7 R. K. MALIK'S riitramanovs,neoica son, non eax NEWTON CLASSES Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net GRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS — XI TARGET CBSE |. Newton concluded that net ony Earth attracts both apples and the Moon but also every body inthe universe attracts every ‘other body; this tendency of bodies to move toward one anothers called gravitation. 2. According to Newton's law of gravitation, two bodies separated by a stance attract each other with a force which i directly proportional to the product of masses of the two bodles and inversely proportional to the square of dstance between them, ‘which is mathematically expressed as FG where m, and m, ae the masses of the particles rs the distance between them, and Gis the universal gravitational constant (©61672% 10° Neg oF = 667 > 10-" nP/kg-). Gravitational constant is umercally equa to the force of attraction between unit masses separated by a unit distance. The value of G was found out by Cavendish. 4. The SI unit of gravitational constants N- mk? ands dimensional formulas [MALT 5. Shell theorem: A uniform spherical shell of matter attracts a particle that is outside the shell a if all the shell. mass were concentrated atts center If we are supposed to find the resultant gravitational force acting on the particle m due to’@ number of masses My, Mi. My we use the principle of superposition. Let f, F,,...F, be the individual forces due to the masses My, Mb... Mp, which are given by the law of gravitation, then from the principe of superposition, each of these forces acts independently and uninflu- ‘enced by the other bodies. The resuitant force F can be expressed in vector adeltion as hehehehe SA where isthe symbol used for summation. 1. Weight i the force of gravity acting on an abject. Ones weight on the surface ofthe Earth differs fom the surface ofthe Moon ‘or any other celestial body, and in the depths of interstellar space, one may weigh next to nothing. Weight of a body is elated tots mass, which isthe amount of matter in the body. However, weight i diferent from mass. nintertellar space, the weight (ofa body would be zero, but its mass would not change, Kepler's first law of planetary motion: All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one of the focal points, which is aso called law of orbit. Kepler's second law of planetary motion: The radius vector drawn from the Sun toa planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals, whichis also called law of area, This aw follows fom the fact that the force of gravitation onthe planet is cen: tal and hence the angular momentum Is conserved . Kepler's third law of planetary motion: The square of the orbital period ofa planet Is proportional tothe cube ofthe sem ‘major axis ofthe eliptcal obit ofthe planet, which also called law of perio is given by (ah Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0661-2682623, 9635608812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘where Tis the period of motion ofthe planet, Ris the radius ofthe circular orbit of the planet, Mis the mass of the Sun, and G isthe universal gravitational constant (= 6.572 x 10" N-m/g? For eliptical orbits, this equation is valid if Ris replaced by the semimajoraxs(). «When a body of mass ms ying on the surface ofthe Earth of mass M, and radius R, the exact value of acceleration due to gravity at an altitude h above the surface of Earth then given by a 9m Tes HF CConsideting the Earth to be a homogeneous sphere of radius Re and mass My and a body be taken to a depth d below the free surface ofthe Earth, then the acceleration due to gravity gq is given by sona(-f) ‘The gravitational potential energy Uf two particles, of masses M, and m, separated by adstance ris given by va sin Te ravtatonl potenti energy decrees when the separation decrees Since U= form the ote energy is negatve {erate septal and becomes preresivey more epntvew the pris move dose ope When a projectile projected upward from the Earths surface, usually it slows down, stops momentarily, and then returns backto Earth. There, however, certain minimum intial speed that causes it to move upward forever, theoretically coming to rest only at Infinity. This minimum initial speed is called the (Earth) escape speed. 5. When an isolated system consists ofa particle of mass m maving with a speed vin the vicinity of @ massive body of mass M, then the total mechanical energy ofthe particles given by A gy? — Sn = Lm - ‘which implies that the total mechanical energy i the sum of the kinetic and potential energies. The total energy isa constant of “The escape velocity vy ofa body thats projected from the Earths given by 20% which has the value of 11.2 kis 1 A satellite in a circular orbit around the Earth in the equatorial plane, which appears stationary to an observer on the Earth, is called geostationary satelite, Polar orbit is that orbit whose angle of inclination with equatorial plane of Earth is 90°. Polar satellites are low altitude (h = ‘500 ~ 800 km) satelts, which cele the globe in a North-South orbit passing over the North and South poles Polar satelites ‘cross the equator at the same time dally This is because they are Sun synchronous TEXTBOOK EXERCISES 11, The planet Neptune travels around the Sun with a period of 165 years. Show thatthe ralus of its orbits approximately 30 times that of arth’ orbit, both being considered a circular. Solution Time period of revolution of Earths T; = Tex = 1 year: time period of revlution of Neptune Is T;= Taman = 165 yeas. Let and be the radi ofthe circular orbits of Earth and Neptune, respectively. Using Kepler’ third law, we get Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2635608812, 7546845949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ y= 165" A = 308, Hence, the radius ofits orbits approximately 30 times that of the Earth’ orbit, both being considered as citculat. 2. A.mass Ms split into two parts, m and Mm, which are then separated by 2 certain distance. What ratio of m/M does maximize the ‘magnitude ofthe gravitational force between the parts? Solution ‘The gravitational force between the two parts is hich we diferentiate with respect tom and set equal to zero: a 7% = 0= SM — 2m) = M=2m. ‘Thisleads to the result mM =1/2. 3. In Fig. 7.1, three 5.00 kg spheres are located at stances d= 0300 m and d = 0.400 rm. What ae the (a) magnitude and (b) direction (lative tothe postive direction ofthe »-axis ofthe net gravitational force on sphere B due to spheres A and C? y Figure 7.1 Solution Using F= Gm, we find that the topmost mass pulls upward on the one a the origin with 1.85 x 10° N,and the rightmost mass pals ightward on the one at the origin with 1.0% 10° N. Thus, the (xy) components ofthe net force which can be converted to polar component (here, we use magnitude-angle notation) are 0.04 <104F + (1.85 «104 21310 N {a) The magnitude of the forces 213 x 10°N. {b) The direction ofthe force relative to the-+-axs stan B= 1.85/1.04= 178, that, =60.6°. 