7 R. K. MALIK'S riitramanovs,neoica son, non eax NEWTON CLASSES Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XII _TARGET CBSE 2 mineral is 3 naturally occurting chemical substance with 2 specific chemical composition. The study of minerals is called ‘mineralogy and the viable minerals which can be used as sources of metal ae called ores, An ore Is genelly contamunated vith undesired substances caled gangue, ‘The metals can be extracted from resby concentrating the or, isolating the metal fom the concentrated ore and purificate ofthe metal The process of iolation of metal from concentrated ore called metallurgy. ‘Aluminiumandiron are the two most abundant elements The metas extracted from ther common ores are aluminium (bauxite) ron (haematite, magnetite, siderte, iron pyrite) copper copper pyites, malachite, cuprite) and zinc zinc blende,calamine zine The concentration dressing or benefaction) of ores done by separating unwanted materials (sand, clays et). The varous methods of concentration oF ores are hydraulic washing (gravity separation, magnetic separation, froth floatation method anc leaching. (a) In hydraulic washing, an upward stream of running water is used to wash the powdered oe, in which the lighter gangue partclesare washed avay leaving behind the heavier ones. (b) In magnetic separation, either the ore or the gangue is separated by magnetic fields in which ground ore i carted on ‘conveyer bet which passes overa magnetic roller. (©) Inffoth floatation method, an aqueous suspension of powdered ore is made. To ths suspension, cllectors (pine oll fatty _2cids etc) and froth stablizers (resol and aniline) are added. The frothis formed when the ars dawn into the mixture, ‘The froth cartes the mineral particles that have become wet by olls while the gangue particles are let behind. The froth then skimmed off and died to recover the ore particles. This process is mostly done for sulphide ores. () Leaching is done when the ore is soluble is some suitable solvent. For example, extraction of aluminium i ariad aut fom bauaite by dissolving it in concentrated NaOH: inthe extraction of silver and geld, elute solution of NaCN or KCN i usa. The extraction of crude metal from concentrated ote is done by converting them to oxides and reduction ofthese oxides to ‘metals. The conversion to oxides is done by calcination and roasting, Further reduction ofthe oxide to metal is done by heating the oxide with some other substance acting as reducing agent. ‘The flux added during metallurgy combines with gangue, and forms slag which separates more easly from ore than gangue. 2. For understanding metallurgical transformations, Gibbs energy or AGis calculated. I AG's negative it indicates that the reaction is feasible. Gibbs energy changes that occur when | mol ofa reactant is used ate plotted graphically against temperature to ‘obtain graph called Ellingham diagram. Irons extracted from its oxides in blast furnace through caination or roasting The ron obtained from bast furnace containing {about 4% carbon and many impurities in smaller amounts. SF, Ma) called pig iron, Cast iron is made from meting pig iron with scrap iron and coke using hot ar blast It contains 38 carbon and is extremely hurd and britle. Wrought Iron isthe purest form of iran prepared fram east ron by oxidizing impurities ina reverberatory furnace lined with hematite Coppers extracted by reducing copper oxide with coke Silay zinc is extracted by reducing zinc oxide with coke. Reduction of metal ions in solution or molten state i aried out by electrolysis, which is governed by the equation AG® = -nBPF here n= numberof electrons and E° = electrode potential, If Eis postiveand AG? is negative then the less reactive material ll come out ofthe salution whereas the more reactive one wil gointo the solution. The extraction can also be carted out by oxida- tion eg, extraction of chlorine from brine) Office.; 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Ph.; 0661-2662523, 9635508812, 7546645949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ven after concentration and extraction, there tend 1o remain some impurities in the metal Soto obtain metals of high purity. the following processes can be caried out: Distilation (low-boling metals ke zinc and mercury) (b),Liquation low melting metal ike tn). ()_ Electrolysis mpure metal such as coppers made the anode and pure metals made the cathode) {)_ Zone refining (impurities are more soluble in the melt than inthe solid state, e.g, germanium slicon). {e}_ Vapor phase reflsing (metal is converted to volatile compound and then collected) 0) Chromatographic methods (diferent components ofa mixture are diferently adsorbed on an adsorbent, so they are eluted Using solvents of efferent polarities). |. van-Arkel-de Boer proces for purification of zirconium, boron and titanium: Ze gp Ty Za Thy — > 208) oe TH) +2419 ‘The important uses of aluminium