CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This project report aims at illustrating and describing how renewable energy can
contribute in creating value and reducing overheads associated with the lighting
through adopting and implementing renewable energy solar systems and
applications in an educational institute. It is an obvious fact that energy efficiency plays
a vital role in managing the electricity load especially now that the growing demand of
energy has become very common in both the domestic and industrial environment
around the world. Electricity is the versatile form of energy which can be transformed
to other forms easily. But it is becoming expensive with each passing day. Its price will
increase heavily as the fossil fuel reserve is decreasing. Dependence on fossil fuel for
energy is the main reason for environmental pollution. Along with this, Power cuts and
dependence on DG sets is making people going for more and better sources.

Renewable energy resources are suitable for this context as most of them
are environment friendly. Solar PV panels provide a very good alternative. The greatest
advantage of solar power is its versatile availability and abundance all over the earth.
But solar energy is scattered in nature which means more area is required for
installation. As the area increases, installation cost also increases. Majority (58%) of
India receives solar radiations of 5 watts or above per sq meter per day. Solar energy
usage can reduce our dependence on fossil fuel and reduce carbon emission. It can turn
our energy consuming home to producing one.

The solar PV installed can be on grid or off grid depending on daily energy
consumption. There are a lot of people keen in buying solar panels in India. Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India is also promoting solar PV
systems under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in the country. They also
provide subsidy (30% - 40%) for buying solar panels under this scheme. But most of
people don't have proper knowledge on economic side and efficient side of PV solar
panel. The efficiency of solar panel varies from 12 % to 20% and area of solar panel
needed depends on it. The output from PV panel depends on solar radiation received

1
and the location of panel. The capacity utilization factor (CUF) determines the
performance of PV Panel.

This project is being made with the aim of developing a standard procedure for the
design of large-scale institutional grid-connected solar with PV systems using the slab
of building with proper. The standard procedure developed will be acceptable for the
designing of a 5KW grid tied solar PV system for GCOE (Godavari College of
engineering)-Jalgaon. The performance of the 5KW grid-connected solar PV system
will also be explanation about the guaranteed life of the system using solar PV system.
Grid-connected solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems employ the direct conversion of
sunlight into electricity which is fed directly into the electricity grid without storage in
batteries. This will be a very good way to boost the existing electricity production
capacity in the country, which is mainly from hydro and thermal sources. This will
contribute positively to the worsening energy situation in the country. Solar energy,
being a renewable source, will also provide energy without pollutants and greenhouse
gas emissions. This can go a long way to help mitigate the adverse effect of global
warming as well as contribute to sustainable energy development. It will also set the
pace for similar projects to be developed in other institutions thereby helping attain the
target of 10% renewable energy in the electricity generation mix set by the government.
The main objective of the project is to design a 5KW grid-connected solar photovoltaic
system GCOE-Jalgaon using the roofs of buildings and to analyze the technical and
financial performances based on the results of simulation software packages.

2
1.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the project are economic and social in nature. It basically aims
to:

• Improve the quality of life and alleviate rural poverty in the unenergized
and off-grid areas by providing the basic needs such as light, education,
entertainment and communication through affordable source of energy-
solar.
• Promote the use of sustainable, economic and least cost decentralized
electrification solution for areas not feasible for grid connection/extension
in partnership with the local government units, semi-private and private
sectors.
• Increase productivity, promote livelihood and social interaction in the
community by extending time at night.
• Apply solar energy technology as enabling technology for sustainable
development

3
CHAPTER-2

2.1 METHODOLOGY

Figure 2.1 block diagram of solar battery power bank

This project can be considered as an exploratory study for the feasibility of installing
solar battery bank in our Sri Sairam College of Engineering. The information that is
gathered through literature reviews, case studies, and key informant interviews will be
used to make recommendations about implementing photovoltaic solar system at Sri
Sairam College of Engineering, Bangalore as part of the campus sustainability
initiative.

