Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
Pangasinan Division II

CONTEXTUALIZED
SCIENCE MODULES
Grade 8 - Quarter 1
Unit I – Force, Motion, and Energy

CONTEXTUALIZED
MODULES in SCIENCE
1
 Grade 8 - Quarter 1
Unit I – Force, Motion, and Energy
Topics
Laws of Motion
Work, Power, and Energy
Sound
Light
Heat and Temperature
Electricity
Competencies
1. Investigates the relationship of the amount of force applied and the
mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion.
2. Infers that when a body exerts a force on another an equal amount of
force is exerted back on it.
3. Demonstrates how a body responds to changes in motion.
4. Relate the laws of motion in uniform circular motion.
5. Identifies situations in which work is done and no work is done.
6. Describes how work is related to power and energy.
7. Differentiate potential and kinetic energy.
8. Relates speed and position of object to the amount of energy
possessed by the body and identify and explain the factors that affect
potential and kinetic energy.
9. Infers how the movement of particles of an object affects the speed of
sound through it.
10. Investigates the effect of temperature to speed of sound through fair
testing.
11. Demonstrates the existence of the color components of visible light
using a prism or diffraction grating.
12. Explains the hierarchy of colors in relation to energy.
13. Explains that red is bent the least and violet is bent the most according
to their wavelengths or frequencies.
14. Differentiates between heat and temperature at molecular levels.
15. Infer the relationship between current and charge.
16. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuit

8
at home.
GRADE

2
 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
CO NT
EXTUALIZED SCIENCE MODULE

MAY THE FORCE BE

WITH YOU
QUARTER 1: MODULE 1
Laws of Motion
Learning Competencies:
S8FE-Ia-15: investigates the relationship of the amount of
force applied and the mass of the object to
the amount of change in the object’s motion.
S8FE-Ia-16: infers that when a body exerts a force on
another an equal amount of force is exerted
back on it.
S8FE-Ib-17:demonstrates how a body responds to
changes in motion.
S8FE-Ib-18:relate the laws of motion in uniform circular
motion.

Hello dear students! Welcome to this module on three laws of motion.

This module tries to walk you through the foundation of physics particularly
the Newton’s laws of motion. This module is self-instructional and allows you
to learn on your own. So, relax and enjoy!
To get the most out of this module, here are a few reminders:

3
 1. Take your in reading the lessons.
2. Perform all activities and answer all worksheets. The activities and
worksheets are designed to enhance your understanding of the ideas and
concepts being discussed.
3. Answer all tests in this module. The tests will give you an idea how
well you understand the lessons. Review the lessons if necessary, until you
have achieved a sufficient level of proficiency.

ARE YOU READY FOR THIS MODULE?

(Desirable Pre-requisite Knowledge)

For easier understanding about the topics presented in this module,

you should review first what you have learned in your earlier sciences that are
related to the topic – DESCRIBING MOTION. You should also have prior
knowledge about the distance or displacement, speed or velocity, and
acceleration.
And if you encountered some difficulties, never think that you can’t
overcome it. Don’t entertain any negative thought on your mind. Always
remember that there is no difficult thing to a person who is willing to
learn.
Remember: Learning is more fun
and exciting if you put your heart
into it.

WHAT DO YOU AIM TO ACHIEVE IN THIS MODULE?

(Instructional Objectives)

After going through the learning activities and challenges in this

module, you are expected to attain the following:
 State and explain Newton’s three laws of motion and give
examples;

4
  Investigate the relationship among force applied, mass of the
object, and acceleration produced;
 Infer that for every action force, there is an equal but opposite
reaction force;
 Relate the laws of motion to bodies in uniform circular motion.

ESPECIALLY FOR YOU

(Target Clientele)

This module is especially designed for you Grade 8 students. It

consists of 4 lessons and you’re expected to finish this in 240 minutes, that is
4 period.

