrastructure Protection), and, at the same time, adequate protection of
critical infrastructure services contributes to the basic security needs (i.e., security, reliability
and availability of critical infrastructure) for achieving the goals of Cybersecurity.
(GengWu;S. Talwar,K. Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D. Johnson.,2018) Therefore, the Cybersecurity
standards in the context of Smart Cities are required to provide guidance for improving the
state of Cybersecurity of Smart Cities.

• Education and training

In order to ensure and provide an adequately trained and adaptive workforce, common
standards are required for distance learning tools that can be developed, deployed, and used at
short notice in any arbitrary setting including so-called adaptive learning spaces, whether
permanent or transient.
• Emergency planning and response
Emergency Services Messaging (emergency service call centres, dispatch services,
first responders, resource allocation)

7.3 Facilitating instrumentation, analysis, decision-making, and automation

• Geospatial information
Geospatial information standards are a foundation to Smart Cities. Requirements include:
spatial referencing by coordinate and name; web mapping and related features; location based
service for tracking and navigation; linear referencing; ubiquitous public access and place
identifier linking; land administration modelling; sensor modelling; and core geospatial
terminology. (C. Harrison;B. Eckman; R. Hamilton;P. Hartswick; J. Kalagnanam; J. Paraszczak;
P. Williams.,2010)

• Performance and other indicators

Identifying or developing sets of Key Performance (KPI) and other indicators to gauge the
success of Smart City ICT deployments. KPIs are required to provide performance as seen
from different viewpoints, such as those: of residents/citizens (reliability, availability, quality
and safety of services, etc.); of community and city managers (operational efficiency,
resilience, scalability, security, etc.); and of the environment (climate change, biodiversity,
resource efficiency, pollution, recycling rates/returns). (GengWu;S. Talwar,K.
Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D. Johnson.,2011) However, the indicators appropriate for one city or
context may not be the same for others. As such, there should also be standardized guidance
for city managers on selecting and using KPIs appropriate to their particular situation.
Requirements for standardized risk assessment methodologies for critical infrastructure
dependencies across organisations and sectors. (Danilo C Terante.,2015)

7.4 Responding to societal challenges

All cities strive to improve the quality of life for their citizens and residents. The

17
Increased complexity of Smart Cities present new challenges and opportunities through the
use of ICT. Cities have traditionally been equated with the anonymity of the individual,
whether that is embraced or feared often depended on the person. The prevalence of mobile
phones and other devices together with real-time location based services now mean that cities
are decreasingly a place for anonymity.
Cities also represent a scale of social organization that make decision-making ‘en masse’
highly impractical with the result that complex levels of representative government and
governance have emerged over time. ICT eliminates many of the physical limitations of mass
decision-making while also eliminating many of the social aspects of face-to-face discourse
and interaction. (C. Harrison;B. Eckman; R. Hamilton;P. Hartswick; J. Kalagnanam; J.
Paraszczak; P. Williams.,2016)

• Scenario-building and participative decision-making

This is another situation where a Smart City Framework can provide a valuable set
of tools.

• Privacy and information sharing

ICT provides increasingly sophisticated means by which individuals can manage aspects of
personal privacy within particular social and legal norms. Development of Privacy Impact
Assessments, identification of data flows using or impacting on personal information. (Danilo
C Terante.,2019)

• Environment
Data exchange between Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and environmental
information systems, such as air quality, waste management and treatment, etc. Smart Water
Management (SWM) in cities seeks to alleviate challenges in the urban water management
and water sector through the incorporation of Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) products, solution and systems in areas of water management and sanitation. (F.
Andreini; F. Crisciani; C. Cicconetti; R. Mambrini.,2011) Improve the capacity of Smart Cities to
respond to challenges posed by climate change Communications between safety
equipment/systems. Interoperability between building information and communications
systems.

18
 CHAPTER 4
8) TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS
The future Internet domain landscape comprises a great diversity of technology related topics
involved in the implementation of Smart Cities. This section covers some of those that are
most connected to the development of Smart Cities.

8.1 Ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing is a concept in software engineering and computer science

where computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere. In contrast to desktop
computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any
format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms,
including laptop computers, tablets and terminals in everyday objects such as a fridge or a
pair of glasses. Ubiquitous computing is also described as pervasive computing, ambient
intelligence, or “everyware”. (G. Kortuem; F. Kawsar; D. Fitton; V. Sundramoorthy.,2016)

One particular challenge in the context of Smart Cities relates to open data business models.
As services become pervasive and ubiquitous, the matter of opening up databases will
become more important. Transparency towards the end users on how their information is
being used, with clear opt-in options and secured environments, has to be the starting point
when providing services that leverage personal data. The Public Sector Information re-use
and utilisation of open data introduces a paradigm shift that will impact on many people
working in public administration. Among many activities necessary for Public Sector
Information provision and re-use, one can identify achieving most easy comparability and
comprehensibility through furthering metadata and data standardisation, and supporting the
publishing of more fine granular data through mechanisms for automatic anonymization or
pseudonymization of data sets. (G. Kortuem; F. Kawsar; D. Fitton; V. Sundramoorthy.,2010)