include maling of aluminium fll In paints, in wires and fr extracting chromium and manga nese. Copper is used to make wires and in alloys. Zinc is used for galvanizing iron and in several alloys Cast ron is used for making ‘wrought ion, steel, railway sleepers, ppes, etc. 6.1 OCCURRENCE OF METALS Conceptual Questions 1. There are many minerals in the earth’ crust which contain aluminium, but only bauxite is an important ore of this metal, Explain Solution “There are many minerals inthe earth's crust which contain aluminium, but only bauxite is an important ore ofthis metal because the concentration of aluminium in bauxite oe is comparatively high, andit can be economically extracted from it 2, Most ofthe ores in the earth’ crust are ether oxides, sulphides or halides but not nitrides. Explain, Solution ‘Due to high bond dissociation energy and chemical inertness of nitrogen, the metals do not form nitride ores. 3. Copper and siver lie low in the electrochemical series and yet they are found in the combined state 25 sulphides in nature. Comment Solution [At higher temperature the reaction between copper and sulphur becomes feasible. So, they combine together and copper exists as copper sulphides in nature, Also due to high polarizing power of Cu and Ag ions, their sulphides ae more stable, 4 Why do some metals occur inthe native state? Solution ‘The less reactive metal ike god, sive which are low inthe reactivity series occur in the native stat, Textbook Exercises Distinguish between (a) mineral and ore and b) calcination and roasting Solution (a) Minera isa naturally occuring chemical substance with a specific chemical composition, whereas ores are viable minerals which canbe usedasores {b)Calcintion isthe process of converting carbonate and hydoside ores of metal to thelr respective oxides by heating them Io ‘ether absence or limited supply of ak. Whereas, roasting is the process of converting sulphide oe into Is oxide by heating in excess oft, 2. Just the statement: Every ore sa mineral but every mineral is natan ore. Solution ‘Amineralisa naturally occuring chemical substance with a specific chemical composition. The viable minerals which can be used as sources of metal ate called ores, An ores generally contaminated with undesired substances called gangue. For example, aluminium Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2635608812, 7546845949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS~XII__3 ‘occurs inthe earth crustin the form of clay and bauxite, but we extactit from bauxite only because its easy, cheapand economical ‘That means every mineral isnot suitable forthe extraction of metal. Thus, the main or of aluminium is bausite So, allores are minet- alsbutall minerals are not ores. ‘Additional Questions ‘Metal sulphides occur mainly in rocks and metal halidesin lakes and seas. Explain, Solution ‘Metal sulphides ae insoluble in water and do not get carried away with the rain water and occur mainly in rocks, whereas metal halide ae soluble in water and get carried away with rain Water and occur in lakes and seas 2. Why is ron an abundant element on earth, and why are the elements with higher atomic numbers increasingly rare? Solution Due to very high nuclear binding energy, rons abundant on earth, whereas the elements with higher atomic numbers are unstable ‘due to low nuclear binding energy 50 they ae rare, 6.2 CONCENTRATION OF ORES Conceptual Questions 1. What is meant by Benefaction process? Solution Benefaction is a process to concentrate of remove impurities from an ore 2. Anoce as impurities which are lighter than the ore. Name the process for the concentration ofthe ore. Solution Hydraulic washing s used for concentrating the ore which as lighter impurities. 3. Why Is leaching of gold by meta cyanide caried out in the presence of oxygen? Give the chemical equation, Name the metal used asreducing agent Solution Leaching of gold by metal cyanide is carried out inthe presence of oxygen because it isan oxidation reaction where Au Is oxidized to Au" which then combines with CN" fons to form soluble complex, thats, 4A BKCN + 2H,0 +0, —> 4KTAUICN),) + 4KOH Potassium Zinc metals used asthe reducing agent 2K{AUICN),] + Zn —> Ky2(CNIg + 2AU |4. Name the chief ores of tn, iron and aluminium. What are the methods employed for the concentration oftheir ones? Solution ‘The chief ore of tn i cassitrite, $nO, and itis concentrated by magnetic separation. The chief ore of ion s haematite, Fe,0; and it's concentrated by hydraulic washing. ‘The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite, Al,O, 2H,O and itis concentrated by leaching, How does NaCN actas.a depressantin preventing Zn from forming the froth ath floatation process? Solution ACN selectively prevents the Zn from forming the frat by forming 2 complex with it that i, Na,(Zn(CN ‘6. Whatisthe significance of leaching inthe extraction of aluminium? wwcenT) Solution During leaching, the powdered bauxite ore is heated with a concentrated solution of NaOH at 473-$23 K. when alumina dissolves as Sodium meta aluminate and sila (SiO; as sodium silicate leaving Fe,0, TiO, and other impurities behind, The impurities arefitered off and the solution of sodium meta aluminate is neutralized by passing CO, when hydrated alumina separates out while sodium slicate remain in the solution. The hydrated alumina thus obtained i tered, dried and heated to give back pure alumina. Thus the significance of leaching inthe extraction of aluminium fto prepare pure alumina from the bauxite ore. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET4 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 7. What the role of depressant in froth floatation process? (wcerT) Solution Depressants are added to prevent one type of sulphide ore particles from forming the froth with air bubbles. For example, NBCN is sed as a depressant to separate PbS ore from ZnS ore, where NaCN selectively prevents Zn from forming the froth by forming a ‘complex with it thats, Na,(Za(CN)]- Unde these conditions only Pb forms froth and hence can be separated from Zn ore 18. How islaaching carried out in case of low-grade copper ores? incenT) Solution ‘The low-grade oe of coppers leached outwith acids in presence of ar when metal goesint the solution as Cons, which then treated with seap ton oF Hp 2Culs) +2406) + 40, (g) —> Cu*ag) + 24,010 CuP"aq) +Hylg) —> Cuts + 24"'aq) Textbook Exercises 1. Why sinc and not copper used forthe recovery of slvr from the complex (AgICN) 1"? Solution Zine and not copper i use forthe recovery of silver from the complex [AgICN),1" because the for 2n2/zn is 0.76 V, whichis far more negative than Cu /Cu (+0.34V). Thi means that Zn is more reactive than copper, ané hence reduction wil be faeter In case of zinc. 2. Explain withthe help of chemical reactions why the extraction of gold by leaching with NaCN involves both reduction and oxidation Solution Extraction of gold involves leaching the metal with CN" in the presence of, It isan oxidation reaction because Auis oxidized to Aut in the presence of ©, which then combines with the CN” fons to form a soluble complex. AARuls)+8CN(aq) +240 (a) + Og) —> {AUICN),T faq) + 40H faq) “The metal Aulsthen recovered by displacement reaction where Zn s used asa teducing agent. AMICI (a9) + Zeis) —> CN (aq) + 2AUI8) 3. What is meant by concentration of ore? Name the methods used fr concentration of ore and describe any one of them. Solution Concentration of are means removal of unwanted impurities (eg, sands clay, tc) from the oe, The methods used fr the concentra tion of oe ae hydraulic washing, magnetic separation, froth floatation process leaching Froth floatation method Qe lt rotating pale ‘he we |S Pap ofore + ot Figure 6. “This method (Fig, 6.1) 1s used for removing gangue particles from sulphide ores. It is based onthe principle that ore particles become wet by ols whereas gangue particles become wet by wate. In this process, the oe is ist powered and its suspension with water 's prepared. 8 rotating paddle agitates the mixture and draws air into It-This leads to the formation of froth. As the ore particles are wetted by ols, they rie along with the froth The froth isthen skimmed off and dred for recovering the ore particles. Collectors and froth stabilizers are added during the process to enhance non-wettablty of mineral parties 4, Name the main ors of copper iton and zinc and the methods used forthe concentration. Solution ‘The main ore of copper is copper pytites(CuFeS,) ands concentrated by froth floatation method, ‘The main or of iron i haematite (F0,) and is concentrated by magnetic separation method. The main ore of zines2incblende (2n8) ands concentrated by froth floatation method. 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS~ XI 5, Deserbe the principle of roth floatation method used for concentration of sulphide ores Solution ‘Te principle involved i thatthe ore particles become wet by oll, whereas gangue particles become wet by water. Sulphide ores are concentrated using this method because the sulphur particles are wetted by oll whereas gangue particles are wetted by water. Asa result froth s formed which caries the mineral particles Previous Years CBSE Questions 1. Deterbe the role ofthe following: (case 2010) (a) NaCN inthe extraction of sver from a siver or, ()lodine in the refining of tanium, Solution (a) Role of NaCN inthe extraction of siver ore isto do leaching of iver ore inthe presence of arfrom which silver metals obtained later by replacement with zine metal ‘4ha{s)+ 8CN" a) +240 + 0319) —> AIAGIEN),T +4087 (0) Iodine s heated with titanium to form a volatile compound which on further heating decomposes to give pure titanium: Ti impure) +21, —> Ty Tl, —>T (pure) +21, 2. Why isthe froth flotation method selected for the concentration of sulphide ores? (case 2008) Solution