4 Atwhat altitude above Earths surface would the gravitational acceleration be 49 m/s"? Solution ‘The acceleration due to gravity is given by a, =GM/?, where M is the mass of Earth and ris the dstance from Earths center. We substitute = Rh, where Ris the radius of Earth and his the altitude, to obtain GM __ GM RF We solve forh and obtain = JGMTa, ~ Re. From Appendix C, Re = 6.37 10*mand M= 598 x 10%*kg, 30 a= EE 19) 637 10° m= 26x10" m om __ Guin 2” Ue hike ~ Oh Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘where g = 983:nvs*is the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the Earth, Figure 7.2 depicts how a, decreases with increasing attitude as 1. os. as. on 02 a0 +6 Figure 7.2 5. Figure 73 shows, not to scale, a cross section through the interior of Earth. Rather than being uniform throughout, the Earth Is divided into three zones: an outer cust, a mantle, and an inner core. The dimensions of these zones and the masses contained within them are shown in Fig. 73. Earth has a total mass of 5.98 x 10 kg and a radius of 6370 km. Ignore rotation and assume that the Earth is spherical. (a Calculate a, atthe surface. (b) Suppose that a borehole (the Mohole) is driven to the crust-mantle interface ata depth of 25.0 km; what would be the value of a, atthe bottom of the hol? () Suppose that Earth were a uniform sphere with the same total mass and size. What would be the value ofa, at a depth of 25.0 km? (Precise measurements of, are sensitive probes ofthe interior structure of Earth, although results can be clouded by local variations in mass distribution) 6245 en ore 1.98 10% kg Mantle, 401 10g Crus 3.943102 34904 Figure 73 Solution (a) The magnitude ofthe force ona particle with mass mat the surface of Earth given by F= GMA, where Ms the total mass of Earth and is Earth radius. The acceleration du to gravity is EM 1687 10" mig 295.98 10° K9) _ 9.93 ys me (637 «108 mi? ass GW, where Mis the total mass contained in the core and mantle together and is the outer radius ofthe mantle (6345% 10m according to Fig. 73). The total massis obtained as, (M2113 10%hg +401 10% bg) = 5.94 10g The fist term isthe mas ofthe cor and the second ithe mas ofthe mantle. Thus, = (667 10-" mig: 3915.94 «10% ks) ae (6345 x10 mp (©) point 25 km below the surface is at the mantle~crust interface and ison the surface of a sphere with 2 radius of 345% 10m, Since the mass snow assumed tobe uniformly dstribued, the mas within this sphere canbe found by = 988 mvs Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI ‘muitiptying the mass per unit volume bythe volume ofthe sphere: M = (R/R2)M,, where M, isthe total mass of Earth and Rs the radius of Earth. Thus, 345 x 10° m)" n= (S28210) 08 10g) Ky where M = 5.0% 10 kgf; = R=20% 108mand m= 10g. (a). IfK, =5.0% 10" Jand r= 40> 10° m, the above equation leads to 1 )esrer, () Inthis case, werequite K;=0 and r,= 810 108m, and solve for Ki: roar +6nt(1=2) eto 1 epee ot man20ig slot esl ancoand shee Bom 1g oon esse Sphow ned om where shed a on Wont ie gana ptr en ote wo pe Jan sorb brakes Onset ene tb when thar mvt mon satan (Tit tra pte ry ve Shy, _(68710" ng: 22019 0) : tam (6) We use conservation of energy (with K=O): BU ae 110 = me — 667210" mvng $).20 Hg Hd UaKsu = 7% a ( hich yes K= 5.6 x 10 Note that the value of isthe dference between 0.0 m and 020m 8. (a) Whats the escape speed ona spherical asteroid whose radius is 500 km and whose gravitational acceleration a the surface is 3.0 mvs? () How fr rom the surface wil a patcle go ft leaves the asteroid surface with a aca sped of 1000 mV (c) Wth what peed wlan object ht the asteridifts dropped from 1000 km above the surface? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET6 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solution (2) Vie use the principle of conservation of energy. Italy the particle sat the surface ofthe asteroid and has potential eneray U,=—GMi/R, where M is the mass of the asteroid, sits radius, and m isthe mass of the particle being fired upward, The tial Kinetic eneray is (V/2)mv. The particle ust escapes If its kinetic energy is zero when is infinitely far from the asteroid ‘The final potential and kinetic energies ae both ero. Conservation of energy yields ins 3 We replace GM/R with af, where a,is the acceleration due to gravity at the surface. Then, the energy equation becomes Wa,ft+ (1/2) = 0. We solve for v= fag = 30 eFVEOOH TO") = 1.7 108 vs = 1.7 es. Initially the particle is at the surface; the potential energy Is U=~GMm/R and the kinetic energy is = (1/2)m¥2. Suppose the Particle is a distance h above the surface when it momentarily comes to rest. The final potential energy is U;=—GMm/R-+ h) ‘andthe inal kinetic energy sK,= 0. Conservation of energy yields ahem, cum nt jo Wrap Git jandcancsimin tere equion btn lee mah a estan tri 2a? _4___220mW)800%10° aoflco "= waar aos 1 a= WOOO =28nIm ~1500 x 10° m) Initially the particle is a distance h above the surface and is at rest. Its potential energy Is U\=-GMAViR+h) and its intial kinetic energy i K = 0. Just before it hits the asteroid its potential energy is U;=~GManv/R, Write (1/2) forthe final kinetic ‘energy. Conservation of energy yields then GM nya Reh 2 We substitute af for GM and cancel m, obtaining oft aR ‘The olution for vis, Fane FSO VS (S00 10° a (B00 108 m) +(1000 10°) 10. Two Earth satelites, Aand 8, each of mass m, are tobe launched into circular orbits about Earths center. Satelite Ais to orbit at an ‘altitude of 6370 km. Satelite Bis to orbit atan altitude of 19,110 km. The radius of Earth Rs 6370 km. a) What is the ratio ofthe potential energy of satelite B to that of satelite A, n orbit? (b) What Is the ratio of the kinetic energy of satelite Bt that of satelite ‘Ain orbit? (c) Which satelite has the greater total energy ifeach has a mass of146 kg? (é) By how much? Solution ‘Although attitudes are given, it isthe orbital radi that enter the equations. Thus, r= (6370 +6370) km-=12740 km and 19,110 +6370) km= 25,480 km, (a) The ratio of potential energies is (©) The ratio of kinetic energies i given by Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ (6) Weknow from the equation ‘that the satelite wth the largest value of rhas the smallest value of since rsin the denominator) Since the values of are negative the smallest value of [| corresponds tothe largest energy E Thus, satelite 8 has the largest energy. (@) Tedifferenceis aE=F So (2 Being careful to convert the values to meters, we obtain AE= 1.1 x 10! (The mass M of Earths found to be 5.98 x 10*'kg) 111, Two small spaceships, each with mass m= 2000 kg, are inthe circular Earth orbit of Fig. 74, at an altitude h of 400 km. igor, the commander of one of the ships, arrives at any fixed point in the orbit 