8.2 Networking

Networking is about bringing higher broadband capacity with FTTH, 4G LTE and IP
Multimedia Systems (IMS) as well as future networking technologies. Networking
technologies provide the infrastructure of the Smart Cities to make all the devices, computers
and people can have convenient, reliable, secretive communication paths with each other. ( A.
Attwood; M. Merabti; P. Fergus; O. Abuelmaatti.,2019) Networking technologies will enable the
democratization, in terms of reasonable cost for high quality service, of Immersive Digital
Environments. Such environments enable, for example, the radical increase of telecommuters
(far less people travelling in and out the city), remote diagnosis in healthcare, and web-
streaming of cities’ events. All these examples would contribute to reduce the level of
congestion and wasted time and resources in every situation. Research areas such as Content
Centric Networking (CCN) and Ubiquitous Computing are also promising faster processing
that would increase the real-time capacity that is vital for mass interactions. ( A. Attwood; M.
Merabti; P. Fergus; O. Abuelmaatti.,2019)
8.3 Open Data
The term “Open Data” in the context of Smart Cities generally refers to a public policy that
requires public sector agencies and their contractors to release key sets of government data

19
(relating to many public activities of the agency) to the public for any use, or re-use, in an
easily accessible manner. In many cases, this policy encourages this data to be freely
available and distributable.
The value of releasing such data is presumed to lie in the combination of this and other data
from various sources. For example, GPS data when combined with a mapping system can
provide an abundance of location services.
This value can be dramatically increased when the data is discoverable, actionable and
available in standard formats for machine readability. The data is then usable by other public
agencies, third parties and the general public for new services, and for ever richer insight into
the performance of key areas like transport, energy, health and environment. (G. Kortuem; F.
Kawsar; D. Fitton; V. Sundramoorthy.,2016)

This insight comes from applying ever more powerful analytics to the data.
Data is the lifeblood of a Smart City and its availability, use, cost, quality, analysis and
associated business models and governance are all areas of interest for all actors within the
city. We therefore need to ensure that any standards or guidance in this area should not be
prescriptive about particular models, but encourage innovation in data re-use. (G. Kortuem; F.
Kawsar; D. Fitton; V. Sundramoorthy.,2016)

8.4 Big Data

Big data is a blanket term for any collection of data sets so large, complex and rapidly
changing that it becomes difficult to process using traditional database management tools or
traditional data processing applications. Managed and analysed well, the data can be used to
unlock new sources of economic value, provide fresh insights into science and hold
governments to account. However, traditional data processing approaches cannot process
such a vast amount of information. The challenges include capture, curation, storage, search,
sharing, transfer, analysis and visualization. (F. Andreini; F. Crisciani; C. Cicconetti; R.
Mambrini.,2011)
Big data techniques are developed to deal with these issues and make it possible to do many
things that previously could not be done easily: “spot business trends, determine quality of
research, prevent diseases, link legal citations, combat crime, and determine real-time
roadway traffic conditions”3). These insights rely on rapidly evolving analytics techniques
which support analysis distributed across one or more data sources. (F. Andreini; F. Crisciani;
C. Cicconetti; R. Mambrini.,2016)

Predictive capability can be provided by applying Machine Learning to the data.

A Smart City, as a “system of systems”, can potentially generate vast amounts of data,
especially as cities install more sensors, gain access to data from sources such as mobile
devices, and government and other agencies make more data accessible. Consequently, Big
Data techniques and concepts are highly relevant to the future of Smart Cities. (F. Andreini; F.
Crisciani; C. Cicconetti; R. Mambrini.,2018)
The Big Data Report (available at www.jtc1.org) provides a comprehensive summary of Big
Data and its implications.

20
8.5 GIS (Geographic Information System)

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system designed to capture, store,

manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. GIS is a relatively
broad term that can refer to a number of different technologies, processes, and methods.
It is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering, planning,
management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business. (Leonidas
Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2016)
In Smart Cities, GIS is used to provide location based services. The implementation of a GIS
in Smart City is often driven by city jurisdictional, purpose, or application requirements. GIS
and location intelligence applications can be the foundation for many location-enabled
services that rely on analysis, visualization and dissemination of results for collaborative
decision making. GIS provides a technologically strong platform to every kind of location
based business personals to update data geographically without wasting time to visit the field
and update in database manually. For that reason, GIS applications are tools that allow city
managers and citizens to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial
information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations. (Leonidas
Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2016)

8.6 Cloud computing

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby
shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a
utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet). (Leonidas
Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2016) Clouds can be classified as public, private or hybrid.
Cloud computing is increasingly helping the private sector to reduce cost, increase efficiency,
and work smarter. From a business perspective, cloud computing is a key concept to enable a
global ecosystem, where organisations are able to be more competitive. In the context of this
ever-increasing complexity and platformisation, interoperability between systems will be
exceedingly important. Standardisation is clearly an important task, affecting all levels of
middleware implementation, assuringtransparent and reliable interfaces to the middleware, as
well as interoperability between products and services across very different domains. Thus,
interoperability and standardised ways of communication between systems is an important
research subject, crosscutting all Smart City domains. (Danilo C Terante.,2018)

8.7 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a software design and software architecture design

pattern based on distinct pieces of software providing application functionality as services to
other applications. This is known as service-orientation. It is independent of any vendor,
product or technology.
Pre-built integration into back-office applications and multi-channel access to maximize
itizen self-service results in higher efficiencies and cost savings, and must be implemented
with a SOA that facilitates a fully shared environment. Taking a SOA approach for local and
city government organizations will require a new way of thinking about IT infrastructure, not
only technically but organizationally. SOA can leverage a world of multiple vendors that
build systems, which create interoperability and use each other’s capabilities. By
interoperating and mapping an SOA approach across IT systems, local governments can
achieve dramatic results. This shifts the old IT model of proprietary systems that cannot be
transformed from older generations of technology to a flexible, shared model that leaves
room for scalable, incremental growth. With flexibility for the future, government

