PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 1- Module 4:
Learning from Others and
Reviewing the Literature
 Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1– Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
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Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

 INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE

It is our desire that this module on Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research

will provide you with a general understanding of how to conduct practical qualitative
research and possibly even encourage you to undertake a study that may have been
thinking about doing.
Research is a delightful way to discover valuable learning and skills. Through
this subject, you help develop your abilities in establishing connections, listening,
writing, and observing which are the primary elements needed in the qualitative
research process. You will find out how to conduct practical researches that you can
apply in your specific track. Often, when we find out that we are going to engage in
research, we immediately worry and put on a skeptical face. It is our goal to replace
that worry with excitement, skepticism with confidence. You will discover how much
fun it is to do research as we eagerly learn new things and develop a new and better
perspective about research.
The 21st century learning allows you to discover, to improvise, and to interact,
using research as a tool to expand your knowledge and skills. With this module on
Practical Research 1, we hope that you will be able to nurture yourself to be active,
creative, and collaborative researchers.

How to learn from this module

1. In order to achieve the objectives of this module, here’s a simple guide for you;
2. read and follow instructions carefully;
3. answer the pretest before going through the lessons;
4. take note and record points for clarification;
5. compare your answers against the key to answers found at the end of the
module;
6. do the activities and fully understand each lesson;
7. answer the self-check to monitor what you learned in each lesson; and
8. answer the posttest after you have gone over all the lessons;
 What I
What I need to know

Practical Research 1 develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills

through qualitative research. A research paper, basically, has five chapters, in
which Chapter 2 is the review of related literature.
A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of
research. It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a
particular topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other
sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should enumerate,
describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research. The
literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing,
assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by
mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated,
and assimilated that work into the work at hand.
This module is about learning from others and reviewing the literature. It
consists of the following lessons:

Lesson 1: What is a Literature Review and Why Do I Need Such?

Lesson 2: Criteria in Selecting, Citing, and Synthesizing Related Literature
Lesson 3: Ethical Standards in Writing

What you are expected to learn?

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Read and select relevant literature;
2. cite related literature using standard style;
3. synthesize information from relevant literature;
4. writes coherent review of literature; and
5. follow ethical standards in writing related literature.
 What I Know?

Choose the best answer from the choices given.

1. Examining or studying again concepts or ideas related to your research is
a. Meta-analysis b. Significance
c. Review of Related Literature d. Methodology
2. This referencing style is mostly used in social sciences
a. APA b. MLA
c. MPA d. Brownian
3. It is in this part where you display the identities or names of all writers or owners
of ideas that you incorporated in your research paper.
a. definition of terms b. references
c. in-text citation d. contents
4. The Review of Related Literature is rightfully done by ‘’copy and paste’’ activity.
a. Highly accepted in all researches c. Optional to some researches
b. Not accepted in all researches d. Depends on the researchers’ decision
5. Chapter 2 is the part of the research paper that contains the…
a. Background of the Study b. Significance of the Study
c. Scope and Limitation d. Review of Related Literature
6. To read the literature critically means:
a. to suggest the previous research was always poorly conducted
b. skimming through the material because most of it is just covering
c. evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions
d. being negative about something before you read it.
7. It entails taking a phrase - either spoken or written - and restating it.
a. In-text citation b. paraphrasing
c. referencing d. synonym
8. Plagiarism is an act of
a. stealing and passing off intellectual properties as one's own
b. using someone else’s work without crediting the source
c. presenting as original and novel an idea or invention copied from an existing
source
d. all of the above
9. Which choice reveals what should not be included in the bibliography?
a. Age of the author b. Author’s name
c.Titles of the article d. The dates of the article
10. Which of the following does not provide credibility and value to your study?
a. Falsifying documents b. Integrity
b. Confidentiality agreement d. Privacy and disclosure contract
 Lesson Literature Review
1

Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are

expressed in an ordinary manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly. Direct
expressions is in books, journals, periodic papers, and online reading materials.
Indirect expressions are not written or spoken at all but is mirror image of his
environment (Ridley 2012).
The Review of Related Literature is one of the main components of a research
study, specifically in the second chapter. It gives an overview of all the writings
relative to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017). Therefore, selecting the
right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a quality
research paper.

What’s In?

In the previous lessons, you learned the importance of understanding the value
of qualitative research: its kinds, characteristics, uses, strengths, weaknesses,
specificity, and the feasibility of the study. A good introductory page is a baseline
statement of what and how a paper should go fluidly. However, a review of related
literature will strengthen your claims of a systematic, purposeful, and well-defined
research paper. In this part, you will be exploring the process or reviewing related
literatures.
 What is New?

Activity 1.1
Picture Analysis
Directions: Examine the image below. What does it tell you?

Write your answers here

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

What Is It?

A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading

books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials. The following
information may be collected:

1. Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas.

2. Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and certain variables
that is connected to the problem.
3. Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem
4. Detailed and broad results of related studies
5. Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in related studies

The significance and rationale of related literature and studies is to find out
the similarities and differences between the past and present studies, to get ideas
into the critical and controversial aspects of the problem. It helps recognize and
define a research problem. It gives the researcher a background analysis aspect,
which have been studied. It guides the researcher on what to do on the mechanism
of the research methods; this also provides the thoughts to advance with the study
until its conclusion. It avoids redundant duplication of a study. Moreover, reading
extensively will enrich your background knowledge on your research topic that will
enable you to establish a good groundwork or course of your research endeavor.
 What’s More?

Activity 1.2

Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore. Enumerate
at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data needed about
the chosen topic. Share important information that you would like to probe on the
chosen subject. For example, the topic is gender inequality among TVL (Technical
Vocational Technology) learners. What are you interested most? Is it the difference
in quantity of work? Is it the difference in quality of work? Alternatively, is it the type
of PPE (Personal Protective equipment)?

Follow the example and fill in your answers in the blank provided.

Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review?

Example: Gender Inequality among TVL Learners
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________
Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of
PPE.
Answer:_____________________________________________________________

My sources (works to be read, analyzed and cited)

Example: Bagale, S. (2016). Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Technical and
Vocation Education and Training. Journal of Training and Development, 2(Ii), 25–32.
https://doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15435
Answer:
1.__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3.
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________

Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example:
Source 1: Bagale found out that more women are included in the traditional technical
vocational programs, whereas there is poor participation in non-traditional areas.

Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.
Answer:
Source1:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Source 2:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Source 3:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha agreed that there are still gender inequalities in the
technical vocational field and that women are still concentrated in certain types of
area.

Answer:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________

Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:

Example: Bagale and Mustapha disagree on the factors that contributes and are
affected by the gender inequality issues on technical vocational majors.

Answer:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: Summarizing
Example: This literature review was conducted to analyze opposing perspectives on
gender inequality among technical vocational learners.

Answer:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the next
step of this study?
Example: Further research is needed to examine recent statistics on gender
inequality among TVL learners in the senior high schools of this division as
compared to others in this region.

Answer:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
 What I Have Learned?

Using the baseline information, discuss the process of a literature review and its
need and purpose by supplying the synonym of the word/s enclosed in parenthesis
needed to make the statement true and correct.
1. A literature (go over) __________ is a summary of studies related to a
particular area of research.
2. When investigating a research topic, review only those that are directly
(connected) __________ to your specific point of study.
3. (Keep away from) _________ the temptation to copy paste everything you
find in the literature you have read.
4. Relate findings to previous (information) ___________and suggest areas for
further research.
5. Included in literature review are (space)_________ and (advice)
____________ for additional study specified in related studies.
6. Theories give details of the presence of the problem and certain (factors)
________ that is connected to the problem.
7. A literature is a/an (spoken) __________ or written record of man’s significant
experiences.
8. Some sources of direct (expressions) _________ is in books, journals,
periodic papers, and online reading materials.
9. The significance of reviewing related studies is to find out the (analogous)
_________ and (variation) _________ between the past and present studies.
10. A literature review (recognize) __________ the work of previous researchers.

What I Can Do?

Activity 1.3
Visit webpages, journals, and similar on-line materials that has published theses
and dissertations. Examine the Review of Related Literature section of these
materials and based on what you have learned about RRL, comment on how these
appear in the manuscript. Produce a written copy of your observations about the
RRL section in the manuscript and share this with your teacher and classmates.
 Lesson Criteria in Selecting, Citing,
2 and Synthesizing Related
Literature
There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will help
learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to proceed in
the conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how many sources
should be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited, how to cite
authors, and further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-step guide in
undertaking a review of literature to facilitate your understanding.

What’s In?

In the previous lesson, you learned the definition, importance and purpose of
literature review. An effective literature review selects the right and specific write ups
that give close information to an identified topic, scrutinize and synthesize content
about key themes or issues, cites properly authors of information gathered, identify
similarities and differences between chosen literatures and a lot more. Selecting,
citing and synthesizing related literature needs a thorough development of skills in
searching, reading, paraphrasing, writing, and even creating your own page of article
after reviewing a whole bunch of related sources.

What’s New?

Activity 2.1
Text Development
Direction: Look back into one period of your life when you were so eager to know
something. What did you do to satisfy your desire to know about such thing? In
the space provided, write a brief memoir on your knowledge seeking.
A Memoir on My Thirst
for Knowledge
 What Is It?

Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?
What do you have to critically say about your prior knowledge on the topic?
What do you want to know more about your topic?
Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
What does your research have that other researches do not?
Who are these authors who have works which has more or less same ideas
as yours?

Exposed to a wide source of facts and conditioned by a limited timeframe during

the conduct of study, it is necessary that you have a guided approach in reading or
reviewing various literature works that are related to your research topic. Here are
some points to consider in an effective literature review:

Step 1: Search for the Literature

There are many sources of information available such as the Internet, books,
peer-reviewed articles in journals, publications, unpublished works like theses and
dissertations (detailed and comprehensive accounts of a research work submitted for
a higher degree at a university), conference proceedings (brief summaries of
research work presented at conferences),books, leaflets, posters, blogs, and other
library materials offline and online. Some websites might give valuable information
such as Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, and the likes but they are not as dependable
as other sources of knowledge since it can be edited and considered not a scholarly
article (Baraceros, 2016). Therefore, there is a need to carefully evaluate online
sources as to accuracy and veracity of information. Furthermore, the following are
key points in searching literature:
1. In gathering sources, have focus, a clearly indicated scope and purpose of the
review.
2. Isolate and centre your research on key themes or issues related to your own
research interests.
3. Choose articles which are closely related to your research interest.
4. Choose studies conducted by experts and authorities in that same field of
knowledge with your study.
5. Peer-reviewed materials are much preferable than general sources of ideas.

Step 2: Reading and Citing Source of Material

In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas borrowed from someone
else; therefore, it is but polite, honesty, and courtesy to learn to acknowledge other
people’s intellectual rights and to avoid plagiarism. The following are three terms to
express recognition of author’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).
1. Acknowledgment. It identifies individuals who have contributed to the making
of the manuscript, written at the start of the paper.
 2. References or Bibliography. A whole list of literary materials including all
books, journal, theses, and dissertations along with other sources mentioned
above. References are arranged alphabetically in some papers or in order of
sequence as it comes out in the paper. This holds the summary of the
information of all of your sources. Information needed in making the
referencing list involves the following:
a. Author’s name
b. Date of the publication of the source.
c. Page number where you found the information.
d. Publisher
e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume
g. Edition
h. Other relevant information –date of access

Example of References

Baptista, P. Benefits to Teaching Hydroponics in the Classroom. August 15, 2014.

http://blog.zipgrow.com/teaching-hydroponics-in-the-classroom/

Benton,J.J.2004.Hydroponics. A practical guide for the soiless grower.2nd

Edition,CRC press pp.35-150.