Froth flattion method is selected forthe concentration of sulphide ores because In this process sulphide ore particles are wetted by cll whereas gangue particles are wetted by water Asa result, froth is formed which cates the mineral particles. ‘Additional Questions 1 Account forthe following: Pine cll used in froth Noatation process. Solution Pine oll enhances the non-wettabilt of the ore particles by water. In other words, ove particles are preferentially wetted by pinevi hence they become lighter and rie tothe surface along withthe froth, 6.3 EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL FROM CONCENTRATED ORE Conceptual Questions Discuss some ofthe factors which need consideration before deciding onthe method of extraction ofa metal fromits ore, Solution Some ofthe factors which need consideration before deciding on the method of extraction ofa metal from Its re are: {a} Thermodynamic factor: The change i Gibbs energy should be negative fora spontaneous reaction. {b)_ Nature ofthe ore: Since there are both high-grade and low-grade ores available, so different methods ae omployed for their ‘extraction. {c)_ Requirement: The quantity ofthe metal to be extracted should be known whether itis less or more {@)Purty of product: There are fferent extraction processes fora high-purity and low-purity meta. 2. What sa fl? Discuss its types and uses in metallurgical operations Solution ‘Aluxisa cleaning or purifying agent which combines with the impurities which might be present inthe calcined or roasted ore to form an easly fusible material called the slag Types and uses of fluxes (a) Acidic fax: It is used to clean the basic impurities lice lime or metalic oxide preset in the oe FeO + Sid) —> FeSI0, asc mpuren) Ace Mand Si (b) Basie luz It is used to clean the acidic impurities ke SiO, presentin the ore. SiO; + MgCO;—> MgsiO, + co (Acidic impure) Wan ux) (Slag) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET6 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 4. Why is chalcopyrite roasted and not calcined during extraction of copper? Solution CChaleopyrites roasted and not calcined during extraction of copper because roasting is generally preferred for sulphide ores. CuFeSy (chalcopyrite when roasted gets converted into a mituee ofFeS and Cu,5, which are then partly oxidized, 2CuFeS, +0, —> Cu45 + 2FeS + 50, 2FeS +30 —> 2FeO +250, 24,5 +30, —>2€u,0+ 280, 4. Cinnabar (495) and galena (PbS) on roasting often give thelr respective metals but zinc blende (ZnS) does not Explain. Solution Roasting ofall these sulphide ors gives thelr respective oxides. But the oxides of Ha and Pb are unstable while that of Zn is stable Hence, oxides of mercury and lead bring about the reduction of their respective sulphides to the corresponding metals. But zinc oxide does not reduce ZnS to 2n metal 5. State the role of sia inthe metallurgy of copper. (wcerr) Solution During the roasting of copper pyrites, we get FeO and Cun0. 2CuFeS, +0; —> Cu,$ + 2FeS +250, 2,5 +30, —> 2€u,0+ 250; 2FeS +30, —> 2Fe0+ 250; Silica is added to remove iron oxide a slag because silica combines with FeO to forma slag FeO + Si0;(fux) —> FeSI0, sag) 6. Giving examples, lifferentiate between roasting” and calcination Solution Calcination i the process of converting carbonates and hydroxides ores of metal to ther respective oxides by heating them In ether absence or limited supply of at For example, Zn€O, —>2n0+CO, Roasting s 2 process of converting a sulphide ore into its respective oxide by heating it strongly in excess of air For exarpl PbS +30,—>Pb0+250, Textbook Exercises 1. Why are sulphide ores roasted to form oxides before ther reduction to metal? Solution ‘Sulphide ores are roasted to frm oxides before their reduction to metal because the standard Gibbs energies of formation for most ‘ofthe sulphide ores ate greater than H,S and CS,, which means neither carbon nor hydrogen can reduce metal sulphides to metal Also, the oxidation of metal sulphide to metal oxide sa favorable reaction, 2. Explain why all oxides cannot be reduced using carbon as reducing agent. Solution All oxides cannot be reduced using carbon as reducing agent because some oxides of very reactive metas le above inthe reactivity ‘series, So, carbon cannat reduce them, 6.4 THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY and 6.5 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES Conceptual Questions 1. Whatisthe actual reducing agent in the blast furnace to reduce haematite to iron? Solution ‘The actual reducing agent is carbon monoxide whichis obtained by burning coke. 2. Gibbs energies of formation (AG) of MgO\s) and CO(g) at 1273 K and 2273 Kare as follows: AG (gO) =-941 kot at 1273 K Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS~ XI AG(MgOIs))=-314 kdmol" 3t 2273 K ‘AG (CO(g))= 439 KImot™ at 1273 K ‘AG (CO(g) =-628 Ima at 2273 K (On the basis ofthe above data predict the temperature at which carbon can be used as a reducing agent for MgO\s) Solution Av1273K, AG=~439--(-941) = Positive (reaction snot feasibe) ADI73K, AG =-628 ~(-314) = Negative (reaction i feasible) So, at and above temperature 2273 K, carbon can be used to reduce MgO. 2. Which of the following metas cannot be extracted bythe smelting proces: Al, Zn, Fe, PD? Solution [Alcannot be extracted by the smelting process because Al,O, stable compound. So, it cannot be reduced by carbon. 