Are you now ready to get into

MOTION?
But before that, take first the pre-test
that follows. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper and if you are done, check it
by consulting to the key answer given at the
back of this module.
OOOPPPPPSSS!!! Be honest… Don’t
cheat! Always remember AN HONEST ZERO
IS BETTER THAN A CHEATED ONE
HUNDRED!!!
GOODLUCK!!!

PRE-TEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your
choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which law explains why a picture hanging on a wall does not move?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. Law of Gravity
2. Which of the following examples shows the concept of Law of
Acceleration?

5
 A. Pushing a shopping cart full of grocery items.
B. A car that suddenly stops
C. A ball stays in place until you kicked it
D. Playing Tug of War
3. Which law of motion explains why you seem to be thrown forward when
a moving vehicle suddenly comes to a stop?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. Law of Universal Gravitation
4. An object was set in motion by a net force. What will happen to the
acceleration if the net force increases? The acceleration ___________.

6
 A. remains the same C. decreases
B. increases D. becomes zero
5. The second law of motion deals with a force that acts on a mass resulting to a
change of speed. Which is TRUE about this law?
A. the greater the mass the faster it moves
B. the object moves in a straight path
C. the lesser the mass the faster it moves
D. Force is not needed to move the object.
6. When a heavy basketball player and a light one run into each other, who
exerts more force?
A. The heavy one. C. The light one.
B. They are equal. D. There is no such thing as force
7. According to Newton’s Third Law of Motion, when a hammer strikes and
exerts force on a nail, the nail _______.
A. disappears into the wood
B. moves at a constant speed
C. creates a friction with the hammer
D. exerts an equal force back on the hammer
8. It is described as the motion of an object in a circle at a constant speed.
A. Uniform Speed C. Uniform Velocity
B. Uniform Motion D. Uniform Circular Motion
9. It is the force acting on a body in a circular path. It points towards the center
around which the body is moving.
A. Centrifugal Force C. Acceleration Force
B. Centripetal Force D. Circular Force
10. According to Newton’s first law of motion, a moving object that is not acted
on by an unbalanced force ___________________.
A. remains in motion.
B. transfers its energy to another object.
C. eventually comes to a stop.
D. accelerates in the absence of friction.

7
11. An object is pulled to the left by a force of 50N. The same amount of force
pulls it to the right. The object will _______.
A. accelerate to the right C. change its direction
B. accelerate to the left D. stay at rest
12. A book rests on a table. The force of gravity pulls down on the book with a
force of 20 newtons. What prevents the books from accelerating downward at
9.8 m/s2?
A. The table presses back up on the book with an equal and opposite force
of 20 newtons.
B. The table and the book together are accelerating downwards at 9.8 m/s2.
C. The table presses back up on the book with a force greater than 20
newtons.
D. The inertia of the book holds it up.
13. Which statement is true about an object that is travelling in uniform
circular motion?
A. The speed of the object varies.
B, The direction of the object’s velocity is constant.
C. The net force on the object is directed toward the center of the
circular path.
D. The net force on the object is directed away from the center of the
circular path.
14. A 50-kg object is acted upon by a net force of 360 N. How much does it
accelerate? Use the formula a=F/m.
A. 3.6 m/s2 B. 7.2 m/s2 C. 9.8 m/s2 D. 19.6 m/s2
15. When a pair of balanced forces acts on an object, the net force that results
is _____________________.
A. greater in size than one of the forces.
B. equal to zero.
C. equal in size to one of the forces.
D. greater in size than both forces combined.

