CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION :-

 Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a

structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from planning to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close
cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project
stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building
design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating systems for the
design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings which was developed
by the U.S. Green Building Council. Another certificate system that confirms the
sustainability of buildings is the British BREEAM (Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Method) for buildings and large-scale developments.
Currently, World Green Building Council is conducting research on the effects of green
buildings on the health and productivity of their users and is working with World Bank to
promote Green Buildings in Emerging Markets through EDGE (Excellence in Design for
Greater Efficiencies) Market Transformation Program and certification. There are also
other tools such as Green Star in Australia and the Green Building Index (GBI)
predominantly used in Malaysia.

 A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to
focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics
include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as
meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.  Although some green building programs don't address
the issue of retrofitting existing homes, others do, especially through public schemes for
energy efficient refurbishment. Green construction principles can easily be applied to
retrofit work as well as new construction.

1.2 Reducing Envermental Impact :-

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  Globally, buildings are responsible for a huge share of energy, electricity, water and
materials consumption. The building sector has the greatest potential to deliver
significant cuts in emissions at little or no cost. Buildings account for 18%  of global
 Emissions today, or the equivalent of 9 billion tonnes of CO2 annually. If new
technologies in construction are not adopted during this time of rapid growth, emissions
could double by 2050, according to the United Nations Environment Program. Green
building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of building. Since construction
almost always degrades a building site, not building at all is preferable to green building,
in terms of reducing environmental impact. The second rule is that every building should
be as small as possible. The third rule is not to contribute to sprawl, even if the most
energy-efficient, environmentally sound methods are used in design and construction.

Fig. 1.1 Green Building

 Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources
Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are
developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that
existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy
consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

1.3 GOALS OF GREEN BUILDING:-

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  The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil)
crisis and environmental pollution concerns of the 1960s and 1970s. The Rachel
Carson book, “Silent Spring” published in 1962, is considered to be one of the first initial
efforts to describe sustainable development as related to green building. The green
building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy
efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of
motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits.
However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to
both new construction and in the retrofitting of existing structures. Also known
as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green
practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.

Fig. 1.2 Goals of Green Building

Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and
ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often
emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g. using sunlight through passive
solar, active solar, and photovoltaic equipment, and using plants and trees through green
roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as
using low-impact building materials or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of
conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.

CHAPER-2

3
2.1 GREEN BUILDING CONCEPTS
The concept of sustainable can be traced to the energy crisis and the environment pollution
concern in the 1970s. There are number of motives to building green, including environmental,
economic and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiative calls for integrated and
synergetic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an existing structure. Also
known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green
practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately
eliminate the impacts of new buildings on the environment and human health. It often
emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar
active solar, and photovoltaic water run-off Many other techniques, such as using packes gravel
or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of
ground water, are used as well.

With pollution levels escalating exponentially, the implementation of the green building concept
in residence, commercial complexes and educational institutes have become more imperative
than ever.
The green concept includes:
1. Green Technology
2. Green Materials
While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and
may differ from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which
method is derives:
 Site and Structure Design Efficiency
 Energy Efficiency
 Water Efficiency
 Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement
 Operations And Maintenance Optimization
 Waste and Toxic Reduction

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The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles .Also, with
the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to
produce a greater cumulative effect. On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable
design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and
resources surrounding the site.
a. Site and structure design efficiency:-
The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The
concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest
impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the
objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages
of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial
process, and varies from one building to other, never repeating itself identically, In addition,
buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and
components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A
variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building’s
relevant life-cycle stages.
b. Energy efficiency:-
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of
the building envelope, they may use high efficiency windows and insulation in walls,
ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in
low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and
tress to shade windows and roofs during summer while maximum solar gain in the winter. In
addition, effective window placement can provide more natural light and lessen the need for
electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads.
Biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation
is the most expensive feature to add to a building.