44 How iron extracted from oxide ore? Solution Iron is extracted from ts oxide ote by chemical eduction with carbon monoxide. The oxide are (Fe; 0,)is concentrated by hydraulic washing, The or is calcined s0 a8 to remove moisture and volatile impurities. The calcined ore is reduced with carbon, that i, smelte in bast furnace. At 1123 K temperature inthe las furnace, carbon monoxide reduces FeO toFe. The following reaction sthermadynamically Feasible as is apparent fom the Gibbs energy value. Why does it not take place atroom temperature? (NCERT} (0, +28 —> A1,0, + 2Cr (46? =—42 K) Solution Since inthe given reaction, all the reactants and products are in solid state at room temperature, so the equilibrium does not exist between the reactants and the products and hence the reaction does not occur at room temperature. 6. Isittrue that under certain conditions, Mg can reduce SIO, and Sican reduce MgO? What are those conditions? (wcerr) Solution Yes, tis tue. From Ellingham dlagram (refer to Fig. 65 of Textbook), Its clear that at temperatures below 1966 K. Mig can reduce ‘iO, to metalic silicon because below this temperature the AG® curve forthe formation of SiO lies above the AG? curve forthe formation of MgO. Above 1966 K, the AG® curve forthe formation of Si; lies below the corresponding curve fr the formation ot MgO. Therefore above 1966 K,slicon can reduce MgO to Ma. 17. Why isthe exaaction of copper from pyrites more ficult than that from its oxide ore through reduction? (weer) Solution ‘The standard Gibbs energy of formation of Cu,5 fs more negative than that of CS, and HS. Therefore neither carbon nor hydrogen can reduce Cu to Cu metal contrast, AG of Cus less negative than that of CO, and hence carbon can easily ecuce Cu;0 to 8. Outof Cand CO, which isa better reducing agent a 673 K? (NceRT) Solution From Elingham diagram (refer Fig. 65 of textbook tis clear that below 673K, both Cand CO canbe used as reducing agent butzince CO can be more easly oxidized to CO, than C to CO; therefore below 673 K. CO isa more effective reducing agent thon C However, above 673 K, CO is more stable and hence is exiéation £0 CO, is less rapid than that of Co CO, Therefore, above 673 KC beter reducing agent than CO. 8. Write down the reactions taking place in different zones inthe blast furnace during the extraction fin, (weer) Solution Zone of combustion: C#0,+00, Zone of heat absorption 0,+C->20 Zone of sag formation: cacy > 40 + C03 C20 + $i, “> casio ‘calcu cate Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Zone of eduction: 3Fe:03 + Co" > Fe504 + CO, 3,0, +CO*"** > £00 + C02 '3Fe;0) + CO“ F40 + C09 0+ co Fe + CO; 10, Wire chemi reactions taking place nthe extraction of zn from nc bende Solution Chemica reactions area follows fosstng ans +30, > 2n0 + 2503 mncbiewts eduction 2200 +¢ + 2n +60 11). How isast iron liferent from’pig ton"? (NceRT) Solution Pig iron contains 4% carbon and impurities such as PS, Si, Mn In small amounts, while cast ron is obtained by melting pig iran. It has lesser carbon content (8) and is more hard and brite than pigiron, 12, Why copper matt putin silcadined converter? (wcert) Solution Copper matte is put in silica-lined converter to temove the remaining FeO and FeS presentin the matte as slag (FeSiO). 13, Why is zine not extracted from zinc oxide through reduction using CO? (weer) Solution Zine nat extracted from zinc oxide through reduction using CO because the standard Gibbs energy of formation of Zn0 from 2n islower than that of CO; from CO. So, thermadynamically it isnot favorable. 14, The value of AG for formation of r:0,)s—540 kImal and that of AO is -827 kml. the reduction of Cr,03 posible with AV? (NCERT) Solution Yes. The reduction of C0; s possible with Al because the standard Gibbs energy of formation of C1405 higher than AO; 50, Al can reduce C05, AG =-827 —[-540) = Negative (reaction i feasible) 15. OutofC and CO, which ita better reducing agent for 2n0? (NcERT) Solution isa better reducing agent because the Gibbs energy of formation of CO; from COs always higher than the Gibbs energy of forma ton of 2n0. Therefore, CO cannot reduce ZnO while C can. 16. The choice ofa reducing agent in a particular case depends on thermodynamic factors. How far do you agree with this statement? ‘Support your opinion with two examples (NCERT) Solution ‘A metal can reduce the oxides of other metas ifthe standard Gibbs energy of formation ofthe oxide ofthe former is much more negative than the latter For example, 4G (A Al,O,) is more negative than AG? (CuCu,O) means that Al can reduce Cu,0 to Cu but Cu cannot reduce AljO Smily, MgO can reduce 2n0 to Zn but Zn cannot reduce hg because AG” (Mg/MgO) Is more negative than AG® Zn/Zn0). 