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? If you’re answers are
8
correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about the topic.
You may still study the module to review what you already know. Who
knows? You might learn a few more new things as well.
 WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS YOU
NEED?
(Implementers)

To make the learning activities and scientific challenges an interesting one, you
will need the following materials:

LEARNING EPISODE 1

ACTIVITY NO. 1

Activity Sheet

ACTIVITY NO. 2

Activity Sheet

LEARNING EPISODE 2

ACTIVITY NO. 1

- egg - large glass (half-filled with water)

- pie pan - toilet paper roll

ACTIVITY NO. 2

- wooden ruler - ping pong balls - golf balls

LEARNING EPISODE 3

ACTIVITY NO. 1

- balloon -string -straw -masking tape -2 chiars

ACTIVITY NO. 2

Activity Sheet

LEARNING EPISODE 4

ACTIVITY NO. 1

- bond paper - own pictures showing uniform circular motion

9
 HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS
MODULE?

There are 4 fun learning episodes in this kit. Go through the

episodes carefully and answer the questions or exercises after each lesson (if
there’s any). If there are also simple activities that are given, you are again
challenged to perform them by themselves. The activities will help you to easily
grasp the concepts and principles discussed in the lesson.
In performing the activities, make sure to handle all materials with utmost
care, follow safety precautions, clean your workplace and return the equipment to
their proper places after use.

You may now start feeding your

minds! Enjoy learning and may
the FORCE be with you.
GODBLESS!

10
Learning Episode 1
GETTING TO KNOW NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION

The first law of motion, or Law of

INERTIA states that a body at rest
remains at rest and a body in motion will
continue to move in a straight-line path
unless acted upon by an external force.

INERTIA is the property of a body that tends to resist a change in its

state of motion. Mass is a measure of inertia. The greater the mass of the
body, the greater is its inertia. The greater the inertia, the harder it is to
change the state of motion of that body.

(1) OBJECTS AT REST

11
 The first part of Newton’s first law of motion concerns object at rest. An
object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. You
are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will start by itself.
For example, a stalled car must be pushed to start its motion. A ball
stays in place until you kick it. Tree stays in place unless carried by force of
water during floods.

(2) OBJECTS IN UNIFORM MOTION

The second part of Newton’s first law concerns a state of uniform
motion. An object in uniform motion will remain in uniform motion unless acted
upon by an unbalanced external force.
A person moves with the same velocity as the vehicle while inside it.
When the brakes are suddenly applied, he experiences being thrown forward.
The braking force changes the state of motion of the vehicle from motion to
rest. But the force is not acting on him. Hence, he continues to move forward
with the same velocity until a force stops him.

What is Newton’s
Second Law of Motion?

The second Newton’s law of motion is the Law of Acceleration. It deals

with a force that acts on a mass resulting to a change of speed. Knowing that
greater mass has greater inertia, it is understood that greater force is needed
to cause a change in speed, and similarly, a small amount of force is needed
to make a small mass to move. Let us not also forget that friction is always

12
present in moving objects and that a force must be large enough to overcome
this.
Example, if you use the same force to push a truck and a car, the car
will have more acceleration than the truck because the car has less mass than
the truck. Another example, it is easier to push an empty shopping cart than a
full one because the full shopping cart has more mass than the empty one.
This means that more force is needed to push the full shopping cart.

Let’s move on to Newton’s third Law

of Motion, the Law of Interaction.

The third law focuses on the interaction between pairs of forces. Each
of these forces always acts on different objects. The amount of the force
acting on one object is always the same exact amount of force acting on
the other object. The direction of the force acting on one object is always
the opposite direction of the force acting on the other. The force is often
called action-reaction force.
Newton’s third law helps us understand what happens when two
objects come in contact or interact with each other. If you throw a rock
down into the water, what happens? There’s a reaction --- a splash of water
goes up. As Newton explained, every action has an equal and opposite
reaction.

13
 Newton tells us that the size of the action and reaction are the same,
but the directions of these two forces are not the same! In fact, the reaction
is always in the opposite direction. That’s why the rock falling downward
sends a splash going upward!
Other examples are when you jump, your legs apply a force to the
ground, and the ground applies and equal and opposite reaction force that
propels you into the air and when you are playing the Tug of War. When
two people pull the opposite senses of the same rope, and it stays at the
same point, it is also observed that there is an action and a reaction.

Let’s do the following activities

to further understand the topic.

Activity No. 1
LET’S HUNT WORDS!

Direction: Find and encircle the words used in the lesson “Getting to know
Newton’s three Laws of Motion” which are hidden in the grid.

