7 R. K. MALIK'S riitramanovs,neoica son, non eax NEWTON CLASSES Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net WORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS — XI TARGET CBSE 1. Although energy is often defined as the “capacity todo work’the meaning of the term energy so broad that a clear definition {slic to write Technically, energy isa sealar quantity associated with the state (or condition of one ar more objects. Kinetic energy Kis energy associated with the state of mation ofan objet. The faster the object moves, the greater ists kinetic ‘enecgy. When the abject stationary ts kinetic energy is zero, . Foran object of mass m whose speed vis well below the speed of light, the kinetic energy expressed as Sv The Sl unt of kinetic energy is joule). 3. Work (Wis the energy transferred to (or from) an abject by means ofa force acting on the object. Energy transferred to the ‘object i postive work, and energy transfered from the objects negative work. ‘The scalar product of two vectors A and is written as 4-8, whichis defined as B= ABcos0, “wheres the magnitude ofA, Bis the magnitude of and 0's the angle between A and B. 7 A dot product can be regarded as the product of two quantities (a) the magnitude of one of the vectors and (b) the scalar ‘component of the second vector along the direction ofthe fist vector. the angle @ between two vectors i 0 the component of one vector along the other is maximum, and so also i the dot product ofthe vectors. if instead, 8s 90%, the component of one vector along the ather is ze, and sos the dot product. ‘The relationship that relates work to the change in kinetic energy is known as work-energy theorem - when a net external force does work W on an object, the kinetic energy ofthe object changes from Is intial value (K) toa final value (k), the difference between the two values being equal to the work: Nabe Wak Kom Lome? Sim, Work can be expressed as follows: W =F cos @. The Sl units of work are units of force (N) times units of displacement (rm) and are called joules T= 1 Nxt mo 1d 1 Ne, . Work done by a constant force is expressed as W = Fd. Work done by a gravitational force is expressed as W, = mgd cos Bor Fdcos & The law of force fora springs called Hook's law, which is expressed mathematically 35. Ab, ‘where kiscalled the spring constant whose Si units the newton per meter (N/m) Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0661-2682623, 9635608812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Work done by a spring forces expressed as ‘Tne work done by a variable force is expressed as we fron Gravitational potential energy isthe eneray stored in an object asa result ofits position relative to another abject to which Its, attracted by the force of gravity, Gravitational potential energy, asa function of height hs mathematically expressed as Uh) = mgh, Note: Gravitational potential energy is also denoted by U, Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an object as result of a reversible change In shape, which is mathematically expressed as ‘Note: Elastic potential energy is also denoted by U- Conservative force: A force s conservative when a) the work t does on a moving object i independent ofthe path between the ‘object’ initial and final positions or (bit daes no net wark on an abject moving around a closed path, starting and finishing at the same point Nor all forces are conservative - the properties such as fition dissipative forces, and air resistance are some examples of non ‘conservative force. «A quantity that remains constant throughout a motion is sad to be “conserved The fact that the total mechanical energy is conserved — when the work done by he external non-conservative force (Wi, Is zero ~ i called the principle of conservation of ‘mechanical energy. 3. The total of the potential energy and kinetic energy in a system is called the mechanical energy of the system. The total mechanical energy ofa system is conserved ifthe forces, doing work ont, are conservative, {An intemal energy thats distributed over a system on a microscopic scale sehemical energy. Reactions are called endothermic or ‘exothermic depending on whether the system of atoms involved in the rection ends up wth more or less enery after the reaction than before The eneray associated with an electric currents known as electrical energy. ‘Mass-energy equivalence: An objects mass m and the equivalent energy E are related by the equation E=me, which s the famous Einsteins equation, Nuclear fission isthe proces of spliting a large nucleus to form two smaller, more stable nucle. Fission fragments are the products ‘that result from a nucleus that undergoes fission. The fission fragments are smaller than the orginal nucleus Nuclear fusion is the process of joining two smaller nucle! together to form a larger, more stable nucleus. Fusion occurs only Under vey extreme coneltions with incredibly high temperatures and pressures, suchas those inside the Sun. Law of conservation of energy: Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed, thats, energy may be transformed from one form te-another for, but the total energy ofan isolated system remains constant. The time ate at which works done by a force Is sald to be the power due tothe force. |. fa force does an amount of work W in an amount oftime A, the average power due tothe force during that time intervals -” ta 2. The instantaneous power Ps the instantaneous time rate of doing work, which can be expressed as = The SI unit of power is Js. This unit is used so often that it has a special name, watt (W), named after the scientist James Watt 1 horse power another unit of power often used in automobile industry, is equal 10 746 W. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2635608812, 7546845949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. Instantaneous power i aso expressed in terms of force and velocity as pak, . Ina collision, witen the kinetic energy ofthe system is conserved (ie, kinetic energy isthe same before and after the colision), ‘then such a collision i called an elasteeoliion, Ina collision in which the kinetic energy ofthe system isnot conserved, such a collision i alld an inelastic collision, - The inelastic clliion oftwo bodies always involves a loss inthe kinetic energy ofthe sytem. The greatest loss occurs ifthe bodies stick together, n which case the colision is called a completely inelastic collision, \We callthe magnitude that measures the capacity that abd has to produce an effet on other bodies a olson linear momentum, The phenomenon in which a particle system does not receive an extemal impulse its total linear momentum remains constant called principle of conservation of linear momentum, The variation of linear momentum is called impulse when the linear momentum of a body Is increased ts receiving a postive impulse; when the linear momentum ofa body is decteased, the impulse isnegatve. TEXTBOOK EXERCISES 1. Two vectors, 7 and 5, len the xy plane. Their magnitudes are 4.50 and 730 units, respectively, and ther directions are 320° and 85.0", respectively, 35 measured counterclockwise from the postive x-axis What Is the value of 737 Solution (a) The scalar (dot products (450)7 30) cos (320° 85.0) =-188, 2. 58 kg skier I coasting down a 25° slope, as Fig 5.1 shows. Near the top ofthe slope, her speed is 3.6 mis. She accelerates down, the slope because ofthe gravitational force, even though a kine frictional force of magnitude 71 N opposes her motion. ignoring arresistance, determine the speed ata point thats displaced 57 m downhill, ra A masin25* Solution ‘Thefinal speed ofthe skiers calculated as, p= PR = LE, a ‘Therefore the inal speed ofthe skiers =19 ms nef SSRGIRS ma? + (70 NicosOTNST al " sig 3. Figure 52 shows three forces applied to a trunk that moves leftward by 3.00 m over a fetionless floor. The force magnitudes are F;=500N, F;=9.00 N, and F,= 3.00 N, and the Indicated angle is @= 60.0. During the displacement, a] what isthe net work done ‘onthe trunk by the three forces and () does the kinetic energy ofthe trunk increase or decrease? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Figure 5.2 Solution (a) The forces are constant, so the work done by any one of them fs given by W = F +d, where dis the displacement. Force fis in the direction ofthe displacement, so W, = Fd cosy = (5.00 NX3.00 m) cso? = 15. J Force F, makes an angle of 120° withthe displacement, so 1%, = Fd co5 = (8.00 NY3.00 m)cos 120" = 135 J Force is perpendicular tothe displacement, so The net work done by the three forces is WeW+Mh 4M; =150)-1355+0 (®) thn other forces do work on the box, its kinetic energy increases by 1.50 J during the displacement. 4. A cords used to vertically lower an initially stationary block of mass M at a constant downward acceleration of 9/4, When the block has fallen a distance oid (a) the work done by the cords force on the block, (b) the work done by the gravitational force on the block (the kinetic energy ofthe block, and (4) the speed of the block. Solution We use F to denote the magnitude of the force ofthe cord on the block. This force is upward, opposite to the force of gravity (ovhich has magnitude F, = Ma), to prevent the block from undergoing fee fall The acceleration is @ = 9/4 downward. Taking the ‘downward direction to be postive, Newtons second aw of motion yields has ma my-F~m(2), 50 F =3Mg/A inthe opposite direction ofthe displacement, On the other hand, the force of gravity F, = Magis inthe same direction tothe displacement (a) Since the cisplacement s downward, the work done by the cords force given by =a ‘Simian, the work done bythe force of gravityisW, = Fd = Mad. The total work done onthe block's simply the sum of the two works Wg = Wh + Wi = ~2 Mad + Mod = Mod. Since the block starts from rest, we conclude that Mgd/ Is the block’ kinetic energy K at the moment it has descended the distance Since K= (V2N7, the speeds ve (f= a = oa way AVE atthe moment the blockhas descended the distanced 5 single force ats ona 3.0 kg partce-ke object whose postin s given by x= 3.08— 408+ 1.00 with xn meters and tin seconds. Find the work done on the object by the ore from t= Otor= 405, Solution “fin the nti and the ral kinetic energies, we need the speeds, so Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. te 2 v= 4 = 30-s0r+ sor (an Si units) Thus, the initial speed is v= 3.0 mvs and the speed at ¢= 4 is y= 19 mvs. The change In kinetic energy forthe object of ‘mass m = 30 kg is therefore m(y v8) = 528, ‘which we round off to two figures an (using the work-kinetic energy theorem) conclude that the work done is W = 5.3% 10? You drop a 2.00 kg book toa fiend who stands on the ground at distance D = 10.0 m below. your fiends outstretched hands are at distance d=1.50 m above the ground (Fig. 53), a) how much work W, does the gravitational force do on the book as it drops to her hands? (b) What isthe change AU, in the gravitational potential energy ofthe book-Earth system during the drop? If the sravitational potential energy U, ofthat system Is taken to be 2eo at round level, what Is U,(c) when the book i released and (@) when it reaches her hands? Now take U, to be 100 Jat ground level and again find () Wf) AU (g) U, atthe release point, and (t9U, ater hands. Figure 53 Solution (o) Noting thatthe vertical csplacement i100 m~1.50™m=850 m downward same direction as we have = mgd cos = (2.00 kg 980 ms). cos” = 167 | (b) Wecalclste AU, where U, = mgy with upward understood to be the 4 drction Te suits BU, = Mays — ¥4) = (2.00 kg)(9.80 m/s?)(1.50 m — 10.0 m) = -167 J. Inpar(b) we used the factthat Uy = mgy = 196 Inpar(b we als used the fact Ug = may = 29). “Te computation of does note the new information (tht U= 100 atthe ground, owe again obtain, Asa result we must again find AU, === 1671 \Wihhisnew information that Ue= 100) where y =O, we have Ups may + Uy=296 1 th his new nformtion that Us = 100 J where = 0), we have Uys mayi+ Uy= 1294 Wecan check par by subtracting the new Uy rom this est +£5.09 marbles fred vertically upward using a sping gun The spring must be compressed 80 inf the marble isto just each a target 20m above the marble’ poston onthe compressed spring fa) Whats the change AU, in the Gravtatonl potential enery ofthe mable-Earth tem during the 20m ascent (b] What she change AU, in he elstic potenti energy ofthe spring during its auch of he marble? (What the spring constant of the sping? Solution \Wetake the reference point for gravtational potential enersy atthe poston ofthe marble when the spring is compressed Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (a) The gravitational potential energy when the marbleisat the top ofits motion is Uy = mgh, where h = 20 mis the height of the highest point. Thus, U, = (5 x 10° kg 9-8 mvs!}(20 m) = 0.98 J ‘Since the kinetic energy is zero at the release point and atthe highest point, then conservation of mechanical energy implies ‘AU, + AU, = 0, where AU, ithe change inthe springs elastic potential energy. Therefore, AU, =-AU, =-0.98. We take the spring potential energy to be zero when the spring is relaxed. Then, our result inthe previous part implies that Its initial potential energy is U,= 098 J Tis must be {kx2, where ks the spring constant and x isthe initial compression. Consequently, = 2. 20989. — 3.410? Nim = 3.1Ncm, f= Mh = BSB = 3.15108 Nim = 21 {, Tarzan, who weighs 688 N, swings froma cif atthe end ofa vine 18 m long (ig 5.4). From the top ofthe cliff tothe bottom ofthe ‘swing, he descends by 3.2m. The vine will break i the force on It exceeds 950. (a) Does the vine break (b)Ifno, whats the great- est force ont during the swing? Ifyes, at what angle withthe vertical does it break? Figure 5.4 Solution (a) Tofind out whether or not the vine breaks itis sufcient to examine it atthe moment Tarzan swings through the lowest point, wich is when the vine - if dd not break - would have the greatest tension. Choosing upward postive, Newton’ second aw ‘of mation leads to T= mg =m@ where r= 18.0 m and m= W/g = 688/98 = 70.2 kg, We find the from energy conservation where the reference position for the potential energy is atthe lowest point. gh = jr? = v= 2gh, here h= 3.20 m. Combining these results, we have T= mg + 282 = gl + 24 hich yields 933 N. Thus the vine does not break () Rounding to an appropriate numberof significant figures, we se the maximum tension is roughly 9.3% 10?N, ‘8. A rope is used to pull a 357 kg block at constant speed 4.06 m along a horizontal floor. The force on the block from the rope is 7.68 Nand directed 15.0° above the horizontal. What area) the work done by the rope’ force, (b) the increase in thermal energy of the block-floor system, and (the coefficient of kinetic ection between the block and floor? Solution (a) The work done onthe block by the force inthe rope is W = Fd cos 0 = (7.68 NX406 m)c0s15.° = 30. J. Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. (b) Using For the magnitude ofthe kine fretion force the increase in thermal energy is. Epa =f = (742 NYA. er) = 30.1 {€)_ We can use Newton’ second law of mation to obtan the fictional and norma forces. then use of riction. Place the axis along the path ofthe block and the yraxis norma tothe floor. The fee-body diagram is shown in Fig 55. ‘Thexxand the y components of Newton's second law of motion are rena Asn mg=0, vere sthe mss ofthe black Flt ocr xed the pend th ange betwen tfc and the ha ‘haieaaie gar (Fo 0 (7480) co 150°=742N omummons Wamp—Fn = (357g) 88 mis) —(788N) 150° = 3308 Thus the coef inti con me > Han = 0225. Nypesine Figures.5 10, A759 Frisbee is throw from a point 1.1 m above the ground with a speed of 12 mvs, When it has reached a height of 2.1m, its ‘speed is 105 m/s What was the reduction in Epa ofthe Frisbee-Earth system because of ar drag? Solution We use S units, so m = 0.075 kg, The energy"Tostin the sense ofthe problem is glen by AEs = Jv? = ¥f)+ may =H) (0075 kgy(12 mvs)! ~ (105 m/s] + (0.075 kg9 mrs)1.1 m— 2.1m) =053). 111 In Fig. 56, a block of mass m=25 kg slides head on into a spring of spring constant k= 320 N/m. When the block stops it has compressed the spring by 75 cm. The coeficient of kinetic friction between block and floor i 0.25. While the block i in contact with the spring and being brought to rest, what are (a the work done by the spring force and (b) the increase in thermal energy of the block-floor system? (c) Whats the block’ speed just ast reaches the spring? ° Figure 5.6 Solution (a), With x=00075 mand k=320 N/m, we have W%,=~Ho?=-0.90 For later reference, this sequal to the negative of AU. {b) Analyzing forces, we find N= mg, which means f = 4 N = amg. With Avert Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES {€) The nial kinetic energy is K, = AU+ BE pam = 090+ 0.46 = 1.36 which leads toy = 2K 7m = 10 mis. 12, A100 kg blocks pulled at a constant speed of 5.0 m/s crassa horizontal floor by an applied force of 1221 rected 37° above the horizontal What isthe rate at which the force does work on the block? Solution ‘The power associated with force Fis glven by P = FV, where sthe velocity of the object on which the force acts. Thus, P= Fei = Fv cong =(122 NNS.O ms)c0537° = 49 x 10! W. 13, A fully loaded, slow-moving freight elevator has a cab with a total mass of 1200 kg, which is required to travel upward 54 m in 530 min, starting and ending at rest. The elevators counterweight has a mass of ony 950 kg and so the elevator motor must help. ‘What average power is required ofthe force the motor exerts onthe cab via the cable? Solution We have a loaded elevator moving upward ata constant speed. The forces involved are: gravitational force onthe elevator, gravi- tational force onthe counterweight, and the frce by the motor via cable. The total work s the sum ofthe work done by gravity on the elevator, the work done by gravity on the counterweight, and the work done by the motor onthe system: WWE Wt Me Since the elevator moves at constant velocity, Is kinetic energy does not change and according tothe work-kinetic energy theorem, the total work done Is zeta, thats, W = AK = 0 The elevator moves upward through 54m, so the work dane by gravity on itis W, = mad = ~{1200 kg(9.80 r/s?(S4 m) = ~6.35 « 10° ‘The counterweight moves downward the same distance so the work done by gravity on itis W, = mgd ~ (950 kg)}9.80 n/s?K54 my) = 5.03 x 10" J Since W= 0, the work done by the motor on the systems. Wp =~, ~ W, = 635 x 108 15.03 105 J= 1.32 x 108 This workis done na time interval of At = 3.0 min = 1805, so the power supplied by the motor to it the elevators obtained as 2 My SRK 54 p= Me = 1321) 74530" ve Figure 5.7 shows a two-ended “rocket” that I intly stationary ona frictionless loor, with ts centr atthe origin ofan x-axis. The rocket consists of a central block C (of mass M = 6.00 kg) and blocks Land 8 (each of mass m = 2.00 kg) on the left and right sides. ‘Small explasions can shoot either of the side blocks away from block Cand along the x-axis. Heres the sequence: (1) Attime ¢=0,, block Lis shotto the lft witha speed of 3.00 m/s relative tothe velocity thatthe explosion gives the rest of the rocket. 2) Next, at time t= 0.0 s, block Ris shot tothe right witha speed of 3.00 m/s relative to the velocity that block Cthen has. At C= 280s, what ‘are (a) the velocity of block Cand (b) the position ofits center? Solution (a) With Si units understood, the velocity of block inthe frame of reference indicated in Fig. 5.7 that goes with the problem) is (%,~3)7-Thus, momentum conservation for the explosion at t= 0) gives m3) + ome mgy, =O = 3M 2 219) o60 mvs '* meme etm ~ Wk ~ 6m Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. Next, at ¢= 0.80, momentum conservation (forthe second explosion) gives mets + gly, +3) = + my) (8 k0.60 m/s) = 4.8 gsm ‘This yields vy =~0.15. Thus. the velocity of block Cafter the second explosion is v= 015 mii (b) Between t=0 and t=080 5 the block moves v,At = (0.60 m/s)(080 s)= 0.48 m, Between t= 0.80 sand t= 2.805, movesan Additional distance thats obtained as follows WpAt= (-0.15 m/s(2005)=-030m. Its netlsplacement since t= 0's therefore 0.48 m—0:30 m = 0.18 m. 15. A body of mass 20 kg makes an elastic collision with another body a rest and continues to move in the original direction but with ‘one-fourth of ts eriginal speed. (a) What I the mass ofthe other body? (b) What I the speed ofthe two-body center of massif the inital speed ofthe 20 kg body was 4.0 m/s? Solution Let m, be the mass ofthe body that i originally moving, be its velocity before the colsion, and vy be its velocity after the olson, Let m, be the mass of the body that i originally at rest and vy be its velocity after the cllsion. Conservation of linear momentum gives yyy = my + mee Simitaty, the total kinetic energy is conserved and we have ana ulien Yow = pw + Le Solution to vi given by We solvefor™m,to obtain The speed of the center of massis Uo ettat Jaotg = 1260 (©) The speed ofthe centerofmassis = Mire + mln, DO KGMAD MS) _ 5 ayy, ton = mem,~ T0Kg+12kg 75 ‘A projectile proton with a speed of $00 m/s codes elastically witha target proton intally at rst. The two protons then move ong perpendicular paths, with the projectile path at 60" from the orignal direction. After the colsion what are the speeds of {0} the target proton and (b) the projectile proton? Solution \We rent ou +a long the intl decton of motion, and specly angle in the"standar" way ~30 0= +60" forthe proton (1 which 's assumed to scatter into the rst quadrant and =~30" forthe target proton (2), which scatters int the fourth quadrant (cal that the problem has od us that hiss perpendicular to @)- We apply the consenation of near momentum tothe x-and axes respectively min = mv cos + ms cos © = mynd + ming We are given v, = 500 ms, wich provides us with two unknowns and two equations which ssufcent fo solving Since m, =m, we an cancel the mas ou ofthe equations entirely. {8} Combining the above equations and solving for, we obtain (500 ms si60") 433 sms SNE) 435 mys, ‘We used the identity sin cs ¢~cos Bsin &=sin (8 in simplifying our final expression. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET10 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (6) Ina similar manner, we find 117, InFig. 58a, a 350 g bullet fred horizontally at two blocks at rest on afitioniss table. The bullet passes through block 1 (mass 1.20 kg) and embeds itself n block 2 (mass 1.80 kg). The blocks end up with speeds vj = 0.630 mvs and v,= 140 mis (Fig 58). ‘Neglecting the material removed from block! by the bullet, find the speed ofthe bullet sit (a leaves and (b) enters block I. sa @ 1 —n, —__ mi © Figure 5.8 Solution In solving this problem, our dvection sto the right (0 al velocities are postve-valued), (a) We apply momentum conservation to relate the situation just before the bullet strikes the second block to the situation where the bullets embedded within the block. (0.0035 kg)v =(1.8035kgh14nvs) => v= 721mVs. (©) We apply momentum conservation to relate the situation just before the bullet strikes the first block to the instant ft has passed throught (having speed v found in part (a). (0.0035 kg) vg = (1.20 kgh0,630 mvs) + (0.00350 kgh721 mv), 118. InFig. 59, aball of mass m= 60 is shot with speed v = 22 m/s into the barrel ofa spring gun of mass M = 240 g intially at rest on 2 fitionless surface. The ball sticks Inthe barel at the point of maximum compression ofthe spring. Assume thatthe increase in thermal energy due to friction between the ball and the barels negligible.) What isthe speed ofthe spring qun after the ball stops inthe barre? (b) What fraction ofthe intial kinetic energy ofthe balls stored in the spring? Figure 5.9 Solution (a) Let vbe the final velocity ofthe ball-gun system. Since the total momentum of the system is conserved my=(m-+ Mv. Therefore, ooh, . Opazeh im+M~ @g+20g ~ 4s (©) The initial kinetic energy isk, = Jymv# and the final kinetic energy is 1 me 2% mam 1 me Ky = jms ‘The problem indicates AE gym" 0, 50 the diflerence K~K, ust equal the energy U, stored inthe spring: Lp ts = Let det Somes" a's)" 2 ee Consequently the fraction ofthe initial kinetic energy that becomes stored in the spring is mM __ 0 Kim+M~ @+200 ~ ye Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 18. In Fig. 5.10, two long barges are moving in the same direction Instill water, one with 2 speed of 10 knvh and the other with 3 speed of 20 kh. While they are passing each other, col is shoveled from the slower tothe faster one ata rte of 1000 kg/min, How much additonal force must be provided by the driving engines of (a) the faster barge and (b) the slower barge if neither sto ‘change speed? Assume thatthe shoveling i always perfectly sideways and thatthe fictional forces between the barges and the ‘water do not depend on the mass ofthe barges. Figure 5.10 Solution We consider what must happen tothe coal that lands on the faster barge during a time interval At In that time, a total of Am of coal must experience a change of velocity {from slow to fast) AV = Vig ~ Vanw, where rightward is considered the postive direction, The rate of change in momentum forthe coal is therefore 40 (An) ny (Amy, ar “Grae = (Pon Ye eto act i lle colle Hs Gn bg ton av chet seth anit seating 2 wh om hat we one tres pe te con asi shoveled fom the slower barge othe faster one (a). Given that (Am/At) = 1000 kg/min = (1867 Kg), Vine = 20 nh = 5.56 m/s ad ving = 10 keh = 2.78 mis, the force that must be applied to the faster barge is Fae (50 ~ Ya = (167 k/K5.S6 mis — 2.78 m/s) = 46 N (@) The problem states that the fictional forces acting on the barges does not depend on mass 0 the loss of mass from the slower barge does not affect its motion (so.no extra force Is requited as result ofthe shoveling), ‘A rocket that I in deep space and intallyat rest relative to an Inertial reference frame has a mass of 255 x 10° kg, of which 1.81 « 10° kg is fuel. The rocket engine is then fired for 250s while fuel is consumed at the rate of 480 kg/s. The speed of the exhaust products relative tothe rocket is3.27 kml. (a) Whats the rocket’ thrust? After the 250 s ring, what ae (b) the mass and. (the speed of the rocket? Solution (a) The thrust ofthe rocket is given by T= Rij, where fis the rate of fuel consumption and vs the speed of the exhaust gas relative tothe rocket. For this problem R= 480 kg/s and v= 3.27 x 10 ms, 50 T = (480 kg/s)327 x 10° m/s) = 1.57% 10° W (b) The mass of fuel elected is given by Mya = RAL, where At isthe time interval ofthe burn. Thus, ‘Me = (480 S250) = 1.20 108g ‘The mass ofthe rocket after the burn is My= M~ Mg = (2.55 108g )~ (0.20% 10g)» 1.35 x 108g, Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (6) Since the inital speed Is zero, the final speed is given by 5 «10° li sisruil wr pale «garni 25838 SECTION! = Work-Energy Theorem = Work = Kinetic Energy Work Done by aVariable Force ‘= Work-Energy Theorem foraVaiable Force (1) Foran object of mass m whose speed vis well below the speed of light, the kinetic energy Is expressed as Laws ado The Si unit of kinetic energy is joule ()- The scalar product of two vectors A and is written as A, whichis defined as Ae = AB 050, where Ais the magnitude ofA is the magnitude of 8, and dis the angle between A and. ‘Addot product can be regarded a the product of two quantities (a) the magnitude of one of the vectors and (b) the scalar ‘component ofthe second vector along the direction ofthe fist vector. Ifthe angle @between two vectors is 0°, the component ofene vectr lang the others maximum, and soalsoisthe det product (ofthe vectors. If instead, 0s 90°, the component af one vector along the other is zero and sos the dot product, The relationship that relates work tothe change in kinetic energy is known 25 work-energy theorem when a net external force does work W on an object the kinetic energy ofthe object changes from ts intial value () toa final valu (the difference between the two values being equal tothe work: 1 Wek, -K = Le — Li Work can be expressed as follows: W =Filcos 8 The Sl units of workare units of frce(N) times units of displacement (rn) and are called Joules Work done by a constant forceis expressed as W = Fd, Conceptual Problems ‘1. Whena spring is stretched is the work done by the stretching force postive or negative? Solution When we stretch the spring, the stretching force and the dplacement (or the extension) produced in the spring are in same direction, 2. How much workis dane on a body of mass Min moving once round a horizontal cce of radius? Solution ero work is done on a body of mass Min moving once round a horizontal circle of radius r. The centripetal force needed to revolve the body is always perpendicular to the circular path The displacement of the body in one complete round is also zero; therefore, work done is given by WaFscos 0, Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 13 3. Two forces f and fare acting on the box, as shown in Fig, 5.1, causing the box to move across the floor. The two force vectors are ‘drawn to scale, Which force does more work? Justify your answer. Figure 5.11 Solution ‘The work done by F in moving the box through a displacement sis W, = Uj c0s0")s = Fis. The work done by Fi y= (cos ls From the drawing, we see that F, > F, cos; therefore the force F, does more work. 4. Give two examples ofer0 work done. Solution (2) if we apply force on a wal, the work done Is zero because the dsplacement produced in the wall due to force applied by us is 2210 and workis defined as dot product of force and displacement. (8) The work done on a body of mass Min moving once round ina horizontal circle is ero because the centripetal force needed to revolve the body is always perpendicular tothe circular path. The displacement ofthe body in one complete round is also 2er0. Work done siven by W = Fecos0, 5. Canthe kinetic energy ofa system be increased or decreased without applying an extemal force onthe system? Solution Without applying an extemal force on the system, the kinetic energy of a system Is increased or decreased by doing work through Intemnal forces asin case of explosion of abomb. ‘6 Can the kinetic energy of body be negative? Solution ‘Kinetic energy ofa body isa positive quantity -Itcan never be @ negative quantity (both mass m and velocity vare postive 7 Figure 5.12 shows an empty fuel tank about to be released by three different jet planes. At the moment of release, each plane thas the same speed and each tank i at the same height above the ground. However, the directions of travel are different: In the absence of ar resistance, do the tanks have different speeds when they it the ground? Ifso, which tank has the largest speed and which has the smallest speed? Explain, © Figure 5.12 Solution Since each plane has the same speed, the kinetic energy ofeach ful tank willbe the same at the instant of release. Since each plane Isat the same height above the ground, each fuel tank must fal through the same vertical displacement. Therefore, the work dane bby gravity on each fuel tanks the same. From the work-eneray theorem, each fuel tank will gain the same amount of kinetic energy ‘during the fall Therefore, each fuel tank wil hit the ground withthe same speed, Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET4 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES |. Aight body and a heavy body have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater linear momentum? Solution Let the mass ofthe lighter body be m,,its velocity be v, its kinetic energy be KE, and is linear momentum be py. Let the mass of the heavy body be m, its velocty be vy is kinetic energy be KE, and is linear momentum be p, The kinetic energy of ighter and heavy body are same, therefore, we have ie, = Ke; Jot = dm 42% «om The near momentum ofthe heavy body i given by and the linear momentum of lighter body s given by Diving Ea, (1) by Ea. (2). We get P= mn me. fim — [kn Rome lal ake am if, > m,we have ps > py thereby we conclude that ita hevier body has eater linear momentum 9. A spring is kept compressed by tying its ends together tightly. It is then placed ina strong acid and dissolved What happens to its stored potential eneray? Solution ‘According to law of conservation of energy energy can nelthet be created nor be destroyed: but Itcan be converted from one form tw another form. In this case the loss in potential energy ofthe spring fs gained by the acid molecules inthe form of kinetic energy todissolve, 10. A slow-moving car may have more kinetic energy than a fast-moving motorcycle, How js ths possible? Solution The kinetic energy ofan object of mass m moving with speed vis given by KE = (/2} mv2.The kinetic energy depends on both the ‘mass and the speed ofthe object. The mass ofa cars significantly greater than the mass of a motorcycle, Therefore, even Ifa cars, ‘moving slow its possible thatthe product (/2) mv*is greater for the car than itis forthe fster-moving motorcycle. 1. truck and a car moving withthe same kinetic energy are stopped by applying same retarding force by means of brakes. Which ‘one wl stop ata smaller cstance? Solution Both the truck and the car will stop a the same distance. This follows from the following work-energy principle: Kinetic energy = wor done in stopping = force x distance ‘As (1) the kinetic energy of both the truck and car and (2) the retarding force applied on both the truck and car are equal, the dlstances covered must be equal 12. Abulletis fred from the gun, which wll have greater Kinetic energy the bullet or the gun? Solution ‘Speed of the bullets more when compared with the speed ofthe aun. Since the kinetic energy ofa body is directly proportional twits speed, the bullet will have more kinetic energy than the gun, 13. Friction is a non-conservative force. Why? Solution Non-conservatve forces are those forces which ae path dependent. Since fictional force depends upon the path traveled by the body between any two arbitrary points, the frictional force isa non-conservative force. Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. 114, Cana body have energy without having momentum? Solution ‘Kinetic energy and linear momentum ae elated by the equation 2m ‘here Kiskinetc energy, pis momentum, and ms the mass ofthe body. When ae caBao However, mechanical energy is given by the sum of kinetic and potential energy: E=KsU=u, ‘where Uisthe potential energy which may oF may not be zero. Thus, a body can have definite energy without having momentum. 15. Aight body and a heavy body have same momentum, Which is having more kinetic energy? Solution Let m, and m be the masses of the lighter and heavier body and v, and v, be thelr respective velocities. Since they possess same momentum, we have my = mv ‘The kinetic energy ofthe lighter body is given by 1 Ky = pow. ‘The kinetic energy ofthe heavier body s given by 1 k= Lm Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq, (2), we get Ky zie dys, 1 Warm (my Plm, tee my = mh fam 0,-231n0, > snd, «> 0 Using the frst equation f motion, thetime taken forthe sie is obtained as vewcotatet (nce y= 0) For the fist stone, the time taken for the side given by 4 Forthe second stone, the time taken forthe side is given by Therefore, > and by ln which spring Is more work done i (a) they are stretched by the same amount and (b) they are stretched by the same force? Solution (a) Aswehave Vee? and ky>: Wade? and b> ke the work done on spring Ais more than the work done on spring B (or same (0) ASF = ba, wehave x = F/K. Also since ky > ky, we ave x < %. ASO alee wade othe sxx < see ave Wy Mi thatis more works requied inthe cae of ping 8 thanin the case ofspring A 2. iitpractially pose tohavestuatons where (E =) < 0? Solution Itis practically not possible to have situations where (F- V) < 0 because & - V represents the kinetic energy, which cannot be a negative quantity. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETm4 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 4 springs cutinto two equal halves. Whats the spring constant of each portion? Solution ‘Suppose that when a spring having spring constant kis applied a deforming force, ts ength increases by x.Then, Fab, 0 where Fs the restoring force set up inthe spring and its equal and opposite to the applied deforming force, When the spring is cut into two halves and the same deforming force is applied to each hal the increase in lengths x/2..f is the spring constant ofthe ‘ach portion of the spring, we have 2 From Eqs (1) and (2) follows that k= 2 5. When I potential energy ofa body said tobe positive or negative? Solution ‘The potential energy ofa body is said to be postive if they are held at some distance agains the force of repulsion. On the other hand, the potential energy is sald to be negative ifthe bodies are held against the force of attraction. {6 The force between a pair of protons is repulsive. Does the potential energy increase or decrease asthe two protons are brought closer? Solution ‘The potential energy between the two protons held against the force of repulsion) is given by +h a Un +a or suet \When the two protons are brought closer, the potentialenergy increases. 7. What type of energy is stored n the spring ofa watch? Explain. Solution The energy stored in the spring of a watch Is potential energy. In a watch, the spring isin compressed state In which potential energy is stored and this potential energy of spring is converte to kinetic energy ofthe hands of the clocks 8. Ina thermal station, coals used fr the generation of electric. Mention how energy changes from one form to another before Its transformed into electrical energy Solution When coal is burt, heat eneray is produced. Tis converts water Into steam, this steam, in tum, rotates the turbine and thus heat ‘energy i converted into mechanical energy of rotation. The generator convert this mechanical energy into electrical energy. 9. Nuclear fission and fusion reactions are examples of conversion of mass into energy. Can we say that strictly speaking, mass is converted into energy even inan exothermic chemical reaction? Solution ‘Similar to nuclear Assi and nuclear fusion reactions, in exothermic chemical reaction also the mass is converted into energy. The ‘only difference between a nuclear reaction and an exothermic chemical reaction is that the mass converted into energy in achemi- ‘al reactions much ess about a milion times less) 10. Coal is burnt ina city electric powerplant to make steam to run a steam turbine that drives an electric generator. The cty Water department uses ths electric supply to run an electric motor to pump water from a wel into a stand pipe on a hil top List, n ‘order all the energy changes that take place Solution \When coal is burt, the chemical energy ofthe coal s changed to thermal eneray of the flame. The energy of the flame is trans- {erred to water, which takes the frm of steam, The thermal energy of the steam (whieh resides inthe steam molecules in the form ‘of thelr kinetic energy) Is used to impart kinetic energy to the turbine rotor due tothe collision of steam molecules wth is vanes, ‘The rotation ofthe turbine shaft tums the generator rotor and thus produces electrical energy. “The electric energy from the generator Is converted into kinetic energy by the electric motor, which uns the purnp. The kinetic ‘energy ofthe pump is transferred to the water, causing it flow up into the stand pipe on the hl top. As the water rises into the stand pipe, it acquires potential energy Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI “Chemica, gravitational, and nuclear energles ae nothing but potential energies for different types of force in nature Explain this statement clearly with examples. Solution ‘A system of particles has potential energy when these particles are held certain distance apart against some force. For example, (1) chemical energy is due to chemical bonding between the atoms, 2) gravitational energy arses when objects are held at some distance against the gravitational attraction, and (3) nuclear energy arises on account of nuclear forces. ‘Additional Problems 11. How high must a body be lifted to gain an amount of potential energy equal to the kinetic energy it has, when moving at speed 20 m/s? The value of acceleration due to gravity ata place sg = 98 m/s ‘Sohution Speed ofthe body is v = 20 ns; acceleration due to gravity Is g = 98 mis. IM i the mass ofthe body, the Kinetic energy ofthe body when moving ata speed of 20 mvsis obtained as. Luxao = x20? = 200m, Suppose the body acquires a potential energy equal tothe kinetic energy when lifted toa height, then Mgh = 200M 1 ka dae 12. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary atthe top of a hill f height 100 mt rolls down a smooth surface to the ground, then Cdimibs up another hil of height 30 m and finally rolls down to @ horizontal base ata height of 20 m above the ground, Find the velocity possessed by the ball at ts final postion. Given that g = 10 m/s Solution The intl eight of the balls = 100 my the intial vlocty ofthe ball is vy = Orns; the final height of the ball sh, = 20m, Let us consider that vs be the velocity acquire by the ballon reaching height hy. According othe law of conservation of energy, we have Mah + 2a = May « La o ‘As, = 0,£a,(1) becomes gh, + 34M(or = Moh, + Lav} Mohs = Moh, + 3 M3 = 2M = Moh) a 5901 = Yiagth) = VERIO TOO 20) = 40 vs, ‘vehicle of mass 15 quintal limbs up a hill 200 m high. then moves on a level road with speed of 30 m/s. Calculate the potential ‘energy gained by it and its total mechanical energy, while running on the top of the hil, Solution ‘Mass of the vehicles M = 15 quintals = 1500 kg; helght ofthe hills = 200 m; speed ofthe vehicle is = 30 mvs Potential energy ofthe vehicle s calculated 2s, U = Mgh = 1500 x 98 x 200 = 2.94 x 10" Total mechanical energy +k = mon + Jaws = u( gh 1!) =1500(98%200+ Ian) = 261510 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET26 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘4 An ton ball of mass 3 kg is suspended from a 6 m thread of negligible mass. The bal is pulled back so thatthe thread makes 2 30° angle with the vertical. tls then released and oscillates. Calculate the maximum values offs potential energy and kinetic ‘energy, What willbe its velocity, while passing through the mean postion? Solution Mass of the bal m= 3 kg: length ofthe thread is/=6 m. The balls pulled back so tha the thread makes an angle = the balls pulled by angle @= 30°, the height to which the balls raised is tated = ttc) = @1-cont =e) = a804m “The maximum potential energy ofthe balls obtained as U= mgh = 3x98 0.806 = 2363 J ‘The maximum kinetic energy ofthe balls equal to maximum potential eneray, that i, 23.63 J. Let vbe the velocity ofthe ball while ‘passing through the mean positon, therefor, the velocity ofthe ron ball ls caleulatedas follows: vow = 29h v= (0)? = 29h v=agh v= (igh = TX OEXOBO = 396 mis 5. A body of mass 1 kg falls with an initial velocty of 14 mvs from a height of 240 m and penetrates into sand to @ depth of 0.2m. By applying the law of conservation of eneray determine the mean resistive force of the sand Solution Initial velocity of the body is vj = 14 nv; height through which the body fllsis x = 240 m; acceleration ofthe body while falling is ‘a= 9 = 98 mist.Letvbe the velocity of the body on reaching the sand surface, Using third Kinematics equation, we calculate the final velocity ofthe body a follows: va¥§ = 20x via = 2x98 x 240 wi =148 4298x240 sv=70ms. Let F be the mean resistive force due tothe sand, if the body penetrates up to a distance x, according to work-energy theorem, we obtain the mean resistive force ofthe sand a follows: Wiork done = Initial KE ~ Final KE Fx. = Initial KE — Final KE Fx od =F 6. The string of a pendulum is 2.0m long, The bob is pulled sideways so thatthe sting becomes horizontal and then the bob is released, What isthe speed with which the bob arrives at the lowest point? Assume that 10% of the intial energy is dissipated against air resistance. Take g= 10 m/s. Solution Length ofthe string ofthe pendulum s = 2.0m; acceleration due to gravity is g = 10 mis ‘When the bob is pulled sideways so that the string becomes horizontal, the height ofthe bob Is equal tothe length ofthe string, hence, h= 2.0m. At this pont, the potential energy ofthe bob is U = mah ands kinetic energy is zero. ‘When the bob reaches the lowest point, 10% of the initial energy is dissipated against ar resistance, that, 10% of U = mgh is. dissipated. Applying the principe of conservation of energy, we get J = mgh = 10% of mgh = mgh = 0.1mgh = moh 1~ 2 San Bon ave Bon = Pato x2 = V6 = 6 mis Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI 7. 1 kg mass on a floor is connected to a 2 kg mass by a string passing over a pulley. Obtain the speed of masses (after they are released), when the 2 kg mass Just touches the flor. Establish thatthe gain in kinetic energy of the system equals the loss in its potential energy. The 2 kg masssnially a a height of3 m above the ground, Solution Mass ofthe fst objec is M, = 1 kg; mass of the second abject is Mz = 2 kg; acceleration due to gravitysg = 98 mv? ‘When two masses My and M, (where M, 0 196 + 196" + AIDBIOADNI6O) _ 5 19 1960 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES To simulate car accidents, auto manufacturers study the colsions of moving cars with mounted springs of diferent spring constants. Consider a typical simulation with a car of mass 1920 kg moving with a speed of 20 m/s on a smooth road and coliding with 2 horizontally mounted spring of spring constant 12% 10> N/m. (a) Whats the maximum compression of the spring? (o) What isthe ‘maximum compression ofthe spring when the coefficient of fiction between the tyres and the road is 025, Take g= 10 m/s Solution {a}, Mass ofthe caris M = 1920 kg; velocity ofthe car is v = 20 mis; force constant ofthe spring isk = 12% 10" N/m. Letxbe the ‘maximum compression ofthe spring then, Potential energy ofthe compressed spring = Kinetic energy of the cat Nat mage aoe = Me = | 1920 20 = 04% 20= 8m. are fle [BB canmoaraoes Part of the kinetic energy ofthe cars partly used up in doing work, W, agains the fiction and the resin producing compression Inthe spring, Therefore, * Ne cw = La deat sw = Lv o Werke aginst eon ove the dstance xis obtaned Weta. ‘Substituting Eq, (2) in Eq. (1), we get Yee + aon = Lot Jo2108 0 + 025 1920.10% = } 120320 200 + +4800 = 384,000 Ses 4x-320=0 wo = AESOP =OxS ERO 2x5 Since the extended distance x cannot be negative.x=7.6m. . A body of mass 10kg moving with a speed of 2 mvs on a frictionless table impinges on a mounted spring of force constant ‘4310 Nim. What isthe compression ofthe springs when the body comes to rest? Solution Mass ofthe body is M = 10 kg; speed of the body Is v = 2 mvs: spring constant of the sping k = 4 10 Nim. When the body Impinges onthe spring, sy, with velocity V, let x be the compression produced. The potential energy stored in the spring is Lee vader “The body comes to rest after impinging on the spring: the losin kinetic energy ofthe body is calculated as - ee RS Va |. Aspring obeys Hooke's law. requires 20 J of work to stretch i through 0.1 m. Find the force constant ofthe spring Also calculate the work done to stretch it further through 0.1m. Solution Work done is W =20 J: Displacement of the spring is x=0.1 m. Let kbe the force constant of the spring, Work done to stretch the spring through length xis calculated as 20 ae Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI ‘The total extension Is x’ = 0.1+ 0.1 = 02m. Therefore, the work done to stretch the spring through 02 m is obtained as wee Jue = 3 aon x02! = 80 ‘The work required to stretch the spring through additional 0.1 mis calculated a follows Wg = W = W = 80 J 20 J = 604 112. When a block of mass 0.5 kg is suspended from the end ofa spring, it stretches by 0.02 m. a) Find the force constant of the spring ()The block s given a sharp impulse so that it moves upwards witha velocity of /20 m/s How high wil itrise? Given g = 10 rv. Mass ofthe blockis M = 05 kg; acceleration due to gravity is 9 = 10 rvs; displacement produced inthe spring is. (a). Letkbe the force constant ofthe spring, whichis calculated as follows: F Ma. 0510 «250 iim, ee aa 1). Suppose that when block Is given a sharp impulse the spring extends in length by an amount x. Ifthe block moves upward with a velocity v, we have Vet = Lani sx [Mv = [OS 290 = 02m. as Ve" ™ V350 *970 = 02 113 Calculate the energy in MeV equivalent to the mass of electron at rest. Given that the mass of electron at rest my=9.1 x 10°" kg, MeV = 1.6% 10-4, and velocity of light = 3% 108 rvs. Sottion ‘Mass of electrons my = 9.110 kg velocity of ight i 3x 10* mvs. The energy i calculated as follows: Emma? = 91210 xx 10H = 81910 J (81910) ev = 512 Me 14 Estimate the amount of energy released in the following nuclea fusion reaction: H? + HP —> :He? + gn Given that mass of H? = 20141 u,mass ofHe? = 3.0160 mass of 1.661 x 10°" kg. Express your answer in uits of MeV. Sokuton The nuclear reaction is given as HR Hel + a “otal intial mass is given by H+ HP = 20141 + 20141 = 40282 u Total nal mass :He? + gt! = 3.0160 + 1.0087 =4.0247 u. Decrease in massscalulated as AM = 40282 ~ 40247 = 0.0035 u = 0.0035 « 1.661 x 10" kg. Therefore, energy released is calculated as follows: E=amxe = 0.035 1861x1027 «10H? = 5282310" J = SPIE yoy 0 327 el, (Here, we have used 1 MeV = 1.6% 10-4) 115. Calculate the (a) increase in mass of 500g of metal of specific hat 0.15 ca/g per degre centigrade when heated through 900 °C and (b) decrease in mass of 1g of water at 0°C when It turns into ice at 0°C. (Take latent heat of ce. (a)_Mass of the metal Is M= 500 g: specific heat of the meta is s [AT = 900°C. Heat energy absorbed by the metals obtained as, = MsAT = 500 x 0.15 x 900 cal = 500 x 0.15 x 900 x 42 Let aM be the increase in the mass ofthe metal, which I calculated as follows: = 315 x10" ig. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET30 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (B) Mass of the water used is M = 1; latent heat of ie is L = 60 cal/g, To convert 1 g of water Into Ice, the amount of heat energy that sto be removed i calculated as E = ML = 1% 80 = 80 cal = 80% 42) = 336 4 Let AM be the decrease in mass of 1g of water, which is calculated as follows: = ame aan= 5 @” Gx10F 16. Given in Fig. 5.19 are examples of some potential energy functions in one dimension. The total energy of the particle is indicated bby across on the ordinate axis. In each case, specify the regions, if any in which the particle cannot be found for the given energy. ‘Aso, indicate the minimum total energy the particle must have in each case, Think of simple physical contexts for which these potential energy shapes are relevant. (CERT) = 373x105 bg. e Solution For the potential energy shape in Fig. 5.19a:x> 2:0. Total energy ofa systems given by E=PE+KE-SKE=E-PE. Energy isa scalar quantity and itcan never be negative. The particle doesnot exis ina region where the kinetic energy becomes negative. In the given case, the potential energy V,) ofthe particle becomes greater than total energy (6 forx> a, Hence, kinetic ‘energy becomes negative inthis region Therefore, the particle wll not exists this region. The minimum total energy ofthe particle For the potential energy shape in Fig. 5.19b: Al regions ~ In this case, the potential energy Vis greater than the total energy inall regions Hence, the particle does not exis in this region For the potential energy shape in Fig. §.194:x> a and x aandx 10°. Volume of the rain drop is given by Vn Sep 2 $314 1027 > = 335104 ohm. Mass ofthe ain crop cleats p= 43c3 141097 x10 ig = 23510 kg Gevtatonal forces cleat ss Famg= $314 (2%10°P «10x98 =39104K The workdoneby the raviational foc onthe rp inthe fsthalfof journey gen by W = Fee $2142 105) x10 x98%250 «0002 1 This amount of work is equal to the work done by the gravitational force on the drop in the second half of its journey, that is, We W= 0082 As per the law of conservation of energy, no ressve force presen. the total energy ofthe ln drop al ‘remain the same. Therefore, the total energy at the top is given by Ey aimgh += 4314 (210°) x10! x98%500= 01641 Due to the presence of a resistive force, the drop hits the ground with a velocity of 10 mvs. Therefore, the total energy atthe ‘ground s obtained as ce = Som 4 0= Lac $ 34 x10 X10 x98 0! = 184109 Therefore the resistive forces calculated as Eg= Ep=-0.162 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET32 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 119. Consider the decay of free neutron atrest:n -> p + Show thatthe two-body decay of this type must necessatly give an electron of fxed energy and, therefore, cannot account forthe observed continuous energy distribution in the f-decay of @ neutron ora nucleus (Fig, 521) (NCERT) Kinetic energy of ‘patie emitted Figure s.21 Solution ‘The decay process of ree neutron at rests given as. aopte From Einstein's mass-energy relation, we have the energy of electron as Amc, where the mass defect i given by ‘Am = Mass of neutron ~ (Mass of proton + Masso electron) and cis the speed of light. am and cae constants. Hence, the two-body decay is unable to explain the continuous energy distibu- tion in the decay of a neutron or a nucleus. The presence of neutrino on the LHS ofthe decay correctly explains the continuous energy distribution. 20. The bob ofa pendulum is released from a horizontal position. the length of the pendulum is 1.5m, whats the speed with which the bob arivs atthe lowermost point, glven that It dsipated 5% of its inital energy against ar resistance? (NCERT) Solution Length ofthe pendulum Is = 1.5 m; mass ofthe bob is m: energy dissipated is 5%, According tothe law of conservation of energy, the total energy ofthe system remains constant ‘At the horizontal position: Potential energy ofthe bob isfy = mg kinetic energy ofthe bob iE, =0;total energy is given by mal ‘At the lowermost point (mean position}: Potential energy ofthe bob Is E, = 0; kinetic energy ofthe bob is given by eli &=tm. Total energy i given by f= tov. {As the bob moves from the horizontal postion to the lowermost point, 5% ofits energy gets disipated. The total energy at the lowermost point is equal to 95% ofthe total energy a the horizontal point, that i, Vip? = 95. x¢ mol = v =, fPESEXISROR 27 = 709 mT T00 Hence, the speed with which the bob arrives at the lowermost points 528 mvs. Which ofthe following potential energy curves in Fig 5.22 cannot possibly describe the elastic colision of two billiard ball? Here ris the distance between centers ofthe ball (NCERT) ve ws 528s, Ea 2 ‘a o vo va 2 a @ ® Figure 5.22 Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. Solution The potential energy of a system of two masses is inversely proportional to the separation between them. In the given case, the Potential energy ofthe system ofthe two balls decreases as they come closer to each other. It becomes zero [ie Vir] =0] when the two balls touch each other, that i at r= 28, where Ris the radius ofeach billard ball The potential eneray curves given in figure subparts (0, (8 (2) (and (f of Fig, §.22 do not satisy these two conditions Hence, they do not describe the elastic callsions between ther, ‘Akg block situated on a rough incline is connected to a spring of spring constant 100 N/m as shown In Fig. 5.23. The block teleased from rest with the spring in the unstretched position. The block moves 10 cm down the incline before coming to rest. Find the coefficient of fletion between the block andthe incline. Assume thatthe spring has a negligible mass and the pulley i frictionless. (NCERT) Figure 5.23 ‘Mass ofthe blocks m = kg: spring constants k= 100 N/m: dlsplacement inthe block, x= 10m = 0.1m, The situation is depicted in Fig. 524 At equilibrium, the norma reaction is R= mg cos 37" Fictional force is f= R= mg sin 37°, where isthe coeficient of fiction. The net force acting on the blockis given by mg sin 37° =f ng sin 37° — yng cos 37° = mg(sin 37° — eos 379). ‘Atequilbrium, the work done by the blocks equal tothe potential energy ofthe spring, that, ings —con37 4 = Nt 1x 98hsin37 ~ ueos37°%x = 4 100% (0.0 Simplitying further, we get w=0.t2s, 123. Answer the following: a) The casing ofa rocket in fight burns up due to fiction. At whose expense Is the heat energy fequited for burning obtained? — “The rocket or the atmosphere? Comets move around the Sun in highly eliptical orbits. The gravitational force on the comet due tothe Sun is not normal to the comet’ velocity in general. Yet the work done by the gravitational force aver every complete orbit ofthe comet is zero, why? ‘An atifcil satelite orbiting the Earth in very thin atmosphere loses its energy gradually ue to dlssipation against atmospheric resistance, however small Why then does its speed increase progressively as it comes closer and closer to the Earth? In Fig, 25a, the man walks 2m carrying 9 mass of 15 kg on his hands. As shown In Fig. 5.25b, he walks the same distance pulling the rope behind him. The rope goes overa pulley, and a mass of 15 kg hangs at its other end. In which casei the work done greater? (ncerr) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES © Figure 5.25 Solution (a) The burning of the casing ofa rocket in fight (due to friction) results inthe reduction ofthe mass ofthe rocket. According to the conservation of energy, we have Total energy (TE) = Potential energy (PE) + Kinetic energy (KE) = gh + ym ‘The reduction inthe rockets mass causes a drop inthe total energy. Therefore, the heat energy required forthe burning i ‘obtained from the rocket. Gravitational force is a conservative force As the work done by a conservative force over a closed path i zero, the work done by the gravitational force over every complete orbit ofa comet s also ze. ‘When an artificial satelite, orbiting around Earth, moves closer to Earth its potential energy decreases because of the reduc- ‘ton inthe height. Since the total energy of the system remains constant, the reduction in the potential energy results in an increase in kinetic energy. Hence, the velocity ofthe satelite increases. However, due to atmospheric ction the total energy ‘ofthe satelite decreases by a small amount. For Fig. .25a: Mass is m = 15 kg; dsplacement is s= 2 m, Work done in this case is calculated as follows (here isthe angle between the force and the displacement: W = Fecoso imgscos0 = 15 x2%918c0590° =O (as cos90"= 0), For Fig. 5.25b: Masss m= 15 kg: displacement Iss =2 m. The direction ofthe force applied onthe rope and the rection ofthe clsplacement ofthe rope are same. Therefore the angle between them is @= 0°. Since cos0*= 1,the work done is calculated as W=Fscos 0=mgs=15 x98%2= 294 Hence, its concluded that more work is done inthe case show in Fig, 5.25b. This work is excess work done apart from the: ‘work done against the tition while moving the displacement of 2m. 24. A person trying to lose weight (dete) Iifts a 10 kg mass, one thousand times, to @ height of 0.5 m each time. Assume thatthe ‘potential energy ost each time she lowers the mass is dssipated, (a) How much work does she do against the gravitational force? (6) Fat supplies 38 x 10” J of eneray per kilogram which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate. How much fat willthe dleter use up? (NCERT) Solution (a) Mass ofthe weight is m-= 10 ks; height to which the person ifs the weight ish=0.5 m; numberof times the weight I lifted 1000. Therefore, the work done against gravitational force is given by rimgh) = 1000 10 98 x 05 = 49 x 108) = 49, (6) Energy equivalent of 1 kg of fat = 38 x 107 efficiency rate is 20%; mechanical eneray supplied by the persons body Is given by 1 , dxsx1074 Equivalent mass of fat lost by the dieters obtained as. i us Wayxaexio * 491 25. bolt of mas 0. kg falls from the celng ofan elevator moving down witha uniform speed of7 mvs. Iti the lor of the elevator (length of the elevator =3 m) and does nat bound, Whats the heat produced by the impact? Would your answer be iferentif the levator were stationary? (ncerr) Solution ‘Mass of the boltism = 0.3 kg speed of the elevatoris7 m/s helghts=3 m. Since the relative veloc ofthe bolt with respect to {helt isze0, at the time of mpact, the potential energy gets convertedintoheat enersy: Heat produced = Los of potential energy X04 = 6.45 «10° ha 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. The potential energy or the heat produced, is obtained as mgh=03%98x3=8.82 1 ‘The heat produced remains the same even ifthe if is stationary. This Is beceuse of the fact that the relative velocity of the bolt With respect tothe ift remains zero. SECTION III = Power = Collisions fa force does an amount of work Win an amount of time A, the average power due tothe force during that time interval is w pa The instantaneous power Pis the instantaneous time rate of doing work, which can be expressed as ow n= The St unit of power i /5 This units used so often tha thas. a special name, watt (W), named after the scientist James Watt. 1 horse power, another unit of power often used in automobile industry, is equal to 746 W. Instantaneous power isalso expressed in terms of force and velocity 25, Pai, Gonceptual Problems ‘1. Which physical quantity i conserved during both the elastic and inelastic colision? Solution Ina perfectly elastic collision, the physical quantities (1) kinetic energy and (2) inear momentum are conserved. In a perfectly inelastic collision, only linear momentum s conserved. 22. Figure 5.26 shows a garden sprinkler that whirls around a vertical ans. From each of the three arms of the sprinkler, water exits through a tapered nozzle. Because of this nozzle, the water leaves each nazle wth a speed thats greater than the speed inside the arm (2) Apply the impulse-momentum theorem to deduce the direction of the force applied tothe water. (b) Then, with the ad of ‘Newton’ third law, explain how the water causes the whiting motion, Figure 5.26 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET6 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solution (a) Since the water leaves each nozzle witha speed that is greater than the speed inside the arm, the quantity I postive. From the impulse-momentum theorem, (ZF]At = mvs ~ mv, and we can deduce that there isa net positive or outward impulse ‘Therefore, a net outward force i exerted onthe water. From Newtons third law of mation, the water must exert a net force that is equal in magnitude, but negative and directed ‘toward the nozzle. The nozzle and the am, in tur, mave. Since each arm i fee to rotate about the vertical axis, the arm will whi. 3. How many joules arein 1 MeV? Solution TMeV = 1.610- 1 4. Is collision possible even without actual contact ofthe colliding particles? Solution Collision possible even without actual contact ofthe colliding particle. For example, an a-partcle speeding toward the nucleus of an atom gets deflected by the electrostatic force of repulsion without the actual physical contact with the nucleus. The a-paticle is said to have undergone cllsions with the nucleus. You are a passenger ona jetiner that is flying ata constant velocity. You get up from your seat and walk toward the front ofthe plane. Because of this action, your forward momentum increases. What, if anything, happens tothe forward momentum ofthe plane? Give your reasoning. Solution Let the system be defined by the jetliner and all the other passengers, luggage, etc) and the walking passenger. When the passenger walks toward the front ofthe plane, the lineer momentum ofthis passenger increases. Any forces exerted by this passenger onthe Jetliner are Internal forces and cannot change the total momentum ofthe system. Therefore, from momentum conservation, the forward momentum ofthe jetiner will decrease by the same amount asthe momentum gained by the passenger. This amount is small compared to the forward momentum of the jetliner and goes unnoticed {6 Alter colsion, two bodies sik together. What type of collision are the two bodies undergoing? Solution Ifafter collision two bodies stick together, the two bodies undergo a perfectly inelastic colsion. 7. Would you expect the center of mass ofa baseball bat to be located halfway between the ends ofthe bat, nearer the lighter end or nearer the heavier end? Provide a reason for your answer. Solution Since mote ofthe mass ofthe bat i located near the heavier end ofthe bat, the center of mass of the bat wil be located nearer the heavier end, ‘When the exchange of energy maximum during an elastic colsion? Solution When the fist body is moving with a constant velocity codes withthe second body (ofthe same mass as that ofthe frst body), the exchange of energy between the two bodies s maximum. The colsion in this case should be perfectly elastic, ‘collision occurs between three moving billiard balls such that no net external force acts onthe three-ball systems the momentum (ofeach ball conserved during the collision? Ifso, explain why fnot, what quantity is conserved? Solution Fora system comprised ofthe three balls, there sno net external force. The forces that occur when te thre balls colide ae internal forces. Therefore, the total near momentum ofthe system is conserved, Note, however that the momentum of each balls not conserved, The momentum of any given ball will change ast interacts with the other balls the momentum of each bal will change In such a way as to conserve the momentum ofthe system. Its the momentum ofthe sytem of balls~ not the momentum of an Individual bal - thats conserved. 10, Ona distant asteroid a large catapult is used to throw chunks of stone ito space. Could sch a device be used asa propulsion sytem tomove the asteroid closer tothe Earth? Explain. Solution Let the system be comprised ofthe asteroid, the catapult and the supply of stones. When the catapults used to"throw chunks of stones into space, the force exerted by the catapult i an interna force; therefore, the total momentum ofthe system must remain, 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 37 the same. When rocks are thrown in one direction they cary linear momentum in that direction From the conservation of momentum, the asteroid must cary an equal amount of momentum in the opposite direction. It wil therefor, move in that direction. Such a device could be used asa propulsion system to move the asteroid closer to Earth, ‘Additional Problems 1.1500 kg caraccelerates from resto 75 km/h in 45s. How much power is supplied by the engine to accelerate the car? Solution The work done on the car by the engines, according to the work-energy theorem, w= Lv = 0500) (75 10 mnK600 va? = 3310. The average power supplied bythe engine is Wl p33K105) _ 75,300 pal 33810) 73108, 22. One kilowatt-hour{kWh) isthe amount of work or energy generated when one kilowatt of power is supplied fo atime of one hour. ‘Atilowatt-hours the unit of energy used by power companies when figuing your electric bil. Determine the numberof joules of ‘energy in one klowatt-hout Solution ‘One kilowatt hour is the amount of work or energy generated when one kilowatt of power Is supplied for atime of one hour. We ‘know that W=Pt. Using the fact that 1 KW= 1.0% 10° Js and that 1h =3600 5, we have 1.0 Wh =(1.0 x 104/91 = 1.0% 1081513600 5)= 3.6% 108 3. Aman of mass 60 kg runs up fight of 30 stepsin 40. feach step is 20 cm high calculate the power of the man, Solution Height ofeach step is 20 cm = 0.2m: mass ofthe man ism = 60 kg: numberof steps = 30; time taken by the man to climb 30 steps '. Total height in which the man reaches after 30 steps is glven by 30 x0.2=6 m. The energy disipated by man is caleu igh = 60 x 98x 6 = 3528 J ‘Te power ofthe man is obtained as follows: £_ 3528 3528 - gga, 4. A man pulls a lawn roller with a force of 20 kgf He apples the force at an angle 60° withthe ground, Calculate the werk done in paling the roller through 10m. fhe takes 1 min in doing so, calculate the power developed. Take g = 10 m/s Solution Force that the man pulls the lawn roller is F = 20 kgf = 20 x 10 = 200.N; acceleration due to gravity Is g = 10 m/s; displacement ‘of oller iss = 10 my inclination of force with ground i @ = 60°; time taken Ist = I min = 60 s. The work done by the motorcyce is ‘aleulated as follows W = Freos@ = 200 100560" = 200 x 1005 = 1000 ‘The power developed s caleuated as follows: 1657 W. 5. Aman cyces up ahill whose slopes 1 in 20 witha veloctyoF6.4 kh along the hil The weight ofthe man and the cycle is 98 kg, ‘What work per minut is he doing? What isthe power of aman in horse power? ‘Solution ‘Velocity ofthe man s obtained as 5 = 64 kmh = 64 x Smis= ‘The situation s depicted in Fig. 5.27. Weight of the man and the cycle together is W = 98 kg; the slope of 1 in 20 implies that fBC= 1, [AB=20. Let the inclination of the hil with the horizontal be 0 therefore, in @= 1/20. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES The weight W of the man and the cycle canbe resolved into two components. Since the component ofthe weight along the hill 1s W sin 6 in order to cycle up, the force equa to Win @ has to.be applied in the upward direction as shown in Fig. 527. Thus, the force applied by the mans given by F=Wsnd=00x Jigf= 49g = 49x98 N Powerfthemaniscalted as = 49x98 x 1S wat =49x98x 18x 1 = Pa fy =49x98% 16 watt =49x98% 8 x 51 = 0.1148 hp ‘The work done in min is given by war xr249x90 16 e60=5122191 (6. The mass of an airplane is 480 quintal. It stats from rest and develops a speed of 42 m/s just before takeoft.fthe length ofthe rn ‘way is2 km, calculate the power developed. Solution Inital veloc of the airplane sv, ~0 mvs; fnal velocity ofthe airplane before the takeoffs v= 42 mis: tance covered by the airplane Is 5 2 km = 2000 m; mass of the airplane is m = 480 quintal = 480,000 kg, Letthe acceleration ofthe plane be a. Using the third kinematics relation, we calculate the acceleration as P-g= de (42 mvs? — (0 mvs? = 20 x 2000 a2 = 32000 1764 PSA sossimvs ‘The force acting onthe airplane's calculated as F = ma= 480,000 x 0.441 = 211680 N. ‘The power developed inthe airplane is obtained as follows y= 211680 x 42 = 890,560 We 89 MW. An engine pumps up 1000 ky of water through a height of 10 m in 5s. the efficiency ofthe engine Is 60%, calculate the power of the engine in klowatt. Take g = 10 m/s? Solution ‘Mass of the water is M = 1000 kg; height is h = 10 m; time ¢ = 5 s acceleration due to gravity Is g = 10 m/s; efficiency ofthe engines 9 = 60% = 0.6. Total work done by the engine given by W-= Mgh = 1000 x 10 x 10 = 108 4 Cutput power ofthe engine s calculated as follows: Leth, be the power ofthe engine, which is obtained as Fat. 5 f= Pas. = 20. n= Fee n= Mee =H = 333k. '8. The motors ofan electric train moving with a velocty of 54 km/h consume a power of 900 KW. The efficiency ofthe motors and the " aoe ‘Aralvay carriage of mass 10.000 kg moving witha speed of $4 kmh strikes a stationary cariage ofthe same mass. After the colsion, ‘the carriages get coupled and move together. Whats ther common speed after the collision? Isthe cllsion elastic? ‘Sohution Mass of the frst ravay carriage s m, = 10,000 kg; mass ofthe second railway cartlage I m, = 10,000 ka; initial speed ofthe first railway cariage isu = 15 mvs initial speed ofthe second ralwaycariage u, = 0. Let the common speed of the two cartiages after colision bev. As the collsion is perfectly inelastic, the momentum is con served during colsion: (om + mg emg + mg. (10,000 + 10,0009” = 10,000.15 + 0 ~ Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Therefore, rom a,(1), the common speed ofthe two railway carriages aftr the colision is obtained 35 y= 10,000.15 720,000 112. A sphere of mass 500 g moving with a velocity 200 cm/s collides centrally wth another sphere of mass 100 g moving witha velocky 100 cvs towards it. After the colson, the two spheres stick together. Find the final velocities ofthe two spheres and loss in kinetic energy ofthe system. Solution Mass ofthe fist spheres My = 500 g; mass ofthe second sphere Is M = 100g; intial velocty ofthe fist sphere Is uy = 200 ers: Initial velocity ofthe second sphere isu, = -100 emis Since thecolsion is inelastic the final velocity ofthe two spheres after collision i calculated as follows: Mus, + Miu, _- $00 % 200 + 100 x (100) Me 500100 eee =75ms ‘The loss in kinetic energy is obtained as = i in = S020 ano (107 = 375 x10 a. +)" 48 = 3500+ 1003 13, Two spheres moving in the same direction collide. Thlr masses are S kg and 2 kg and velocities are 10 mvs and 5 m/s respectively, Ifthe coefcient of restitution sO, find thelr velocities afte collision Also calculate the losin kinetic eneray. Solution Mass ofthe fist sphere is My = 5 ki mass ofthe second sphere is M; = 2kg; intial velocity of first sphere before colision Is 10 V5; nitial velocity of second sphere before collsion isu, = 5 ms; coeficientof restitution ise = 0. ‘The velocity of fist sphere afte colisions calculated as mM ~ aM, yyw eM + (14 eIMu, © (S06 x2) x 10+ (14 08) x25 " eM 2 and the velocity of second sphere after colsion s calculated as vy = Ma eM H(04 eM, _ 2-06 x5) x54 (14 06) x 5x10 a m+, 5+2 ‘The loss in kinetic energy is calculated a follows: Q Letty 5p My, = I) OP = 2p 1. A body is iitially at rest, It undergoes one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration. The power delivered to It at time tis proportional to (a); (bf (e) 132, and (€) (CERT) Solution -Mass ofthe body Is m: acceleration of the body Is 2 Using Newton's second law of motion the force experienced by the body is ‘given bythe equation Fema, 0 Inwhich both m and a ae constants, hence, force Fis soa constant. Fr velocity v acceleration i gven by a a= ~ constant dv = Constant xt sveat, where ais aso constant. Therefore, Poweris given by Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. Substituting the values of Fand v hom Eqs. (1) nc (3) in Ea (8), we get Pat from which its concluded that powers directly proportional to time, Hence option (b)s correct. 15. A body is moving uniirectionally under the influence ofa source of constant power. Its displacement in time ¢ is proportional to (a) (0) 600.2%, and (a F. (NceRT) Solution Powers given by = mar = my St = conan sph Integrating Eq, (1) on both sides, we get For displacement xo the body, we have Integrating a, (2) on both sides, we get Since kis a constant, x=, Hence, option(s correct ‘Choose the conect alternative: When a conservative force does postive work ona body, the potential energy ofthe body inreases/decrease/remans unatere, Wiork done by a body against friction always results ina loss ofits kinetic/potential energy. “The rate of change of total momentum of a many-paricle system is proportional tothe externa force/sum of the internal forces on the system, nan inelastic colsion of two bodies, the quantities which do not change after the collsion are the total kinetic energy/total linear momentum/otal energy of the system of two bodies. (NCERT) (a) The potential energy ofthe body Increases when a conservative force does postive work on a body, (©) Work done by abody against friction resultsin alos ofits kinetic energy. (@)_Therate of change of total momentum ofa many-partcle system Is proportional othe external force. (4) Inaninelastic coliion oftwo bodies, the quantities which do not change after the colsion are the total linear momentum, 7. State if each ofthe following statements is true or fale. Give reasons for your answer. (a) Inan elasticcolsion of two bodies, the momentum and energy ofeach body is conserved. () Total energy of system i always conserved, no matter what internal and external forces on the body ate present. (@) Work done in the motion ofa body over a closed loop is zero fr every force in nature (@) Iman inelastic collision, the fnal kinetic energy ks always less than the Initia KInetc energy ofthe system. (wcerT) Solution (a) False—inan elastic collision, the total energy and momentum of both the bodies, and not of exch individual body, is conserved, (b) False Although internal forces are balanced, they cause no work tobe done on a bod Its the exteral forces that have the ability to do work. Hence external forces ae able to change the energy ofa system. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET2 R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES. {€)_ False The work done in the motion ofa body over a closed loop is zero fora conservation force only (4) Tue — In an inelastic collision, the final kinetic energy is akways less than the inal kinetic energy of the system. There is always a loss of energy in the form of heat, sound, etc inelastic colsions. 18, Answer the following carefully wit reasons (a) Inan elastic colsion of two billard bal, s the total kinetic energy conserved during the shor time of collision of the balls (ie, when they ae in contac)? (b) the total inear momentum conserved during the shor time ofan elastic collision of two bas? (@)_ Whatare the answers to () part (a) and i) part (b) for an inelastic collision? (4) If the potential eneray of two billiard balls depends only on the separation distance between thelr centers, fs the colsion elastic or inelastic? (Note that we are talking hereof potential energy corresponding tothe force during colsion, not gravita- tional potential energy) (NCERT) Solution {8} No~Inan elastic collision, the total intl kinetic energy ofthe balls wll be equa to the total final kinetic energy ofthe balls ‘This kinetic energy isnot conserved atthe instant the two balls rein contact with each other. In fact, at the time of colsion, the kinetic energy ofthe balls will et converted into potential energy {b) Yes In an elastic collision the total linear momentum of the sytem always remains conserved, (€) (Iman inelastic colision, there i always a loss of kinetic energy, that i, the total kinetic energy ofthe blir balls before collision s greater than that aftr colsin, (a) The total linear momentum ofthe system of illards balls remains conserved even inthe case ofan inelastic collision, (4) The collision is elastic ~ In the given case, the forces involved are conservation. This is because they depend on the separation between the centers ofthe billiard balls Hence, the collision i elastic. 119 Armolecule in a gas container hits a horizontal wall with speed 200 m/s and angle 30° with the normal, and rebounds with the ‘same speed, Is momentum conserved inthe colsion? Is the collision elastic or inelastic? (NCERT) Solution ‘The momentum ofthe gas molecule remains conserved whether the colision is elastic or inelastic. ‘The gas molecule moves with a velocty of 200 m/s and strikes the stationary wall of the container, rebounding withthe same speed shows thatthe rebound velocity of the wall remains ero. Hence, the total kinetic energy ofthe molecule remains conserved during the collision This kind of colision is an example of an elastic collision The linear momentum ofthe gas molecule remains conserved whether the colson I elastic or inelastic ‘Appump on the ground floor ofa building can pump up water to fila tank of volume 30 min 15 min. Ifthe tank is 40 m above the ‘round, and the efficiency ofthe pumps 30%, how much electric powers consumed by the pump? (NcERT) Solution Volume ofthe tank is V= 30 mime of operation is t= 15 min = 1560 = 900s; height ofthe tank ish = 40 m; efficiency ofthe 310% density of water i p= 10° kg/m; mass of water i m = pV = 30 x 10° kg. Output power is obtained as -_ Workdone _ mgh _ 3010x9840 _ 13.967 », = Woks. 1g a 2.067 10° W. Forinput power P, efficiency nis given by n= f= 2003 h= 13067 30 % 100 x 10? = 0436 108 W = 436 kW. 21, Two identical ball bearings in contact with each other and resting on afictionless table are hit head-on by another ball bearing of the same mass moving initially witha speed Vf the collision is elastic, which of the following (Fig. 5.28) sa possible resut after collision? (NCERT) Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWORK, ENERGY AND POWER [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS. 8 Solution From Fig. 5.29, itis noted that the total momentum before and afte collision in each situation is constant. The total kinetic energy ‘ofa system remains conserved before and aftr colsion fran elastic colsion. For mas ofeach ball bearing (m), we have the total kinetic energy ofthe system before colsion as follows: 1 v2 + Lamp = 2 mv? Janv2 + Loam = Ymv2, Situation (i: After ollsion the total kinetic energy ofthe system this situation is obtained as 1 2 Therefore, the kinetic energy ofthe system isnot conserved in situation () 1 VY 2S w2, mos om) = dav Steuation (i: After colsion, the total kinetic energy of the system inthis situation is obtained as 1 lata ln Jam xo dmv? = dmv Therefore, the kinetic energy ofthe system is conserved in situation (i. ‘Situation (il: After colision, the total kinetic energy ofthe syster in this situation is obtained as. Jom( 4) = Lav Therefore, the kinetic energy ofthe system isnot conserved incase il From the above tree situations, itis concluded thatthe total kinetic energy ofthe sytem is conserved ony in situation (i. {22 The bob A ofa pendulum released from 30° tothe vertical hits another bob B ofthe same mass at rest on a table as shown In Fig. 5.29. How high does the bob A rse after the colision? Neglect the size ofthe bobs and assume the collision to be elastic. (NCERT) Figure 5.29 Solution Inan elastic colsion between two equal masses In which one mass I stationary and the ether mass is moving with some velocty, the stationary mass acquires the same velocity. However, the moving mass immeclately comes to rest after collision, in this ease, a complete transfer of momentum takes place from the maving mass to the stationary mass. Hence, bob A of mass, m, after cling With bob 8 of equal mass, wll come to rest, wile bob B will move with the velocity of bob A atthe instant of collision. Therefore, bob A will not rise ata The blades of a windmill sweep out a circle of area A. (a Ifthe wind flows at avelacty v perpendicular tothe circle, wht i the ‘mass ofthe at passing through it in time t(b) What i the kinetic energy ofthe ar? (c) Assume thatthe windmill converts 25% of the wind’s energy into electrical energy and that A= 30 mv, v= 36 km/h and the density of iris 1.2 kg/m. What isthe electrical power produced? (NCERT) Solution ‘Area ofthe circle swept by the windmills A: velocity ofthe wind sv. Let density of he airbe p, {a)_ Volume of the wind flowing through the windmill per second is A, mass ofthe wind flowing through the windmill per second 's pv. Mass (m) of the wind flowing through the windmil in time tis pAvt () Kinetic energy ofthe aris calculated as. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET4 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (€)_ Area of the circle swept by the windmills A= 30 m2 velocity of the wind Is v= 36 kmh density of al Is p= 1.2 kg/m? The amount of electrical energy produced is calculated a follows: Btecrc energy produced = 25% ofthe wind eneray = 3 xine r= Lote 35 x Kinetic energy of ar» Jp ‘The amount of electrical power produced i calculated as follows: Berea power = Beetcal energy = Yom = Pax raa0xt0! = 45310" W = AS 1 “er 24. A family uses 8 KW of power. (a) Direct solar energy Is incident onthe horizontal surface at an average rate of 200 Wi? 20% of this energy canbe converted to useful electial energy, how large an areas needed to supply 8 KW? (b) Compare ths area to that ofthe roof ofa typical house, (NCERT) Solution (a) The power used by the familys P= 8 KW = 8 x 10° W; solar energy received per square meter is 200 W; efficiency of conversion from solar to electricity energy is 20%; area required to generate the desired electricity is From the used power bythe family andthe rest ofthe data given, we can calculate the needed area to supply KW power as follows 20 8 10" = 20% x (Ax 200) = 29 Ax 200, x10 ‘0 (b) The area ofa solar plate required to generate 8 kW of electricity is almost equivalent tothe area ofthe roof ofa building having dimensions 14m x 14m, A= = 200 mt Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET