‫بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم‬

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College of Al-Najaf

Training package in
Fourier Series
For students of second class

Lecturer
Ahmed H. Hadi
 1/ Over view

1 / A –Target population :-
For students of second class in
Communications Techniques Engineering Department

1 / B –Rationale :-
In this package, we succeeded in representing
periodic signals as a sum (everlasting) sinusoids or
exponentials.
 1 / C –Central Idea :-
1. Definition
2. Trigonometric Fourier series
3. Exponential Fourier series

1 / D –Objectives:-

• Fourier series used to analyze periodic signals

• The harmonic contant of the signals is analyzed
with the help of the Fourier series.
•Fourier series can be developed for continuous
time as well as discrete time signals.
 2/ Pre test :-

1. What are the Dirichlet conditions

(i) The function f(t) is single valued within the interval T0.
(ii) The function f(t) has a finite number of discontinuities
and a finite number of maxima and minima in the
interval
T0.
(iii) The function f(t) is absolutely integrable, that is,
T0

 f (t ) dt  
T0
3/ Performance Objectives :-

Periodic Signals
• f(t) is periodic if, for some positive constant T0

For all values of t, f(t) = f(t + T0)

Smallest value of T0 is the period of f(t).

sin(2pfot) = sin(2pf0t + 2p) = sin(2pf0t + 4p): period 2p.

3/ Performance Objectives :-

Aperiodic signal f(t)

Unchanged when time-shifted by one period

Two-sided: extent is t  (-, )

May be generated by periodically extending one period

Area under f(t) over any interval of duration equal to the
period is the same; e.g., integrating from 0 to T0 would give
the same value as integrating from –T0/2 to T0 /2
 Fourier series

The Fourier series exists only when the function f(t) satisfies
the following three conditions called Dirichlet conditions

(i) The function f(t) is single valued within the interval T0.
(ii) The function f(t) has a finite number of discontinuities
and a finite number of maxima and minima in the interval
T0.
(iii) The function f(t) is absolutely integrable, that is,
T0

 f (t ) dt  
T0
 Fourier Series
• General representation of a periodic signal

f t   a0   an cosn0t   bn sin n0t 
n 1

Fourier series coefficients

f t  dt
1 T0
a0 
T0 
0

f t  cosn0t  dt
2 T0
an 
T0 
0

f t  sin n0t  dt
2 T0
bn 
T0  0
 Existence of the Fourier Series
• Existence f t  dt  
T0

0

• Convergence for all t f t    t

• Finite number of maxima and minima in one

period of f(t)
 Periodic Signals
• For all t, x(t + T) = x(t)  m
j 2p   t
x(t) is a period signal xt   C n e T 

m  
• Periodic signals have T
m
a Fourier series 2  j 2p   t

 xt  e
1
Cn  T 
dt
representation T T

2

• Cn computes the projection (components) of

x(t) having a frequency that is a multiple of
the fundamental frequency 1/T.
 Example #1

f(t) f t   a0   an cos2nt   bn sin 2nt 
n 1
1
e-t/2 1 p  2   p2 
t
a0 
p 
0
e dt    e  1  0.504
2
p 
p 0 p
 2 
t
p 
cos2nt  dt  0.504 
2
an 
p  e 2
2 
 1  16n 
• Fundamental period 0

 8n 
t
p
T0 = p 2



p 0
bn  e sin 2 nt dt2
 0.504  2 
 1  16 n 
• Fundamental frequency an and bn decrease in amplitude as n  .
f0 = 1/T0 = 1/p Hz
0 = 2p/T0 = 2 rad/s
 

f t   0.5041       
2
cos 2 nt  4 n sin 2 nt 
 n 1 1  16n
2

 5/ Post test :-

1. What is General representation of a periodic signal


f t   a0   an cosn0t   bn sin n0t 
n 1

2. What are Fourier series coefficients

 f t dt
1 T0
a0 
T0 0

 f t cosn t dt
2 T0
an  0
T0 0

 f t sin n t dt

2 T0
bn  0
T0 0
 References:

T. R. Ganesh Babu, and G. Srinivasan:

1 “ Communication Theory and systems”, 2006.

Sanjay Sharma: “Communication Systems

2 (Analog and Digital) ”
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