117. Predict conditions under which Al might be expected to reduce MgO. (weer) Solution ‘Above 1350°C, the standard Gibbs energy of formation of Al,O fom Ali less than MgO. So, above 1350°C. Alcan reduce MgO. 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS~ XI Textbook Exercises 1 Using Elingham diagram, determine the conditions under which: {a}, The lowest temperature at which Zn0 can be reduced by metal C {b) The temperature above which CuO would be reduced by roasting inal Solution {a} Above 1300°C, ZnO can be reduced by metal C {b) Above 1500°C, CuO would be reduced by roasting in at. 2. Why isH, not used asa reducing agent in metallurgical operations inspite of being a good reducing agent? Solution Because the entropy of the system decreases (rom gasto liquid) 2H,(@)+0; () $24,010 ‘Also, metal hydride formation and dissolved hydrogen reduce its reducing properties. ‘Additional Questions Why i limestone added tothe oe inthe metallurgy of ron? Solution Limestone is added ast form a slag, At 1123 K, limestone decomposes to form CaO and CO,, The C20 thus ats as Mux and con ines with sla to form a slag, 2. Suggest a condition under which magnesium could reduce alumina Solution ‘The standard Gibbs energy of formation for alumina at temperature below 1665 K Isles negative than that of MgO. Therefore, below 1665 K Mag can reduce Al,O3 to AL. Above 1665 K, the AG® value for Al,O, Is more negative than that of MgO. This means above 1665 K, Alcan reduce MgO to Ma. |. Why isthe reduction of a metal oxide easier ifthe metal formed isin quid state atthe temperature of reduction? Solution Inthe liquid state, the entropy of the system is higher than that inthe solid state. The value of AG® becomes more negative (ie, AG= AH ~TAS) and the reduction becomes more spontaneous. 6.6 ELECTROCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY and 6.7 OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES Conceptual Questions 1. Which metals are generally extracted by the electrolytic processes? What position these metals generally occupy in the pelodic table? Solution Metals such a Al Ma thats, which are highly electropostive elements and which lle above in the reactivity series are extracted by electrolytic proces. Most of them belong fo s-block elements and some metals ike Al, belong to p-block elements ofthe periodle table Look t Fig. 62 and answer the questions that follow: Carbon tring (eathode) a Rr ‘turin Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET10 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES {a}, Whatis this process of extraction of Al known as? {(b)_ Write the overall reaction taking place inthe extraction of metal, Solution The process is known as Hall-Heroult process. () The overall eacton is: 2,0, +3€—> 4 +360, 3. Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zine. Explain incert) Solution Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not inc because the £° value of zinc (Zn#"/Zn~-0.76\) slower than that of copper (Gu®/Cu = +0.34V). 50, zine can deplace copper from solution containing Cu ions. While in order to displace zinc, we have to use other reactive metals such as Mg, Al te What isthe role of cyt inthe metallurgy of aluminium? (wer) Solution ‘The role of eryoits to make alumina a good conductor of elecrkity and to lower the melting point ofthe mi '5. Name the processes from which chlorine is obtained asa byproduct. What will happen fan aqueous solution of NaCl is subjected to electrolysis? (NCERT) Solution “The process Is Dowr’s process from which Na metal is prepared. I an aqueous solution of NaCI s subjected to electrolysis then besides Na* and "fons we also have H" and OH" ions As the value of Naislower than H,0, o, waters reduced to, in preference toNa" ions. Oxidation half reaction atthe anode: Crag) —ag) + 2Cilg) —> Cia) Reduction half eaction atthe cathode: 2H,0() + 2° —> Ho) +204" (aq) {6 What s the role of graphite rod inthe electrometallurgy of aluminium? Solution Graphite s used for preventing the formation of ©} at anode because fO; i liberate, twill change Alback to lO} Tentbook Exercises 1. Name the principal re of aluminium and describe the method of extraction from this ore. List the important uses of aluminium, Solution ‘The principal ore of aluminium is bauxite, Method of extraction of aluminium is called Hall Heroult process. Fits. purified AO, it mixed with cryolte to increase its electrical conductivity and to lower the melting point ofthe mix. Then electrolysis scarred outin an electrolytic cel using carbon electrodes. The oxygen which isliberated at anode reacts withthe carbon of anode producing CO and CO,, respectively, Reduction