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c. Water efficiency:-
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable
building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the
suppling aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible,
facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used purified, and
reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building
may be accomplished by designing for ideal plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing.
Waste-water may be minimized by

Utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra- low flush toilets and low-flow shower
heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing
possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both
water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The
use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site- irrigation will minimize
demands on the local aquifer.

d. Material efficiency:-
Building material typically considered to be ‘green’ include rapidly renewable materials like
bamboo(because bamboo grows rapidly) and straw, lumber from forests certified to be
sustainably managed, ecology blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and
other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Linoleum,
sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth blocks, adobe, baked earth,
rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal cork, expanded clay grains, coconut wood
fiber plated, calcium sand stone, concrete, etc.) Building materials should be extracted and
manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their
transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and
delivered to site, to maximize benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste,
maximizing recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better
OHS management, less noise and dust

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e. Indoor air quality enhancement:-
The indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category is one of the five environmental categories
was created to provide comfort, well being, and productivity of occupants. The IEQ category
addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal
quality, and lightning quality.
Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOC’s, and other air
impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed HVAC
system to provide adequate ventilation and air filtration as well as isolate operations from
other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction
materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions will improve IAQ.
Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as VOC’s
and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants’ health and
productivity as well. Personal temperature and air flow control over the HVAC system
coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building’s
thermal quality. Creating a high performance a luminous environment through the careful
integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the lightning quality of a
structure.

Fig. 2.1 Conceptual Drawing of Green Building

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 CHAPER-3

VARIOUS GREEN BUILDING ASSESSMENT TOOLS

3.1 THE INTERNATIONAL RATINGS:-
As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of
organizations have developed standard, codes ad rating systems that let
Government regulators, building professionals and consumers embrace green building
With confidence. In some cases, codes are written so local governments can adopt them
As bylaws to reduce the local environmental impact of buildings.
Green building codes and standard, such as the international Code Council’s draft
International Green Construction code, are sets of rules created by standards development
organizations that establish minimum requirements for elements of green building such as
materials or heating and cooling.
LEED stand for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, and is a voluntary;
Consensus based ration system for evaluation the environmental performance of building and
community design, construction, operations and maintenance. Created by
The United States Green building Council (USGBC) in 1999, LEED has quickly grown to
Become the national standard for green building performance in both the United States, Canada (
Canada Green building Council) and multiple other countries around the world (World Green
building Council). LEED retains are achieved at four different levels-
Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum. These ratings are awarded by the Green building
Certification Institute LEED online.
Green building rating systems helps consumers determine a structure’s level of environmental
performance. They award credits for optional building features that support green design in
categories such as location and maintenance of building site,
Conservation of water, energy, and building materials, and occupant comfort and
Heath. The number of credits generally determines the level of achievement.
Some of the major building environmental assessment tools currently in use include:

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 Australia: NABERS(National Australian Built Environment Ration System)/Green star
 Brazil: AQUA/LEED Brazil
 Canada: LEED Canada/Green Globes/Built Green Canada
 China: GBAS
 Czech Republic: SBToolCZ (Sustainable Building Tool of Czech Republic)
 Finland: Promise
 France: HQE
 Germany: DGNB/CEPHEUS (Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standards)
 Hong Kong: HKBEAM (Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method)
 Indonesia: Green building Council Indonesia (GBCI)/Greenship
 Italy: ProtocollaItaca/Green building Council Italia
 Japan: CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System For Built Environment
Efficiency)
 Jordon: EDAMA
 Korea: KGBC ( Korea Green building codes)
 Malaysia: GBI Malaysia (Green building Index of Malaysia)
 Mexico: LEED Mexico
 Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands
 New Zealand: Green Star NZ
 Pakistan: Institute of Architecture Pakistan Green Sustainable Architecture (IAPGSA)
 Philippines: BERDE/Philippine Green building Council
 Republic of China(Taiwan): Green building Label

3.2 THE NATIONAL RATINGS:-

3.2.1 Indian Green Building code (IGBC):-
IGBC which is part of CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre is actively involves in
promoting the Green building concept in India. Triggering off the Green building movement
in India is the first Platinum Green building in India; it was rated as per the
LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Rating system.

