Tejeros Convention

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Tejeros Convention, 1897

March 22, 1897[1]

Emilio Aguinaldo Andrés Bonifacio Mariano Trías

Magdalo Party Magdiwang Party Magdiwang Party
vote 146 / 256 80 / 256 30 / 256
Percentage 57.03% 31.25% 11.72%

President before election Elected President

Emilio Aguinaldo
Magdalo Party

Site of the Tejeros Convention in present-day Rosario, Cavite, which was formerly part of San Francisco de
Malabon
The Tejeros Convention (alternate names include Tejeros Assembly and Tejeros
Congress) was the meeting held on March 22, 1897 between
the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon
(now General Trias,[1][3] but the site is now at Rosario), Cavite[clarification needed]. These are the first
presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history, although only the
Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general
populace.

Contents

 1Convention
o 1.1Purpose
o 1.2Election results
o 1.3Allegations of fraud
 2Post-convention events
o 2.1Aguinaldo
o 2.2Bonifacio
 3References
o 3.1Bibliography

Convention[edit]
Purpose[edit]
The convention was called to discuss the defense of Cavite against
the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution. The contemporary Governor
General, Camilo de Polavieja, had regained much of Cavite itself. Instead, the
convention became an election to decide the leaders of the revolutionary movement,
bypassing the Supreme Council.
The revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a friar estate residence in
Tejeros to resume their discussions regarding the escalating tension between
the Magdalo and Magdiwang forces; And also to settle once and for all the issue of
governance within the Katipunan through an election.[4] Amidst implications on whether
the Katipunan, which operated as an alternative revolutionary government, [5] should be
established as a monarchy or as a republic, Bonifacio defended that it should be
maintained as a republic. According to him, all of its members of any given rank shall
serve under the principle of liberty, equality and fraternity, upon
which republicanism was founded.[6] Despite Bonifacio's concern on the lack of officials
and representatives from other provinces, The Magdalo was obliged to proceed with the
election.[7]
Election results[edit]
Tejeros Revolutionary Government
 Pamahalaang Panghimagsikan ng Tejeros

Flag

Overview

Established March 22, 1897[citation needed]

Dissolved November 1, 1897[citation needed]

State Philippines

Leader President

Main organ Cabinet

Headquarters San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite

Andrés Bonifacio, the contemporary Supremo (supreme leader) of the Katipunan,

presided over the election. He secured the unanimous approval that the decision would
not be questioned.

e • d Summary of the March 22, 1897 Tejeros Convention[citation needed]

Results

Candidate Faction

Votes %

Emilio Aguinaldo Magdalo 146 57.03%

Andrés Bonifacio Magdiwang 80 31.25%

Mariano Trías Magdiwang 30 11.72%

Valid votes 256 100.00%

Votes cast 256 100.00%

Registered voters 256 100.00%

The results of the election:

Position Name Faction

President Emilio Aguinaldo Magdalo

Vice-President Mariano Trías Magdiwang

Captain-General Artemio Ricarte Magdiwang

Emiliano Riego de
Director of War Magdiwang
Dios

Director of the
Andrés Bonifacio Magdiwang
Interior

Bonifacio accepted the decision, but not before insisting on a recount of the votes.
Supporters such as Severino de las Alas made abortive efforts to help make Bonifacio
vice president.[8] However, Daniel Tirona objected that the post should not be occupied
by a person without a lawyer's diploma. He suggested a lawyer like Jose del Rosario is
qualified for the suitable position.[9] Bonifacio was insulted, and demanded that Tirona
retract the remark. When Tirona made to leave instead, Bonifacio drew a pistol and was
about to fire at Tirona, but stopped when Ricarte tried to disarm him. [9] Bonifacio then
voided the convention as Supremo of the Katipunan.[10]
Some Magdiwang leaders, led by Pio del Pilar and Mariano Llanera, recanted their
previous insistence that the result of the convention is null and void, thereby recognizing
the validity of the elected leaders, and later occupying the five vacant positions upon
appointment from Aguinaldo. The newly appointed officials took their oath of office on
April 24, 1897. Aguinaldo, on the same day, convened the first session of the cabinet
and issued an official circular informing the town presidents of all municipalities that he
was duly elected by the convention and was assuming his position as president. [11]

Official Cabinet of the Tejeros Revolutionary Government

Position Name Term Political Faction

March 23, 1897 - November 1,

President Emilio Aguinaldo Magdalo
1897

March 23, 1897 - November 1,

Vice-President Mariano Trías Magdiwang
1897

March 23, 1897 - November 1,

Captain-General Artemio Ricarte Magdiwang
1897

Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 Magdiwang

Director of State Jacinto Lumbreras April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 Magdiwang

March 23, 1897 - November 1,

Director of Finance Baldomero Aguinaldo Magdalo
1897

Director of Welfare Mariano Alvarez April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 Magdiwang

Director of Justice Severino de las Alas April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 Magdiwang

Director of the
Pascual Alvarez April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 Magdiwang
Interior

Allegations of fraud[edit]
In addition to Bonifacio's statement voiding the outcome the probity of the election held
has been questioned, with allegations that many ballots distributed were already filled
out and that the voters had not done this themselves. [12]
In their memoirs, Santiago Álvarez and Gregoria de Jesús both alleged that many
ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay
contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that
Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before
the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing. [6][13]

Post-convention events[edit]
Aguinaldo[edit]
Emilio Aguinaldo was not present at the convention, but was at a military front at
Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, Cavite. He was notified of his election to the
Presidency the following day, and his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him
to travel to take the oath of office. Leaving Crispulo in command, Aguinaldo traveled to
Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza, Cavite), where he and the others elected, with the
exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office. Crispulo Aguinaldo was among those
killed in the Battle of Pasong Santol between March 7 and 24, 1897, which ended with a
Spanish victory.[10] Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office as President in a
chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of
the Roman pope.[14]:109 According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside
with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction
while the oath-taking took place.[15] Artemio Ricarte also took his office "with great
reluctance" and made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady"
and "not been in conformity with the true will of the people." [16] After assuming the
Presidency, Aguinaldo sent a delegation to contact Bonifacio and persuade him to
cooperate with the newly constituted government. The delegation was able to contact
Bonifacio, but was unable to persuade him to cooperate. [17]
Bonifacio[edit]
Wikisource has original
text related to this article:

Acta de Tejeros (1897)

Wikisource has original
text related to this article:

Naic Military Agreement

After leaving the convention, Bonifacio met on March 28 with 45 of his followers.
Convinced that the election at the convention had been invalid, they drew up a
document titled Acta de Tejeros giving their reasons for having rejected the convention
results.[3] They then proceeded to Naik and drew up another document, sometimes
referred to as the Naic Military Agreement, repudiating the insurgent government
established at Tejeros.[18] Several complaints against Bonifacio, notably from Severino
de las Alas and Jose Coronel, were presented to Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo
dispatched a force to Naik, which arrested Andres and Procopio Bonifacio after an
exchange of gunfire in which Andres was wounded and his older brother, Ciriaco, was
killed. Andres and Procopio were tried on charges of treason by members of the war
council of Aguinaldo's government. On May 10, 1897, the brothers were executed. [19][20]

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:    "Andres Bonifacio and the
a b

Katipunan".  nhcp.gov.ph. National Historical Commission of the

Philippines. September 4, 2012. Retrieved  February 28,  2020.
2. ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. (1968). The Philippine Revolution. Modern Book
Company. p. 123.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b "Tejeros Convention". Presidential Museum and
Library,  Malacañan Palace.
4. ^ Constantino 1975, p. 184
5. ^ "Katipunan". Retrieved  December 10, 2019.  It operated as an
alternative Filipino government complete with a president and cabinet.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Alvarez 1992.
7. ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 185–186
8. ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 107.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b Alvarez 1992, p. 108.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b Agoncillo 1990, p. 178.
11. ^ "Andres Bonifacio and others, Declaration, c. April 19, 1897 (The
"Naik Military Agreement") - Katipunan: Documents and
Studies".  www.kasaysayan-kkk.info.
12. ^ Ambeth Ocampo, Election fraud at the Tejeros
Convention Archived 2010-06-30 at the Wayback Machine (November
5, 2007), Philippine Daily Inquirer.
13. ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 192.
14. ^ Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for
Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ISBN 1-
881261-05-0
15. ^ Álvarez 1992.
16. ^ Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated March 24, 1897. "Archived copy".
Archived from  the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved May
22,  2011.
17. ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 178-179.
18. ^ "Andres Bonifacio and others, Declaration, c. April 19, 1897 (The
"Naik Military Agreement")". Katipunan: Documents and Studies.
December 11, 2018.
19. ^ "Artemio Ricarte on the Arrest and Execution of Bonifacio -
Presidential Museum and Library".
20. ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 179-181.

Bibliography[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Tejeros
 Convention.

 The Tejeros Assembly of 1897 MSC Computer Training

Center
 Katipunan and the Acto de Tejeros, March 23, 1897,
Documents of the Katipunan, Katipunan : Documents and
studies
 Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino
People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech
Publishing. ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
 Alvarez, Santiago V. (1992). Recalling the revolution:
memoirs of a Filipino general. University of Wisconsin,
Center for Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-1-881261-
05-6.
 Constantino, Renato (1975). The Philippines: A Past
Revisited. Quezon City: Tala Publishing
Services. ISBN 971-8958-00-2.
 Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John
(1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History
of the Filipino People. 5. Asia Publishing Company
Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1.
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Philippine Revolution

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Presidential elections in the Philippines

Categories: 
 1897 in the Philippines
 History of Cavite
 Leadership elections
 Philippine Revolution
 Presidential elections in the Philippines
 March 1897 events
 1897 conferences
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