Module 1

Guide questions, Section 1

1. Difference between I and me.
a. Self composes both the I as an actor and me as the object
2. Which comes first, nature or nurture?
a. Nature comes first because the self is predominantly a product of natural processes.
b. Basis of self is anchored on biology where it is studied structurally and functionally.
3. Social sciences explains on both micro and macro levels.
4. Is the issue on nature vs nurture resolved?
a. No. However, one may safely assume that the self is a product of both nature and nurture.
5. Are identity and self, synonymous?
a. No they are not. Identity is the qualities beliefs, etc. that make a particular person different from
others while the self refers to the person that someone normally is.
b. Identity distinguishes, self refers to the total characteristics.
6. Who provided the comprehensive definintion that underscores the distinctions and overlap between self
and identity?
a. Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith.
7. Dimensionalities of self, entails several observable traits.
8. Identify and describe: social factors, peer groups, personalities
a. Social factors refers to the influences of significant people in one’s life.
b. Peer group refers to the people a child associates to during his waning stages.
c. Personality is the individual patterns of thinking feeling and behaving.
9. Will identical twins still develop individual identities?
a. Yes. NO two people would have an identical personality.
b. Identity does note connote exclusivity or outright difference against others instead it refers to
characteristics that make one a distinct individual.
10. Rank the impact of environment, heredity, and person-volition.
a. Heredity (non-negotiable factor)  Environment  Person-volition.

Guide Questions, Section 2

1. Who are the Greek Philosophers?
a. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (SPA)
2. Among them, who are considered a rationalist and an empiricist?
a. Socrates and Plato were rationalists
b. Aristotle was an empiricist.
3. Timeline of Philosophers
a. Classical
i. Socrates – Idealism, Socratic Philosophy
ii. Plato – Idealism, Dualism and Idealism
iii. Aristotle – Empiricist, Aristotelian Philosophy
b. Middle ages
i. St. Augustine – Platonism, Neoplatonism
c. Renaissance
i. Rene Descartes – Rationalist, Mind-Body Dualism
ii. John Locke – Empiricist, Theory of Personal Identity
 iii. David Hume – Empiricist, Skeptical Philosophy
iv. Immanuel Kant – Rationalist/Empiricist, Metaphysics of self
d. Modern
i. Gilbert Ryle – Empiricist, The Concept of the Mind
ii. Patricia Churchland – Empiricist, Neurophilosophy
iii. Maurice Merleau-Ponty – Existentialist, Phenomenology of Perception
Guide Questions, Section 3
1. What is the coverage of biological and physiological science?
a. It focuses on biological factors that make up the human body, the underlying growth and
maturational mechanisms, and environmental influences that contribute to human development.
b. Fields of biology, medicine, cognitive neuroscience, and chemistry.
2. What makes DNA useful?
a. It is the unique identifying part of an individual
b. Crucial evidence in the resolution of crime, useful in determining the paternity or maternity of an
individual, and used in the intervention and treatment of diseases.
3. Who studied neuroscience? What is it trying to understand?
a. Paul and Patricia Churchland studied neuroscience.
b. It is mainly concerned with the association of the brain and the mind.
c. In order to understand the workings of the human mind, people must first understand the brain.
4. What is the neurological basis of millennial generation?
a. Human consciousness, worldviews, beliefs, and other attributes that are distinctly connected to
brain physiology and functioning.
5. Who said “we are our bodies”?
a. Maurice Merleau-Ponty in an attempt to unite idealism with empiricism.
6. What does it mean by psychoneuroimmunology?
a. It describes the shaping of self, similar to how the human immune system functions.
b. The body rejects harmful foreign matter and builds up on the existing molecules, leading to a
healthy bodily system.
c. In the context of self, individuals capitalize on their innate attributes and are likely to reject
environmental factors.
7. What are considered social science and the psychological perspectives explaining the self?
a. Psychology – self is expressed in self-concept.
b. Psychoanalysis – focuses on the unconscious as a core element of self.
c. Behaviorism – behavior as a function of the environment.
i. Note: All three schools of though in Psychology explain the nuances of selfhood.
d. Sociology: impact of social institutions and relationships within society on ones thoughts
feelings and behaviors.
e. Anthropology: in studying the self, it examines the developmental advancements society has
made and how they have impacted people who existed within that society.
f. Political Science: in studying the self, one’s participation in the government, ideologies and
advocacies are seen as significant contributors to selfhood.
g. Economics: economic activities affect people’s value systems and sense of self.
Module 2
1. Give 5 of your best characteristics
2. What can be considered other than physical attributes (3)?
a. Physical competencies,
 b. valuation of physical worth,
c. and perception of beauty.
3. Issues associated with physical self
a. Health
b. Hygiene
c. Nutrition
d. Standards of beauty
4. Define heredity, gene, genotype, phenotype
a. Heredity: transmission of traits from parents to offspring
b. Gene: basic unit of heredity
c. Genotype: specific information embedded within ones genes
d. Phenotype: physical expression of a particular trait
5. Sex chromosome is the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual.
6. Define maturation
a. Completion of growth of a genetic character within an organism
b. Unfolding of an individual’s inherent traits or potential.
7. What constitutes environmental conditioning?
a. Social networks
b. Societal expectations,
c. Cultural practices
8. What is the body type based on contemporary media?
a. Slim bodies for women
b. Muscular bodies for men.
9. How do you achieve physical well-being?
a. Healthy eating
b. Embracing a healthy lifestyle
c. Maintaining proper hygiene
d. Being confident
Guide questions, Section 2
1. Vital Aspects of Sexual Self
a. Biological
b. Physical
c. Emotional
d. Social domains
2. Penis is for men, vagina is for women
3. Secondary Characteristics in men and women (3)
a. Men
i. Growth of facial and bodily hair
ii. Emergence of adam’s apple
iii. Deepening of voice
iv. Muscle development
b. Women
i. Onset of menstruation
ii. Noticeable changes in the hips, breast, and skin
iii. Production of eggs
4. Estrogen is for women, testosterone is for men
5. Physiological changes is triggered when there is a release of hormones.
 6. Who has a shorter refractory period?
a. Women
7. Sexual response cycle:
a. Excitement
b. Plateau
c. Orgasm
d. Resolution
8. Sex alternatives:
a. Pornographic materials
b. Kissing and petting
c. Masturbation
9. Heterosexual and Homosexual
a. Hetero – opposite
b. Homo – same
10. Is sexual identity the same with gender orientation?
11. Other term for sexual intercourse: copulation
12. What happens when a woman is fertile during sexual intercourse?
a. The woman gets pregnant
13. Consequences of sexual choice:
a. Pregnancy
b. STDs
c. AIDS and HIV
14. HIV AIDS symptoms
a. HIV has no symptoms
b. AIDS may entail variety of illnesses.
15. Responsible sexual behavior:
a. Respect for one’s body
b. Maturity in thoughts and deeds
c. Being guided by one’s personal beliefs and core values
d. Being future-oriented
Module 3
Guide questions, Section 1
1. What is a home?
a. It is the first barometer in determining which acts are good and rewarded and those that are
unacceptable for which one is reprimanded and punished
2. What is a family? What is next to family as a significant part of social self?
a. Family is the most pervading influential social group that impacts the self in its entre course of
development.
b. Schools and the general academic environment form a significant part of the social self.
3. What is culture?
a. Edward Taylor (1871): Complex whole which includes knowledge belief, law, art, moral,
custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
b. Highly relative; varies in terms of geographical, traditional, and individual contexts.
4. Bioecological Systems Theory
a. Explains an individual’s social development using biological, environmental, and ecological
lenses.
 b. Explains the bidirectional influence of individual systems to each other and posits five specific
systems:
i. Microsystem
ii. Mesosystem
iii. Exosystem
iv. Macrosystem
v. Chronosystem
Guide questions, Section 2
1. What are considered social media platforms?
a. Websites and applications that make it easier to create and share information, ideas, and
interests.
2. Membership in virtual communication.
a. Social media has features that allow people to communicate to specific groups sharing common
interests, therefore becoming part of virtual communities.
3. Self in the age of technology may mean:
a. Digital identities which are different from their real selves.
4. Online disembodiment:
a. People may act differently since interaction in social media do not happen face to face and there
is no physical presence required.
5. Digital identity:
a. Identity a person claims in cyberspace that allows them to be part of a virtual community that
goes beyond physical and geographical boundaries.
6. Leaving online footprint:
a. Is achieved when a person had a digital identity and is able to make posts on social media
platforms (i.e. likes, statuses)
7. Fake digital identities:
a. Causes people to likely engage in behaviors that they would not do in real life interactions.
b. Gives people the capability to inappropriate acts without being identified.
8. Benign and toxic disinhibition:
a. Benign: occurs when people tend to self-disclose more on the internet.
b. Toxic: is when people use rude language, bully or threaten others on online platforms.
Guide questions, Section 3
1. Material World
2. Factors in purchasing decision
a. Financial constraints, availability of items and services, and the influence of family and friends
3. Wants vs Needs
a. Wants: luxuries
b. Needs: important for survival
4. Concept of semiology:
a. Study of signs
b. Analysis of the relationship between people and objects
c. Barthes: it is through objects that people assert their identities.
5. Two things to consider when purchasing material goods:
a. Utility: purpose
b. Significance: meaning assigned to the object.
Module 4
Guide Questions, section 1
1. I think therefore I am
a. When one doubts, he begins to think, and when he thinks, he exists.
2. What makes human beings superior over animals?
a. Higher thinking processes (?)
b. We can reason out
3. Do you think an being intelligent would allow you to cope with the demands of the environment?
a. Own answer/opinion
4. What does it mean by cognition?
a. Crucial part of an individual’s development which influences behavior.
b. The way information is taken in and how it is analyzed.
c. Complex array of mental processes involved in remembering, perceiving, thinking and how these
processes are employed.
5. When we talk about mental capacity, what does “progressive sequential manner” mean?
a. It is observed that one’s mental capacity is evolving in a PSM which is anchored on an
individual’s biological development.
6. What does it imply if human beings are capable of reasoning?
a. To manage their own behavior.
7. What is memory? Identify the 3 levels of functioning.
a. Memory is the faculty of the mind through which information is acquired and retained for later
use.
i. Sensory memory
ii. Short-term memory
iii. Long-term memory
8. What is intelligence? (6 capacities)
a. Individual’s capacity for understanding, learning, planning, and problem solving with logic,
creativity, and self-awareness.
b. Application of knowledge in its proper context.
9. 2 things/facts about intelligence:
a. Individuals are born with innate intellectual capabilities
b. Intelligence is not confined in the academic context
10. Eight areas of human intelligence:
a. Verbal-linguistic
b. Logical-mathematical
c. Visual-spatial
d. Musical
e. Naturalistic
f. Bodily-kinesthetic
g. Interpersonal and Intrapersonal
11. 3 aspects of Intelligence/ Triarchic theory:
a. Componential (Analytical)
b. Experimental (Creative)
c. Contextual (Practical)
Guide questions, Section 2
1. Why is learning a permanent change?
 a. When long-term memories entail a change in behavior based on personal experiences (?)
2. What are the criteria when someone learns
a. When information is transferred to long-term memory and is:
i. Elaborated
ii. Rehearsed
iii. Practiced
3. DO you agree with the Social cognitive theory? Identify its factors
a. Personal
b. Environmental
c. Behavioral
4. Stages of observational learning
a. Attention
b. Retention
c. Motor Reproduction
d. Motivation
5. Self-efficacy means? How is it developed?
a. It is defined as the extent to which people believe that they can confidently learn and master a
particular skill.
b. It can be developed through:
i. Mastery experience
ii. Social modelling
iii. Improving physical and emotional states
iv. Verbal persuasion
6. What are within the bounds of human agency?
a. Intentionality
b. Forethought
c. Self-reactiveness
d. Self-reflectiveness
7. Two learning strategies
a. Deep learning
b. Surface learning
8. How do you adopt deep learning strategies?
a. Taking down notes
b. Asking questions during class sessions
c. Creating cognitive maps
d. Engaging in collaborative learning activities with mentors and peers
e. Going beyond the mandatory course requirements
Module 5
Guide questions, Section 1
1. Why is emotion hard to control and define?
a. Because it is a lower level response occurring in the brain which create biochemical reactions in
the body and changes in one’s physical state.
2. Define emotion and its important aspects
a. It is a lower level response occurring in the brain which create biochemical reactions in the body
and changes in one’s physical state.
3. Is every individual capable of managing emotions? Duh.
 4. What consequently cause change in one’s physical state that emotion plays a critical role?
a. Survival function in making one aware of threats coming from the environment that may affect
his or her inner consciousness.
5. If inner consciousness is affected by emotions, it means emotion is subjective.
6. Emotions vs Feelings:
a. Emotions:
i. Biological experience and response
ii. Physiological
b. Feelings:
i. Mental portrayal of what is going on in your body
ii. By-product of your brain perceiving and assigning meaning to the emotion.
iii. Subjective experiences
7. What makes emotion subjective?
a. When it becomes feelings/ When meanings are assigned
8. What assigns meaning to our emotion?
a. Personal experiences and beliefs.
9. How does researchers define emotional intelligence?
a. Bar-on: array of non-cognitive abilities, competencies, and skills that influence one’s ability to
succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures.
b. Mayer, Salovey, Caruso: it is one’s ability to understand emotion
c. Goleman: capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others.
10. Emotional intelligence’s aggregate results has implications (4) which are:
a. Innate individual characteristics and skills
i. Emotions exist alongside cognition
ii. Emotions can be managed and regulated and they can be identified
iii. Managing emotions is an ability that is learned
iv. Requirement to one’s overall well-being
11. Three models of EI and advantages:
a. Mayer et al. Model: Emotional perception and expression, emotional facilitation as aids
b. Goleman’s Model: Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship
management
c. Bar-on’s Model: Self-perception, self-expression, interpersonal, decision-making and stress
management
d. Advantages:
i. Positive effects to thinking abilities during anxiety-provoking testing conditions
ii. Negatively correlated to aggressive and delinquent behaviors
iii. High social competence
iv. Not likely to develop depression
Guide questions, Section 2
1. What is the most crucial point of emotional development?
a. Adolescence stage
2. How can one establish emotional efficacy and emotional maturity?
a. When one is able to curb impulsivity brought about by the adolescence stage (?)
3. Can ER have both positive and negative emotions? Yes.
4. Two forms of ER?
a. Cognitive reappraisal: involves the evaluation of the situation prior to making personal,
subjective valuations about it.
 b. Suppression: denial and masking of facial expressions to hide one’s current emotional state.
5. Approach in explaining ER and their advantages
a. Cognitive/covert strategies: provide the ability to alter negative impacts of unpleasant
emotions.
i. Empower an individual to handle a particular emotion
b. Behavioral/overt: entail engagement in observable activities.
i. Can be monitored directly.
6. 10 Common strategies employed in emotional regulation
a. Rumination
b. Distraction
c. Acceptance
d. Problem solving
e. Behavioral avoidance
f. Experiential avoidance
g. Expressive suppression
h. Reappraisal
i. Mindfulness
j. Worry
7. Qualities of ER
a. Self-control
b. Trustworthiness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Adaptability
e. Innovation
f. Empathy
8. How are ER abilities developed?
a. Can be primarily learned through observational and social referencing, particularly on the basis
of the family.
Module 6
Section 1
1. 3 Aspects of being
a. Physiological/Physical  Biological aspects
b. Psychological  focus on consciousness and attributes manifested through behavior
c. Spiritual
2. Definitions of Spirituality
a. Elusive in terms of a standard definition
b. Individual’s process of seeking and expressing meaning and how he or she is connected to the
self and his/her environment that includes a the sacred and significant
c. Any experience that is thought to bring the experiencer in contact with the divine.
d. Individual’s personal relation to the sacred that informs other relationships and the meaning of
one’s own life.
e. Personal and private beliefs that transcend the material aspects of life

3. Spirituality embraces connections: with oneself, with others, and with a higher being
4. Spirituality is acquired because people are not born with innate spirituality. It is a result of various
personal, social, and environmental factors present throughout one’s lifetime.
 5. Difference between spirituality and communal
a. Spirituality
i. Individual/personal
ii. Not anchored on any religious orientation
iii. Personal subjective experience that varies from person to person
b. Religiosity
i. Adherence to a belief system and practices with a tradition
ii. Starting point of spirituality
iii. Communal
iv. Ritualistic traditions
6. How is spirituality enhanced?
a. Parents: fostering quality parent-child relationships
b. Schools: programs and interventions such as retreats, recollections, seminars and worship
i. Utilizing teaching strategies that foster contemplation, reflection, and self-evaluation
c. Constant self-reflection and meditation on life choices and decisions
d. Developing empathy and compassion toward other people
e. Having faith in a higher being.
Section 2
1. Affinity with Nature
a. Ties that bind people and nature together
b. “If people feel that they are one with nature, then destroying it can mean self-destruction and
vice-versa.”
c. Emotional connection with nature anchored on positive affective experiences and authentic love
for nature
2. Ecopsychology
a. Fundamental interconnections between humans and the natural world
b. Integration of practices based on the notion that direct contact with the natural world has healing
potential.
c. Transpersonal and philosophical relationship with nature
3. How are connections with nature improved?
a. Personal standpoints/beliefs
b. Reducing of reliance to technology
c. Incremental behaviors toward protecting the environment
Section 3
1. Well-being
a. Intrinsic in nature
b. Inner personal construct associated with self-esteem and self-understanding.
c. How good one feels about himself or herself
2. Life Satisfaction
a. Intrinsic
b. General attitude towards life
c. Desire to change one’s life, satisfaction with the past, satisfaction with the future and significant
other’s views of one’s life; associated with quality of life.
d. Dependent on whether basic needs and other goals are met.
 3. Factors that can influence on how they can be achieved
a. Personality
b. Cognition
c. Physical health
d. Vigor
e. Environmental conditions
f. Socio-economic status, home and social environment, interpersonal relationships and education
Module 7
Section 1
1. Concept of Nation and State
a. Nation includes people and government sharing the same practices and culture
b. State includes the government, people, territory, and sovereignty
2. Implications of Politics Imbibed by man
a. Politics is concerned with power
b. Politics functions based on a particular social economic and cultural context.
c. Politics can be persona
d. Politics goes hand in hand with the society
3. Article I of the 1987 constitution
a. Citizenship

i. Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;

2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;

3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching
the age of majority; and

4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

ii. Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth
without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those
who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall
be deemed natural-born citizens.

iii. Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by
law.

iv. Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship,
unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.

v. Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt
with by law.

4. Concepts of active citizenship

 a. Active citizenship refers to the structured forms of engagement with political processes and
everyday forms of participation in society.

b. It is the means by which a democracy is built

c. It is anchored on one’s cognitive and behavioral engagement to participate in formal and

informal political activities.

d. It is a practice of democracy (communal system that allows volitional freedom)

e. It is a social construct that fosters social relatedness and belongingness.

f. It can instill change and influence society at large.

5. Advantages of early exposure to politics

a. Helps an individual augment an adolescent’s development of his or her sense of self

b. Exposure fosters

i. Critical thinking

ii. Advocacy formation

iii. Comprehension

c. Awareness of social issues

6. Characteristics of community leaders and youth leaders

a. Strong, intelligent, and passionate

Section 2

1. Three major purposes of the internet

a. Social Interaction

b. Information acquisition and generation

c. Entertainment

2. General principles of Digital Citizenship

a. Respecting, educating,, and protecting oneself and others.

3. Technology is both a bane and a boon (relate technology to the definitions of bane and boon)

a. Bane: cause of distress or annoyance

b. Boon: something that is helpful

 4. Online disinhibition = lack of restraint one feels when communicating online in comparison to
communicating in person.

a. Provides a comfort zone for individuals to express what they want without censure or
punishment

5. The internet is a Multimedia venue for showcasing personal traits, qualities and even experiences

6. Nine Themes ( A-C-C-E-L-L-Rr-Hw-S)

a. Digital Access

b. Commerce

c. Communication

d. Etiquette

e. Literacy

f. Law

g. Rights and Responsibilities

h. Health and Wellness

i. Security

7. Technology should not define anyone. PONDER

Module 8

Section 1

1. Understanding the past and taking control of the present can lead to an optimistic future.

2. Five theories of time perspective

a. Present-hedonistic

i. Risk takers driven by pleasurable sensations; disregard negative consequences of their

actions

ii. Often volatile and emotional

b. Present fatalistic:

i. Feel their lives are out of their control

c. Past Positive:
 i. People remain in their comfort zones because their actions are influenced by what has
worked in the past

d. Past-negative:

i. Focus on the wrong decisions they have made in the past and constantly regret them

e. Future oriented

i. Individuals base their present choices and action on long-term consequences.

f. Healthy perspective: one that combines past, present, and future time perspectives

Section 2

1. Premises of Possible selves theory

a. Possible selves is both a motivational resource and behavioral blueprint of the self

i. How one envisions himself or herself as fuels to achieve his or her plans for the future

b. Not all future selves are positive

i. Future selves can be: what one might become, what one would like to become, and what
one is afraid to become

ii. Ideal and feared selves should be balanced

c. Future self is intertwined with his or her past and present selves

i. Present experiences shape how one perceives the future

d. Selves are a product of social interactions

i. How one’s future is foreseen is a product of social contexts

e. Life transitions that have an enabling influence on one’s future self

i. Changes in one’s present life circumstances can lead to a change in future life
perspectives

f. Concepts of proximal and distal goals

i. Setting of short-term and long-term goals.