21
organizations are no longer beholden to legacy systems or partners that promote them, nor are
they faced with a step-function such as the need to remove large data systems all at once.
(Leonidas Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2018)

8.8 E-government

E-government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, Internet

government, digital government, online government, or connected government) consists of
the digital interactions between a government and citizens (G2C), government and
businesses/commerce (G2B), government and employees (G2E), between government and
governments /agencies (G2G), as well as citizen interaction with their government (C2G).
The E-Government essentially refers to the utilization of Information Technology (IT),
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and other web-based
telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and
effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector. The e-Government promotes and
improves broad stakeholders contribution to national and community development, as well as
deepen the governance process. (M. Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R. Sharif; and N. Ahmad ., 2018
The development of efficient and effective e-government is a prerequisite for the
development of Smart Cities. The lack of horizontal and vertical integration across the
various e-government and urban initiatives, and the relatively low level of interest
shown by many national authorities, limit efforts for the systemic development and
implementation of local e-government. The development of transnational authentication
systems for citizens and businesses, the development of agreed frameworks for data privacy,
and the sharing and collection of individual and business data, are key. (GengWu;S. Talwar,K.
Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D. Johnson.,2016)

Standardisation and interoperability are key requirements for the widespread adoption of
technologies and services to provide e-government at the city level. Cities will need to be
able to better integrate wireless networks, making provision seamless and transparent. Cities
will increasingly move from being service providers to platform ones, providing an
infrastructure that enables the development of a broad range of public and private
applications and services. Standardised technologies and infrastructures that are necessary to
provide personalised and location-based services need to be developed. GengWu;S. Talwar,K.
Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D. Johnson.,2019)

8.9 Embedded networks

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger

mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be
flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many
devices in common use today. (Gregory Yovanof ; George Hazapis.,2019)
Embedded networks of sensors and devices into the physical space of cities are expected
advancing further the capabilities created by web 2.0 applications, social media and crowd
sourcing. A real-time spatial intelligence is emerging having a direct impact on the services
cities offer to their citizens. Collective intelligence and social media has been a major driver
of spatial intelligence of cities. Social media have offered the technology layer for organizing
collective intelligence with crowdsourcing platforms, mashups, web-collaboration, and other

22
means of collaborative problem-solving. Now, the turn to embedded systems highlight
another route of spatial intelligence based on location accurate and real-time information.
Smart Cities with instrumentation and interconnection of mobile devices and sensors can
collect and analyse data and improve the ability to forecast and manage urban flows, thus
push city intelligence forward. (Gregory Yovanof ; George Hazapis.,2008)

8.10 Internet of Things

The Internet of Things refers to the interconnection of uniquely identifiable

embedded computing like devices within the existing Internet infrastructure. Typically, IoT is
expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond
machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and
applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is
expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced
applications like a Smart Grid.
Internet of Things including sensor networks and RFID is an important emerging strand. (M.
Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R. Sharif; and N. Ahmad ., 2008)
These technologies overcome the fragmented market and island solutions of Smart Cities
applications and provide generic solutions to all cities. Examples of generic architecture
include networked RFID tags (passive and active tags, mobile devices), sensor networks
(multimodal sensors and actuators, built-in intelligent agents), and connected objects such as
distributed intelligent systems, intelligent objects and biometrics. A new round of
applications, such as location aware applications, speech recognition, Internet micro payment
systems, and mobile application stores, which are close to mainstream market adoption, may
offer a wide range of services on embedded system into the physical space of cities.
Augmented reality is also a hot topic in the sphere mobile devices and smart phones, enabling
a next generation location-aware applications and services. (M. Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R.
Sharif; and N. Ahmad ., 2019)

23
 CHAPTER 5
9) CONVENTI0NAL CITIES
Conventional cities are no different from cities of the 21 st century. Most are huge, sprawling
urban expanses; some are 21st century cities unaffected by the years of disaster and war;
others are newly established in previously undeveloped regions; still others are built upon the
ruins of their former grandeur. In spite of their size, conventional cities are home only to a
small percentage of the Earth's total population. These cities survive either by alliances,
declaring neutrality, the sophistication of their security forces, simple luck, or a combination
of these factors.

The largest conventional cities are Old New York, Hong Kong, Greater Mexico City and
Vancouver. (flynn, andrew colin 2014).

Several conventional cities have begun to open their borders, allowing free passage to
anyone. Known as Open Cities, they offer previously unavailable business and entertainment
opportunities — along with dangers not found in other kinds of cities. In fact, these
opportunities — legitimate or otherwise — are the primary reasons for opening a city's
borders. There is an enormous amount of wealth and power to be gained by allowing people
to enter and leave a city freely. Corporations, wealthy organizations, and individuals have
rushed to establish themselves in Open Cities. In these cities, interested parties can conduct
business freely, associate with people they would typically not have access to, and solve
problems in ways they cannot while under the watchful eye of their native city's security.

Anyone can call these Open Cities home. Of course the price is often high and inhabitants are
usually responsible for their own protection. The risks of living in an Open City are high, but
the rewards are worth it for those who can cut it.