Metrological Data The metrological data about the location is collected by physical
measurements such as temperature, humidity and sunrise and sunset timings. Other
important metrological parameters such as latitude, average insolation etc were taken
from the internet and MNRE data.
Technological Survey The assistance and guidance of the company professionals is
sought to determine the specific type of panel requirement, price and the conversion
efficiency in addition to the literature survey and site visits and internet search.

4
 Figure 2.1 typical off grid solution

2.2 Requirements and Specifications

Solar Charger and Power bank Requirements and Specifications

A document was created to formalize the product requirements. The requirements are
divided into the following categories:

1. Product Description: general high-level description of the product.

2. Design Requirements: what the product needs to have or be in terms of components
and high-level design.
3. Functional Requirements: the functions the product is intended to do.
4. Environmental and function environment Requirements: related to its impact on the
environment and in where it performs its functions (EMC here).
5. Mechanical Requirements: enclosure related requirements.
6. Service Life Requirements: operating time and operating temperature.
7. Testing Requirements: associated with tests the product needs to comply.

Each requirement is unique and expressed in the following manner:

5
 Figure 2.4 Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation

High level, product description of solar charger and power bank

The mobile solar charger and power bank is a set of HW and SW that is intended to
supply 5V to any low power load, particularly a mobile phone battery that needs to be
recharged. This power is supplied by both a battery and a mini solar panel, with the
battery being the primary current supplier while the solar panel is intended to recharge
this battery. Apart from having a 5V output, the battery from the charger should also be
able to recharge it via a USB connector. The product should have a portable size and

6
weight and a screen to display different information to the user that it is measured by
different sensors across the circuit, these parameters include: voltage, current, power,
temp and remaining charge. The user must be able to turn off this screen to extend the
battery life of the product.

Core functions

These requirements define the essential functions of the product from a HW

perspective:

Power supply capabilities

The power output of the product must be of 5V +/- 0.1V and >2A

7
 Battery charging capabilities

The battery must be able to be charged through external power via a 5V power source
or the external solar PV panel. The product must have a battery charging IC to properly
manage the charging of the battery. This IC must have over voltage, over current and
over temperature protections integrated and must not require programming.

Voltage sensors

The following voltages must be able to be measured by the circuit:

• Input voltage from external power sources

• Battery voltage
• Output voltage

All voltage measures should have an accuracy of +/-0.1V

Current sensors

Current must be measured at the following points:

• Power input (before the charger IC)

• Power output

All current measurements should have an accuracy of +/-5mA

Temperature sensors

The temperature must be measured at the following points:

• At the battery

Temperature measurements should have an accuracy of +/-3C

8
 03_Research

The research stage is the time you seat down to look and compare different available
technologies that can meet your product requirements. Sometimes you will have to
iterate between requirements and research. For example, in this project, I wasn’t sure
what type of battery and capacity I should choose, so I compared with existing products
and then updated the requirements.

The main purpose of the research is to select the main components of your circuit. Those
are the ones in charge of handling the core functions of the device. If we look back to
the system diagram defined in our Requirements and Specifications we can see that
these main components are:

• MCU
• Battery Charger
• Power Converter
• Battery
• Solar Panel
• Display

9
CHAPTER-3

3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

[Britt; Jeffery s. (tucswon.AZ) Wiedeman; Scott (Tucson.AZ) 2012]

They have presented an experimental investigation to study a semiconductor material

used in a PV cell and its importance in determining the efficiency of the solar cell at
various parameters such as regards to behavior with respect to temperature, weight and
as well as other parameters with which it is used and all those contribute to the deciding
factor of efficiency of the PV cell The inventor has conducted many experimental
researchers to devise improvised methods and apparatus for forming thin film layers of
semiconductor materials. The field of photovoltaics generally relates to multi-layer
materials, converts sun light directly into DC Electrical Power. The basic mechanism
for this conversion is “The Photovoltaic Effect”. Solar cells are typically configured as
a co-operating sandwich of P-Type and N-Type semiconductors, in which the N-Type
semi conductor material (on one side of the sandwich) exhibits an excess of electrons
and the P-Type semiconductor material (on the other side of the sandwich) exhibits an
excess of holes each of which signifies the absence of the an electron.

