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Contents
– Kirchhoff's Law
– Series, parallel and series-parallel circuits
– Voltage and current division
– Introduction to Wye-Delta transformation

Chapter 1 (Basic Laws)

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Learning Outcome Week2 Nodes, Branches and Loops

– Able to define Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff's Laws • Branch represents a single element such as a
– Able to simplify circuit using series-parallel voltage source or a resistor.
simplification technique
– Able to apply Voltage and Current Division Rules
– Able to use Y-∆ and ∆ -Y transformation

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• Node is the point of connection between • Loop is any closed path in a circuit.
two or more branches.

• The above circuit have 4 nodes.

Prepared by: Miss Rafidah_FKE_UiTM 5 • The above circuit have 3 loops.
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• Relationship between branches, nodes and

loops.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
b=l+n–1 The algebraic sum of currents entering a
node is equals to zero
b – branches
n - nodes
l – independent loops

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Kirchhoff current law (KCL) states that the algebraic

sum of currents entering a node is zero. Or, • Remember!!!

The sum of current entering a node = the sum of
current leaving the node. Sum current in = sum current out….(KCL).

Based on KCL we can write the current eq. for all
node in a circuit.

Ex.:
Therefore:
Ia + Ic = Ib + Id + Ie +
Ia Ib
Ic
or
Ie Id
Ia + Ic – Ib – Id – Ie = 0
Try to write down the current equation
base on KCL…
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of all the voltages around
any closed path, in a circuit equals zero

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Applying KVL around the loop

2Ω

+ V1 -

+ V2 -
i
20V
3Ω

Applying KVL around the loop gives

-20 +V1 -V2 = 0

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Find the currents and voltages in the

circuit
Applying Ohm’s Law and
Kirchhoff’s Law
V1=8i1, V2=3i2, V3=6i3 ----(1)

+ V2 -

+ V3 -
At node ‘a’, KCL gives,
i1 = i2+i3 ----(2)
Applying KVL gives,
-30 + V1 + V2 = 0
-30 + 8i1 + 3i2= 0
i1= (30-3i2)/8 ----(3)

-V2 + V3 = 0 ---(4)
V2 = V3

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Resistors in Series
We express V1 and V2 in terms of i1 and i2 as
equ (1), therefore equ (4) becomes
6i3 = 3i2, i3 = i2/2 ----(5)
Substitute equ 3 and 5 into 2 gives
(30-3i2)/8 – i2 – i2/2 = 0
i2 = 2 A A series circuit provides only one path for
So i1=3A, i3=1A, V1=24V, V2=6V, V3=6V current between two points so that the
current is the same through each series
resistor.
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Current in a Series Circuit

Total Series Resistance
The current is the same through all points in a
series circuit. The current through each The total resistance of a series circuit is equal
to the sum of the resistances of each
resistor in a series circuit is the same as the
individual series resistor.
current through all the other resistors that are
in series with it.

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Series Resistance Formula Voltage Sources in Series

For any number of individual resistors
connected in series, the total resistance is the
sum of each of the individual values.
When two or more voltage sources are in series, the
total voltage is equal to the algebraic sum (including
polarities of the sources) of the individual source
voltages.

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . + Rn

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Power in a Series Circuit

Resistors in Parallel
The total amount of power in a series resistive

Each current path is called a branch.
circuit is equal to the sum of the powers in

A parallel circuit is one that has more than one
each resistor in series. branch.

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pn

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Voltage in Parallel Circuits Total Parallel Resistance

The voltage across any given branch of a When resistors are connected in parallel, the
parallel circuit is equal to the voltage across total resistance of the circuit decreases.
each of the other branches in parallel.

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Formula for Total Parallel Notation for Parallel Resistors

Resistance • To indicate 5 resistors, all in parallel, we shall
write:
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . + 1/Rn Req=R1||R2||R3||R4||R5

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Two Resistors in Parallel

• The total resistance for two resistors in
parallel is equal to the product of the two
resistors divided by the sum of the two
resistors.
Current Sources in Parallel
The total current produced by all current sources
is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual
current sources.

RT = R1R2/(R1 + R2)

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Power in Parallel Circuits 4Ω 1Ω

Req 2Ω
Total power in a parallel circuit is found by 5Ω
6Ω||3 Ω = (6 x 3)/(6+3)= 2Ω
adding up the powers of all the individual 6Ω 3Ω
resistors. 1Ω+5Ω=6Ω 8Ω
2Ω + 2Ω = 4 Ω
4Ω || 6Ω = 2.4Ω
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pn
Req = 4Ω + 2.4Ω + 8Ω
= 14.4Ω

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Find the equivalent resistance at terminal

Determine Req a-b for each networks

4Ω 4Ω 4Ω 4Ω 4Ω
4Ω 4Ω
4Ω
8Ω 8Ω

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Find the equivalent resistance at terminal

Find the equivalent resistance at
a-b for each networks
terminal a-b for each networks

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Voltage-divider circuit Find Va

Vs = V1 + V2
= iR1 + iR2

i = Vs / (R1 + R2)
V1 = iR1
= Vs [R1/ (R1+ R2)]

V2 = iR2
= Vs [R2/ (R1+ R2)]
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Current-divider circuit Find i

V = i1R1 =i2R2
= [(R1*R2)/ (R1+R2)] is

i1 = V/R1 = [R2/(R1 + R2)] is

i2 = V/R2 = [R1/(R1 + R2)] is

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Find i

a) Find the no-load value of V0 in

circuit shown
b) Find V0 when RL is 450KΩ
c) How much power is dissipated
in the 30KΩ resistor if the load
terminals are accidentally
short-circuited?
d) What is the maximum power
dissipated in the 50KΩ resistor.

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Determine V0 and i in the circuit shown

Find the power

dissipated in the 6Ω
resistor

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∆ - Y Conversion
Introduction to Y and ∆
RbRc
R1 =
Ra + Rb + Rc

RcRa
R2 =
Ra + Rb + Rc

RaRb
R3 =
Ra + Rb + Rc

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Y - ∆ Conversion
+
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Ra = -
R1

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Rb =
R2

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Rc =
R3
Obtain the equivalent resistance
Rab for the circuit shown and find i
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