Most Open Cities are controlled by some type of governing council, usually comprised of
landowners or those who hold positions of power in the city. Citizenship is usually only
granted to those who own land in the city or who can pay a periodic citizenship fee. (flynn,
andrew colin 2010).

Eco-cities and the conventional city: opportunities and challenges:-

Eco-cities and resource consumption:-

• Eco-cities an important and innovative way of seeking to reduce resource use
• Growing popularity
• But what difference will they make to urban resource consumption?
– What are the numbers of eco-dwellings being built?
– How significant are these new dwellings for existing urban areas?
• Use Ecological Footprint to compare different types of housing development
– Example from Cardiff – a small UK city . (flynn, andrew colin 2010).

24
 CHAPTER 6
10) SMART CITIES – INDIA
India is urbanizing rapidly and about 377 million people live in 7,935 towns/cities (2018
census) across the country, which constitutes about 31 percent of the total population
• The number of towns/cities has increased from 5,161 in 2001 to 7,935 in 2018 Objectives of
the Smart Cities Mission: To adopt smart solutions for efficient use of available assets,
resources and infrastructure, to enhance the quality of urban life, and provide a clean and
sustainable environment. Focus will be on the following core infrastructure services:
• Adequate and clean water supply
• Sanitation and solid waste management
• Efficient urban mobility and public transportation
• Affordable housing for the poor
• Power supply
• Robust IT connectivity
• E-governance and citizen participation
• Safety and security of citizens
• Health and education
• Sustainable urban environment, etc(Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

India’s government has announced the “Smart Cities Mission”

• INR 48,000 crore (US$ 7.75 billion) to be spent over the next five years to build 100 smart
cities in India
• Smart city to be selected through a “City Challenge Competition” intended to link financing
with the ability of the cities to perform to achieve the mission objectives • Each selected city
to receive assistance of INR 100 crore (US$ 16.12 million) per year for five years
• Twelve smart cities to come up at ports. Kandla and Paradip frontrunners to be first smart
port cities
• Important cities located in hilly areas, and major tourist spots, to be transformed into smart
cities
• Co-opting the railways to build smart cities in India
• Indian military to develop six smart armed forces enclaves in the country
• Two smart city projects initiated: the Dholera Special Investment Region (SIR), and
Gujarat International Financial Tec (GIFT) City.

25
The Smart Cities Mission is a bold new initiative by the Government of India to drive
economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local development
and harnessing technology as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens. (Anuj Tiwari,
Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

26
In the approach of the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide
core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable
environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive
development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act
like a light house to other aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a
bold, new initiative. It is meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside
the Smart City, catalysing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of
the country.

Given below are some of the key challenges that governments/businesses in India will
face while implementing their smart city strategies:-

Replacing Existing City Infrastructure to Make It “Smart City-Ready”-The most important is

to ascertain the business case that will justify the replacement of existing infrastructure. The
integration of formerly isolated systems in order to achieve city-wide efficiencies can be a significant
challenge

27
 Providing Clearances in a Timely Manner-For timely completion of project, all clearances should
use online processes and should be cleared in a time bound manner. Freeing the right of way for
laying optic fibre networks, water supply lines, sewerage systems, draining systems and other utilities
should be given as per the timeline.

Dealing with a Multivendor Environment-One of the other main challenges in the Indian smart city
space is that (usually) software infrastructure in cities contains components supplied by different
vendors. Hence, the ability to handle complex combinations of smart city solutions developed by
multiple technology vendors becomes very significant.

Capacity Building Program-Building capacity for 100 smart cities is not an easy task and most of
the ambitious projects are delayed due to lack of quality manpower, both at the center as well as
states. In terms of funds, only around five percent of the central allocation may be allocated for
capacity building programs which focus on training, contextual research, and a rich database. (Anuj
Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2016).

28
 CHAPTER - 7

11) COMING SMART CITIES IN INDIA

India is urbanizing rapidly and about 377 million people live in 7,935 towns/cities (2014
census) across the country, which constitutes about 31 percent of the total population
• The number of towns/cities has increased from 5,161 in 2001 to 7,935 in 2011 Objectives of
the Smart Cities Mission: To adopt smart solutions for efficient use of available assets,
resources and infrastructure, to enhance the quality of urban life, and provide a clean and
sustainable environment. Focus will be on the following core infrastructure services:
• Adequate and clean water supply
• Sanitation and solid waste management
• Efficient urban mobility and public transportation
• Affordable housing for the poor
• Power supply
• Robust IT connectivity
• E-governance and citizen participation
• Safety and security of citizens
• Health and education
• Sustainable urban environment, etc
The smart city concept is still quite new in India, although it has received a lot of attention in
the last few years. India has witnessed massive urban transformation. According to a study in
search of jobs, opportunities to improve their lives and create a better future for their children
. urban planning agencies are looking for innovative technologies and solutions to manage the
growing demands on city infrastructures that provide vital services. it will be an upgraded
city whose core is spatial technology-based infrastructure and services that enhance city’s
intelligence, quality of life and other attributes (i.e., environment, entrepreneurship,
education, culture, transportation etc.), as opposed to the conventional definition of roads,
bridges, water and power supplies and buildings. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

A. LAVASA (India): SMART HILL CITY

Lavasa a modern "hill town" in harmony with nature is master planned with the objective of
striking a balance between cosmopolitan architecture and environmentally friendly
surroundings. This India’s first planned hill city is located on the backwaters of Warasgaon
dam on the Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. Based on new urbanism principles
and to undertake a large-scale lifestyle development private infrastructure companies in India
building integrated township at a cost of Rs 1,400 billion that offer smart living and working,
over a sprawling area of approximately 10,000 rolling acres. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal
Jain,2013).

