Volume 5, Issue 7, July – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

On Semi-Uniformity, Quasi-Uniformity,
Local Uniformity and Uniformity
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Singh
Deptt. of Mathematics RRM Campus
Janakpur (Nepal)

Abstract:- In this paper we shall study the notions of The set A. A is also written as A2
semi-uniformity, quasi-uniformity, local uniformity and If A, B, C  X  X then it is easy to see that
uniformity and we can establish some relations among
them. Here it can be shown that a uniform space has (i) A .    . A  A;
always a base of symmetric vicinities. (ii) A.B, C    A.B.C;
Keywords:- Uniformity, Vicinity, Symmetric, Diagonal (iii)  A. B 1  B 1. A1
Filter. (iv) An 1  An . A and An . Am  An  m ;
I. INTRODUCTION
(v) A n 1
 
 A1
n

If the symmetry, condition in the definition of a (vi) A  B  A1  B 1 and An  B n

pseudometric is deleted, the notion of a quasi-pseudometric (vii) If A is symmetric so is Anfor each positive interger
is obtained. Asymmetric distance functions already occurs n.
in the work of hausdorff in the beginning of the twentieth
century when in his book on set-theory he discusses what is Proposition :
know called the hausdroff metric of a metric space. Let B be a filter base on X  X such that for each
U  B we have
A family of pseudo-metrices on a set generates
uniformity. Similarly, a family of quasi-pseudometrices on (i)   U (ii) V 1  U for some V  B and (iii)
a set generates a quasi- uniformity. V 2  U for some V  B . Then the filter F (B)
determined by B satisfies
  U for all U  F B
In 1937 Weil- published his booklet on uniformites,
(i)’
which is now usually considered as the beginning of the
modern-theory of uniformities. Three years later Tukey (ii)’ U 1  F B  for all U  F B ;
For all U  F B , there is a V  F B  such
suggested an approach to uniformities via uniform
coverings. The study of quasi-uniformities started in 1948 (iii)’
that V  U .
with Nachbin's investigations on uniform pre-ordered 2

preorder is given by the intersection of the entourages of a Conversely, suppose F is a filter on X  X

(filter) quasi-uniformity 𝑢 and sup-uniformity 𝑢vu−1 . satisfying (i)’ to (iii)’.
Then the conditions (i) to (iii) are satisfied by
II. NOTIONS OF SEMI-UNIFORMITY, QUASI- every filterbase B which determines F.
UNIFORMITY, LOCAL UNIFORMITY AND
UNIFORMITY Proof:
 Definition : (i)’ is obvious for if U  F B , then U  U1 for
Let X be a non-empty set and let some U1  B and by (i) we have   U1  U . To prove
   x, x {x  X  be the ‘diagonal’. A subset (ii)’ and (iii)’, consider any U  F B . Then W  U for
A  X  X is said to be ‘symmetric’ if A  A1 , some W  B . Using (ii) we have a V  B  F B
where A   x, y   X  X :  y , x   A . For
1 satisfying
V 1  W  U and so V  U 1 ; that is
A, B  X  X we define A, B   x, y  :  x, z   A U 1  F B  . Also by (iii) there is a V  B such that
and  z, y   B for some z  X} V 2  W  U i.e. V 2  U .

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Volume 5, Issue 7, July – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Conversely, suppose that F is filter on X  X which Proof (6.2) :
satisfies conditions (i)’ to (iii)’ and let B be a filter base on A uniform space (X, 𝓤 ) has always a base of
 
X  X which determine F. since B  F B , condition symmetric vicinities.

(i) is satisfied. If U  B then U  F B  and V  U 1

1
Proof :
1
for some V  B . Thus V  U and condition (ii)’ is Let  = the family of all symmetric vicinities i.e.
satisfied. Finally, let U  B  F B and let W  U .
1
2 those with U  U
Since W  F B , one has V  W for some V  B . In For U  𝓤. Then  is a base for 𝓤 since the symmetric
1
vicinity U  U is contained in the vicinity U for each
particular, we have V  W  U . Hence condition
2 2

(iii)’ is satisfied. This completes that proof. U  𝓤.

 Definition :  Definition :
Let X be a non-empty set. Let 1 and 2 be two bases for a uniformity U on a
A filter 𝓤 of subsets of X  X is said to be a non-empty set X we say that 1 and  2 are equivalent if
semi-uniformity for X if   U and U  𝓤
1
(a)
for each B1  1 there exists a B2   2 such that
for all U  𝓤,
(b) quasi-uniformity for X if   U and there exists
B2  B1 and for each B2 ' 2 there exists B1 ' 1 such
a V  𝓤 such that V  U for all U  𝓤,
2 that B1 '  B2 ' .
(c) Uniformity for X if 𝓤 is both a semiuniformity
and a quasi-uniformity. Example (1) :
(d) Local uniformity for X if it is semi-uniformity and Given a non-empty set X, the indiscrete uniformity
for each U  𝓤 and x  X , there exists a V  𝓤 such 𝓤𝟏 = X  X is the weakest uniformity for X and the
discrete uniformity 𝓤𝑫  {U  X  X ;   U } is the
that V 2 x  U X  , 𝓤 is said to be Hausdorff (or
separated) if  U : U u   . The members U  𝓤
strongest uniformity for X. We note that is a base for
discrete uniformity for X where as X  X is a base for
are called the Vicinities. Moreover, x, y  X are called U-
close (or close of order U) if x, y  U (where U  𝓤).
indiscrete uniformity for X.

IV. CONCLUSION
 Definition :
Uniform space: A uniform space is a pair (X, 𝓤) Hence, A uniform space (X, 𝓤) has always a base of
where X is a non-empty set and 𝓤 is a uniformity for X, i.e. symmetric vicinities.
𝓤 is a filter on X  X satisfying the following conditions:
 
V1 Every U  𝓤 contains the diagonal  ; REFERENCES

V2 If U  𝓤 then U 1  𝓤 [1]. Munkres, J.R. : Topology, A first course,

V3  for each U  𝓤 there exists a V  𝓤 with Prentice-Hall of India, 1984.
[2]. Murdeshwar M.G. : ‘Quasi-uniform topological
V2 U spaces’, Sec. A, Vol. 2, no. 4, Ealbner, New York,
1966.
III. COMPARISON OF UNIFORMITIES : [3]. Nagata, J. I. : ‘Modern general topology’,
Third Revised edition, North Holland, 1985.
 Definition : [4]. Pervin, W. J. : ‘Uniformities of nhd
If 𝓤𝟏 and 𝓤𝟐 are both uniformities for a non-empty axioms’, Math, Ann. 147 (1962), 313-315.
set X, we say that 𝓤𝟏 is weaker or coarser than 𝓤𝟐 (and 𝓤𝟐 [5]. Pachl, Jan : Uniform spaces &
if finer or stronger than 𝓤𝟏 ) if 𝓤𝟏  𝓤𝟐 . that is, if every measures, springer Scinece& Business media New-
vicinity for 𝓤𝟏 is also a vicinity for 𝓤𝟐 . York 2013.

 Definition :
A base for a uniformity 𝓤 on X is a filterbase  such
that U  𝓤 iff U contains some B .

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