half reaction at the cathode: AM 43° oa ‘Oxidation half reaction atthe anode: is) + 0% (met) —> Cola) +26" 1s} 20 (melt) —> COxlg) +4e° Overall action: 2A,0,+3C—4Al+3C0, Uses: Aluminium foils is used in wrapping food items, chocolates tc 2. Distinguish between the terms hydrometalluray and pyrometallrgy. Solution ‘ydrometalurgy i defined as the process of dissolving an ore ina suitable reagent followed by extraction ofthe metal by using any sultable process (such as electrolysis dlsplacement, etc) Pyrometallurgy i defined asthe process of extracting a metal by heating the metal onde witha suitable reducing agent (e.g, carbon, aluminium by using Elingham diagram) 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS~XIL__11 6.8 REFINING and 6.9 USES OF ALUMINIUM, COPPER, ZINC AND IRON Conceptual Questions = Explain the poling process forthe purification of capper, (weerr) Solution Paling is a process forthe purification of impure metal containing oxide as impurities. In this method, the impure metals melted and stirred with green poles of wood. The gases escaping out usually hydrocarbons) acts reducing agents and hence reduce the oxide impurties from the metal. In case of copper blister copper is reduced to copper by removing Cu,0 imp 2, Explain (a) zone refining and () colurnn chromatography. (weer) Solution (8), Zone refining: This method is based onthe principle that impurities are more soluble in molten meta than in solid metal. nts ‘method, a circular mobile heaters fixed at one end ofthe rod ofan impure metal. The heaters moved forward slowly, andalong With the heater, the molten zone also moves forward. After the heater has passed, pure metal crystallizes out ofthe molten metal and the impurities pass on into the adjacent molten zone. Hence the impurities get concentrated at one end ofthe rod. Tis process i repeated several times, and then the impure end is cut of from the rod (Fg. 63) Moving ne fumace Figure 6.3 ‘Column chromatography: The meta to be purified is dissolved In minimum amount of solvent and loaded on a column. When the solvent s passed through the column at atmospheric pressure, it elutes metal and diferent impurtes present based on adsorption or partition. The polarity ofthe sample is increased stepwise and the eluant is collected in smal fractions each of ‘which s concentrated and checked by TLC for purty. It is very useful in the purification ofthe elements which are available In ‘minute quantities and the impurities do not fern chemical properties from those ofthe element tobe purified. 3. Name the common elements presentin the anode mud in electrolytic refining of copper Why ae they sopresent? (NENT) Solution Antimony selenium tellurum silver, gold and platinum ae so present because they are les reactive metals, sothey are not affected bby CuS0,-H)S0, solution and settle atthe bottom as anode mud, ‘4. Whats meantby the term chromatography”? (NcERT) Solution Chromatography is used forthe separation of mixtures tis one ofthe methods used forthe refining of the impure metal. The cte- rion forthe selection phases that the stationary phase should be such thatthe impurities are more stronaly adsorbed or more solu- ble in the stationary phase than the element 1 be purified, 5. What criterion is followed forthe selection ofthe stationary phase in chromatography? (wceRT) Solution The stationary phase shouldbe such thatthe impurities are more strongly adsorbed or more soluble the stationary phase than the clement tobe purified. 16. Describe a method for refining nickel (Weert) Solution -Mondls process is used in the refining of nickel. Impure Nis heated with CO to form a complex, which then undergoes thermal ‘decomposition to give pure nickel metal Ni + 4cO —> NICO, Ni(CO), + Ni + 4c0 7. Outline the principles of refining of metas by the following methods: (a) Electrolytic refining: (b) vapor phase refining, (CERT) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (8) Electrolytic refining: Crude metal is made as anode and pure metal as cathode When curent Is passed through electrolyte of same metal ions, then pure metal ets deposited at cathode and impurities settle at the bottom ofthe anode. (b)_ Vapor phase refining: This method requires two criteria: (i) The meta should form 2 volatile compound with an available reagent. (i) The volatile compound shouldbe easly decomposable, so thatthe recovery is easy 18. Give the uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and ron. Solution ‘Aluminium being light in weight finds extensive use in building parts of automobiles and aircrafts Its used as packaging material in the form of cans and felts used in buildings for making doors, windows, wires, et. It's used for making utensils by itself or as “alloy with other metals. Its used in electrical transmission lines. finds use in extraction of chromium and manganese. Fine dust of ‘aluminium s used in paints and lacquers. ‘Coppers used for making electrical wites and pipes for carrying water and steam. Iti used for making copper vessel, cons, tools and weapons Zine 's most Commonly used inthe preparation of alos. Its alloyed with copper to make brass and with capper and nickel wo form German siver lis used fr galvanizing on for protecting it against rusting iis used for protection ofsteam boilers and ship huls against salvanic corrosion. Zine plates are used in electra bateries, Oxide and sulphide of zinc are use in manufacture of dyes and paints. Iron has the most important biological function in transportation of exygen and performing other metabolic functions ts used as catalyst, for building machine parts, hulls ofthe ship, agricultural implements, anchors, chains, tcCest rons used to make stoves, ietehen appliances and utensils Is used in underground plumbing, buldingralvay sleepers and forthe manufacture of wrought iron and steel Wrought iron i tesistant towards rusting and is used for making garden furniture, garden Fencing, et Tertbook Exercises 1. Identity the metallurgical process, beneficlation, conversion to oxide, reduction or purification depicted by each of the following (a) 2810, +6C + Electrical energy +4 + 6CO (8) NI F,Go(asimpuries) =O» NCO) + Fe) +a) Ls ww sco Solution (a) Hall-Heroult process for extraction of aluminium. (b)_ Mond’ process for refining of nickel 2. Describe the principle of electrolytic refining fora meta Solution lectiolytc refining is based onthe principle that when current is passed through electrolyte ofthe same metalions, then pure metal {gets deposited at cathode and impurities settle a the bottom, 3. Explain the ole of cryolit inthe metallurgy of aluminium. Solution “The ole of eryoite i to reduce the melting point of alumina and make it a good conductor of electri Previous Years’ CBSE Questions 4). Describe the principle involved in each of the folowing processes of metallurgy’ (a Froth floatation method, (b) electrolytic refining ‘of metals, (e) zone refining of metas. (¢BSE 2010), Solution {a} Froth floatation method: The mineral particles become wet by ol whereas the gangue particles by water. (b) Electrolytic refining: Crude metals made as anode and pure metal as cathode. When currents passed through electrohte of same metal ons. then pure metal ets deposited at cathode and impurities settle at the bottom of anode (c)_ Zone refining: The impurities ae more soluble in the melt than in the solid state ofthe metal Explain the role of {a} crylitn the electrolytic reduction of alumina {b) carbon monoxide in the purification of nickel (cBse 2010) 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS~XII__13 Solution 8) Cryoltes used inthe electrolytic reduction of alumina soas to reduce its melting point and make ta good conductor of electri. (®) Carbon monoxide is used inthe purification of Ni because it reacts with Nito give volatile complex calle nickel teracarbony, ‘hich on heating decomposes to give pure Nickel metal. Ni+4CO—> NKCO'y ——_NiICO),—“*> Ni + ACO Niche tract State briefly the principles which seve a bass forthe folowing operations in metallurgy (case 2008) (a), Froth floatation process (©) Zone refining (2 Refining by iquation Solution Froth loatation process This method i used for removing gangue particles from sulphide ores. It's based on the principle that ‘mineral particles become wet by ols, whereas gangue particles become wet by water. In this proces, the oe fist powered, and itssuspension with waters made. A rotating paddle agitates the misture and draws air intoitThisleads tothe formation of oth. AS ‘the mineral partces are wetted by os, they rise along with the froth. The froth then skimmed off and dries for recovering the ore particles. Collectors and fat stabilizers are added during the process to enhance non-werabllty of mineral particles (eer Fig 6 1). Zone refining: This method is based onthe principle that impurities ae more soluble in molten metal than in slid metal. inthis ‘method, a circular mobile heaters fxed at one end ofthe rod of an impute metal The heaters moved forward slowly and along with he heater the molten zone also moves forward, After the heaterhas passed, pure metal crystallizes outof the molten metal and the impurities pass on into the adjacent moiten zone. Hence, the impurities get concentrated at one end ofthe rod. This process i repeated several imes, and then the impure end is cu off fom the rd (refer Fig. 63). Refining by liquation: inthis method, metal that melts at low temperature i separated from impurities that melt at higher tem- erature (principle). This is done by keeping the ore ata slope and heating it above its melting point. The metal melts and flows down the sloping hearth into arecever, leaving behind te solid impurities (Fg. 4). Tin and lead are refined by this method. Impure metal co Sloping hearth —< Figure 6.4 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET