Author’s Accepted Manuscript

Chemical Composition and Physicomechanical

Characteristics of Sawdust Ash Blended Cement

A.A. Raheem, A.I. Ige

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PII: S2352-7102(17)30582-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.014
Reference: JOBE609
To appear in: Journal of Building Engineering
Received date: 28 September 2017
Revised date: 8 February 2018
Accepted date: 17 October 2018
Cite this article as: A.A. Raheem and A.I. Ige, Chemical Composition and
Physicomechanical Characteristics of Sawdust Ash Blended Cement, Journal of
Building Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.014
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Chemical Composition and Physicomechanical Characteristics of
Sawdust Ash Blended Cement

A. A. Raheem*, A. I. Ige
Department of Civil Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,
Nigeria.
*
Corresponding Author. aaraheem@lautech.edu.ng
Abstract
The production of blended cement by incorporating Sawdust Ash (SDA) in Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) clinker, during manufacturing of cement was investigated. Sawdust was
collected from sawmill industry at Olope Marun, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. It was burnt
to ash and then added as percentage replacement for OPC clinker. Chemical and physical
properties of both SDA and OPC clinker were determined. The production of the SDA -
blended cement was carried out by intergrinding 5 - 25 % by weight of SDA with OPC
clinker during cement manufacturing. The blended cement produced was analyzed for
chemical composition and physical properties. The chemical compositions of SDA - blended
cement with 5 - 25 % SDA replacement were 19.96 - 22.52 % for silicon oxide, 5.57 - 5.72 %
for aluminium oxide, 3.47 - 3.63 % for iron oxide, and 65.39 - 57.28 % for calcium oxide.
The physical properties of SDA - blended cement were 5 - 7 mm for soundness, 391 - 410
m2/kg for fineness, 27.6 - 30.0 % for consistency, 45 - 160 minutes for initial and 75 - 210
minutes for final setting time, 2.5 - 2.2 for specific gravity, and 1.33 - 1.45 for loss on
ignition. The compressive strength of blended cement with 5 - 25 % SDA replacement ranged
from 5.2 - 9.9, 11.2 - 27.8, 13.9 - 44.0, 14.3 - 56.0, 15.8 - 58.9, 20.4 - 62.4, and 23.6 - 65.2
N/mm2 for 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days, respectively while the flexural strength ranged
from 1.8 - 2.3, 2.5 - 5.3, 2.8 - 6.3, 3.4 - 7.4, 3.5 - 8.9, 3.9 - 10.1, and 4.1 - 11.5 N/mm2,
respectively. The partial replacement of OPC clinker with SDA during cement manufacturing
was established. A maximum replacement level of 15% by weight of cement gave desirable
engineering properties.

Keywords
Sawdust ash; Blended cement; Chemical composition; Physical properties; Compressive
strength; Flexural strength.

1. Introduction
In the quest for alternative binder or cement replacement material, ashes from
agricultural residues generally regarded as waste and found to possess pozzolanic properties
have been used to replace cement. Some of the wastes that had been widely studied are; rice
husk ash [1, 2, 3]; corn cob ash [4, 5, 6]; palm oil waste ash [7]; Groundnut husk Ash [8] and
bagasse ash [9]. Their uses are receiving more attentions since they result in enhanced
properties of the blended cement concrete. The focus of this study is on sawdust ash.
Sawdust is generated as a waste product from the mechanical milling of timber into
various sizes. It becomes continuously heaped up thereby causing nuisance to the
environment (Figure 1). Hence, there is need for proper disposal of this agricultural residue.
Various studies had been carried out on the use of Sawdust Ash (SDA) as pozzolanic
admixture to partially replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in mortar and concrete [10,
11, 12]. In these studies, SDA was incorporated into concrete or mortar at the point of
construction on site. The use of SDA in cement has been shown to be beneficial to concrete
in terms of low heat of hydration and strength gain at later curing age [13]. In this study, the
production of blended cement by incorporating SDA in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
clinker, during manufacturing of cement was investigated.

Figure 1: Saw Dust from Wood Milling Machine

2. Materials and Methods

The materials involved and the methodology employed in executing the research are
discussed the following sub sections.

2.1 Materials
The Sawdust used was obtained from Adeleke Sawmill, Ogbomoso (8.12N:4.22E),
Nigeria. The clinker and gypsum used were obtained from Lafarge Cement (West African
Portland Cement Company - WAPCO), Sagamu plant, Ogun State, (6.83N:3.63E), Nigeria,
where the production of the SDA blended cement was carried out.
Sawdust Ash (SDA) was produced by burning dried sawdust using the mud kiln at the
Fine and Applied Art Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,
Oyo State, Nigeria. The burning process continued with the temperature (measured with the
aid of Thermocouple) increasing to 650 °C in about 8 h, when the sawdust turned to ash. The
SDA was ground after cooling using mortar and pestle. The ash was then sieved using 45 µm
sieve. The fineness of the ash was made as close as possible to that of OPC Clinker so as to
facilitate proper grinding during blended cement manufacturing. Tests were carried out to
determine chemical and properties of the SDA.

2.2 Determination of Chemical and Physical Properties of SDA and OPC-clinker

The SDA was taken to Lafarge, (WAPCO), Sagamu Plant in Ogun State for chemical
analysis. The analysis of SDA and OPC-clinker was carried out using X-ray fluorescence
spectrometer (Model: X’PertPoweder X-ray Diffractometer) as specified in BS EN 196-6
(1995) [14]. The presence and compositions of the following major and minor compounds
namely silica (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), calcium oxide (CaO),
magnesium oxide (MgO), sulphur trioxide (SO3), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium Oxide
(K2O) and phosphorus oxide (P2O5) were determined. The physical properties of the SDA
determined were the loss on ignition and specific gravity.
2.3 Production of SDA blended Cement

The production of SDA blended cement was carried out in Lafarge, (WAPCO)
Sagamu Plant, Ogun State, Nigeria. Batching of materials was done by weight in grams. The
milling involved the replacement of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight of ordinary Portland
cement clinker with SDA during the manufacturing process. Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) without SDA served as the control. As it is the practice in WAPCO Sagamu works,
5% gypsum was used for the cement milling. Table 1 showed the mix proportion of the
materials used for charging the ball mill to produce the blended cements.

Table 1 Mix proportion for changing ball mill

Quantity of Quantity of Weight of Weight of SDA Weight of
SDA clinker (%) clinker (g) (g) gypsum (g)
replacement (%)
0 95 3800 - 200
5 90 3600 200 200
10 85 3400 400 200
15 80 3200 600 200
20 75 3000 800 200
25 70 2800 1000 200
Total weight per charge = 4000g

The equipment used for cement milling was the Laboratory ball mill (Model R. PM
1400/50, Serial Number 93021.A). The ball mill was charged with the required weight of
clinker, SDA and gypsum after which it was firmly tightened and put in operation for 55
minutes as it is the practice in WAPCO, Sagamu works. The chemical composition and
physical characteristics of the cement produced were then determined.

2.4 Evaluation of Chemical Composition of SDA blended Cement

The presence and composition of major compound of SDA blended cement and the
control specimen were evaluated using X - ray fluorescence spectrometer (Model: X’Pert
Powder X-ray Diffractometer) as specified in [14]. The major and minor oxide compositions
that were determined are silica (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), calcium
oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), sulphur trioxide (SO3), sodium oxide (Na2O),
potassium oxide (K2O) and phosphorus oxide (P2O5).

2.5 Assessment of Physicomechanical Characteristics of SDA blended Cements

The physical characteristics that were considered are fineness, residue on 45 µm

sieve, consistency, setting times (initial and final), soundness, specific gravity, loss on
ignition and heat of hydration. The mechanical properties investigated are compressive and
flexural strength. The tests were carried out in accordance with the operating practices and
standards at Physical Laboratory of Lafarge (WAPCO) Sagamu Plant, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the flexural strength of SDA- blended cement mortar was determined by using a
simply supported unreinforced beam (40 x 40 x 160mm) subjected to a third point loading in
accordance with the provisions of BS EN 12390-5 (2009).
3. Results and Discussion
The results of the various tests carried out on the SDA and blended cement produced
are presented and discussed in the following sections.
3.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of SDA and OPC Clinker
The composition of oxides in the SDA used is presented in Table 2. The major
chemical compound in SDA was silica (SiO2) with an average value of 69.29%. The sum of
percentages of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 obtained for SDA was 76.54 % which is greater than
70% specified by ASTM C 618 – 08 [15]. This indicated that SDA is a good pozzolan for
manufacture of blended cement.

Table 2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Sawdust Ash

Chemical Percentage Composition
SDA-1 SDA-2 SDA-3 AVERAGE
Composition

SiO2 69.53 68.96 69.37 69.29

Al203 5.35 5.05 5.26 5.22
Fe203 1.85 2.01 2.23 2.03
CaO 9.96 10.41 9.85 10.07
MgO 5.76 5.35 5.32 5.48
SO3 0.40 0.37 0.39 0.39
Na20 9.56 9.97 9.50 9.68
K2O 0.76 0.87 0.95 0.86
P205 0.55 0.89 0.76 0.73
Equivalent Alkali
Na20+0.658K2O 10.06 10.54 10.16 10.25
SiO2+Al203+Fe203 76.73 76.02 76.86 76.54
Physical properties
LOI 3.65 3.59 3.67 3.64
Passing 45µm 81.26 80.94 81.78 81.55
(%)
Medium particle 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00
size (µm)
SiO2 + Al2O3 74.88 74.01 74.63 74.51

The specific gravity of SDA was 1.90. Cement has a higher specific gravity (2.56)
compared to SDA due to the low specific surface area and the degree of fineness of cement.
The percentage of SDA passing 45µm sieve and the medium particle size as obtained from
Table 2 were 81.55% and 19.00 µm, respectively. This size range is suitable in order to
reduce the carbon content which affects the pozzolanic properties of SDA

The chemical composition of the clinker used for the production of SDA-blended
cement is presented in Table 3. The results indicated that the Silica (SiO2) and calcium oxide
(CaO) contents of the OPC clinker were 19.82 and 65.39 %, respectively. The minimum of
2.0 for the ratio (CaO)/ (SiO2) specified by BS EN 197-1: 2000[16] was satisfied by the
OPC-clinker used. The maximum content of magnesium oxide (MgO) of 5.00 % specified by
[16] was satisfied by the OPC- clinker used (2.02 %). This is in consonance with the value of
MgO content of 1.82% obtained by [4]. Other minor oxides contents of SO3, K2O, Na2O,
P2O5 are in the range of 0.17-2.17% as specified by [16].
Table 3 Chemical Composition of Clinker used
Chemical Percentage Composition
Composition CLK-1 CLK-2 CLK-3 AVERAGE
SiO2 19.46 20.23 19.78 19.82
Al2O3 5.30 5.35 5.38 5.34
Fe2O3 3.43 3.26 3.72 3.47
CaO 66.56 64.52 65.09 65.39
MgO 2.28 1.98 1.80 2.02
SO3 2.14 2.14 2.23 2.17
Na2O 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
K2O 0.29 0.32 0.23 0.28
P2O5 0.17 0.13 0.21 0.17
LOI 1.33 1.30 1.30 1.31
LSF 95.93 95.73 96.04 95.90
AR 1.55 1.64 1.45 1.55
SR 2.23 2.35 2.17 2.25
Free line 1.11 1.05 0.94 1.03
C3 62.08 61.87 62.10 62.02
C3 A 8.26 8.25 8.51 8.34
C4AF 10.43 10.12 10.25 10.27
SiO2+A2O3 +Fe2O3 28.19 28.84 28.88 28.64

3.2 Chemical Composition of SDA blended Cement

The major oxide composition of SDA blended cement is presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Major Oxide Composition of SDA Blended Cement
Percentage SDA Chemical Composition (%)
Replacement SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO
0 19.82 5.34 3.47 65.39
5 19.96 5.57 3.47 64.15
10 19.98 5.59 3.49 63.21
15 20.21 5.61 3.51 61.30
20 21.46 5.68 3.53 58.17
25 22.52 5.72 3.63 57.28

Table 4 indicated that all the SDA blended cements had higher SiO2 and lower CaO
content than the control. This is in line with the findings of [4]. The minimum 20 % silica
content required for Type II and Type IIA Portland Cement specified by ASTM C 150 :
2005[17] was satisfied.

The composition of minor oxides (MgO, SO3, Na2O, K2O and P2O5) present in the SDA
blended cements are shown in Table 5. Magnessium oxide (MgO) ranges from 2.02 to 2.59.
High MgO is not desirable in cement because it causes unsoundness (Taylor, 2004). SDA
blended cements satisfied the maximum of 6.00% MgO content requirements for Type II and
Type IIA Portland cement specified by ]17]. The SO3 content in SDA blended cements are
higher than that of the control. High SO3 contributed to higher setting time of the blended
cement[18]. SDA blended cements satisfied the maximum of 3.00% SO3 content requirement
for Type II and Type IIA Portland cement specified by [17].
 Potassium oxide is the only alkalis contents present in the differnent SDA-blended cements
since sodium oxide is approximately zero according to the results of the analysis. The K 2O
contents present in SDA-blended cements 5 to 25 % SDA are higher than that of the control
(0 % SDA) and range from 0.28 to 2.49 %. Higher alkalis in cement are undesirable as it
causes damage to kiln and attack reinforced concrete as reported by Taylor (2004). It also
results in alkali –silicates reaction (Dabai et al., 2009). The Na2O, K2O and P205 contents are
within the range specified for Type II and Type IIA Portland cement [17].

Table 5 Minor Oxide Composition of SDA-blended cement

Percentage SDA Chemical Composition (%)
Replacement (%) MgO SO3 Na2O K2O P205
0 2.02 2.17 0.15 0.28 0.17
5 2.36 2.34 0.03 0.35 0.29
10 2.42 2.40 0.02 0.57 0.42
15 2.48 2.43 0.02 1.04 0.58
20 2.54 2.49 0.01 1.99 0.73
25 2.59 2.59 0.01 2.49 0.84

3.3 Physical Properties of the SDA Blended Cements

1. Table 6 showed some physical properties of SDA blended cement. The fineness
of increased from 391 to 421 m2/kg as the SDA content increased from 5 to 25% due
to lower density of SDA compared to OPC clinker and gypsum. SDA blended
cements satisfied the 250m2/kg and 280 m2/kg minimum fineness specified by NIS
439:2000[19] and ASTM C 150-05[17], respectively. The residue on 45 µm sieve for
the SDA blended cements ranged from 19.22 to 26.44% as the SDA content increased
from 5 to 25%. These values are higher than that of the control (18.25 %). Thus, the
coarseness increases as the SDA percentange replacement increases. The coarseness,
according to Turanli et al. [20] was attributed to the clinker component, which was
harder to grind compared with the pozzolan (SDA in this case). The implication of the
coarseness of the blended cement is increase in the setting time of cements. The
coarseness means increase in particle sizes of the blended cement. This lowers the rate
of hydration, thereby leading to increase in the setting time.

The initial and final setting time ranged (30-160) minutes and (55-210) minutes as the
SDA content of the blended cement increased from 0 to 25%, respectively. This indicated
that SDA retard the setting time of blended cement, a characteristics that is desirable for such
kind of cement. All the SDA blended cements satisfied the NIS 439 :2000[19] requirements
of 45 and 600 minutes for minimum intital and maximum final setting time, respectively.

The specific gravity of SDA blended cements range from 2.51 for 5 % SDA and 2.19 for
25 % SDA. These are lower than that of the control sample(2.56). The low specific gravity of
SDA blended cements results from the fact that the specific gravity of SDA is less than that
of cement resulting in larger volume of SDA compared with the cement clinker replaced as
the replacement was made by mass.
The loss on ignition (LOI) obtained for SDA blended cements (1.33 to 1.45 %) are
higher than that obtained for the control (1.31). Higher LOI is an indication of carbon content
present in SDA. SDA blended cements satisified the maximum 3.00% LOI requirements for
Type II and Type IIA Portland cement [17].

Table 6 Physical characteristics of SDA blended cement

Physical Mixture Identification

Properties 0% 5% 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 %
Fineness (m2/kg) 376 391 400 411 416 421

Residue on 45um 18.25 19.22 20.54 24.25 25.13 26.44

Sieve (%)
Soundness(mm) 4 5 5 6 7 7
Initial setting 30 45 60 75 140 160
Time (min)
Final setting 55 75 85 90 190 210
Time (min)
Consistency (%) 24.8 27.6 28.4 30.4 28.4 30.0
Specific gravity 2.56 2.51 2.43 2.32 2.27 2.19
Loss on ignition 1.31 1.33 1.41 1.48 1.48 1.45

The heat of hydration of SDA blended cement for six hour duration is presented in
Figure 2. The result indicated that temperature of control sample (OPC-cement without SDA)
increased consistently while those of SDA blended cements were lower and varied slightly
during the first six hours after mixing. This means that the control sample generated more
heat of hydration at early stage. Low heat of hydration is a notable property of blended
cement.

The compressive strength of SDA blended cement mortar is shown in Figure

3. It could be observed that compressive strength increases with curing age but decreased
with increase in SDA content. The compressive strength was lower at early ages but
improved significantly at later ages (56 and 90 days) with up to 15% SDA replacement
having closer values to the control.
 Figure 2: Heat of Hydration of SDA Blended Cement Mortar

Higher percentage increases in strength at 90 days were observed confirming the

continuous pozzolanic reaction in the SDA blended cement mortar. The increase in strength
is due to the cement that continues to hydrate. Another possible explanation for the increased
strength was stated by Bhanja and Senguptab [21], to be due to the deceleration of hydration
permitting the formation of strength contributing dicalcium silicate (C2S). This result
suggested that the presence of SDA in blended cement above the range of 10-15% is not
desirable in improving the compressive strength of concrete.

Figure 3: Compressive Strength of SDA Blended Cement Mortar

 Figure 4 showed the development of flexural strength with age for different SDA
replacement. The flexural strength of the specimens is seen to increase with age. At early
ages of curing (1, 3 and 7 days), the flexural strength decreases with increase in SDA content.

Figure 4: Flexural Strength of SDA Blended Cement Mortar

However, the rate of decrease diminished with the increasing age of curing. The same
trend was observed up to 28 days. At 56 days, the percentage increase with respect to the 28
days flexural strength for control was 13.5 %, while it was 42.6, 44.0, 32.7, 28.6, and 10.3 %
for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 % SDA replacements, respectively. The percentage increase in
flexural strength was found to be increasing as the SDA percentage replacement increases
from 0 to 15% SDA and then reduced for 20 - 25 % SDA replacement. This also confirms
that SDA replacement beyond 15% is not desirable for improved strength characteristics of
the blended cement.

4. Conclusions
From the results of the various tests performed, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
(i) SDA is a suitable material for use as a pozzolan, since it satisfied the
requirement for such.
(ii) SDA-blended cements have higher setting time and are most applicable where
low rate of heat development is required such as in mass concrete and dam
construction.
 (iii) Up to 15% SDA replacement is adequate for maximum benefit in compressive
and flexural strength of the OPC-clinker-SDA blend.

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the technical staff of the quality control laboratory and
management of Lafarge - West Africa Portland Cement Company (WAPCO), Sagamu and
Ewekoro plants, Ogun State, Nigeria; for the opportunity given to carry out the research work
with their facilities and materials.

Recommendations
It is recommended that further study be carried on the effect of wood types from
which the sawdust is obtained on the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the
blended cement. The tensile strength, durability and effect of acid attack on the SDA blended
cement concrete could also be investigated.

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