City: Lavasa in the Mose valley of the Western Ghats.

Towns: Dasve, Mugaon, Dhamanohol, Sakhari-Wadavali and Central Business District

(CBD)

29
Coordinates: 18.40528°N 73.50627°E Altitude: 640 m (2,100 ft) Area: 100 square Km (40
square mile)

Taluka: Mulshi District: Pune State: Maharashtra Country: India

Anticipated annual tourist flow: 2 million tourists every year, Size: 22,000 properties, 0.3
million permanent residents

Employment base: approximately 97,000.

Captive water body: 15-km long lake

Target completion date: 2021.

Lavasa in the Mose valley of the Western Ghats

Lavasa offers a vibrant, self-contained world with an extensive master plan drawing
inspiration from traditional patterns of Indian town planning as well as vernacular forms of
building. It emulates principles that are culturally based and that have proven sustainable for
centuries. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

B. GIFT (India): GUJARAT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE TEC-CITY

Gujarat International Finance Tec-City or GIFT is a central business district in the Indian
state of Gujarat. Its main purpose is to provide high quality physical infrastructure
(electricity, water, gas, district cooling, roads, telecoms and broadband), so that finance and
tech firms can relocate their operations there from Mumbai, Bangalore, Gurgaon etc. where
infrastructure is either inadequate or very expensive. It will have special economic zone,
international education zone, integrated townships, an entertainment zone, hotels, convention
center, an international techno park, Software Technology Parks of India units, shopping
malls, stock exchanges and service units. The city is under construction. It will be built on
986 acres (3.99 km2) of land. This project is located on the bank of the river and is around 12
km from Ahmadabad International Airport External Transport.

City: Gujarat International Finance Tec-City or GIFT

30
Coordinate: 23.159626°N 72.684512°E

Altitude: 640 m (2,100 ft)

Area: 3.99 square Km (1.54 square mile)

District: Gandhinagar State: Gujrat Country: India

Employment base: approximately 600000.

Captive water body: Sabarmati River

Target completion date: 2020. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

31
 CHAPTER - 8

12) CASE STUDIES

Smart Cities around the World

Many of the world’s major cities are attempting smart city projects, aided by multinational
corporations
such as IBM which provides smart technology solutions through their “Smarter Planet”5
initiative, and benefiting from research undertaken by the likes of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (MIT), an institution keenly involved in the study of “smart cities”. In order to
understand the common challenges and solutions that cities face, this study analyses global
cities that are paving the way in smart city investment. They are:
1. Boston
2. Barcelona
3. Hong Kong

Introduction
Boston’s Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics (MONUM) “pilots experiments that offer
the potential to improve radically the quality of city services”24. It was set up by Mayor
Menino in response to the challenge of being able to innovate within the public sector.
The Office of New Urban Mechanics in Boston is entirely focused on working to deliver
value to citizens, and focuses its attention at the interface between government and the public.
Three principal areas of research include:
1. Clicks and Bricks
2. 21st Century Learning
3. Participatory Urbanism

Smart City Projects in Boston

32
Smart city projects in MONUM are carried out under three core programmes: ‘Participatory
Urbanism’, ‘Clicks and Bricks’, and ‘21st Century Learning’.
Participatory Urbanism
MONUM - believes that smart technologies are fostering a new wave of citizen participation
in the community. Projects driven under ‘Participatory Urbanism’ are intended to support the
creation of new, citizen-centric products and services.
Citizens Connect – This application for smart phones helps constituents make their
neighbourhoods better by giving them an easy tool to report service problems. They are
piloting an SMS version called 'citizens connect txt'.
Community PlanIt – A platform to explore how online platforms can complement in-person
community meetings, as well as reach an audience that might not attend a community
meeting.
Innovation District: Welcome home challenge – A competition focused on attracting and
growing businesses in Boston’s Innovation District.
Participatory Chinatown – Participatory Chinatown is a video game-like platform to engage a
broader range of constituents in informative and deliberative planning and development
conversations .
Clicks and Bricks
The ‘Clicks and Bricks’ programme of projects investigates how new technologies are
linking how the city is built to how it is managed and experienced. Redesigning The Trash
System - The city is partnering with IDEO to look at this challenge through the lens of human
centred design.
Street Bump – Street Bump is a mobile app that helps residents to improve their streets. As
they drive, the mobile app collects data about the smoothness of the ride; that data can
provide the city with real-time information.
City Worker – To help city staff better manage its infrastructure and respond to constituent
requests, the city has developed a smart phone application to be used by city workers. This
allows workers to easily manage their daily work list and access and record information about
the condition of street lights, trees and roads.
Adopt-A-Hydrant – A pilot project that encourages Boston residents to shovel out snowed-in
hydrants during the winter. Through the app, residents can claim hydrants they intend to
shovel out after storms.
Complete Streets – A project led by the Boston Transportation Department, Complete Streets
is an effort to improve the flow of people and goods through Boston by making the city’s
transportation infrastructure greener, smarter and even more multi-modal. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr.
Kamal Jain,2013).
21st Century Learning
• The 21st Century Learning programme aims to deliver convenient, integrated and life-
long learning to the citizens of Boston. It aims to facilitate relationships between
educators, students and parents to improve both the in-school and out of school
educational experiences.
• Boston One Card – As part of the city’s effort to have its schools, community centres
and libraries provide a seamless system of educational opportunities for young people,
the city is piloting a single card that provides access to all these resources for Boston
Public School students.
• Where My School Bus – This app is allows parents to sign up to see on a computer or
smart phone the real-time location of their child’s school bus.
• Autism App/ Assistive Technologies – The city is working with two local companies
and an international robotics company to develop new applications to help children
with autism learn.

33
 • Class talk – Class talk is designed to help teachers send text message reminders to
students about homework and tests. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Open Data

Open data is seen as a core element of the smart cities work in Boston, and as a mechanism
for fostering innovation in the city. By opening up this data, MONUM believes that there is a
great potential for a new wave of innovation to create value-added services for children.
There are certain datasets that schools keep that would be useful in improving school
performance, and tracking efficacy of out-of-school programmes. There are many
organisations that would want to understand whether they can improve in-school
performance, and at the moment they have very limited ways of doing that.

Other Investments

Better Traffic Management -This plan will help the Boston Transportation Department be
able to spot traffic problems faster, allowing them to spend more time fixing problems and
less time looking for them.

A Healthier Environment -This plan will help the city to understand how their bike, parking
and traffic management policies are impacting vehicle usage in the city; with this
intelligence, the city will be able to see how it can meet its aggressive climate action goals by
2020.

Transparency -As part of its commitment to transparency, the city has performance metrics,
service request data, meeting notices, and broadcast their meetings via City Council TV.
(Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Implementing smart city projects

Facilitating the market

MONUM plays a variety of roles in facilitating the market. Firstly they support private
companies in making new connections, applying for funding and finding new business
opportunities. They also often have a more hands-on approach to supporting organisations
that want to tackle issues at play in their communities.

Pilots

This involves building the bridges so that where there are innovators in one city they can
create a network of innovators to other cities, so that they don’t need to re-invent the wheel.
The idea is that the city can both scale things up and out of Boston as well as into Boston
from other cities.

Test-bed

34
In these cases the city’s value-add is to give the innovator deep access to how the city works,
access to back-end systems etc. and they also get high-quality feedback as to how systems are
working.

Citizens connect

proposed the opportunity to provide lightweight tools for governments to collaborate better
with citizens. If they were willing to do the technology development for below market costs,
the city offered to be a test bed for the technology.

Funding

Project level funding often comes from grants and private donations. On top of this, the City
funds the personnel salaries. Some positions in the team are also grant funded.

Innovation-capital

MONUM is trying to instil a culture of innovation within the city, and promote civic
innovators within government. MONUM has attracted a lot of grant funding from private
organisations which effectively acts as ‘a pool of risk-capital’ that can fund projects that are
deemed too risky to spend public money on. or their work.

Key Barriers

Funding

For the first six months, MONUM operated with no grants, which was the initial challenge.
At that time they spent a lot of time trying to work out how to leverage in-kind resources etc.
That was mitigated over time with the private funding grants.

Procurement Legislation

There are tight laws on procurement of products and services. Procurement practices are a
continuing challenge for smart cities work on Boston.

Human Capital

Having the right people who can drive this type of work is essential. Mr Jacob argues;

“The kind of work that we engage in requires people that can operate in this entrepreneurial
mode. In a lot of ways it’s a mind-set to empower your workforce to become entrepreneurial
and to resource them that way. A lot of our work is trying to promote these cultures of
innovation. We need people that are willing to be creative and take some risks with our
support.” (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Future Plans

The city hopes that the MONUM concept will become a movement across cities both
nationally and internationally.

35
The two MONMUM offices communicate almost daily, to share resources and experiences.
There are other cities such as New Mexico, which are beginning to take an interest in this
approach.

Within Boston, the city has plans to continue to grow their smart cities work, drawing on
extra resources, building the team (currently eight people), to be able to tackle more issues.

They intend to tackle harder problems. They believe that these types of innovation centres
can tackle the hardest problems that cities face. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Barcelona

Introduction
The smart cities movement in Barcelona is growing rapidly, and has evolved from previous
movements such as ‘digital cities’ of ten years ago. Julia Lopez Ventura, Strategic Director of
TIC iSmart City in Barcelona City Council, explains that the smart city movement is a useful
new step for them:

For Barcelona, the smart city is a means rather than an end in itself. Ms Lopez Ventura
explains “that’s the main change from the previous movements, that technology is an enabler
for projects.” This philosophy is clearly reflected in their strategy, where technology is seen
as an enabler for:

• Efficient and sustainable urban mobility

• Environmental sustainability

• Business-friendliness and attracting capital

• Integration and social cohesion

• Communication and proximity with people

• Knowledge, creativity and innovation

• Transparency and democratic culture

• Universal access to culture, education and health. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

36
Organisation and Leadership

Vision/ Strategy

The smart city movement has grown so rapidly in Barcelona that no formal strategy was
created early on; the projects came first. The vision outlined in the strategy is as: “A self-
sufficient city, made of productive neighbourhoods at human speed, inside hyper connected
metropolis, of high speed and zero emissions”

Structure

The city has created a Smart City PMO (Personal Management Office) in which the projects
belong, which coordinates all the projects in the city that are classified under the smart city
tag. The city has produced an early strategy document which attempts to set up the basis of
the smart city strategy in the city. Actions developed under the Barcelona Smart City strategy
lie on three axes:-

international promotion, international collaboration and local projects.

Smart City Projects in Barcelona

There are over one hundred projects considered to be part of the smart cities work in
Barcelona, and this number is growing. However, there are currently thirteen projects that the
City currently sees as a key part of the Smart City PMO.

Transversal Projects:

New Telecommunications Network – Integration of different fibre optic networks, boosting

Wi-Fi network, reduced operating and maintenance costs, new business models.

Urban Platform – Barcelona sensor platform, city operating system, and apps and services.

37
Intelligent data – Open data, measurement of city indicators, and a central situation room for
decision making and control. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Vertical Projects:

Lighting Directorate Plan – A strategic plan for lighting in Barcelona.

Self-sufficient islands – Creating energy self-sufficient island, to improve practices related to

consumption and production of energy.

Electric Vehicles – Development of electro-mobility in the coming years, short-term (two

years) and medium term (five years) in Barcelona.

Tele management of Irrigation – Remote management system for centralized control of the
automated irrigation infrastructure in order to control the duration and frequency of irrigation
in each area.

in Barcelona to improve urban mobility.

Urban Transformation – Within the frame of the remodelling of the main streets of
Barcelona will develop a series of smart cities and telecommunications projects.

Citizen compromise to sustainability 2012-2022 – a roadmap for achieving a more

equitable, prosperous and self-sufficient Barcelona.

O-Government – Implementation of Open Government, strategy and a roadmap, to develop

tools and web sites in specific areas of transparency, open data and civic participation.

Smart parking – Network of sensors and displays of parking availability across the city.

Barcelona in your pocket – Barcelona contactless and mobile apps.

City Protocol -The City Protocol is a discussion space to talk about cities across sectors.
They have started to discuss the taxonomy of the city. The idea behind this is that cities might
be different, they might have their own cultures and context, but they have something in
common. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Open Data

Barcelona has an open data portal, Open Data BCN30, which opens up city data to the public
and has three clear aims: -

1. To increase the transparency of the City Council

2. To universalise data access

3. To promote innovation and the economic fabric

Implementing smart city projects

Partnerships

38
Working with a variety of partners is central to Barcelona’s smart city approach. Partnerships
fall under three categories: private sector collaboration, research centres, and other cities.

IBM – The City signed an MOU with IBM for research and development of a City
Operating System and its future application in other cities around the world.

Endesa – Presented an FP7 European project smart cities and smart grid, in collaboration
with Turin, Italy. This was an energy efficiency project divided into three axes:

• Expansion of the smart grid network for electricity distribution.

• Network expansion of heating and cooling in the city.

• Rehabilitation of buildings to improve their energy efficiency. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal
Jain,2013).

Demonstrators

Barcelona is fast becoming a world leader in creating an environment in which companies

can try new ideas and technologies within the urban realm. As part of this, the city has been
investing in Barcelona, an urban regeneration project offering modern spaces for the strategic
concentration of intensive knowledge-based activities. “Some technologies and projects being
implemented at Barcelona include:

• System of underground service galleries: Interconnecting the blocks and enabling service
networks to be repaired or improved without the need for excavation in the streets.

• New fibre-optic telecommunications networks, with a dark fibre network: Allows

companies to contract any service providers and create direct links between different parts of
the district.

New System of centralized public climate control: Involves savings at both the economic
level and in the emission of CO2 .

• Selective pneumatic waste-collection network: Differentiates between organic and

inorganic waste and paper.

• New electricity network: Guarantees a quality of electrical supply, more efficient gas and
water-service supplies.

• The pilot projects on behalf of the project : Improve resource management and efficiency
and the urban quality of the neighbourhood.

The Smart City Campus will develop a cluster of ‘smart city’ companies, and the Council
hopes this will foster connections between diverse sectors like ICT, energy and mobility, for
the creation of an ecosystem that integrates not only companies (multinationals and SMEs),
but also to institutions, research centres, technology transfer centres, and universities . (Anuj
Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

39
Future Plans

Barcelona City recently published their smart city strategy, which recognises and
incorporates existing successful projects.

Help Barcelona to build upon their existing investment and success.

Effective dialogue with the private sector, research institutes and other cities will be core to
their success.

City Protocol, participation in international events and sharing their learning openly as key
next steps.

Raise their profile as a global smart city, secure investment, and support other cities in
achieving their goals.

Hong Kong
Introduction

In 1998, Hong Kong identified that ICT investment had the potential to have a positive
economic impact. In response to this they developed the Digital 21 Strategy as the blueprint
for Hong Kong’s ICT development. The current strategy contains five key action areas:

• Facilitating a digital economy

• Promoting advanced technology and innovation

• Developing Hong Kong as a hub for technological cooperation and trade

• Enabling the next generation of public services

• Building an inclusive, knowledge-based society. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Organisation and Leadership

Vision/ Strategy

The Digital 21 Strategy bought together a pan-governmental ICT strategy for the first time.
The core vision associated with this is to "sustain Hong Kong's position as Asia's leading

40
digital city". As such, the strategy is regularly reviewed, updated and consulted on. (Anuj
Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Structure

Headed by the Government Chief Information Officer (GCIO), provides a single focal point
with responsibility for ICT policies, strategies, programmes and measures under the Digital
21 Strategy. In addition to providing information technology (IT) services and support within
the Government GCIO is deputised by two Deputy Government Chief Information Officers
(DGCIOs) who are responsible for two major areas of responsibilities: Policy & Customer
Service and Consulting & Operations.

Smart City Projects in Hong Kong

Electronic Information Management

Electronic Information Management (EIM), was central to the 2008 Digital 21 Strategy, and
covers three central themes:

1) Content Management 2) Records Management 3) Knowledge Management.

E-government

The OGCIO is responsible for running the city’s main website. They aim to meet 80 of
citizen needs for dealing with the government on that website, through e-government
services. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

GovWiFi

Government Wi-Fi Programme (GovWiFi) aims to transition Hong Kong into a wireless city,
providing free wireless internet services to all citizens. The programme places Wi-Fi
facilities at designated government premises, and aims to ensure that:

41
• “Citizens can surf the web freely for business, study, leisure or accessing government
services whenever they visit the designated Government premises.

• Business organisations can extend their services to a wireless platform to reach and connect
with their clients.

• ICT industry players can make use of this new wireless platform to develop and provide
more Wi-Fi applications, products and supporting services to their clients, and open up more
new business opportunities.” (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2018).

Open Data

The Government holds a significant amount of data that could be of significant value to the
public. These datasets include, for example demographic, economic, geographical and
meteorological data, historical documents and archives. However this information has not
historically been in a format to facilitate value-added re-use by third parties. (Anuj Tiwari,
Dr. Kamal Jain,2018).

Future Plans

Hong Kong will continue to work towards the vision articulated in the Digital strategy, and
will update it as new challenges and opportunities are identified. Mr Godfrey explains that
achieving the city’s aim around ICT is a continual process of improvement, rather than an
end-goal:

“Although we have articulated our vision, I don’t think we will ever be able to say we’ve
done it. Because even when you get there, ICT changes so fast that you are going to have to
keep running to achieve the vision.”

He also identifies that shifting to cloud-based ICT operations in the city will be a core
upcoming challenge:

“We see the biggest change in the next few years being how we make use of cloud computing
in government, which will affect both the applications and the infrastructure.” (Anuj Tiwari,
Dr. Kamal Jain,2018).

42
 REFERENCES

1) M. Al-Hader, A. Rodzi, A. R. Sharif, and N. Ahmad. Smart city components

architicture. In Computational Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation, 2009.
CSSim '09. International Conference on, pages 93,97, 2019.

2) Gregory Yovanof and George Hazapis. An architectural framework and en-

abling wireless technologies for digital cities & intelligent urban environments.
Wireless Personal Communications, 49(3):44,54,63, 2019.

3) M. Naphade, G. Banavar, C. Harrison, J. Paraszczak, and R. Morris. Smarter

cities and their innovation challenges. Computer, 44(6):32 ,39, june 2020.

4) GengWu, S. Talwar, K. Johnsson, N. Himayat, and K.D. Johnson. M2m: From

mobile to embedded internet. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 49(4):36 43,
april 2019.

5) C. Harrison, B. Eckman, R. Hamilton, P. Hartswick, J. Kalagnanam,

J. Paraszczak, and P. Williams. Foundations for smarter cities, 2019.

6) G. Kortuem, F. Kawsar, D. Fitton, and V. Sundramoorthy. Smart objects as

building blocks for the internet of things. Internet Computing, IEEE, 14(1):44
{51, jan.-feb. 2019.
7) A. Attwood, M. Merabti, P. Fergus, and O. Abuelmaatti. Sccir: Smart cities
critical infrastructure response framework. In Developments in E-systems En-
gineering (DeSE), 2019, pages 460,464, 2019.

8) Leonidas Anthopoulos and Athena Vakali. Urban Planning and Smart Cities:
Interrelations and Reciprocities, volume 7281 of The Future Internet, pages
178-189.Springer Berlin/ Heidelberg , 2020.

9) F. Andreini, F. Crisciani, C. Cicconetti, and R. Mambrini. A scalable archi-

tecture for geo-localized service access in smart cities. In Future Network and
Mobile Summit (FutureNetw), 2019, pages 18.

10) IETF. RFC 4944 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks.
2007.PAGE 20.

11) IETF. draft-ietf-core-coap-04 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). 2014.

12) P.A. Wager and L.M. Hilty. A simulation system for waste management from
system dynamics modelling to decision support.

13) Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA). Sim-
ulation of tra_c ows in a network. IESS.org, 6(6):174,179, June 1969.

43
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] PAS 180:2019, Smart cities — Vocabulary, BSI

[2] SSC-0100-rev-2, Smart Sustainable Cities — Analysis of Definitions, ITU-T FG SSC

[3] PAS 181:2019, Smart city framework — Guide to establishing strategies for smart

cities and communities, BSI

[4] ISO Focus+, Volume 4, No. 1, January 2018

[5] SSC-0110, Technical Report on Standardization Activities and Gaps for SSC and

suggestions to SG5, ITU-T FG SSC

[6] ISO-IEC JTC 1 N11712 CESI contribution on possible work on Smart Cities, ISO/IEC
JTC 1

[7] SSC 162: Key performance indicators (KPIs) definitions for Smart Sustainable
Cities, ITU-T/FG SSC

[8] ISO/TR 37150:2019, Smart community infrastructures — Review of existing

activities relevant to metrics

[9] ISO 37120:2019, Sustainable development of communities — Indicators for city

services and quality of life

44