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The Council is based on LEED rating and is represented by all stakeholders of construction
industry manufacturers, Institutions, etc. The Council operates on a consensus based
approach and member-driven . The Vision of council is to usher Green building revolution
and India to become one of the world leaders in green buildings by 2025. IGBC has
developed the following green building rating systems for different types of building.
 LEED India for New Construction
 LEED India for Core and Shell
 IGBC Green Homes
 IGBC Green Factory Building
 IGBE Green SEZ
 IGBC Green Townships

3.2.2 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat:-

a. Assessment (GRIHA):-
Internationally, voluntary building rating system have been instrumental in raising awareness
and popularizing green design. However, most the rating system devised have been tailored
to suit the building industry of the country where they are developed. TERI took the
responsibility of popularizing Green building by developing a tool for measuring and rating a
building’s environmental performance in the context of India’s varied climate and building
practices. This tool called GRIHA has been adopted by the ministry of New and Renewable
Energy. This tool, by its ‘greenness’. The rating woldbe applied to new building stock of
varied functions- commercial, institutional, and residential.
GRIHA is a Sanskrit word meaning- ‘Abode’. GRIHA attempts to minimize a building’s
resource consumption, waste generation, and overall ecological impact to within certain
nationally GRIHA attempts to wautify aspects such as energy consumption, waste
generation, renewable energy adoption etc. so as to manage, control and reduce the same to
the best possible extent.

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3.3 REQUIRMENTS OF GRIHA RATING SYSTEM:-

Criteria No. List Of criteria Points Remarks

Criteria No.1 Site Selection 1 Partly Mandatory

Criteria No.2 Preserve and protect landscape during 5 Partly Mandatory

Criteria No.3 Construction/compensatory depository 4 Mandatory

Criteria No.4 Forestation 2 Partly Mandatory

Criteria No.5 Soil conservation(post construction 2 Mandatory

Criteria No.6 Design to include existing site features 3 Mandatory

Criteria No.7 Reduce hard paving on site 3 Mandatory

Criteria No.8 Enhance outdoor lighting system 2 Partly Mandatory

efficiency
Criteria No.9 Plan utilities efficiency and optimize on 2 Mandatory
site
Criteria No.10 Circulation efficiency 3 Mandatory

Criteria No.11 Provide, at least, minimum level of 2 Mandatory

Criteria No.12 Sanitation/safety facilities for 1

construction
Criteria No.13 Workers 6

Criteria No.14 Reduce air pollution during construction 12

Criteria No.15 Reduce landscape water requirement 6

CHAPTER 4

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 GREEN BUILDING PROJECTS INDIA
Accepted definitions of green building describe them as structures that ensure efficient use of
materials, water, energy and other resources without depletion of nature and minimal
generation of non-degradable waste. The concept of green building was prevalent in India
from the time of our ancestors who revered the five element of nature. Today, India can boast
of leadership in Energy& Environmental Design (LEED) certified green building ranging
from residential complex, exhibition centers , hospitals and educational institutions to
laboratories ,IT parks ,airport government building and corporate office .This list of top 10
green building in India gives special mention to those extraordinary structure that have left an
indelible mark in the green construction industry.
4.1 SuzlonEnergy Limited-Pune:-
Several accolades continue to shower upon Suzlon’s global headquarter in Pune-“One Earth”
– ever since the facility has been LEED ‘Platinum’ rated and certified as an eco-friendly
building by the Green Building Council. Built to perfection on an area of 41,000 square
meters (10.13 acres) One Earth canbe counted as among the largest green building projects in
India and is living proof that our world can be replenished with a little green effort, everyday.

Fig. 4.1 Goals of Green Building

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4.2 Biodiversity Conservation India Ltd(BCIL) – Banglore:-

As a green builder who strives for the conservation of diversity in vegetation, forests, culture and
urban lifestyles, BCIL has created some of the most energy-efficient residential homes India has
ever set eyes upon. The company’s TZed homes in Whitefield, Bangalore has been certified a the
first residential apartment in the world to be rated ‘platinum’ under LEED. TZed, which means
“Towards Zero Energy Development” is a 2,49,000 sq.fit green project spread across 5.5 acres
and is designed to reduce lighting and energy by nearly 70 per cent.

Fig. 4.2

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4.3 Olympia Technology Park – Chennai:-

The world’s largest LEED ‘Gold’ rated green building is right here in India. Built on an area of
1.8 million sq. fit. this futuristic masterpiece features three mighty towards on 8.4 acre greenery.
Constructed with energy saving technology, autoclaved blocks containing 30 per cent flash,
wooden door-frames made from compressed sawdust and low VOC (Volatile Organic
Compounds) paints, Olympia is green and eco-friendly in every sense of the word.

Fig. 4.3 Olympia Technology Park

4.4 ITC Green Centre Gorgon

Renowned as one of the early adopters of the green building movement in India, the ITC Green
Centre is still considered a benchmark for green buildings. It was the first ‘Platinum’ rated
building in India and has endeavored to adopt green practices that go beyond recycled waste and
day-lit offices. Within a built-in area of 180,000 sq.fit. the building, features alternative
transportation facilities, storm water management system, solar thermal technology, reflective
high-albedo roof paint, minimal exterior lighting, separate smoking rooms with exhaust system
and zero-water discharge.

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 Fig. 4.4 ITC Green Centre Gorgon

4.5 The Druk White Lotus School – Ladakh:-

In this desert landscape of severe climatic conditions, 3,500 meters above sea level, was born a
modest school that is adjudged as an outstanding example of sustainable, green, cost effective
building development. This multi-award winning structure is the recipient of the Best Asian
Building, Best Education Building and Best Green Building awards. It combines the best of
traditional Ladakhi architecture with 21st century engineering excellence and is built with
traditional materials such as locally excavated stone, mud bricks, timber and grass.

15
4.5 Lotus School

16
 CHAPTER 5

MATERAIL USED IN GREEN BUILDING

5.1 GREEN FOUNDATION, COLUMN, SLAB AND ROOF:-

Adding fly ash to concrete reduces the energy needed in processing Portland cement and reduces
the impact of fly ash disposal. In addition, fly ash cement requires less water, is somewhat easier
to use in cold weather and is less likely to crack. Fly ash is reported to have greater workability,
permits greater pumping distances and has greater strength. One reported drawback of fly ash
concrete is that it takes longer to set up to full strength

S o fly ash concrete is mix with concrete in foundation, column, slab and roof.

5.2 PARTITION WALLS:-

Hollow blocks, are used as partition wall hollow blocks and building units. They are light weight
and eco friendly hollow bricks.

Fly ash concrete is used.

Natural clay plaster is used.

Cavity brick wall used at interior side of building.

5.3 GREEN FLORING :-

Recycled Content PET Carpet is used at floors.

It is the easiest and most cost effective flooring choice is green carpet made from recycled
polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which typically comes from plastic soda bottles, thus
containing post-consumer recycled materials. This product is widely available and is cost
competitive with standard carpet lines.

Slotted tiles also used for flooring in kitchens, bathroom, toilet and at porch and parking area.

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5.4 PAINTS:-

Low or Zero VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints are used. Low VOC paints re the ones
which use water as a carrier instead of petroleum- based solvents. They contain reduced levels

Of volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which emit smog producing pollutants into the air. The
new environmental regulations have resulted in alternative solutions- Low VOC and Zero VOC
paints. Lower VOC paints preserve both indoor and outdoor air quality and reduce the incidence
of eye or respiratory irritation from exposure to VOC fumes.