L C D S D M A S S O H O M O E R
A A M M L I S M T P S V A P N P
W D W O W N P S I T P E W P T L
O M A O O T E O N M E T T O R A
F I I S F E E F O S E Y Y S I W
A U T S P I P G X S D G U I N S
C M T K Q R N Y V O S H O T G O
C V E L O C I T Y N O O P E T F

14
 E I N T E R E N E T O P P R H M
L L A W O F I N E R T I A E E O
E O N J M A S T Y R A P B A V T
R X N H F M M N E E M C N C E I
A Y A L O H U Z W R A E T T L O
T G Z O R Y P X Y D R D A I O N
I E W P C D T D N F R T S O O I
O T T P E F V R E T T Y D N G N
N Y U N I F O R M M O T I O N O

Activity No. 2
Put a Smiley on Me!

Directions: Draw a smiley on the INERTIA column if the given example

describes Inertia. If the given example is acceleration, draw the smiley on the
ACCELERATION column, and if it is interaction, draw the smiley on the
INTERACTION column.

EXAMPLES INERTIA ACCELERATION INTERACTION

1. Playing Tug of War

2. Pushing a full
shopping cart with
greater force.
3. A rock fell into the
water and created a
splash upward
4. A ball stays in place
until you kick it.

15
 5. Jumping on the
ground.
6. Tree stays in place
unless carried by force
of water during floods.
7. Stepping down the
car’s accelerator.
8. A car passenger in
being thrown forward
when the car suddenly
stops
9. A stalled car must
be pushed to start its
motion.
10. Pulling a massive
rock with greater force.

Check your understanding:

S u p p o s e y o u
to you? Why?
What if it suddenly stops? What do you think will happen to you? Why?

Now you can successfully

explain the basic concepts of
the three Laws of Motion!!!

16
 YOU MAY NOW PROCEED TO THE
NEXT LESSON…
Learning Episode 2
FORCE, MASS, AND ACCELERATION: THEIR RELATIONSHIP IN
THE LAWS OF MOTION.

After law
The second learning
of motionthe
concepts about the Laws of
answers the move
Motion, let’s question
on towhy
our
next speed
things topic
up or which
slow down.is
investigating the relationship
Itamong
shows`the
that if the
force, force
mass, and
acceleration
applied produced.
is the same, the

Newton's First Law of Motion explains how inertia affects

moving and non-moving objects. Newton's first law states that an object will
remain at rest or move at a constant speed in a straight line unless it is
acted on by an unbalanced force. Inertia comes from mass. Objects with
more mass have more inertia.

To understand inertia, imagine moving a bowling ball and a golf ball

that are at rest. The golf ball has a mass of 0.05 kilogram, and the bowling
ball has a mass of five kilograms. The bowling ball has 100 times more
mass than the golf ball, so it has 100 times more inertia, too.

17
 Now ask yourself, which needs more force to start moving? If you push
for the same distance, the bowling ball takes much more force to get it
moving the same speed as the golf ball. The bowling ball needs more force
because a bowling ball has more inertia than a golf ball. The greater the
mass an object have, the greater is the object’s inertia, and the greater the
force needed to change its motion.

To further understand
this topic, try to the
Activity No. 1
simple activity on the
THE EGG DROPnext page.
Procedure:
1. Make sure that your glass is filled half way with water.
2. Center your pie pan on top of your glass.
3. Stand the toilet paper roll up in the middle of the pie pan.
4. Balance the egg on the top of the toilet paper roll.
5. Hit the pie pan “just right” so that the egg will drop into the glass of water.
6. Repeat until you have success.

Results:
No. of attempts to get the egg to Result
drop into the glass
First
Second

18
 1. Were you able to successfully get the egg to drop into the glass? How
many attempts did it take you?
2. What happens when you hit the pie pan? Explain.

Having fun? There’s

more! Just flip on the
next page!

The second law of motion answers the question

why things speed up or slow down. It shows that if the force applied is the
same, the greater mass will travel less distance or slower, while the less
mass travels a greater distance or faster. When the mass is kept constant,
the force is greater and the speed will be faster, while if there is less force,
there is slower speed. When an object speeds up, it accelerates, and if it
slows down, then it decelerates.

Let’s have a simple activity

to further understand the
lesson.

Activity No. 2
THE PING PONG BALL ACTIVITY
In this activity, there are two sets of direction to experience Newton’s
Second Law of Motion: (1) Constant force and (2) Constant acceleration.

CONSTANT FORCE CONSTANT ACCELERATION

1. Place a ping pong ball in front of 1. Place a ping pong ball in front of
the wooden ruler. the wooden ruler.

2. Carefully bend the ruler back 2. Carefully bend the ruler back
and release it. and release it.

3. Record your observation. 3. Record your observation.

19
 4. Place a golf ball in front of the 4. Place a golf ball in front of the
wooden ruler. wooden ruler.

5. Carefully bend the ruler back

5 Carefully bend the ruler back
and release it. Be sure to bend the
ruler back to the same spot (force
needs to be constant)
and release it. Be sure to bend the
ruler back to achieve the same
acceleration as the ping pong ball
(acceleration needs to be
constant)

6. Record your observation. 6. Record your observation.

OBSERVATIONS: (CONSTANT FORCE)

Ping Pong Ball

Golf Ball

OBSERVATIONS: (CONSTANT ACCELERATION)

Ping Pong Ball

Golf Ball

QUESTIONS:
1. Which of Newton’s laws does this activity demonstrate?

2. When the ruler was bent to the same spot (constant force) which ball
accelerated faster? Why?

3. When the ruler was bent to achieve similar acceleration (constant

acceleration) which ball went faster? Why?

20
4. Explain the relationship between mass and acceleration.

Now…Let’s learn to apply the law of

acceleration in solving problems…

“The acceleration of an object is

directly proportional to the magnitude of the
net force acting on it and is inversely
proportional to its mass”

This statement pertains to the Newton’s second law of

motion or Law of Acceleration, because it is concerned with the relation of
acceleration to mass and force. This can be expressed in equation form as:
ACCELERATION = Net force / Mass
a = Fnet/m

Take note:
Force,(F) is measured in Newton, (N)
Mass, (m) in kilograms
Acceleration, ms2
1 Newton, (N) = 1 kg ms2

EXAMPLES!!!

Suppose a ball of mass 0.60 kg is hit with a force of 12 N. Its acceleration will
be?
a = Fnet / mass
a = 12 N / 0.60 kg
a = 20 ms2

21
 A 50 kg object is acted upon by a net force of 250 N. How much does it
accelerate?
a = Fnet / mass
a = 250 N / 50 kg
a = 5 ms2

I THINK YOU’RE READY TO SOLVE…TRY

1. An object with a mass of 2.0 kg has aTHIS!!!

force of 4.0 Newton applied to it.
What is the resulting acceleration of the object?

2. Pedro’s friend Juan has a bicycle that he rides at Presidencia Park. The
combined mass of Juan and his bicycle is 60 kg. As he pedalled his
bicycle, the net force acting on him is 30 Newton. What is his
acceleration at that moment?

3. A force of 20 N acts upon a 5 kg block. Calculate the acceleration of the

object.

YOU’RE DOING VERY WELL!!! YOU

MAY NOW PROCEED TO THE NEXT
LESSON. GOOD JOB!!!

Learning Episode 3
FORCE VS. FORCE

You probably know that the Earth pulls down on you. What you might not
realize is that you are also pulling up on the Earth. For example, if the Earth is
22
pulling down on you with a gravitational force of 500 N, you are also pulling up on
the Earth with a gravitational force of 500 N. This remarkable fact is a
consequence of Newton's third law. That is, f an object A exerts a force on object
B, and then object B must exert a force of equal magnitude and opposite
direction back on object A.