90s ahead of Picard, the commander of the other ship. What are the (a) period T, and (b) speed vg ofthe ships? At point Pin Fg. 74, Picard fres an instantaneous bust inthe forward direction, reducing his ship's speed by 1.00%, After this burst, he follows the eliptical orbit (dashed line In Fig. 74). What are the (¢ kinetic ‘energy and (4) potential energy of his ship immediately after the burst? In Picard new elitical orbit, what are(e the total energy E, {the semi-major axis , and (g) the orbital peri T? (hy How much earlier than igor wil Picard return to P? Figure 7.4 Solution ‘The orbital adiusisr = Re + h = 6370 km +400 km = 6770 km = 6:77 x10 m. (a) Using Kepler aw, we find the period ofthe ships to be fans SCTIAO mP Ee = ea aig “SS4x10" s+ 23min. {b) The speed ofthe ships is ig = BAP = 2ANGT7 10" = 7595 109 Gaara See ee (0) Thenewkinetic energy is. r= = Yona99ng? = 12000 gy 09970788108 mis? = 57010" 5 (4) Immediately after the burst, the potential energy isthe same asit was before the burst. Therefore, y= —Glm _ {667 10 mg 55.98% 10% kg) 2000 49) 191014, T 677 x10 m (4) Inthenew elliptical orbit, the total energy is E=K+U=5.78 10 J+ (1.18 10" J) =-602 10" J. (f) Foreliptical obit the total energy can be writen as E = ~GMm/2a, where a's the semi-major axis. Thus, (Gi (67> 10"" mfg 3245.98 10" kg)2000 19) _ 663 10m 2 2602x107) a Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (9) The orbital period iscalelated as [aa _ [aT ESKIO MP _ 557108 - go'smin 7= AGRE = (isara0 ng 9898 xTOR Eg 827 "107 = 85 {h) The orbital period Tor Par liptical orbits shorter than Igor’ lpia orbit by =T = 55405-53705 = 1705 ‘Thus Picard wil rive backat point P ahead of igor by 170 5-90: SECTION! = Kepler's Laws ‘= Universal Law of Gravitation Gravitational Constant ‘Acceleration due to Gravity ofthe Earth ‘Acceleration due to Gravity Below and Above the Surface of Earth Gravitational Potential Energy SI (1) Newton proposed force aw that we call Newton's law of gravitation defined a ever parce attracts ater pate with 2 gravitational fore of magnitude F=6™) Where m, and my are the masses of the particles, is the distance between them, and G Is the gravitational constant (26672 % 10°" N- mig? oF = 6.67 x 10°" P/Q). “The Suni of gravitational constant is Nkg?/ and its dimensional formula (M-'L7T=) if we are supposed to find the resultant gravitational fore acting onthe particle m due toa number of masses My My. My We se the principle of superposition. Let FF... Fy be the individual forces due tothe masses My, My. My which are given by ‘the law of gravitation, then from the principle of superposition, each of these forces actsindependently and uninfluenced by the ‘other bodies. The resultant force Fy can be expressed in vector adaition as, komeeenes wire Isthe symbol used fr summation. Kepler third law of planetary motion: The square of the orbital period of planet is proportional tothe cube ofthe sem- major ais ofthe eliptal orbit the planet, which aso called law of period, is given by re ae. (ai where Tisthe period of motion ofthe planets the rads ofthe cicular orbit ofthe planet Ms the mass ofthe Sun, and Gis the universal gravitational constant (= 672% 10"" N-mfig Fo eliptcal orbits, this equation Is valid i Ais replaced bythe sefn-maloraxs(c ‘When abody of mass ving onthe surface ofthe Earth of mass Mandradius the exact value of acceleration due to gravity atanalttude h above the surface of arth then given by = git oe Considering Earth be a homogeneous sphere of radius Rand mass Mand a body be taken to a depth d below the free surface ‘ofthe Earth then the acceleration due to gravity Is gs given by Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ (7) The gravitational potenti energy Uof two particles, of mases mand my, separated by adstance ris given by y= Sm, ‘The gravitational potential energy decreases when the separation decreases, ince U= 0 for r=» the potential energy Is negative {or ay finite separation and becomes progresively more negative as the particles move closer together. Conceptual Problems 11. Three particles have Identical masses. Each particle experiences only the gravitational forces due tothe other two particles. How should the particles be arranged so each one experiences a net gravitational force that has the same magnitude? Give your reasoning. Solution ‘The magnitude of the gravitational force between any two of the particles is given by Newton’ law of universal gravitation: F = Gmiym,/2, where m, and m, ae the masses ofthe particles and ris the distance between them. Since the particles have equal masses, we can arrange the particles so that each one experiences @ net gravitational force that has the same magnitude If we arrange the particles so that the distance between any two ofthe particles is the same. Therefore, the particles should be placed at the comers ofan equilateral tangle with all three sdes of equal length. 2. Ifa planet of a given density were made larger ts force of araction for an object on its surface would increase because of plane's greater mass, but would decrease because of greater distance fom the object to the center of planet. Which effect does predominate? Solution When an object of mass misplaced on surface of a planet having mass Mand radius , the force experienced by the objects given by rae ‘The mass ofthe planet M can be writen in terms of density of planet pas ™ 4 ny 4anp MM v= (ara Substituting the value of Min Ea. (N.we get = GU8/3)eR pm @ 4 4ncipm, a |When the planet is made larger in sie, the effect of increase in mass of the plane predominates over the effect of increase in stance from the center of the planet. From Eq, (2), we conclude thatthe force of attraction on the object increases with inerease in radius of the planet. Infact, when the planet Is made larger Its mass increases as A and likewise the force of attraction on the object) Increases due to increase inthe mass ofthe planet. On the other hand, the force of attraction decreases as 1/? due to increase in its distance from the planet. Object A weighs twice as much as object B at the same spot on the Earth. Would the same be true at a given spot on Mars? Account for your answer. Solution From the equation, W'= mg, we know that the weight of an object i directly proportional to its mass. The proportionality constant ‘ona given planets g the magnitude ofthe acceleration due to gravity on that planet. Ifobject A weighs twice as much as object Bat the same spot on the Earth, then the mass of objec Ais twice as much asthe ‘mass of object B. The mass of any object is independent of the objec’ location inthe universe. Since the weight of an object is directly proportional to its mass, abject A will weigh twice as much as object 8 atthe same spot on any planet. While the values of ‘the weights wl eliffer from planet to planet asthe value of g varies from planet to planet, the ratio ofthe weights (which equals the ratio of their masses) willbe the same on any planet. ‘4. According to Newton’ aw of gravitation, the apple and the Earth experience equal and opposite forces due to gravitation, But is the apple that falls toward the Earth and not vice versa, Why? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET10 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solution ‘According to Newton’ law of gravitation the force of attraction between the apple of mass m and Earth of mass M separated by a distance ris given by From Newtons third law of motion, we know that the magnitude of force of attraction acting on the Earth due to apple and on apple due to the Earth Is same because they form action-reaction pair. Therefore, the acceleration of the apple wien its acted ‘upon by force having magnitude Fis ‘The acceleration of the Earth when itis acted upon by the force having magnitude Fis given by F _ Mimi = One = SP ‘We know thatthe mass of apple s less than that ofthe Earth, that i, m> M, therefore, from Eqs. (1) and (2), the aceleration of the Earths very small when compared withthe apple. Hence, the apple moves toward the Earth, ‘5. Ifthe Earth were to cease rotating about its own ans, what would be the change n the value of gata place of latitude 45°? Assume ‘thatthe Earth to bea sphere of radius 6.38 x 10°km, Solution Latitude of the place is = 45°; radius of the Earth is = 6.38 10° km = 638.10" my time period of rotation of the Earth is T=1day = 864° 10 s.The angular speed of rotation ofthe Earths ‘The change in acceleration due to gravity i calculated as fa tno( tars) =5- hoch 9-9 =Roteos {6 Wheres the value of gravitational potential energy maximum? Solution ‘The value of gravitational potential energy is maximum at infinity. The gravitational potential energy is given by v= Si ‘hich implies that on the Earth, we are in a negative energy well. As with an actual well, work must be done against the gravity 10-get higher in well The gravitational potential energy ofa body increases (ast becomes less negative) down as it moves higher (rincreases) inthe well The top of Earths gravitational wel i at infinity, where the gravitational potential energy becomes zero, ‘which s the maximum value. 7. Where does abody weigh more —at the ple or atthe equator? Solution ‘The weight ofa body having mass mis given by Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI where gis the aceleration due to gravity at that place. Thus, from Eq (1), we conclude thatthe weight ofa body depends upon the value of acceleration due to gravity ata place because m (mass is constant everywhere. We know that due to rotational effect ofthe Earth, the value of acceleration due to gravity at poles is more than that at the equator of Earth. Therefore, using Eq), the weight ofa body at equators more than thatat the equator. {8 Whats the effec of rotation of Earth onthe value ofg? Solution “The variation of acceleration de to gravity with rotation is given by 9 = 9~Ra*costd. [Atequator: As the lttude's& = 0, Ea, (1) becomes 9 = 9~ Ro cos?0" = 9 — Racas0? = 9 — RoI} = 9 Re Hence, tis clear thatthe value of gis minimum a the equator. ‘At poles: As the latitude s = 90, Ea, (1) becomes 9° =9~ Ra cos? 90° = 9 ~ Re? (cos 90" Hence, tis lear thatthe value of gs maximum atthe poles. From the above two cases the value of acceleration due to gravity is minimum atthe equator and maximum atthe poles. Thus, the effect of rotation of the Earth on the value of acceleration due to gravity Is maximum atthe equator and is minimum at the poles. There sno effect of the rotational motion of the Earth onthe value of gat the poles. Why? Solution The variation of acceleration due to gravity with rotation i given by 9 = 9~ Ra? costa. [At poles: As the latitudes = 90, Eq. (1) becomes 9 =9~Ra*cos90° = 9~ Ro? (c0590"} = 9— RoO = 9 ‘Thus, the value of acceleration due to gravity at poles remains unchanged whether the Earth sat rest or otating 110. Why is gravitational potential energy negative? Solution ‘The gravitational potential energy is given by s. ‘The negative sign indicates that the potential energy is due to attractive gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the body, which means that to bring a body from infinity toa point, the work has been performed by the gravitational field ofthe Earth that Is by attractive force. ‘Additional Problems 1 Suppose that the gravitational force varies inversely asthe nth power of distance. In that situation, what willbe the time period of a planetin a circular orbit of radius R around the Sun? Solution Let the mass of planet be m, radius of the planet be A, orbital speed of the planet bev, and mass of Sun be M. The centripetal force acting on the planets given by ow rome a ‘As the gravitational force varies inversely withthe nth power of distance, the gravitational force on the planet given by Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETa R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘The centripetal force of the planet is provided by the gravitational force of attraction between the Sun and the planet. Therefor, from Eqs. (1) and 2), we get ‘ — Ss haidcobdrsownldylabalisstnggoles me Eikaceiiignat ‘given by on tnt wi plate SA re lf re co oben ree ve should be equal to the increase in kinetic energy ofthe two bodies. Therefore, their relative velocity of approach separated at distance Is obtalned as follows: oa oP) com, yr = 26mm, __26m¢m_ _ 261m +m) tH TRUM, +) 3. According to Kepler's law of periods, T?= Ar, where k is a constant. Compute the constant k for (a) the Earth and (b) Verus. Given that orbital radi of Earth and the Venus are 1496 10"” m and 1.082 x 10" m; and their respective periods are 1 year and (0615 yest. Solution ‘According to Kepler's law of periods, we have Vises dws Z ke {a}, Orbital radius of Earthisr = 1.496 10" m; time petiod of revolution ofthe Earths. T= year = (1% 365% 24 x 60 x 60), Substituting the values in Eq, (1, the constant kfor the Earth s calculated as, a Th = (365 246060? et an6x10" (0) Orbital radius of Veusis r= 108210" m. Time period of evolution of Venus obtained as T= 0615 year = (0615 «365 x 24 x 603% 60). Substuting the values in (the constant for Venus scaelted as 97 10°” 52. aT (0615 365 1 24 x60 60)? ° 1.082 «10 4 The largest andthe shortest distance ofthe Earth ffom the Sun are rand r, What will be its distance from the Sun, when it is at perpendicular to the majoraxs ofthe orbit drawn from the Sun? Solution Let the Earth be located at points A and 8 such that the largest and the shortest dstance ofthe Eath from the Sun ae rand ry respectively. Let Ibe the dlstance of the Earth from the Sun, when itis at perpendicular tothe major-axs ofthe orbit drawn from the =29710-" 3 Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI 13 ‘Sun with ts eccentetye. From Fig. 75, we can conclude that