[Ho; Frank. (Yorba Linda, CA) Yeh; Milton Y (Santa Monica, CA) 1995]

Has worked on in improving the efficiency of Solar Cells. They have found that the
efficiency of the solar cell varies from 15% to 22% and innovations are being carried
out by changing the combination of semiconductor material in the PV cell and find out
improved efficiency. The inventor has analyzed the properties of semiconductor
material thoroughly and has come out with a combination of cells- cascaded cell,
permits achieving more than overall efficiency of 23%. Up to the present time it has
been proposed to use either Germanium or Gallium Arsenide as the substrate for solar
cell in which the principal active junction is formed of N-Type and PType Gallium
Arsenide. Attempts are continuing at developing solar cells that efficiently use as much
of solar spectrum as possible. In order to catch as much as possible protons, the
semiconductor used in the solar cell must be designed for a small band gap, since the 9

10
semiconductor material is otherwise transparent to radiation with proton energy less
than the band gap.

[Bareis; Bernard F (Plano,TX) and Goei; E Esmond T. (Dublin, CA) 2004]

They have investigated on the concentrating solar energy receivers. In their study they
have commented that the solar collectors can be classified into focusing type
(concentrating type) and Non – focusing type (non-concentrating type). The inventor
has designed the concentrating type solar energy receiver comprising a primary
parabolic reflector having a centre and a high reflective surface on a concave side of
the reflector and having a fixed axis extending from the concave side of the reflector
and passing through a fixed point of the primary parabolic reflector and a conversion
module having a reception surface. Non concentrating type solar collecting devices
intercept parallel un-concentrated rays of the sun with an array of photovoltaic cells.
The output is the direct function of array.

[Britt; Jeffery s. (tucswon.AZ) Wiedeman; Scott (Tucson.AZ) 2009]

They have presented an experimental investigation to study a semiconductor material

used in a PV cell and its importance in determining the efficiency of the solar cell at
various parameters such as regards to behavior with respect to temperature, weight and
as well as other parameters with which it is used and all those contribute to the deciding
factor of efficiency of the PV cell The inventor has conducted many experimental
researchers to devise improvised methods and apparatus for forming thin film layers of
semiconductor materials. The field of photovoltaic’s generally relates to multi-layer
materials, converts sun light directly into DC Electrical Power. The basic mechanism
for this conversion is “The Photovoltaic Effect”. Solar cells are typically configured as
a co-operating sandwich of P-Type and N-Type semiconductors, in which the N-Type
semi conductor material (on one side of the sandwich) exhibits an excess of electrons
and the P-Type semiconductor material (on the other side of the sandwich) exhibits an
excess of holes each of which signifies the absence of an electron. They have worked
on thin film solar cells. When an incident photon excides an electron in the cell into the

11
conduction band, the excited electron becomes unbound from the atom of the semi
conductor creating a free electron, hole-pair. It extends a conductive path between the
two sides of the cell. 10 Electrons will move from N-Type side to P-Type side along
the external path, creating an electric current. Such a photo voltaic structure when
appropriately located electrical contacts are included and the cell is in-cooperated into
a closed electric circuit constitutes a PV Cell device. One particular type of solar cell
that has been developed for commercial use is “Thin Film PV Cell”. Thin Film Cells
require less light absorbing semiconductor material to create a working cell and thus
can reduce processing costs.

[Zhao; Xiaofeng (Guangdong, CN) 2011]

The authors have conducted a study on solar collecting and utilizing device and have
concluded that the efficacy of a solar energy conversion system depends on the various
parameter such as the quantum of radiation, intensity, direction, the tilt angle of the
collector, temperature etc. In case of solar collector and utilizing device the sun tracking
and beam focused radiation are of paramount importance. This device consist of
paraboloidal mirror, a sun light collector, a solar storage and conversion device and a
solar tracking equipment wherein said sun light collector compresses a light guide
which convert factual into substantially parallel light beam and deflect them in a desired
direction and a curved surface condenser mirror which receive the substantially parallel
light beams reflected from the light guider and converting them into a solar storage and
conversion.