Brechner, M. Floating Hydroponics: A Guide to Student Experiments Growing Plants

without Soil. Cornell University. http://csip.cornell.edu.

Divina, J. C. 2015. Lettuce Production Guide.Department of Agriculture. Bureau of

Plant Industry-National Crop Research and Development Center.
Retrievedfromhttp://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/Lettuce.pdf.
Accessed 12/7/2018

3. Citation, or In-text-citation. Referring author within the main body of the text.
Citations can be done by paraphrasing, summarizing, or through quotations. It
can be written in the beginning of a text, between the text, or at the last part of
the paragraph. Examples are shown:

Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more
sustainable, resilient and responsive …

A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae

contain such components as polysaccharides

This planting system is a sustainable alternative that reduces

dependence on water and fertilizer and requires less space (Alshrouf, 2017),
making it ideal in urban places.
 Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning
population of more than a hundred million, where majority of Filipinos are
suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017).

There are three basic methods of referencing the author referred in your paper.
These are the APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language
Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. In this module, we will be focusing on
the two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover, between the two, APA
is the most frequently used within the social sciences in citing various sources. The
following table shows examples of MLA and APA styles of referencing:

Features in APA System MLA System

writing
Author’s name Carreon, J.B. Carreon, Janice B.
Title of the Phenombased learning: Phenombased Learning: The
reading material the new approach New Approach; or
Phenombased Learning: The
New Approach
Copyright date Carreon, J.B. 2019. Carreon, Janice B.
Phenombased learning: Phenombased Learning: The
the new approach. New Approach. EduTech
EduTech Journal. Journal. Wordstar Press.2016.
Wordstar Press Inc. Manila, Philippines
Manila, Philippines
What have you noticed in the styles of writing the above entries?
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Step 3: Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature

Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other
researches can be done by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing, quoting,
and summarizing it. In doing so, you may either change the arrangement of ideas,
structures of language by using synonyms, changing format of words by comparison-
contrast, chronological order, passive-active sentences, inductive-deductive order, or
by fusing opinions with the author’s ideas. In quoting, a part of an author’s words are
repeated in writing but the page number of copied text should be written, ideas must
be essential and quoted judiciously, meaning with full understanding. Summarizing is
a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own language, picking only
the most important details of the text. Paraphrasing on the other hand permits you to
explain the idea in your own words.

What’s More?

Activity 2.2
Directions: The following entries in each box are essential in writing references. The
headings in each table are examples of correct format of referencing. Fill in the table
with the data provided in the headings as guide. Arrange the entries in proper order,
use appropriate format using APA writing style (i.e. underline or italicize if
necessary).

Print Sources
Book (one author) Example: Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of Hydroponics
Farming. Cebu City, Philippines: Digital Books.

Author’s Last First Initial Middle (Publication Book Title Place of Publisher
Name Initial Date) Publication:

Book (two to more than three authors) – print source

Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L. (2010). India (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Marshall. Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., &
Genobaten, D. (2009). Work Under Pressure. Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.

Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E.,
Ebiola, F., Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA:
Paramoud Era Press.
Author1’s First Middle Author2’s First Middle Author3’s First Middle Author4’s First Middle
Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial
Name Name Name Name

Author5’s First Middle Author6’s First Middle (Publication Book Place of Publisher
Last Name Initial Initial Last Name Initial Initial Date) Title Publication:
Initial

Scholarly Journal Article - Internet

Example Scholarly Journal: Godlowska, 2016. Plant growth biostimulants based on
different methods of seaweed extraction with water . Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International Volume 2016, Article ID 5973760, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973760
Author Last First Initial Middle Initial (Publication date) Article Title Magazine/Scholarly DOI or Article
Name Journal Title URL

Encyclopedia Article - Internet

Example: Chulz, H. K. (2015). Phytoremediation. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/phytoremediation
Author Last Name First Initial (Publication date) if Article Title Encyclopedia Title URL
given

Activity 2.3

A paraphrase restates another’s idea (or your own previously published idea)
in your own words. Paraphrasing allows you to summarize and synthesize
information from one or more sources, focus on significant information, and compare
and contrast relevant details. Published authors paraphrase their sources most of
the time, rather than directly quoting the sources; student authors should emulate
this practice by paraphrasing more than directly quoting.