the distance is equal to semi-atus rectum ofthe ellipse with a and b {a5 semi-major and sem-minor axes, respectively. The maximum distance ofthe Earth from the Sun atfocusis given by fa alee) 0 ‘The minimum distance of the Earth rom the Sun is given by n=at-e) ‘Adding qs. (1) and 2), we get At healt elt ol e)=atae+a-ae=2a on hth 2 Dividing Ea. (1) by Eq. (2), we get alte) _ (ee) © aime) * (=e) Ath. (+es(-e) on eee) eh Foran lipse, we have baovi-e oA [| (8) = pe Er = ia = am ih (nF ‘The Earth’ dstance() from the Sun, when itis at perpendicular tothe major-axis ofthe orbit dawn from the Suni calculated as Jax) arith Figure 7.5 Find the potential energy ofa system of four particles, each of mass m placed at the vertices of a square of side Also obtain the potential atthe center ofthe square. Solution Let us obtain the potential at the centr of the square using the principle of superposition. Let us consider system of four particles, each of mass m, placed atthe vertices ofa square of side / (we have two diagonal pair with distance V2 inthis case (Fig. 7.6) Therefore, Gt v= 46m 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETM R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Atthe center (r = 21/2) ofthe square, the gravitational potentials obtained as v= Aviom T A | ea a neuaactonnomn ye dR Rl cg wea BPR te one on est Panne inna im Solution Radius of the Moon is R=17 x 10? m; mass of the moon M-=7.35 x10 kg, Universal gravitational constant ls G= 6.67 x 10"" 'N-mifkgThe acceleration due to gravity on the Moon Is calculated as GM _ 65710735 x10" | . a 7x 107 aN 77. Whats the change in gravitational potential energy when a body of mass mis raised to a height nf above the surface of Earth of radius ®? Solution Cravtatona potential energy at the surface ofthe Earths gen by itm = =e andthe gravitational potenti enero thigh nis iven by =m, 7 ‘The change in raitationa potenti energy when a body of mass srased os height nf above the surface of Earth of radu Rs obtained as folows rs matig Figure 7.7 ‘Solution ‘Mass my = 1 kg; mass m,=2kgi mass m= 2 kg distance r, = 4m; distance ry = 3 m, Using Pythagoras theorem, the distance obtained as fas Yigt +f = (AF = 1649 = V5 = 5m, Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI The total gravitational potential energy ofthe configuration shown in Fig. 77 is calculated as follows: ont) yn(14442)- x10 x 13110" =-eerxto (L402) =-o6r 10 ane 9. A body weighs 63 N on the surface of the Earth, What Is the gravitational force on it due to the Earth at a height equal to haf the radius ofthe Earth? (NCERT) Solution ‘Weight ofthe body s W = 63N. The value of acceleration due to gravity at height from the Earths surface fs given by a ior where gs the acceleration due to gravity on the Earths surface: Rls the radlus of the Earth. The gravitational force on it due tothe Earth ata height equal to half the radius ofthe Earth, that i= R/2, we have teen TAK RIF” 9 VF Hence, nthe given case, weight of abody of mass mat height his obtained as ‘ $xma=$ w= $x63=20N. 3. A comet orbits the Sun in a highly elliptical orbit. Does the comet have @ constant (linear speed, (b) angular speed, () angular ‘momentum, () kinetic energy (e) potential energy or (total energy throughout its orbit? Neglect any mass loss ofthe comet when it comes very dose tothe Sun (NCERT) Solution ‘The angular momentum and total energy at al points ofthe orbit ofa comet moving ina highly elipticl orbit around the Sun are constant. Is linear speed, angular speed, kinetic energy, and potential energy vary from point to point in the orbit. From these fea- tures and neglecting any mass loss ofthe comet when itcomes vey close tothe Sun, we conclude the following: (a) The comet does not have constant linear speed. (B) The comet does not have constant angular speed. (@) Thecomet has constant angulae momentum. (@) The comet does not have constant kinetic energy. {@) The comet does not have constant potential eneray. (f) The comet has constant total energy throughout it orbit 11, lo,one of the sateites of Jupiter, has an orbital period of 1.769 days and the radius ofthe orbits 4.22 x 10m. Show thatthe mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth that ofthe Sun. (NcERT) Solution Orbital pviod ofthe satelite of Jupiter lois T= 1.769 days = 1.769% 26 60 60s; orbital radius of the satelite of Jupiter los 2, = 22 10%m. The satelite lois evlvng around the Juptet Mass of uptrsgven by Where Gis the universal gravitational constant, Orbital period of the Earths abtained as T= 365.25 days = 365.25 x 24 x 60 x 605. Crbital radius ofthe Earth is obtained as R, = TAU = 1496 x 10""m, Mass ofthe Sun s given by Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET16 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Dividing Eq. 2) by Ea. (1), weget My 42m TE My” Gig * aR NB «( jzepxzexeonea Y.(1 = aye 7 (6525x286 60x60 Y= 104s 04 4210" m Mi = 1000 Mz = 1000 « My, Hence, tis concluded thatthe mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth that of the Sun. 12. Letus assume that our galaxy consists of 25 x 10" stars each of one Solar mass. How long wil a star at a distance of $0,000 light year from the galactic center take to.complete one revolution? Take the diameter of the Milky Way to be Tight year, (NCERT) Solution [Mass f Milky Way galany is M = 25x 10" solar mass; mass ofthe Sun = 2.0 x 10% kg Therefore, total mass of galaxy is given by M=25% 1012 105 x 10" kg, We have 1 light year=9.46 x 10" m, therefore, clameter of Milky Way Is d= 10 ight year = 9246 x 10% 10° radus of Milky Way is r=5% 10" light year, therefore, the radius of Milky Way is r=5 x 10*%9.46 x 10" = 4.73% 10 m, Since a star revolves around the galactic center ofthe Milky Way, time period is calulated as follows: ea doetBt4? x (4732 108) 667 = 10°" x5 x10" = 125.27 x 10%)" = 1.12 x10 s ‘We know that 1 years 365 x 324 x 60 60's. Therefore, 1 18* 3e5x34x e060 1 glx" 3528 60x A rocket is fired from the Earth toward the Sun. At what distance from the Earths center isthe gravitational force on the rocket 2210? Mass of the Sun =2 10% kg; mass ofthe Earth = 6x 10 kg, Neglect the effect of other planets et. (Orbital radius = 15% 10" m) weern) Solution ‘Mass ofthe Sun is 2 10% kg; mass ofthe Earth i 6 10 kg the dstance between the Earth and the Sun (the orbital radius is 15%10"'m. Let us consider that atthe pont P (Fig. 78 the gravitational force on the rocket due tothe Earth is equa to the gravitational force onthe rocket due tothe Sun Let the dstance between the point Pand the Earth be x. Therefore, Gm. _ GM eG (=x? _ GMM 12x10! = 354108 years, 1732x1510" wo Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ Figure 7.8 “14, How will ou weigh the Suny thats estimates mass? The mean orbital radius ofthe Earth around the Sun is 15 10®km, (wceRT Solution (Orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun is r= 15 10" my time taken by the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun [T= 1 year= 365.25 days = 365 25 x 24 x 60 x 60; universal gravitational constant, is G= 667 x 10" Nek, Thus, the mass of the Sunis estimated as follows: axe 4314? x(15 x10") hi M= "GT ~ GE7RIO x (36525 x24 x 60 x60F ~ 20x10" Ko "15. ASaturm yearis 295 times the Earth year How fri Sturn from the Sun ifthe Earth 1.50 10! km away from the Sun? (ner) Solution Let the time period ofthe Earth be Ty time period of Satur is Taq=29.5 Ty distance of Saturn from the Sun ir, Distance ofthe Earth from the Sun s obtained as 16215. 