[SB Sadati, M.Yazdani – Asrami and others 2010]

The author worked on evaluation of supplying ruler and residential area using
photovoltaic systems in I.R. Iran. They have commented on use of sun’s energy has the
biggest energy supplies and is clean and annexable source which can be utilize by using
appropriate technologies. The total solar radiation received by different regions
throughout the year the average energy consumption required effect of temperature
voltage –current curve characteristics have been conceder for evolving a photo voltaic
system to meet the domestics required, economic analysis has been made for
justification of the use age of photovoltaic system.

12
[Zhao; Xiaofeng (Guangdong, CN) 2007] 11

They had worked Solar Collectors. The solar device is categorized as a multi-layer heat
storage structure and the said heat storage structure corresponds to plurality of curved
surface mirrors and as a light receiving hole for receiving the condensed light from the
curved surface mirror. The heat structure contains a working fluid to transfer of storing
the energy such as groups of melted salts, water steam, smelting raw material and photo
electric cell. As compared thermal power generation the solar electric power generation
reduces the civil works in the building, avoids pollution, waste handling and air preheat-
pollution treatment with comparative calculation for building a solar thermal power
station, it is inferred that it’s costs intensive compared to conventional power station.
However considering the environmental impact on the space occupation and land usage,
his method is more appropriate.

[Coc Oko and S.N Nanchi 2012]

They have worked on Optimum Collector Tilt Angle for low latitudes. There are many
factors that affect the solar radiations falling on the earth. Some of the factors that affect
the intensity of the extra terrestrial solar radiation on the earth’s horizontal and tilted
surfaces are clouds, dusts and shades. In designing the solar equipment the designer has
to pay more attention towards harnessing the insolation to the optimum level for
effective performance of the equipment. Determination of the tilt angle at lower
latitudes is one such effort for a country like Nigeria.

[Nataraj Pandiarajan, Rama Badran, Rama Prabha and Ranganathan 2012]

They have worked on application of circuit model for energy conversion system. The
solar energy is directly converted to electrical energy without any electrical parts by the
use of photovoltaic system. PV system is widely utilized to cater power demands of the
society in many countries. The efficacy of the PV system depends on the operation of
the system components and its performance. The efficiency of the solar system

13
conversion technology stands at about 15 to 25% mainly because of the conversation
of DC power to AC power through battery bands. The best way to utilize the PV System
energy is to deliver it to the AC mains directly, without battery banks. Studies on the
PV system in operation reveal that inverters contribute to 63% failure rate, modules
15% and other components 23% with a failure occurring on an average of every 4 to 5
12 years. To reduce the failure rate of the PV systems it is necessary to reduce failure
rates of inverters and components of effective performance.

Residential photovoltaic (PV) installations are one of the promising options to locally
generate and consume sustainable and cost-effective energy. One of the major technical
issues related to the integration of renewable energy systems into local electricity
networks is balancing the mismatch between demand and supply of power. Daily and
seasonable meteorological conditions significantly affect renewable energy production
as well as demand patterns. 100% matching of the residential consumption with
renewable energy can be achieved by PV systems in combination with residential
storage systems such as batteries, vehicle to grid technologies, or by using community-
based storage systems. Although batteries may be required to maintain a high quality
of the power fed into local electricity networks, alternative solutions for the realization
of flexibility may need to be evaluated because of the high environmental impact of
batteries. For instance, one can think about other types of storage systems or optimizing
the capacity of batteries. Rather than self-consumption with flexible loads or temporary
storage of the PV infeed to the grid, an efficient and sustainable integration of renewable
energy is only possible if the network is flexible and resilient. Electric flexibility can be
defined as a power adjustment sustained at a given moment for a given duration from a
specific location within the network. Thus, a flexibility service is characterized by five
attributes: its direction, its electrical composition in power, its temporal characteristics
defined by its starting time and duration, and its base for location. To enable all the
potential flexibility, the organization and functioning of electricity grids will require
more intelligence and complexity, for which reason they are called ‘smart grids’. Smart
grids balance variations of the energy production in renewable energies with regards to
energy demand and regulate the demand side via, for instance, shiftable loads with
respect to time and quantity. Firstly, sustainable supply