Is this possible?
Try to do the quick activity
below to prove this!

1. Get a partner. Face each other

and hold hands together. (Refer to the figure above)
2. Stand touching each other’s feet.
3. Pull each other’s arm without breaking the closeness of your feet.
(carefully and slowly).

What do you feel while

doing it?

23
 When we talk of forces, we must have two distinct bodies. In our example
on the previous page, the two bodies are the two girls pulling each other. These
two forces have equal magnitudes but are in opposite directions. However, this
does not mean that the two forces cancel each other. For we examine the figure,
we notice that the two forces are not acting on the same body. The force of Girl 1
acts on the Girl 2 and the force of the Girl 2 acts on the Girl 1. Hence,even if the
two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, they do not cancel
each other. Two forces which are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction will
add up to zero only if they act on the same body.

Whenever two bodies

interact, the forces they exert on
each other are equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction.
Let us make it clear once
more that the two forces act on
two different bodies and therefore
do not cancel each other.

To explain the lesson further, perform

this quick and fun activity!!!

Activity No. 1
Balloon Rocket

24
Procedure:
1. Inflate the balloon and tape the piece of drinking straw as shown in the figure
below.
2. Insert the string into the drinking straw and position the balloon in the middle
of the string.
3. Tie the ends of the strings to the back of the two chairs.
4. Release the air from the balloon and observe carefully what happens.

Questions:
1. What happens as you release the air form the balloon?
2. How would you compare the directions of the escaping air and the
moving balloon?
3. Did the escaping air have to hit anything to make the balloon move?

Let’s move on to another activity on

the next page!!!

Activity No. 1
What’s the Reaction?

Directions: Listed below are ACTION forces. Tell the REACTION force. Write
your answer on the space provided.

ACTION REACTION

25
 1. Your bottom pushing on
______________________________
your desk seat. __
______________________________
2. A bat hitting a baseball. __
3. Your finger pressing on
your phone screen while
______________________________
texting __
4. A hammer exerts a force
______________________________
on the nail. __
5. Swimmer pushes the
water in the backward
______________________________
direction. __
6. The person puts a force
______________________________
on the raft pushing it __
7. The ball puts a force on
______________________________
the wall. __
8. The Space Shuttle
______________________________
engines push out hot gases. __
9. Your feet pushing the
______________________________
ground. __
10. The girl pushes the ball. ______________________________
__

DID YOU LEARN BETTER

THROUGH YOUR ACTIVITIES?
YOU CAN NOW FLIP TO THE
NEXT PAGE!!!

Learning Episode 4
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

In this learning
episode we will relate the
laws of motion to bodies in
uniform circular motion.

26
Here are the terms that you need to remember as we go on with our lesson.

Motion: A body is to be in motion when its position changes continuously with

respect to a stationary object taken as reference point.

Uniform motion: A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in

equal intervals of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be.

Uniform speed: A body has a uniform speed if it travels equal distance in

equal intervals of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be.

Circular motion: When a body moves in a circle, then the motion of the body
is defined as circular motion.

Uniform circular motion: A certain body when moves in a circular path with
uniform speed then its motion is known as uniform circular motion. When a
body moves in circular path, then its direction of motion keeps changing
continuously. A force is needed to produce circular motion. The force which
is needed to make an object travel in a circular path is called centripetal force.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION can be described as the motion of an object

in a circle at a constant speed. As an object moves in a circle, it is constantly
changing its direction. At all instances, the object is moving tangent to the
circle. Since the direction of the velocity vector is the same as the direction of
the object’s motion, the velocity vector is directed tangent to the circle as well.

Try to study the diagram below.

27
 When an object goes around in a circle, the description of its motion
becomes interesting in many ways. To better understand the circular motion
let us look at an example.

Suppose you have a ball attached to a string and you move it

constantly in a circular motion. Then we observe two things:

1. The speed of the ball is constant. It traces a circle with a fixed center.

2. At every point of its motion, the ball changes its direction. Therefore,
we can say that in order to stay on a circular path, the ball has to change its
direction continuously.

From the second point, an important result follows. Newton’s first law of
motion tells us that there can be no acceleration without a net force. So, there
must be a force associated with the circular motion. In other words, for the
circular motion to take place a net force has to act on the object. Thus, the
change in direction is a result of a centripetal force.

Centripetal force is the force acting on a body in a circular path. It

points towards the center around which the body is moving.

As long as the ball is attached to the string, it will continue to follow the
circular path. The moment the string breaks or you let go of the string, the
centripetal force stops acting and the ball flies away.
28
 A particle undergoing uniform circular motion is continually changing
velocity and acceleration is also changing.

The acceleration which produces these velocity changes in a direction

and this is called centripetal (center seeking) acceleration.

Therefore, the direction is always towards the center of the circular

motion.

Try this and answer the questions:

Get anything that can be attached to a string and whirled above your
head. (Please be careful not to hurt yourself while doing this.)

image from https://www.google.com

Did you do the same thing as seen on the image? What type of motion
has it? If the string breaks, what happens?

The object flies off in a direction that is tangential to the point at which
the strings breaks. At any point, the tangent to the point gives the direction of
the velocity.

Newton’s second law of motion tells us that a centripetal acceleration

can only happen if there is an unbalanced force.

Activity No. 1
Pic-Collage

29
 In a short bond paper give examples of things that you see at home
that show uniform circular motion. Take a photo of it. In each photo identify the
direction of motion and then make a collage.

For example: The tip of seconds' hand of a watch exhibits uniform

circular motion on the circular dial of the watch.

RELATED EXPERIENCE!!!
Suppose you’re riding in a passenger jeep that speeds up rapidly, what
happens to you? You might say that you are pushed backward. Why? This is
because of inertia. You tend to keep moving at the same speed. You resist
being moved forward as the jeep speeds up. Conversely, what if it suddenly
stops? You keep moving forward until a force acts on you. The seat caused
you to be thrown forward. In this case a seatbelt is very necessary to prevent
this from happening.

GENERALIZATION!!!

30
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION:
1. The First Law of Motion or the Law of Inertia states that: “If no
unbalanced force acts on an object at rest, it will remain at rest, and a
moving object will keep on moving at the same speed and direction”.
2. The Second Law of Motion or the Law of Acceleration states that: “if
mass is kept constant, the acceleration is directly proportional to the force,
and when the force is kept constant, the acceleration is inversely
proportional to the mass”.
In Symbols:
a = Fnet/m
3. The Third Law of Motion or the Law of Interaction states that:” for
every action of force, there is always an equal but opposite reaction. These
pairs of forces exerted occur at the same time at the moment of impact and
act on two different bodies”.

CONGRATULATI
ONS!!! You have just finished studying this
module…
How do you find the lessons and
activities? I’m sure that you enjoyed
learning and doing the task and
challenges. So, I expect that you are
now very much ready to apply your
31
learning by taking the final test.
 The post test is constructed to
measure if you have gained
enough knowledge on the
lessons discussed and to
evaluate how much you have
progressed by comparing your
score with your achievement in
the pre-test.

POST–TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. What law shows the need to use seat belts?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. Impulse – Momentum Theorem
2. Car A and Car B collide head-on. At every moment during collision, the
magnitude of the force that Car A exerts on Car B is exactly equal to the
magnitude of the force that Car B exerts on Car A. This is an example of
_______
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. Impulse – Momentum Theorem
3. When air rushes out of a balloon and it moves upward. This is an
example of which Law of Motion.

32
 A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. Impulse – Momentum Theorem
4. One way to increase acceleration is by_______________.
A. decreasing force. C. decreasing mass.
B. increasing mass. D. increasing both force and mass
5. Which of the following objects needs more force to start moving?
A. Ping-Pong ball C. Basketball
B. Golf ball D. Bowling ball
6. A bus hits a bug and the bug splatters on the windshield, which force is
greater?
A. The Bus C. The Bug
B. They are the same D. Gravity acting on the bus
7. When Manny got punched in the face, what is the interaction pair?
A. The fist and the face. C. Manny and media criticism.
B. The fist and the air flow. D. Manny and the floor.

8. An object is in uniform circular motion, which of the following is true?

A. The acceleration is zero.
B. The velocity points to the center.
C. The force points to the center.
D. The velocity is constant.
9. An object moving in uniform circular motion ha a constant ________but
changing _________.
A. Speed; Velocity C. Acceleration; Speed
B. Velocity; Speed D. Force: Speed
10. Without any force to change it, an object at rest stays at rest and an object
in motion stays in motion. What law of motion is being described in the
sentence?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. Impulse – Momentum Theorem
11. Newton's second law of motion states that an object's acceleration___.

33
 A. increases as its mass decreases and as the force acting on it increases.
B. decreases as its mass decreases and as the force acting on it increases.
C. increases as its mass increases and as the force acting on it increases.
D. decreases as its mass increases and as the force acting on it increases.
12. A person steps out of the boat and onto the dock. As the person moves
forward onto the dock, the boat moves backward. Which statement best
describes the backward motion of the boat as the person steps
forward?
A. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
B. Every mass exerts a force on every other mass.
C. An object at rest tends to stay at rest.
D. Friction opposes the motion of an object.
13. A child whirls a ball at the end of a rope, in a uniform circular motion. Which
of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. The speed of the ball is constant.
B. The direction of velocity is changing.
C. The force is directed toward the center of its circular path
D. The magnitude of the ball’s acceleration is zero
14. If a force of 26 N is exerted on two balls, one with a mass of 0.52 kg and
the other with a mass 0.78 kg, which ball will have the greater acceleration?
A. The one with a mass of 0.78 kg will have greatest acceleration.
B. The one with a mass of 0.52 kg will have greatest acceleration.
C. They will both accelerate at the same rate.
D. They will both decelerate at the same rate.
15. Newton's third law of motion states that if a force is exerted on an object,
another force occurs that_____________________.
A. is equal in size and opposite in direction.
B. is in the same direction and size.
C. is equal in speed and opposite in direction.
D. is in the same direction and speed.
Cross check your answer with the answer
key located at the back of this module:
34
Have you learned something from this
module? How did you fare in the post test? Did
you get higher score than the one you got in pre-
test? I’m hoping and expecting that you did!
Look at the scale that follows to know the meaning of your score…

9-10 = EXCELLENT! You can move on to the next module

6-8 = VERY GOOD! Try to recall past concepts.
3-5 = GOOD! Go back to the past activities and refresh.
0-2 = You need to review all the lessons and focus on each activity
part to remember.

KEY TO ANSWER IN PRE-TEST

1. A 6. B 11. D
2. A 7. D 12. A
3. A 8. D 13. C
4. B 9. B 14. B
5. C 10. A 15. C

35
 KEY TO ANSWER IN POST-TEST
1. A 6. B 11. A
2. C 7. A 12. A
3. A 8. C 13. D
4. C 9. A 14. B
5. D 10. A 15. A

REFERENCES

Books

 Evangelista, Luisito T. , et al. Practical Science Concepts and Skills,

Eferza Academic Publications., pp 211 – 225
 Ramos, Anna Cherylle, et al. Exploring Life Through Science Series,
Phoenix Publishing House., pp 8 – 27
 Aquino, Marites D.,et.al Science links Physics, Rex Bookstore
pp. 48 – 67
 Padua, Alicia L., et. al. Practical and Explorational Physics Modular
Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc., pp. 66 – 75

Internet Links:
 www.betterlesson.com
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com
 www.ScienceProfOnline.org

36
 www.teacherspayteachers.com/product/newtons-first-law-of motion
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/laws-of-inertia-definition-formula-
quiz.html
 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-
laws-of-motion/a/what-is-newtons-third-law
 https://clarkscience8.weebly.com/action--reaction.html

37