PARAPHRASING ACTIVITIES

Part 1

Read the original text below. Enclose in parenthesis the words that should not be
changed when paraphrasing. Underline which should be changed.

A biostimulant is an organic material that, when applied in small quantities,

enhances plant growth and development such that the response cannot be attributed
to the application of traditional plant nutrients (Sharma et.al., 2011).

(Source: Sharma, S.H. Lyons, G. Mc. Roberts C. 2011. Biostimulant activity of

brown seaweed species from Strangford Lough: compositional analyses of
polysaccharides and bioassay of extracts using mung bean (Vigno mungo L.)
and pak choi (Brassica rapa chinensis L.). Springer Science+Business Media
B.V. 2011 J Appl Phycol (2012) 24:1081–1091 DOI 10.1007/s10811-011-
9737-)
Part 2

Between the two paraphrases below, which statement best provides the most
suitable paraphrase of the original text above? Further, justify your answer using
sentence structure and changes in keywords.

Paraphrase 1

An organic material that can promote plant growth and development which is
not caused by spraying of usual plant fertilizers are called biostimulants (Sharma
et.al., 2011).

Paraphrase 2

A biostimulant makes a plant grow beautifully and bigger when added with
traditional plant nutrient (Sharma et.al., 2011).

Justification

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Part 3

Find the synonym of the highlighted italicized words in Paraphrase 2.

Attaining food security and reduction of poverty has been the continuing
vision of our country (Balisacan, 2003). Despite being dubbed as a country blessed
with bountiful resources, the incidence of poverty due to rapidly increasing
population is an issue (Dacuycuy, 2018).

Write your answers here

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Part 4

Construct a paraphrase. Examine the original text below and build a

paraphrase from the range of phrases provided.

Philippines is an agricultural country. Yet, productivity is declining as the

country is facing a burgeoning population of more than a hundred million, where
majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017). According
to Sanchez Jr, F. C. (2015) building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient
and responsive should be the top priority. The production innovations have been
evolving more and more towards organic, sustainable or environmental friendly
systems.

Write Your Paraphrase Here

_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned?

Based on the discussion above, process the methods of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing literature review by filling in the blanks provided in each statement.
1. In selecting sources of related literature, choose articles which are
_________related to your research interest.
2. A _________ are brief summaries of research work presented at conferences.
3. A _________ is a scholarly written article submitted for a doctorate or a higher
degree at a university.
4. A method of expressing borrowed ideas using different words to give clarity
to an idea is called ________.
5. Using _________ is a technique in paraphrasing which utilize words of same
meanings.
6. In making _________, all materials including all books, journal, theses,
dissertations, and other literary works are listed alphabetically or
chronologically as it appears in the manuscript.
7. A/an _________ format of referencing is the most frequently used within the
social sciences in citing various sources.
8. _________ is a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own
language, picking only the most important details of the text.
9. It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights to avoid the
act of stealing other intellectual properties known as _________.
10. Referencing within the main body of the text is branded as _________.
 What I Can Do?

Activity 2.4

Read other sources of information, at least five, related to your chosen research
topic in online libraries, databases, and other sources. Cite portions of the articles
that are close to your chosen interest of study. Keep in mind and apply what you
have learned about in-text citation and referencing style. List and arrange the
sources in alphabetical order to create REFERENCES using the APA Referencing
style.

Write your answers here

 Lesson Ethical Standards in Writing
3
The ethical standards of research establish the values and expectations of a
research so that information generated is written accurately and appropriately in
accordance to the highest moral principles of research. These ethical standards are
governed by core values of integrity, confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy through
informed consent, voluntary participation, beneficence, justice, and rights to review.
It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and
welfare of research participants. These principles are honesty, integrity,
trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for intellectual property, and social
and legal responsibility.
This lesson introduces you to the ethical standards of research before, during,
and after the conduct of study, conflicts that might arise while carrying out the
research, and possible solutions to address it.

What’s In?

In the previous lessons, you learned the different manners and styles of
referencing, or giving credit to owners of ideas borrowed within the span of research.
Such referencing acts will make your study reliable and acceptable in the research
community once evaluated by an ethics review committee which sets out the
standards for research in each forum or platform where you share and present your
study. This part will also give you an idea about the researcher’s responsibilities
towards participants or respondents, common difficulties in the conduct of research,
possible solutions to answer it or minimize risks, conflicting values, and other ethical
issues that might engulfed the research process.

Activity 3.1
Mapping Out Issues
Directions: Write/draw near the image issues you are most likely to experience in
conducting research. Draw a line connecting the images if you think they are
somehow If issues are associated.

School

Me

Home Friends
 What’s New?

During the course of the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise that
will greatly affect the result of your research. As a researcher, one must be adept
enough to foresee possible challenges to your research so that it will be resolved
sooner. Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and / or issues you may
encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
2. Non-cooperation or refusal of respondents to answer questions
3. Failure of respondents to remember data or give honest responses
4. Delayed or failure in returning questionnaires with responses
5. Incomplete documents and records
6. Unscientific data
7. No local data are available
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
10. Funds are tight

Activity 3.2
Situational Analysis
Directions. Choose three from the above summary of difficulties and try resolving the
conflict by filling-in the boxes below. An example is provided in each box.
Identify the Facts

Issues / Challenges Principle in Conflict Options / Solutions

Ex.Unavailability of Voluntary Write a letter in

respondents participation advance to the head
of office of your
sampling area,
asking permission to
conduct a survey.
Provide a letter of
consent of the
respondents
1.

2.

3.
 What Is It?

“In every problem, there is a simple and plausible solution’, an adage once says.
Here are some tips to minimize problems in conducting research:
1. Ensure available funds and budget for study to be conducted.
2. Team members should know their assigned tasks well.
3. Identify respondents ahead of time and maintain a list of contact lines and
addresses to easily follow them up.
4. Draft a clear and reliable timeline of activities
5. Reproduce copies of essential documents always.
6. Ask for permits always before conducting any activity.
7. Conduct ocular inspection of research or sampling site ahead of time.
8. Always send emails, communications and appointments beforehand.
9. Have a clear written agreement with all participating persons, agencies, and
areas.
10. Bear in mind the objectives of the study and be flexible in adjusting to present
conditions when necessary.

Scientific misconduct might arise when ethical standards are not followed such
as the following:
1. Plagiarism. This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming another person’s
ideas, work or publication violating intellectual property rights by stealing and
dishonesty. This usually happens in scientific publications.
2. Fabrication of data. It involves producing data without an actual
experimentation or altering data in recording with the intent to fit them to
desired results.
3. Falsification of data. Entails faulty gathering of data due to negligence and
carelessness which lead to errors in measurement or instrument use. Error
may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects
and poor data recording.
4. Non-publication of data. In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this
involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the
well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research
hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported
and published.

To avoid such encounters and to ensure ethical standards are followed, ethics
review committees usually require research studies to undergo review
proceedings by submission of pertinent documents that will verify the
truthfulness of data, information, and paper presented. The following are some of
these:
1. Checklist for Adult Sponsors which includes parents’ consent and
advisers consent.
 2. Student Checklist which tell learners information, consent and ensure
student safety.
3. Human Participant’s Form which provides information for description,
recruitment, protection of privacy, and informed consent process.
4. For scientific researches: Research Institution and Qualified Scientists
Form, Human Participants form, Vertebrate Animals Form, Potentially
Hazardous Biological Agents Form, and Hazardous Chemical
Activities Form.
5. Research Plan which discusses in summary the rationale, hypotheses,
methods, risk and safety, data analysis, and references or bibliography.
6. Risk Assessment Form which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by
the conduct of research. It includes assessing safety of respondents, or
sampling locale, or in the events of scientific studies, the biosafety hazards
like methods of disposing chemical and biological agents, drug dosages,
and delicate instrument use.
7. Research Abstract which is not more than 250 words that clearly and
concisely state the purpose, procedures, data collected, and conclusions
of the research.
8. Research Logbook with start and end dates, pictures, documentations,
notes during the course of research that shows detailed and accurate
processes.

What’s More?

To show a concrete example of how ethics review committees conduct

assessment, here is an example of an Ethics Review Committee Application
Form. The format may vary according to the agency upholding the review.

Activity 3.3
As we continue to unfold the mysteries of conducting reliable and factual study,
keep in mind your topic or research interest in the previous lesson. Give only
available information on the steps to take in fulfilling your research endeavor. Based
on your understanding about ethics in research, please complete this form.
Date of Application: _______
Research Team Leader:
Members:

Research Title:

Research Goals: Write down your research question, rationale,

significance, plan to do with your findings, and questions ask participants.

Place, Date/ Time and Duration of Study:

Data Collection Methods and Study Participants:

Data Collection Method

Recruitment of participants / Sampling Procedure:

Informed consent: list ways to ensure respondent participation as safe

Confidentiality agreement: list ways to ensure confidentiality, privacy, and

safety of participants and data collected.

Risk Assessment: list means of ensuring safety in materials, instruments,

area, and substances used.

Signature of Team Members:

 What I Have Learned?

Summarize what you have learned in this lesson by supplying the keywords
missing in the paragraph.

The standard ethics for research is governed by the core values such as
(1)_________, confidentiality, (2)_________, (3)________ that is evident by
(4)_________, (5)_________, (6)_________, (7)_________, and right to review. It is
strengthened by principles narrated as follows: honesty, (8) _______,
trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for (9)_______ property, and social
and (10) ________responsibility. Once research ethics are not tagged, it may give
rise to scientific misconduct. For example are falsification and fabrication of data,
(11) ________, and non-publication of data. To avoid these mishaps, the following
are required by the Ethics (12)________ Committee: (in any order) Research
Abstracts, Human Participants Form, Student Checklist, Risk (13)________ form,
Parents (14) ________ Form, Research Plan, and Research (15) _________.

What I Can Do?

Activity 3.4
Continuing your research of interest, consider yourself as a researcher following
the ethical standards of research. Construct a letter for your target participants,
stating your agreement and their rights as respondents of your study. Write your
letter of informed consent in a separate paper. Below is an example.

September 30, 2019

The Respondent
Opol NSTS

Dear Sir/Ma’am:

The undersigned is a Grade 11 student taking Practical Research I. As a

requirement, I am conducting a research entitled “Student Satisfaction on Food
Services Provided by the School Canteens of Opol District”
In connection with this, I am asking for your time, and voluntary effort to
answer the questionnaire that are important for the completion of the study. Rest
assured that all data gathered from you will be kept in the highest level of
confidentiality. Your positive response will be valuable contribution for the success of
the study and will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Sincerely yours,

Erika P. Bucag
 Assessment

Choose the best answer from the choices given.

1. Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is

a. Review of Related Literature b. significance
c. Methodology d. Meta-analysis
2. The most frequently used citation and referencing styles in social sciences.
a. MLA b. APA
c. Chicago Manual d. AMA
3. What is the importance and purpose of related literature?
a. to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past
and present studies,
b. to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.
c. to collect background information about a topic
d. all of the above
4. Which choice shows a correct reference entry for the journal article based on
APA format?
a. Ahemad, M. (2015). Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils
through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001
b. M. Ahemad. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through
plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology.2015
c. Ahemad, M. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001. Enhancing phytoremediation of
chromium-stressed soils. 2015
d. M. Ahemad. 2015. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-
promoting bacteria
5. It involves taking a passage - either spoken or written - and rewording it.
a. In-text citation b. paraphrasing
c. referencing d. synonym
6. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of:
“Horses like grasses and hay, and they can munch through 90 kilos of food a
day”.
a. A horse can eat up to 90 kilos of grass and hay each day.
b. Grasses is the food of horses
c. Cows eat grass
d. Hay must be 90 pounds for horses to consume it.
 7. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of:
“Symptoms of influenza include fever and nasal congestion.”
a. Covid is influenza
b. Covid has influenza like symptoms
c. When you have fever and flu, you have covid.
d. A stuffy nose and high body temperature are signs that you have flu.
8. What is plagiarism?
a. to steal and pass off intellectual properties as one's own
b. to use someone else’s work without crediting the source
c. to present as original and novel an idea or invention copied from an existing
source
d. all of the above
9. Which option reveals what should not be integrated in the references?
a. Author’s name
b. Titles of the article
c. The dates your copies were published
d. Age of the author
10. The following are information that can be seen in a review of related literature
except.
a. Theories explaining the variables interacting in the research
b. Recommendations for additional study
c. Gaps between similar studies
d. Authors maiden name, address, and gender
11. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an overview
of all the writings relative to your specific topics.
a. Introduction c. Methodology
b. Review of Related Literatures d. Results and Discussion
12. It is a style of citing sources that can be found anywhere in the research paper in
between texts and/or end of each paragraph.
a. In-text citation c. Bibliography
b. Out-text citation d. Referencing List
13. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors.
a. Attitude b. Ethics
c. Humor d. Behavior
14. A body of organization that reviews, evaluates, and assesses the credibility of
your research study.
a. Disciplinary Board b. Ethics Review Committee
c. Research Adviser d. School Board
15. The type of form required which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by the
conduct of research in terms of instrument used, area, chemicals, and biological
agents.
a. Human Participant Form b. Research Plan
c. Risk Assessment Form d. Research Abstract
 Additional Activities

Directions: From activity 2.4, extract key points and valuable information that are
related to your research topic. Cite the literatures using APA citation
styles. Present your activity using this table below where an example was
provided. Further, make your References.

Source Key points and valuable In-text Citation

information APA
Example:
Galabo N.R. (2019). Schools needs canteens A school utilizes a canteen
Canteen service quality to be able to cater to the to meet the food and
and student satisfaction.
dietary needs of the nutritional needs of its
International Journal of
Scientific & Technology learners students in order for them
Research. Retrieved to have the energy in to
from: accomplish the task that
https://www.academia.ed they would do for the day
u/39664535/Canteen_Ser Galabo N.R. 2019).
vice_Quality_And_Studen
t_Satisfaction
Key Answers

-------------------END OF MODULE-----------------------

Congratulations! You have just accomplished Module 4 of your journey to becoming

a researcher. Feel good and continue moving forward for more valuable inputs in the
next modules.
REFERENCES

Braceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 1. Rex Bookstore. Manila, Philippines.

Buensuceso, D. B. et. al. 2016. Practical Research 1. Teacher’s Guide. Senior High
School. Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources. Pasig City,
Philippines. Lexicon Press, Inc.

Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high
school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.

Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los Angeles: Sage.

Sharp, J. 2012. Success With Your Educational Research. USA: John Wiley and
Sons.

This module was pulled together with help from following websites:

http:// library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review
http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/get-assistance/writing/specific-types-papers/writing-
literaturereview
https://alexandercollege.ca/web-2018/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3.-Literature-
Review-worksheet.pdf
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx2e
WVzdGFjZXl8Z3g6NzJiNTg5N2VlNzZmNDEwNg
https://www.fpconsulting.com.au/uploads/2/4/9/6/24962042/qualitative_analysis_guid
e.pdf
https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/Paraphrasing%20Handout%20-
%20Activities.pdf
http://researchchmsc.blogspot.com/2010/05/review-of-related-
literature.htmlhttps://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/twc/sites/utsc.utoronto.ca.twc/files/resourc
e-files/LitReview.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?q=worksheets+in+ethical+standards+in+research&t
bm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=xvM_9wXf4oAfWM%253A%252CN2j1rlwRBXOapM
%252C_&vet=1
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
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