5.5 LIGHTS:- LED- Light Emitting Diode

LED lighting can be a significant contributor to obtaining LEED certification for a new building
or building remodel. The use of one technology or product can not guarantee Leed certification
as it is based upon a holistic approach to building design. LED lighting systems can contribute to
LEED certification in four areas : Energy and Atmosphere, Sustainable Sited, Indoor
Environmental Quality and Innobation.

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ADVANTAGES OF LED

High Source Efficacy

Optical Control

Extremely Long Operating Life

Environmentally Friendly

Low Maintenance and Disposal Costs

Compatible with Photovoltaic’s

Compatible with Lighting Control Systems

GLASS:-

Double Glass Wall is used in this residential building.

Manufacturing methods

Pyrolytic – on line coating/hard coat

A coating is applied during glass manufacture. The coating is fused into the g lass at 1200C . The
advantage of this product is its durability. It can be handled like a standard square of glass. It is
ready to be cut, heat strengthened, toughened, laminated and bent. This product is sometimes
referred to as a ‘hard coat’ glass.

Vacuum coated glass – off line /sputter/soft coating

This process involves the deposition of metal particles into the glass surface by a chain reaction
in a vacuum vessel or chamber. It is sometimes called a ‘soft coat’ because the coating is more
susceptible to damage than a hard coat glass when glazed in monolithic form. Where tempering
is required, most coatings must be tempered first and then coated. Vacuum coated glass is
available in laminated form with

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The coating on inside to protect it rom damage. With exceptions, vacuum coated products
generally have better SHGC’s (reflective glass) and lower ‘U’ values (low-E-glass) than
pyrolytic products.

Glass performance diagram definitions

SHGC = Solar heat gain co-efficient;
U-value= Thermal insulation properties expressed in watts x m2 per degree Celsius;
VLT= %Visible light transmittance;
VLR = %Visible light reflectance.

IMPROVING INDOOR QUALITY

Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency :-

The most important and cost effective element of an efficient heating, and air
conditioning (HVAC) system is a well insulated building. A more efficient building
requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but many require more ventilation
capacity to expel polluted indoor air.

WATER OBSERVATION:-

Rain water is conserve in this building by constructing tank and this water is used for
flush purpose and for irrigation of gardening purpose.

Double flush urinal system is used for conserving water.

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GREEN ROOF:-

Green gardening is done over top of the roof as shown .

Solar panels are placed over the roof for electricity purpose
And for water heater as shown .

5.1 GREEN ROOF

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8.COMPARISION BETWEEN NATURAL BUILDING AND GREEN
BUILDING:-

Natural Building Green Building

It emits harmful gases It does not emit harmful

gases
Not a environmental friendly It is a environmental friendly

Building uses toxic materials Building uses non toxic

like concrete, paints etc which
emit harmful gases.
This is may be more
economical during construction
time comparing with green
building.
Normal Building are very less
energy efficient comparing
with green building.
They are costly in terms of
using energy like electricity,
heater etc comparing with
green building.
Indoor air quality is poor in
normal building due to
emission of toxic agents from
building and others factors also
responsible for that.
materials i.e. green materials
like fly ash etc.
This may be less economical
during construction time
comparing with normal
building.
Green Building is more
energy efficient comparing
with normal building.
They are economical and
energy saving more than
40% comparing with normal
building.
Indoor air quality is good in this
type of building due to
environmentally friendly and others
factors.

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 CHAPTER 6
Energy Efficient HVAC Design

6.1 INTRODUCTION:-
Heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) constitutes up to 35 percent of energy
used in manufacturing facilities. This fact sheet is geared towards energy efficiency in
existing equipment and covers common opportunities for facilities to conserve energy
and cut costs. The fact sheet contains a hecklist to assess existing conditions in order to
determine the opportunities available during an HVAC audit. When the opportunity
exists, energy conservation shoud be a factor in the original equipment selection and
sustem design. The best HVAC design considers the interrelationship of building systems
while addressing energy consumption, indoor air quality, and environmental benefit.