108m = 15% 10" m, From Kepler thi law of planetary mation, we have For Satur and Sun, Eq, (1) s written as ee Therefore Ifthe Earths 150 10¢km away rom te Sun, the dtance between Saturn andthe Suns calculated a follows a -e(Be) =1ss001( 282)" = crore tsioneasscrancio? a 16. Two stars each of one solar mass (=2% 10 kg) are approaching each other for ahead on collision. When they area distance 10? km, their speeds are negligible. Whats the speed with which they collide? The radius of each star is 10" km, sume the stars toremain undistorted until they colide-(Use the known value of G) Solution Radius ofeach staris R= 10* km = 10" my dlstance between the starsisr= 10? km = 10 m: mass ofeach stars negligible speeds, v= O and the total energy oftwo stars separated at distance ris given by GM yt rt! ome When the stars are about to collide: Velocity ofthe stars sv dlstance between the centers ofthe stars 2 total kinetic eneray ofboth starsis given by bars deeapeh Su + Law wv Total potential energy ofboth stasis given by Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETIs R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Total energy ofthe two starsis obtained as an Su Using the law of conservation of energy, the speed with which they clides calculated as = 66710 x2 108[- 4 = 133410 [-10- +5104] £133.10" 5% 104 = 667 x10" v= ERT HAG = 258 10° mis = 28 x10" avs, 117. Choose the correct alternative: (a) Acceleration due to gravity inereases/decreases wit increasing altitude. (b) Acceleration due to gravity increases/decreases with increasing depth (assume the Earth to bea sphere of uniform density) ()_ Acceleration due to gravity is independent of mass ofthe Earth/mass ofthe body. {(@)_ The formula ~GMm (Ui) ~ (WA) 1s more/less accurate than the formula mgr ~ 4) for the difference of potential eneray between two paints rand distance away from the centr of the Earth. (NCERT) Solution (8) We know thatthe acceleration due to gravity decreases with te increasing altitude, Acceleration due to gravity at altitude h a(R) Where Ris the radius of the Earth, g isthe aceleration du to gravity on the surface of the Earth. Its clear from the given relation tat acceleration due to gravity decreases with an increase in height - the altitude. ‘Acceleration due to gravity decreases wth increasing depth (assume the Earth tobe a sphere of uniform density). Acceleration due to gravity at depth dis glven by the relation wlrae Itis lear from the given relation that acceleration due to gravity decreases with an increase in depth. ‘Acceleration due to gravity i independent of mass of the Earth/mas of the body. Acceleration due to gravity of body of mass misgivenby =m. oH ‘where Gis the universal gravitational constant, Mis the mass of the Earth, Ris the rads of the Earth. Hence, we conclude that ‘the acceleration due to gravity sindependent ofthe mass ofthe body. Gravitational potential energy of two points rand (stances from the center ofthe Earth, respectively are given by mye Thro cen n pte ney ties 1 =u) -onaf U=un)-un =m! Which therefore the formula more accurate than the formula mg a —1)- 118, Inthe following exercise, choose the correct answer among the given ones: The gravitational intensity a the center of a hemispherical shell of uniform mass density has the direction indicated by the arrow (see Fig. 7.9) (a) a, (b) , () and (@) 0. (NCERT) Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ Figure 7.9 Solution Gravitational potential () is constant at all the points ofthe spherical shell and therefore the gravitational potential gradient fs the body remains stuck withthe surface ofthe star due tothe gravity. Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ SECTION II = Escape Speed Earth Satellites = Energy ofan Orbiting Satelite ‘= Geostationary and Polar Satellites = Weightlessness — — (1) When an isolated system consists ofa particle of mass m moving with aspeed vin the vicinity ofa massive body of mass M, then the total mechanical energy of the particle is given by 1 €= lm \which implies thatthe total mechanical energyis the sum ofthe kinetic and potential energies. The total energy isa constant of ‘motion. (2) Theeescape velocity vy ofa body thats projected from the Earth is given by a Which has the value of 11.2kmv/s Conceptual Problems 1 Two steites& and Bare orbiting around the Earth in ctcular orbits ofthe same radius. The mass ofA 16 times that of 8. Whats the ratio ofthe period of revolution of Bt that ofA? Solution Let the mass of satelite B be M,=/: the mass of satelite A is 16 times that of satelite B, so the mass of satelite A is My = 16 m. Since both the satelites ae orbiting in same orbit, lt the radius of orbit be R Time period fora satelite that orbits around the Earths given by ‘Te time period for satelite Ais given by ‘andthe time period of satelite B is given by Dividing Eq (1) by Eq, 2), we get the ratio ofthe time period of revolution of satelite B to that of satelite As calculated as ae a T” aeRtiom VR>Me 2, Whatare the signs of kinetic eneray, potential energy, an the total eneray ofa satelite revolving around the Earth? Solution ‘The value of the Kinet energy of a satelite revohving around the Earth s poste, which s given by cum aah ‘The value ofthe potential energy ofa satelite revolving around the Earth is negative, which s given by Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘The value ofthe total energy ofa satelite revolving around the Earth is negative, whichis obtained as follows: 3. Cana pendulum vibrate nan artifical satelite? Solution ‘A pendulum cannot vibrate in an artical satelite due to the reason that inside the satelite, there Is no gravity, thats 9 ‘The ime period of sclation ofa pendulum depends upon g, which given by raaefl ; — ra2efh ‘As the time period of osclation is infrity in an artifical satelite, the pendulum does not osilate ‘4. Should the speed of two artificial sateltes ofthe Earth having diferent masses but the same orbital radius, be the same? Solution ‘The orbital velocity ofa satelite is independent ofthe mass of the satelite, however, it depends onthe radius of orbit 2+») of the satelite andthe mass ofthe planet M, The orbital speed is given by ‘Thecefore the speed of two atifcialsatelites ofthe Earth having different masses, but