14
flexibility might be offered by the network itself through storage systems
(hydroelectricity, fuel cells, and hydrogen). Hydrogen technologies and fuel cell–
powered electric vehicles may provide a balanced energy system; however, such
systems are still quite expensive. Therefore, one of the most promising solutions to
increase flexibility is the use of combined distributed energy resources (DER), such that
they will jointly produce electricity on moments of demand. In this scope, micro-
combined heat and power (µ-CHP) units could be complementary to residential PV
systems by offering both electricity and heating, especially if the electricity prices are
fairly high or natural gas prices are relatively low. Therefore, we would like to evaluate
the efficient integration of PV systems into a local network that comprises different
configurations of DER. Secondly, residential homes with various smart appliances may
contribute to the load flexibility together with home energy management systems and
demand response. In the literature , domestic cleaning practices by use of smart washing
machines and smart dishwashers are described as the most favorable residential
consumption practices for demand side response. Heating and lighting practices have a
medium flexibility potential, according to the same social study. Moreover, in terms of
the price responsiveness of electricity users, dishwashers are qualified as significant
drivers in time-of-use tariffs. By means of these smart appliances, this study aims to
evaluate the flexible load in a smart grid pilot, particularly its temporal characteristics
and average electrical composition in power. In this paper, flexibility in both supply
and demand is analyzed by means of detailed monitoring data of Power Matching City
(PMC), which is a residential smart grid pilot which got realized in the year 2007 in the
City of Groningen in the Netherlands. This pilot includes 22 households (HH) with PV
systems and different configurations of their energy systems with µ-CHP, smart hybrid
heat pumps (SHHP), and also smart appliances, as illustrated in Figure 1a and detailed.
An energy management software, Power Matcher, has been used to operate power flows
on this pilot.

3.1.1 BATTERY AND SOLAR POWER

The usage of "battery" to describe a group electrical devices dates to Benjamin

Franklin, who in 1748 described multiple Leyden jars by analogy to a battery of cannon.
Alessandro Volta described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile in 1800.
So according to Volta, this was a stack of copper and zinc plates that was separate by

15
brine soaked paper disks, which is can produce a steady current for a considerable
length of time. However, Volta did not appreciate that the voltage was due to chemical
reactions and he thought that his cells were an inexhaustible source of energy, and that
the associated corrosion effects at the electrodes were a mere nuisance, rather than an
unavoidable consequence of their operation, as Michael Faraday showed in 1834.
Although, early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, in practice their
voltages fluctuated and they could not provide a large current for a sustained period.
The Daniell cell, invented in 1836 by British chemist John Frederic Daniell, was the
first practical source of electricity, becoming an industry standard and seeing
widespread adoption as a power source for electrical telegraph network. It consisted of
a copper pot filled with a copper sulphate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed
earthenware container filled with sulphuric acid and a zinc electrode. These wet cells
used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled
correctly. Many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile.
These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances. Near the end of
the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid
electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical. The battery powered
is a device that consists of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. In a battery, the overall chemical reaction is
divided by two physically and electrically separated processes, such as one is an
oxidation process at the battery negative electrode wherein the valence of at least one
species becomes more positive, and the other is a reduction process at the battery
positive electrode wherein the valence of at least one species becomes more negative.
The battery functions by providing separate pathways for electrons and ions to move
between the site of oxidation and the site of reduction. The electrons will pass through
the external circuit, where it can provide useful work, for example power a portable
device such as a cellular phone or an electric vehicle. While, the ions pass though the
ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte that lies between the two
electrodes inside the battery. Therefore, the ionic current is separated from the
electronic current, which can be easily controlled by a switch or a load in the external
circuit. When a battery is discharged, an electrochemical oxidation reaction proceeds at
the negative electrode and passes electrons into the external circuit, and a simultaneous
electrochemical reduction reaction proceeds at the positive electrode and accepts
electrons from the external circuit, thereby completing the electrical circuit. The

16
change from electronic current to ionic current occurs at the electrolyte or electrode
interface. When one attempts to recharge a battery by reversing the direction of
electronic current flow, an electrochemical reduction reaction will proceed at the
negative electrode, and an electrochemical oxidation reaction will proceed at the
positive electrode. The photovoltaic effect was first experimentally demonstrated by
French physicist A. E. Becquerel. In 1839, at age 19, experimenting in his father's
laboratory, he built the world's first photovoltaic cell. However, it was not until 1883
that the first solid state photovoltaic cell was built, by Charles Fritts, who coated the
semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions. The
device was only around 1% efficient. In 1888 Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov
built the first cell based on the outer photoelectric effect discovered by Heinrich Hertz
earlier in 1887. Panels in the 1990s and early 2000s generally used 5 inch (125 mm)
wafers, and since 2008 almost all new panels use 6 inch (150 mm) cells. The widespread
introduction of flat screen televisions in the late 1990s and early 2000s led to the wide
availability of large sheets of high-quality glass, used on the front of the panels.
Compared to battery power, solar powered operates by converting sunlight into
electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar powered systems use lenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic
convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar powered can
provide higher power densities. Nevertheless, both these power sources will operate
differently. Besides that, Solar energy can be converted to electricity in other ways, that
is trough the solar thermal or electric power plants generate electricity by concentrating
solar energy to heat a fluid and produce steam that is used to power a generator.

3.2 Global PV Market Review

The global PV installed capacity has reached more than 100GWp in 2013 (Figure).
The leading countries with large capacities in PV installations are Australia,
China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, and USA. The solar PV markets in these
countries are driven by strong PV project pipelines, flexible and innovative
financing mechanisms, and proactive government policies.
Major chunk of solar PV installations in the countries such as Germany, Japan,
and USA are on building rooftops.

17
Support mechanisms

The development of PV in last decades has been powered by the deployment of

supporting policies aimed at reducing the gap between electricity cost from PV and
conventional electricity sources. These schemes took various forms.
Direct capital subsidy: Direct capital subsidy aimed at tackling the up-front cost
barrier, either for specific equipment (PV modules) or total installed PV system cost.
Green electricity scheme: Allows customers to purchase green electricity based on
renewable energy from the electricity utility, usually at a premium price.
PV-specific green electricity scheme: Allows customers to purchase green electricity
based on PV electricity from the electricity utility, usually at a premium price.
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS): A mandated requirement that the electricity
utility source a portion of their electricity supplies from renewable energy.
Solar set aside RPS target: A mandated requirement that a portion of the RPS be
met by solar electricity supplies.
In recent year solar system is most popular things for the homes and also for the
business in India. Believe it or not, this desire to use the sun to power people’s

18
electricity needs is anything but new. Ever since scientists discovered materials that
can produce electrical current by simply being exposed to light, people have been
excited about this energy source. Get ready to dive into the exciting and ever-
expanding world of solar power with the overview we provide in this report.
The operating principles for modern PV cells were first discovered in 1839 by a French
physicist named A.E. Becquerel. After that, a number of scientists played with and
improved on Becquerel’s original discovery. In the 1950s, Bell Labs created the first
piece of PV technology designed for use in space. This technology soon found its way
back down to earth for use in telecommunications applications in remote areas. In the
1970s and 1980s, people began using PV modules to charge batteries and then used
those batteries to run various lights and appliances in their remote homes. These early
PV pioneers helped set the stage for today’s PV industry. The first PV cells weren’t
very efficient or widely used outside of space programs. They were also quite costly.
Yet over the years, researchers and manufacturing companies increased efficiencies
and reliability and managed to drive down costs drastically. All of these contributions
have led to the widespread use of solar modules and their availability to you and me.
In the following sections, I describe some common PV applications, a few brief pros
and cons of PV systems, and the future of the PV industry. Modern PV systems can
be found in a wide variety of applications. The power calculators, pump water, help
offset the energy used by floodlights along highways, and, of course, power homes
and businesses. For you and me, electricity is available nearly everywhere we go, and
PV systems are able to integrate with the existing utility grid. In remote, developing
areas, PV systems provide valuable energy for powering lighting systems, running
refrigerators, and helping deliver clean drinking water.

3.3 SOCIAL RELAVANCE

Job Creation -When cities or companies decide to build and operate solar energy
facilities, the projects often help to create numerous jobs. For instance, workers are
needed to plan the project, development implement project, build the solar energy plant,
manage the equipment and operate the facility. Thus many new jobs can be fulfilled by
workers as a result of city or state using solar energy facilities to generate electricity for
the area and this would in turn help decrease the unemployment rate of the given area.

19
Economics -There are many ways in which the use of solar energy can help stimulate
the economy of the affected areas and of the US. With more people able to find
employment as a result of the increased number of jobs created by the development and
operation of solar energy panels, more people would have money to contribute nations
economy. Also, manufacturing solar energy is less expensive than burning fossil fuels,
which is the traditional method of generating electricity. Thus, if business or households
decide to use solar energy to power electricity in their homes or buildings, their electric
bills can be substantially less than if they use energy generated from fossil fuels. Over
an extended period of time the financial difference of cheaper electric bills can become
quite significant, enabling families and business to inject more of their money into the
economy.

Health - Generating energy from solar panels emits very little pollution into the air,
and thus solar energy is a much cleaner source of energy than the burning of fossil fuels.
Cities or areas that decide to use solar energy to power the buildings would thus enjoy
a cleaner equality of air in the region, which in turn can make the citizens and workers
more healthy.
Furthermore, studies indicate that burning fossil fuels help facilitate global warming.
However, because solar panels emit very low amount of hazardous pollution into the
air, solar energy does not damage the atmosphere or cause global warming. Thus, if
areas decide to use solar energy to generate electricity, the shift will help diminish the
effects of global warming, such as the sea levels rising and storms intensifying.

Oil Dependence - In the United States, factories that burn fossil fuels to generate energy
and power for homes and businesses rely on oil to generate the energy. As a result, the
US is dependent on oil that often comes from foreign nations to create the electricity,
and sometimes the money the US pays for foreign oil is used to harbor or support
terrorism. However, if the US adopted policies and implemented more solar energy
programs, not as much oil would be needed in the country and thus the amount that the
US purchase from foreign nations would be reduced.

20
CHAPTER -4

4.1 Advantages:

1. Solar power is pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after
installation
2. Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels
3. Renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days
produce some power
4. Return on investment unlike paying for utility bills
5. Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years
6. Creates jobs by employing solar panel manufacturers, solar installers, etc. and
in turn helps the economy
7. Excess power can be sold back to the power company if grid intertied
8. Ability to live grid free if all power generated provides enough for the home /
building
9. Can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field to on a building
10. Use batteries to store extra power for use at night
11. Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and building, even power cars
12. Safer than traditional electric current
13. Efficiency is always improving so the same size solar that is available today will
become more efficient tomorrow
14. Aesthetics are improving making the solar more versatile compared to older
models; i.e. printing, flexible, solar shingles, etc.
15. Federal grants, tax incentives, and rebate programs are available to help with
initial costs

4.2 Disadvantages

1. High initial costs for material and installation and long ROI
2. Needs lots of space as efficiency is not 100% yet
3. No solar power at night so there is a need for a large battery bank
4. Some people think they are ugly (I am definitely not one of those!)
5. Devices that run on DC power directly are more expensive

21
6. Depending on geographical location the size of the solar panels varies for the
same power generation
7. Cloudy days do not produce much energy
8. Solar panels are not being massed produced due to lack of material and
technology to lower the cost enough to be more affordable
9. Solar powered cars do not have the same speeds and power as typical gas-
powered cars
10. Lower production in the winter months

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CHAPTER-5

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

In this project, we have analyzed and compared the use of primary batteries against
energy harvesting, in particular with solar energy. The parameters and characteristics
of power sources sensor nodes have also been outlined. In this paper also reviews of
each energy density and power efficiency to generate power for the sensor nodes. At a
certain time, the highest power density is the best alternative that will provide the best
option in terms of size and weight. So, for power density of batteries powered mainly
depends on size, manufacturer and also type of battery technology. Meanwhile, the
solar cell powered has constant power density and that is depends on the specific
ambient external sources.

5.2 REFERENCES

[1] Sen, J. A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network Security. Y. Xiao (Ed.). Computer
Networks. 52(12): 24.

[2] ISM Isa, B Sopna, NLA Shaari, ATI Fayeez. 2013. Performance Analysis On
Multihop Transmission Using Arp Routing Protocol. In: IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc
Network. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 2(7), July.

[3] ISM Isa, SHS Ariffin, N Fisal, NM AbdulLatiff, NLA Shaari, ATI Fayeez. 2013.
Multi Hop Transmission in IEEE 802.11 Low Rate Ad Hoc Network Using ARPRoute
Ad Hoc Network Using ARP-Route. Journal of Telecommunication and Computer
Engineering (JTEC), vol. 5, Jan - June.

[4] ATI Fayeez, VR Gannapathy, SSS Ranjit, SK Subramaniam, ISM Isa. 2013.
Throughput Analysis Of Energy Aware Routing Protocol For Real-Time Load
Distribution In Wireless Sensor Network (Wsn). International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology. 2 (11).

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[5] VR Gannapathy, MR Ahmad, MK Suaidi, MS Johal. 2009. Performance Analysis
of Concurrent Transmission with Reducing Handshakes in Multi-hop Wireless Mesh
Networks (WMNs). Journal of Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (JTEC).
vol. 1, July – December.
[6] V. R. Gannapathy, M. Kadim, B. Haji, M. Syahrir, B. Johal, L. K. Chuan, N. Bin
Ramlit, and H. Mohamadt. 2011. A Smooth Forwarding Operation in Wireless Mesh
Network. IEEE 10th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC).
pp. 83-87, October.

[7] V. R. Gannapathy, M. R. Ahmad, M. K. Suaidi, M. S. Johal, and E. Dutkiewicz.

2009. Concurrent MAC with short signaling for multi-hop wireless mesh networks. In:
International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Workshops.

[8] V. R. Gannapathy, A. Fayeez, B. Tuani, Z. Bin Zakaria, A. Rani, B. Othman, and

A. A. Latiff. 2013. An Enhancement Of RTS / CTS Control Handshake In: CSMA /
CA Based MAC Protocol For An Efficient Packet Delivery Over Multihop Wireless
Mesh Network (WMN ). Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. IJRET. 2(10): 604-608.

[9] Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_node

[10] Bellis, Mary. 2008. History of the Electric Battery. About.com. Retrieved 11
August.

[11] Bellis, Mary. 2008. Alessandro Volt - Biography of Alessandro Volta - Stored
Electricity and the First Battery. About.com. Retrieved 7 August.

[12] Stinner, Arthur. 2008. Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani (PDF). Retrieved 11
August.

[13] Electric Battery History - Invention of the Electric Battery. The Great Idea Finder.
Retrieved 11 August 2008.

[14] M. Battery History, Technology, Applications and Development MPower

Solutions Ltd. Retrieved 19 March 2007.

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[15] Sen Borvon, Gérard. 2012. History of the electrical units. Association S-EAU-S.
"Columbia Dry Cell Battery". National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American
Chemical Society. Retrieved March 25, 2013.

[16] Enterprise Theme on Genesis Framework. 2013. “What is a Battery?” Retrieved

October 2013, from http://batt.lbl.gov/what-is-a-battery/

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