What is HVAC

HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning and refers to the equipment,
distribution
Network and terminals used either collectively or individually to provide fresh filtered
Air, heating,
Cooling and humidity control in a building. A facility can have any combination of
heating and cooling sources to supply the HVAC system. For
Heating a facility, a gas or oil-fired boiler or furnace heat pump, rooftop unit, new
technology such as infrared radiation, or electric heat could be employed. Common
cooling sources include rooftop units chillers, heat pumps, air conditioners or some sort
of off peak cooling system.

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6.2 What is the Basis HVAC Design

HVAC systems can vary in design and complexity. The following description and
diagram represent a simple HVAC system (termed a single Zone constant air volume
system). Modifications can be added to the basic system to reach the desired HVAC
operation.
Air is taken through an outdoor air intake that is usually a louvered opening on the top or
side of the building.

Atmospheric pressure pushes the air through a damper, which regulated the amount of
outdoor air (OA) taken in by the system. AT this Point, already conditioned return air
(RA) from the system can be mixed with the outdoor air to form ‘mixed air’. The mixed
air goes through a profilter where large dust paricles, insects, leaves, etc, are caught. A
more efficient filter is usually present to address small particles. After the filters, the air
enters a centrifugal fan. Once exiting the fan outlet, the air is under positive pressure and
being pushed towards coils where the air is either heated or cooled, depending on the
temperature of the air and the season.

Under the coils lies a drain pan to collect any water condensing on the coils. If a
humidifier or dehumidifier is needed it is usually incorporated into the cycle at this point.
The air travels through ductwork where it reaches a distribution box and may travel
through smaller ducts to supply the terminals, registers or diffusers into the workspace.
Once the air reaches its destination, it is returned through an air register (Usually through
a louvered door that opens into a space above the ceiling tiles) in the form of return air
that will become mixed air or exit the building.

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What is Air Conditioning

Air conditioning is treating air for temperature, cleanliness and humidity, and directing its
distribution to meet requirements of a conditioned space. Comfort air conditioning is
when the primary function of the system is to provide comfort to occupants of the
conditioned space. The term industrial air conditioning is used when the primary function
is other than comfort. There are there basic types o fair conditioners:
Direct expansion coolers include window air conditioners, heat pumps nd packaged or
rooftop units. Air is cooled and dehumidified as it moves past a cold, refrigerant-filled
coil.
Chilled water systems use water cooled by a refrigeration machine instead of air. This
cool water supplies a coil, which cools and dehumidifies the air.
Evaporative (or “swamp”) coolers are usually only appropriate in hot, dry climates and
bring hot air in contact with a water spray or damp surface. The result is evaporation of
moisture, which lowers the temperature of the air.

What is Ventilation

Ventilation is a process that either supplies or removes air from a spce by natural or
mechanical means. All air that is exhausted from a building must be replaced by outside
air. Outside air must be brought to a certain temperature by makeup air units used
throughout the building. Negatibe building pressure can be a problem during winter
heating season and could lead to a number of other problems such as difficulty in opening
doors and equipment operation air seeps through gaps around windows, doors and ducts.
Equations are available to estimate makeup air heating costs in the Guide to industrial
Assessments for Pollution Prevention and Energy Efficiency, referenced at the end of this
document. Air is distributed through ducts. Units such as a window air conditioner
distribute air directly from the unit. Other units using baseboards or radiators may deliver
heat through water, steam or electric resistance systems. Blowers and registers deliver air
in forced air systems.

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Conducting an HVAC Audit

The potential for energy conservation varies depending on the design of the system, the
method of operation, operating standard, maintenance of control systems, monitoring of
the system, and competence of the operators, General opportunities for energy
conservation are discussed below .Please keep in mind the some of these efficiencies will
need to be conducted by an expert. Some of these efficiencies will be at no cost, while
others will require some investment.

Generally implementing a maintenance plan, installing controls and upgrading equipment

when possible are good ways to save on energy costs.

Assess existing conditions

To controls a HVAC audit you will first need basic HVAC information such as type and

Number of units , hours of use, etc to help you understand the current energy use
attributes of HVAC system in your facility. This information will help you understand
how much you are currently spending and the potential saving available from HVAC
efficiencies . A worksheet is available at the end of this document to assist in the
assessment of your current HVAC conditions.

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 Assess opportunities for increasing HVAC energy efficiency

Determine if the following opportunities exist for a given location . Each checkbox
represents an opportunity for energy savings, followed by suggestions on how to best
take advantage of the opportunity.

1.Reduce HVAC system operation when building or space is unoccupied.

 Reduce HVAC operating hour to reduce electrical, heating and cooling

requirement.
 Eliminate HVAC use in vestibules and unoccupied space
 Minimize the direct cooling of unoccupied areas by turning of fan coil unit
heaters and by closing the vent or supply air diffuser.
 Turns fan off.
 Close outdoor dampers.
 Install system control to reduce cooling /heating of unoccupied space.

2.Reduce HVAC operating hours.

 Turn HVAC off earlier.

 Install HVAC night setback control.
 Shut HVAC off when not needed.
 Adjust thermostat setting for change in session.
 Adjust the house keeping schedule to minimize HVAC use.

 Schedule off-hour meetings in location that does not require HVAC in the entire
facilities.
 Install separate controls for zones.

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  Install local heating/cooling equipment to serve seldom-use areas located from the
centre of HVAC bsystem.
 Installcontrols to vary hot water temperature based on outside air.
 Use variable speed drivers and direct digital controls on water circulation pumps
motor and controls.

2.Adjust areas that are too hot or too cold .

 Adjust air duct registers.

 Use Operable windows for ventilation during mild weather.
 Use windows covering such as blinds or awnings to cut down on heat loss
 And to avoid heat gain.
 Use light-colored roofing material and exterior walls covering with high
reflectance to reflect heat.
 Incorporate outside trees to create shade.
 Install selling fan.
Creates zones with separate controls .

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 CHAPTER 7
7.1 Bahrain World Trade Center

7.1 World Trade Center

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7.2 INTRODUCTION:-

Receiving multiple awards in the area of sustainability (2006 LEAF Award, The Arab
Construction World for sustainable Design Award, a 2008 ‘Best Tall Building Award’,
an honorable mention in the 2009 NOVA), the Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC)
serves as a revolutionary model for innovation in green design as the first skyscraper in
the world to embed industrial wind turbines within its building’s structure. The BWTC is
situated on the Manama waterfront (Bahrain’s capital city) bordering northern Qatar in
eastern Saudi Arabia in the heart of the region’s financial hub (about an hour’s car
journey from Dubai). The kingdom of Bahrain is made u of an archipelago of 33 island –
the largest being Bahrain island- with an entire country only spanning an area of 700
square kilometers and a population just under 700,000. Bahrain-one of 33 islands- has
long been regarded as the financial and banking hub of the middle East.

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 7.2 World Trade Center

Thus the investment in such an innovative and revolutionary skyscraper shuld be

understood as a product of an emerging private demand in sustainable design and
construction. The building however, should not be construed as being situated in
extremely ‘busy’ or ‘metropolitan’ environment with a range of neighboring structures
and buildings. This will become important in understanding both the genius of its
innovation and potential limitations of this type of design.

7.3 Origins

A number of the world Trade Center Association, the BWTC was fully backed
and well financed with institutional investors but required a construction feat
unaccomplished by any engineer or architect. The original impetus for the integration of

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 wind turbines between the twin towers was strictly architectural, but soon developed a as
a sustainable solution. The wind climate in the Arabia Gulf prompted designers to utilize
the concept of wind turbines in large-scale buildings. Previous research and attempts t
integration turbines into failed to materialize due to high costs associated with such an
adaptation of building design. Such endeavors would increase project costs up to 30% .
However, designers from Atkins Architects and Norwin turbine specialists were able to
design an integrated turbine system that required only a 3% premium on projects costs.
This combination of a favorable natural wind system alongside creative design and
lowered construction costs make the BWTC an important step toward innovated cost-
effective designs.

RESULTS

To accomplish our goal of providing NCER with the most beneficial research recommendations,
we utilized resources from both within and outside the agency to identify the existing gaps. Our
results were obtained by accomplishing the following objectives: Identify and categorize all
current and past research sponsored by NCER related to green buildings. Identify current and
past green building research sponsored outside NCER, including sources within and outside of
EPA. Identify the gaps in green building research and technologies with a focus on water
infrastructure. Determine the EPA’s budget and regulatory constraints to carry out research and
provide appropriate recommendations. By identifying and then categorizing 95 projects relevant
to green building we discovered NCER’s most prominent gaps in research are water reuse, water
infrastructure, storm water management practices, and the residential market. With the input of
principle investigators and opinions from other offices within the EPA, we were further able to
support our previously identified gaps. From our analysis of outside sources we concluded that
an essential component to future research projects must be social acceptance. From our research

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studies and expert interviews we identified the best course for future research to follow. Analysis
of these future research topics led us to develop two sets of recommendations for the NCER

CONCLUSION

 Green Building brings together a vast array of practices, and skill to reduce and
ultimately eliminated the impacts of building on the environment and human
health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resource, e.g.
 using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic technique and
using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of
rainwater run-off.
 Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or
using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or
asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.
 While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly
evolving and may differ from region. Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency,
Water Efficiency, Material Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality

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 Enhancement, Operations And Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxic
Reduction.
 The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these
principles. Also, with the synergistic design, individual green building
technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.
 On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy
of designing a building that is in harmony with natural features and resources
surrounding the site.

FEATURE SCOPE

The Green building concept is catching up fast globally, and in India too. A Green Building is
one, which in the process of constructing a building, uses renewable materials, saves money on
light bills, gas bills and water bills. This method can include using all natural materials but for
the most part, it pertains to saving environment and costs. It is a reflection of the growing
concern for environment and energy, and the awareness that huge consumption also leads to
huge depletion of resources. More and more people are becoming aware of this fact and the
concept of Green Building is here to stay and it should be encouraged and promoted for the
betterment of the society. Our experiences of the recently constructed green buildings have been
very encouraging. It reduces the energy consumption of a building, thus reducing CO2 and
global warming to help the climate change. It is also cost effective and is being implemented
worldwide.
The markets have transformed in the last 10 years. Building-owners, developers, architects and

34
consultants see a value proposition in designing green. Green design is turning out to be a niche
area for developers. During the next few years green buildings are well poised to grow at 50-60
per cent annually. Owners and occupants are now demanding green buildings from architects,
designers and consultants. There is an increased need for green building materials and products
in the industry. Emerging grinds in the sect or Green buildings have always been part of the
Indian ethos. The large-scale adoption today comes naturally for Indian designers and architects.
The only change, perhaps, that we are seeing today is the need to blend our traditional wisdom
with contemporary technologies and practices. This can largely be attributed to the changes in
lifestyle and general increase in economic affordability of the people.
Building.
Awareness on the green building concept was sporadic during initial stages. With the educational
and training programmers conducted by IGBC, now we have excellent professionals deeply
involved in this.

REFRENCES

1. INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC)

2. LEED:- INDIA FOR NEW CONSTRUCTIONS

3. GREEN RATED BUILDINGS

4. CASE STUDY ON BAHRAIN WTC

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