the same orbital radius isthe same, ‘Since inside the satelite, g = 0, £9. (1) becomes ‘5 A spring balance is suspended inside an artificial satelite revolving around the Earth. if body of mass 5 kg Is suspended from It, ‘what would be is reading? Solution ‘Although the spring balance measures weight, inside a satelite, since the value of acceleration due to gravity is zero (g = 0), the ‘eight of the mass 5 kgs zero. Weights expressed asW = mg. Therefore, weight of the body is calculated as W=Skgx0=0. ‘Additional Problems 1 Planet Roton, with a mass of 7.0 10 kg and a radius of 1600 km, gravitationally atracts a meteorite thats intial at rest relative tothe planet, ata distance great enough to take as infinite. The meteorite falls toward the planet. Assuming the planets airless, find the speed ofthe meteorite when itreaches the planet’ surface. Solution Energy conservation fortis situation may be expressed as follows: Sanyg - 6M 2 + U= Ky + U, = Sam SOM who where M=7.0% 10% Ka, r,= R= 1.6% 108m and r= (which means that U; = 0), We are told to assume the meteor starts at res, so ¥)=0.Thus K+ Uj = 0, and the above equation is rewritten as, Ninyj SM Pa ome SM we = JP 24 108 ms. 2. (a) Atwhat height above Earth's surface i the energy require to lf. satllte to that height equal to the kinetic energy required forthe satelite tobe in orbit at that height? (b) For greater heights, which is greater, the energy fr lifting or the kinetice energy for ‘orbiting? Solution ‘The energy required to raise a satelite of mass m toan altitude h(a est) is given by Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ aaron) and the energy required to puttin cicular orbit once itis theres Mm 2Re +H) lni= as} Consequently the energy ferences cei af 28-5 = Gam] - 2 i Lk aaah (a) Solving the above equation, the height hy at which AE = Ois given by 1 Reh) (0) For greater height h> hy AE> 0, implying E,> ; Thus, the eneray of iting is greater. 0 = we Hesieton 3. Choose the corect alternative: (a) ifthe zero of potential energy sat infinity the total energy ofan orbiting satelite s negative of its kinetc/potential energy. (&) The eneray required to launch an orbiting satellite out of Earth's gravitational influence is more/less than the energy required toprojecta stationary object at the same height (asthe satelite) out of Earth’ influence. (NcERT) Solution {a} ifthe zero of potential energy I at infinity, the total energy of an orbiting satelite fs negative of ts kinetic energy due tothe ‘eason thatthe total mechanical energy of a satelite isthe sum ofits kinetic energy (always postive) and potential energy (can be negative). At infinity, the gravitational potential energy ofthe satelite i zro. As the Earth-satelte system isa bound system, the total energy ofthe satelite Is negative. Thus, the total energy ofan orbiting satelite at infinity is equal othe negative ofits kneticenergy. The energy required to launch an orbiting satelite out of Earths gravitational influence i less than the energy requited +o project a stationary object atthe same height (as the satelite) out of Earth’ influence due to the reason that an orbiting satelite acquires a certain amount of energy which enables it to revolve around the Earth. This energy is provided by its orbit. It requires relatively lesser energy to move out ofthe influence ofthe Earth’ gravitational field than a stationary abject on the Earth’ surface that intially contains no energy 4. Suppose there a planet that goes around the Sun twice a fast asthe Earth, What would be is orbital siz as compared to that of the Earth? (wcerr) Solution Tene taken by the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun Is Tz = 1 year. Orbital radius ofthe Earth in ts orbits = 1 AU. ‘Time taken by the planet to complete one evolution around the Sun s obtained as ly = yeat ioe Liaw Cra ads of the planet A, rom Kepler thie lw of planetary motion we have mY (hy _ y way 2, (i) =e) (EY -(P - rrr hota Stal eal lf . Does the escape speed ofa body from the Earth depend on (a) the mass ofthe body (b) the location from where itis projected, (Othe direction of projection, and (4) the height of the location from where the body is aunched? (wcerT) Solution Escape velocity ofa body from th Earths given by v= 20h 0 where g Is the acceleration due to gravity, the radius ofthe Earth, From Eq (1), ts clear that the escape velocity ¥, Is indepen- dent of the mas ofthe body and the direction ofits projection. However, it depends on gravitational potential at the point from ‘where the body is launched. Since this potential marginally depends on the height of the point, escape velocity aso marginally depends on these factors. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (a) The escape speed ofa body from the Earth does not depend on the mass of the body (b) The escape speed ofa body from the Earth doesnot depend on the location from where itis projected. (e)_ The escape speed ofa body from the Earth does not depend on the direction of projection. ()_ The escape speed ofa body from the Earth depends onthe height ofthe location from where the body s launched. 5. The escape speed ofa projectile on the Earths surface is 11.2 kv A body is projected out with thrice this speed, What isthe speed ‘of the body far away from the Earth? ignore the presence of the Sun and other planets. (NCERT) Solution Escape velocity ofa projectile from the Earth sv, = 11.2 kms; projection velocity ofthe projectile is vp = 3vz mas ofthe projectile ism; velocity ofthe projectile faraway from the Earth sv Total energy ofthe projectile onthe Earth i calculated as fem dbce Pa at Gravitational potential energy ofthe projectile far away from the Earth is zero. The total energy ofthe projectile far away from the Earths given by dm From the law of conservation of energy, the speed of the body far away rom the Earth calculated as follows: Ymvg — Lmv? = 1 ee " jaan fav, = WP = V8v, = V8 x 112 = 31.68 km/s = 31.7 kes. ‘spaceship is stationed on Mars. How much energy must be expended on the spaceship to launch it out of the sola system? Mass ofthe spaceship = 1000 kg; mass ofthe Sun = 2 10g; mass of Mars = 64x 107g; radius of Mars = 3395 km; radius ofthe orbit of Mars=2.28 x 108 km; G= 6.67 x 10" Nem? (NCERT) Solution Mass of the spaceship is m, = 1000 kg; mass of the Sun is M=2% 10% kg: mass of Mars is m,=64 10” kg, Orbital radius Of Mars |s R= 2.28 x 10 km= 2.28 x 10" m; radius of mars is ¢= 3395 km= 3395 x 10m, Universal gravitational constant Is 657 = 10-" mk. Potential energy of the spaceship revolving (along with Mars) around the Sun due to the gravitational attraction ofthe Sun isgiven by GM, One Potential energy ofthe spaceship due tothe gravitational attraction of Mas is given by Since the spaceship is stationed on Mars, ts velocity and hence its kinetic energy i ero. The total eneray ofthe spaceship is calcu- lated as rts u 0-H tn gf He) 2 7 RT Energy required for launching the spaceship out ofthe solar system is iven by “(Total energy of the spaceship)” Therefore, the ‘energy expended on the spaceship tolaunch it out ofthe solar system Is obtained as follows MM den faerie Rg esto se ‘The negative sign indicates thatthe system isn bound state. ‘Atocket i fred"vertcally"from the surface of Mars wth a speed of 2 kmis. I 20% of ts intial energy is lost due to Martian atmo- spheric resistance, how far will the rocket go from the surface of Mars before returing tot? Mass of Mars = 64 x 10 kg radius of Mars = 3395 ken; G = 657 « 10" N=mi/kg? (NCERT) Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ Initia velocity ofthe rocket is v= 2 km/s = 2x 10° m/s; mass of Mars, M = 64% 10 kg radius of Mars is P= 3395 km = 3.395 10m; universal gravitational constant is G= 6.67 x 10" N-m/kg; mass of the rocket ism nial Kinetic energy ofthe rocket Is (V/2)n#;, intial potential energy of te rocket is {GMm)/R; total inital energy given by Arve - Gite we = in z ¥ 2096 of intial kinetic energy is lost due to Marian atmospheric resistance, only 80% of Its kinetic energy helps in reaching a height. The total inital energy available is calculated as 80 nyt Bx di ‘Maximum height reached by the rocket sh. At this height, the velocity and hence the kinetic energy ofthe rocket becomes zero. ‘The total energy ofthe rocket at height his given by ah ‘Applying the law of conservation of energy forthe rocket, If 20% of ts intial energy is lost due to Martian atmospheric resistance, the stance covered by the rocket goes from the surface of Mars, before retuming tt is obtained as follows: = 4 (3385 102 xx 1O4P GOT TO x 6A x 108 = 0.4 (2 10")? x (3.395 x 108) og BMD 10" 1442 age 2 495 «108m * Gage 10" - 5A52 107 ~ 37.256 10 = 49510 18. Arockets fred vertically with a speed ofS knv/s from the Earths surface. How far from the Earth does the rocket go before returning tothe Earth? Mass ofthe Earth = 60 10 kg: mean radius ofthe Earth = 6.4 x 10" m;G= 6:67 10-" Nem. (NCERT) Solution Velocty ofthe rocket is v=5 km/s =x 10? mvs; maze of the Earth Is M = 6.0 x 10% kg radius of the Earth i Re = 64X10 ms height reached by the rocket of mass mish, At the surface ofthe Earth, we have “Total energy ofthe rocket = Kinetic energy + Potential energy Leoyt lms ‘Athighest point h, -=Oand the potential energy s given by Reh ‘Total energy of the rocket is given by Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET26 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES From the aw of conservation of energy we have the allowing Total eneray othe rocket atthe Eats surface = Total energy athelght h So () —-ten y R= RAE 1 14 prone -_e) Rth-® on (ign Gh +R fi Isthe acceleration due to gravity. Therefore, VR +A) = 29h vA, = hragR - v4) Height achieved by the rocket with respect tothe center of the Earth is obtained as Ry th=6A x10" +1610" = 80% 10¢m. 10. A satelite orbits the Earth at height of 400 km above the surface. How much energy must be expended to rocket the satelite out ‘ofthe Earth’ gravitational influence? Mass ofthe satelite = 200 kg; mas ofthe Earth = 60x 10%kg; radius ofthe Earth = 6.4x 10m: 626.67 x 10" Nemig? L cil Solution ‘Mass ofthe Earth is M ='6.0 x 10% kg; mass ofthe satelite is m = 200 kg: radius ofthe Earth s Re = 64x 10" m; universal gravita- tional constant is G= 667 x 10" Nm/kghelght of the satelite ish = 400 km = 4x 10° m = 04 x 10 m, The total energy ofthe satelite at height his given by : jon et) Orbital velocity ofthe satelite is given by Therefore, the total energy ofthe satelite at height his given by Vinl Me.) Mem __1( io(eti)-etn- (at The negative sign indicates tht the satelite is bound tothe Earth. This the bound energy of the satelite. We have Energy requited to send the sateltecutof ts rb = -(Bound energy) ihm 1, 667 x10 60% 10" x200 _ 5.9 2 64 x 10 +04 x10" Sea D «A geostationary satelite orbits the Earth at a height of nearly 36,000 km from the surface of the Earth. What Is the potential due to Earths gravity a the site ofthis satelite? (Take the potential energy a infinity to be zero) Mass ofthe Earth = 6.0 10" ka, radius = 6400 km, (NCERT) Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETGRAVITATION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ Solution Mass of the Earth is M~ 6.0 x 10% kg; radius ofthe Earth fs R= 6400 km = 64 10 m: height ofa geostationary satelite from the surface ofthe Earth sh = 36,000 km = 3 x 107 m. Gravitational potential energy due to Earth’ gravity at height his given by GM __ 667 x10" x60%10" __667x6 eh 36x10"s 06410" ~~ 424 112, Which ofthe fllowing symptoms is kely to aft an astronaut in space (a) swollen feet, (b) swollen face, (headache, and (d oi entation problem. (wcerT) Solution {a} Due to the gravitational pull, the legs hold the entre mass of @ body In standing position. n space just because of the absence of gravity, astronaut feels weightiessness, Therefore, swollen feet ofan astronaut do not affect hinuher in space. () Because of apparent weightlessness in space, 2 swollen face is caused, generally. Sense organs such as eyes, ers, nose, and ‘mouth constitute a persons face, so this symptom can affect an astronaut in space. (©) Since headaches are caused due tothe mental stain, it can affect the working ofan astronaut in space. (a) Since space has different orientations, the orientation problem can affect an astronaut in space 2109-7 = 94 x 108g, 13, Answer the following: (a) You can shield a charge from electrical forces by puting it inside a hollow conductor. Can you shield a body from the gravita- tonal nfiuence of nearby matter by putting it inside a hollow sphere or by some other means? (©) Anastronaut Inside a small spaceship orbiting around the Earth cannot detect gravity. the space station orbiting around the arth has a large size, can he hope to detect gravity? (@)_ you compare the gravitational force onthe Earth due tothe Sun to that due to the Moon, you would find thatthe Suns pls ‘reater than the Moon's pull However, the tidal effect ofthe Moon's pulls greater than th tidal effect of Sun. Why? (NCERT) Solution {a} Due tothe reason thatthe gravitational force, unk electial force independent ofthe nature ofthe material medium, the ‘gravitational influence of matter on nearby objects cannot be screened by any means Its also Independent ofthe status of other objects () lf the size ofthe space station i large enough the astronaut detects the change in Earth’ gravity ()- {e) Tidal effect inversely depends onthe cube ofthe distance while the gravitational force inversely depends on the square ofthe distance Since the dstance between the Moon and the Earth i smaller than the distance between the Sun and the Earth, the tidal effect ofthe Moon's pulis greater than the tidal effect of the Suns pul, Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET