Appendix A

Answers to Chapter Review Questions

and Problems
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
1.1. A pattern or point of view that determines 2.1. Operators are exposed to the full range of haz-
what is seen as reality. ards and work under all weather conditions.
1.2. A change in the way things are understood 2.2. Plants are upgrading to computerized oper-
and done. ations.
2.3. Computerized maintenance management
1.3. The five elements of the multiple-barrier
system
approach are:
2.4. HAZMAT emergency response technician
a. Assessing and protecting drinking water 24-hour certification
sources 2.5. Safe Drinking Water Act
b. Optimizing treatment processes
c. Ensuring the integrity of distribution sys-
CHAPTER 3
tems
d. Effecting correct cross-connection con- 3.1. Matching answers:
trol procedures
1. o 14. v
e. Continuous monitoring and testing of the 2. c 15. r
water before it reaches the tap
3. t 16. w
1.4. Water and wastewater operations are usually 4. j 17. l
low-profile activities and much of water and 5. s 18. x
wastewater infrastructure is buried under- 6. p 19. m
ground. 7. d 20. y
1.5. Secondary 8. I 21. f
1.6. Privatization means allowing private enter- 9. e 22. b
prise to compete with government in provid- 10. q 23. z
ing public services, such as water and 11. u 24. h
wastewater operations. Reengineering is the 12. k 25. n
systematic transformation of an existing sys- 13. a 26. g
tem into a new form to realize quality improve-
ments in operation, systems capability,
functionality, and performance at lower cost, CHAPTER 4
schedule, or risk to the customer. 4.1. Whole
1.7. A process for rigorously measuring your per- 4.2. 9/16 = 1.5 (mean)
formance vs. best-in-class operations, and 4.3. 13
using the analysis to meet and exceed the 4.4. 6/9
best in class. 4.5. 5/8
1.8. Planning, research, observation, analysis, 4.6. 9/14
adaptation 4.7. 5/8

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

 4.8. 0.75 5.4. Flow nozzle
4.9. 1 ¥ 107 5.5. Ultrasonic flowmeter
4.10. 270 ft2 5.6. 4937 gal
4.11. 12,000 ft2 5.7. 4.57
4.12. 624 gal/hr 5.8. 213,904 ft3
4.13. 235.5 ft3 5.9. 103 ft
4.14. 17.3 psi 5.10. 8064 lb
4.15. Base 5.11. Always constant
4.16. Radius 5.12. Pressure head is pressure due to the depth of
4.17. Circumference, perimeter water.
4.18. The word of means to multiply, and means 5.13. A hydraulic grade line is the line that connects
to add, per means to divide and less means the piezometric surface along a pipeline.
to subtract 5.14. 0.28 ft
4.19. When no grouping is given problems are 5.15. 254.1 ft
worked in the following order: first, multi- 5.16. 6.2 x 10_8
plication and division in the order written 5.17. 0.86 ft
and then addition and subtraction 5.18. Velocity head is the pressure energy due to
4.20. 4916 lb the velocity of the water.
4.21. 0.218 MGD 5.19. Suction lift is a pumping condition where the
4.22. 10,597 people size of the impeller of the pump and above
4.23. 290 mg/L BOD the surface of the water from which the pump
4.24. 9.46 lb/gal is running.
4.25. 106 d 5.20. Energy grade line is the slope of the specific
4.26. 33,360 lb energy line.
4.27. 91%
4.28. 11,176 people
4.29. 9.5 4 lb
CHAPTER 6
4.30. 2.52 MGD 6.1. Alternator
4.31. 181 gal/min 6.2. Electromagnetic induction is the effect that
4.32. 5.9 mg/L causes current flow in a conductor moving
4.33. 500 gal across magnetic lines of force.
4.34. 44.8 d 6.3. Mechanical; electrical
4.35. 490.9 ft2 6.4. Increases; decreases; decreases; increases
4.36. 71,957.8 gal 6.5. The purpose of a fuse is to protect an elec-
4.37. 19.2 min trical circuit and load
4.38. 21,605.4 in3 6.6. 0.2 W
4.39. 24,220 gal 6.7. Orbits; shells
4.40. 21.7 psi 6.8. Protons; neutrons
4.41. 672 gal/min 6.9. The value of the resistor, the length of the
4.42. Q = 0.18 ft3/sec conductors, and the diameter of the conductors
4.43. 41 min 6.10. Direct current flow does not change direc-
4.44. 0.5 h tion, while AC current periodically changes
4.45. 4.2 h direction
4.46. 2.9 MGD 6.11. The magnetic poles
4.47. 13.6 hp 6.12. The flux lines, or magnetic flux, along which
4.48. 45,453 lb a magnetic force acts
4.49. 50 Bhp 6.13. Natural magnet, permanent magnets, and
4.50. 1,233 lb/d electromagnets
4.51. 9.62 lb/gal 6.14. Chemistry
6.15. Battery; two
CHAPTER 5 6.16. A series circuit has only one path for current
flow, while a parallel circuit has more than
5.1. 1.26 ft one path.
5.2. 0.77 ft 6.17. Source voltage
5.3. Eccentric, segmental 6.18. Voltage drop

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

 6.19. Counterclockwise 7.24. Open, semi-open, closed
6.20. 2A 7.25. Double volute
6.21. 12 V 7.26. Cap; slides
6.22. 16 W 7.27. Wearing rings
6.23. 80 W 7.28. Matching answers:
6.24. Less; more a. 8
6.25. Resistivity b. 7
6.26. Circular mil c. 4
6.27. Circular mil d. 1
6.28. Conductivity e. 5
6.29. Smaller f. 2
6.30. Doubles g. 3
6.31. It will withstand high voltages. h. 10
6.32. Flux density and magnetic field strength are i. 6
directly proportional. As flux density j. 9
increases, magnetic field strength also
increases.
6.33. The type of material and the flux density
CHAPTER 8
6.34. North pole 8.1. An expansion joint is a flexible piping com-
6.35. The frequency of the voltage will increase. ponent that absorbs thermal and terminal
6.36. 141.4 V movement.
6.37. A voltage is induced in the conductor 8.2. Fluid
6.38. AC: cut; counter 8.3. Fluid
6.39. Counter 8.4. Connected
6.40. Current has an associated magnetic field 8.5. Flow
6.41. Increase 8.6. Pressure loss
6.42. Increase 8.7. Increases
8.8. Automatically
CHAPTER 7 8.9. Insulation
8.10. Leakage
7.1. Positive-displacement 8.11. Quadrupled
7.2. High-viscosity 8.12. Routine preventive maintenance
7.3. Positive-displacement 8.13. 12
7.4. High 8.14. Schedule; thickness
7.5. High 8.15. Increases
7.6. Eye 8.16. Ferrous
7.7. Static; dynamic 8.17. Increases
7.8. Shut off 8.18. Iron oxide is another name for rust.
7.9. V2/2g 8.19. Cast-iron
7.10. Total head 8.20. Iron
7.11. Head capacity, efficiency, horsepower 8.21. Corrosion
demand 8.22. Decreases
7.12. Water 8.23. Clay, concrete, plastic, glass, or wood
7.13. Suction lift 8.24. Corrosion-proof
7.14. Elevation head 8.25. Cement
7.15. Water hp; pump efficiency 8.26. Pressed
7.16. Centrifugal force 8.27. Turbulent; lower
7.17. Stuffing box 8.28. Steel
7.18. Impeller 8.29. Fusion
7.19. Rings; impeller 8.30. Flexible
7.20. Casing 8.31. Aluminum
7.21. The function of the pump’s impeller is to 8.32. Annealed
supply energy to the water (fluid). 8.33. Fusion
7.22. Close-coupled 8.34. Metals; plastics
7.23. Radially 8.35. Laminar

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 8.36. Reinforced nonmetallic 10.3. 7
8.37. Wire-reinforced 10.4. Base
8.38. Dacron 10.5. Changes
8.39. Diameter 10.6. Solids; liquids; gases
8.40. Flexibility 10.7. Element
8.41. E.E. 10.8. Compound
8.42. Reinforced; pressure 10.9. Periodic
8.43. Flexible 10.10. Solvent; solute
8.44. Expansion joint 10.11. An ion is an atom or group of atoms that
8.45. Vibration dampener carries a positive or negative electrical
8.46. Plain charge as a result of having lost or gained
8.47. Bends one or more electrons.
8.48. Pressure 10.12. Colloid
8.49. Plug 10.13. Turbidity
8.50. A long-radius elbow 10.14. True color is the result of dissolved chemicals.
8.51. Reducer 10.15. Toxicity
8.52. Gasket 10.16. Organic
8.53. Valves 10.17. 0; 14
8.54. Throttle; start; stop 10.18. Alkalinity is the water’s ability to neutralize
8.55. Globe an acid.
8.56. Butterfly 10.19. Calcium; magnesium
8.57. Pressure; preset 10.20. Bases
8.58. Solid particles
8.59. Shut off
8.60. Lubricate CHAPTER 11
8.61. Water; condensate
11.1. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans
8.62. Condensate
11.2. A river of good quality shows its highest
8.63. Absolute
bacterial numbers during rainstorms.
8.64. Spring-loaded
11.3 No
8.65. Expands
11.4. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission
8.66. Vacuum breaker
11.5. Spheres, rods, and spirals
11.6. Typhoid, cholera, and gastroenteritis
CHAPTER 9 11.7. Amoebic dysentery and giardiasis
11.8. Cyst
9.1. Flow measurements are important because
11.9. Host
unit processes are designed for specific flow
levels and process adjustments are based 11.10. Algae plug screens and machinery and also
upon current levels of flow and are com- cause taste and odor problems
monly controlled by flow rate adjustments. 11.11. Freezing will not kill bacteria. Bacteria is
9.2. 3 ft3/sec Machiavellian; it is a survivor.
9.3. 2244 gal/min
9.4. 2.5 ft3/sec CHAPTER 12
9.5. The Parshall flume is preferred. Weirs are not
frequently used anymore because solids may 12.1. Ecosystem
collect behind the weir, causing odor and 12.2. Benthos
inaccurate flow measurements. Parshall 12.3. Periphyton
flumes are now widely used for measuring 12.4. Plankton
wastewater flow, because they have no 12.5. Free-swimming organisms belong to the
obstructions. pelagic group.
12.6. Neustons
12.7. Immigration
CHAPTER 10
12.8. Autotrophs
10.1. Na 12.9. Lotic
10.2. H2SO4 12.10. Dissolved oxygen solubility

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

CHAPTER 13 15.5. GUDISW stands for groundwater under the
direct influence of surface water
13.1. Secondary maximum contaminant levels 15.6. Two advantages of surface water sources are
13.2. Transpiration that they are (1) easily located, and (2) softer
13.3. Surface water than groundwater.
13.4. Agriculture, municipal wastewater plants, 15.7. Hydrology is the study of the properties of
habitat and hydrologic modifications, water and its distribution and behavior.
resource extraction, and urban runoff and
15.8. Zone of influence
storm sewers
15.9. GUDISW
13.5. Solids content
13.6. Turbidity 15.10. The function of the bar screen at a surface
water intake is to prevent large material from
13.7. Universal solvent
entering the intake.
13.8. Alkalinity
13.9. Neutral state
13.10. Lead CHAPTER 16

CHAPTER 14 16.1. A watershed is a potential reserve area, usu-

14.1. Muffle furnace, ceramic dishes, furnace
tongs, and insulated gloves
14.2. 15 min
14.3. A grab sample is a sample collected all at
one time. It is representative of the condi-
tions only at the time taken.
14.4. It is necessary to use a grab sample for pH,
DO, TRC, fecal coliform, and any test by
NPDES permit for grab sample.
14.5. A composite sample is a series of samples
collected over a specified period of time in
proportion to flow.
14.6. Rules for sample collection include the fol-
lowing:
a. Collect sample from a well mixed location
b. Clearly mark sampling points.
c. Have an easy location to read the sample.
d. Make sure there are no large or unusual
particles.
e. Make sure there are no deposits, growths,
or floating materials.
f. Use corrosion-resistant containers.
g. Follow safety procedures.
h. Test samples as soon as possible.
14.7. The acceptable preservation method is to
refrigerate at 4°C.
14.8. Absorption of water during cooling, contam-
inants, fingerprints, etc. can cause changes
in weight during the testing procedure.
ally distinct from the treatment plant, where
natural or artificial lakes are used for water
storage, natural sedimentation, and seasonal
pretreatment with or without disinfection.
16.2. collection area into which water drains
16.3. “Keep it out” and “take it out” represent
either of two choices in water utility man-
agement: keep it out of watershed or take it
out during treatment
16.4. Algicide’s purpose in reservoir management
is to control algae and in turn decrease taste
and odor problems
16.5. BMP means best management practices.
CHAPTER 17
17.1. Calcium and magnesium
17.2. Buffer
17.3. Sodium hydroxide
17.4. Chlorine Feed Rate (lb d )
= Dose (mg L ) ¥ Q (MGD) ¥ 8.34
= 1.2 mg L ¥ 1.6 MGD ¥ 8.34
= 1.2 ¥ 1.6 ¥ 8.34
= 16.0 lb d
17.5. 2.4 (60 ∏ 25)
17.6. Chlorine Dose ( mg L ) - Chlorine Residual ( mg L )
= 1.0 mg L - 0.5 mg L

CHAPTER 15 = 0.5 mg L

15.1. Cone of depression 17.7. Residual = Dose - Demand

15.2. 12 in. = 6.0 mg L - 3.3 mg L
15.3. Concrete
15.4. Surface water, groundwater, GUDISW = 2.7 mg L

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

 17.8. Dose =
220 lb d Cl 2
=
220
= 8.5 mg L
3.1 mg L ¥ 8.34 25.9
Residual = Dose - Demand
= 8.5 mg L - 6.9 mg L
= 1.6 mg L
17.9. A well log is best described as a description
of the soil encountered during well construc-
tion, water quantity, well casing information,
and well development and testing.
17.10. Dug well
17.11. Disinfection residual, turbidity, coliform
analysis
17.12. National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)
17.13. Fit for human consumption
17.14. a. Determine the required chlorine feed rate:
Feed Rate (lb d )
= Dose (mg L ) ¥ Flow (MGD) ¥ 8.34
= 0.6 mg L ¥ 1 MGD ¥ 8.34
= 5.0 lb d
If we require 5 lb/d of chlorine, we will
require more pounds of hypochlorite
because it is not 100% chlorine. Remem-
ber that 68% of the hypochlorite is avail-
able chlorine (68% = 68/100 = 0.68).
b. Determine the pounds per day of hypo-
chlorite required
17.21. Feed Rate (lb day)
= Dose (mg L ) ¥ Q (MGD) ¥ 8.34
= 0.4 mg L ¥ 5 3 MGD ¥ 8.34
= 17.68 lb d Cl 2
17.22. Residual = Dose - Demand
= 10 mg L - 2.6 mg L
= 7.5 mg L
17.23. One possible interference of chlorine disin-
fection is that turbidity can entrap or shield
microorganisms from the chlorine.
17.24 Feed Rate (lb d )
= Dose (mg L ) ¥ Q (MGD) ¥ 8.34
= 0.8 ¥ 2.6 ¥ 8.34
= 17.35 lb d
17.25. Given the following:
Flow = 0.75 MGD
Shape = Circular
Size = radius = 20 ft
Depth = 10 ft
Find the detention time.
a. Find the tank volume.
v = p ¥ r2 ¥ H
v = p ¥ (20 ft ) ¥ 10 ft
2

Cl 2 Fraction ¥ Hypochlorite v = 12, 560 ft 3

= Available Chlorine b. Find the flow rate.
0.68 ¥ x lb day hypochlorite Q = 0.75 MGD ¥ 1, 000, 000
= 5 lb d Cl 2 = 750, 000 gal d

5 c. Find the detention time.

x=
0.68 Detention Time ( h )
= 7.36 lb d 12, 560 ft 3 ¥ 7.48 ¥ 24 h d
=
17.15. Public 750, 000 gal d
17.16. The hydrologic cycle describes the transport = 3.0 h
of the earth’s water from one location to
another. 17.26. Feed Rate
17.17. Acute
= Dose (mg L ) ¥ Flow (MGD) ¥ 8.34
17.18. Reduction of pathogens to safe levels
17.19. Hypochlorites = 35 mg L ¥ 2 MGD ¥ 8.34
17.20. Effective disinfectants must reduce the num- = 70 ¥ 8.34
ber of pathogens to safe levels in water
before the contact time is completed. = 584 lb d

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

 17.27. Yes 17.41. Protozoa
17.28. Chlorine residual 17.42. The removal or inactivation of the most resis-
17.29. The conditions are that (1) a link that con- tant pathogens
nects two systems, and (2) a force that causes 17.43. Corrosivity
liquids in a system to move. 17.44. Turbidity, paddles speed, pH
17.30. Moderate 17.45. In this problem, we want to find the velocity.
17.31. Negative; low Therefore, we must rearrange the general
17.32. Peristaltic metering pump formula (V = Q/A) to solve for velocity.
17.33. Purchase of buffer zone around a reservoir, Given the following:
inspection of construction sites, public Q = 11.2 ft3/sec
education A = 2.5 ¥ 14 ft
17.34. Given the following: Find the average velocity.
Number of filters = 3 a. Find the area.
Size (each) = 10 ¥ 7 ft
Operating: 1 out of service A=W ¥ A
Filtration Rate = 280 gal/min (this is the
total capacity for both filters) = 2.5 ft ¥ 1.4 ft
Find the filtration rate of filter (ft2).
= 3.5 ft 2
a. Find the total area of the filters.
Area of each filter = 10 ft ¥ 7 ft = 70 ft2 b. Find the average velocity.
Total area of filters = 70 ft ¥ 2 = 140 ft2
b. Find the filtration rate. Q
V=
A
280 gal min
Filtration Rate = 11.2 ft 3 sec
140 ft 2 =
3.5 ft 2
= 2 gal min ft 2
= 3.2 ft sec
17.35. Given the following:
Filter area = 300 ft2 17.46. Given the following:
Backwash rate = 15 gal/ft2/min H = 100 ft
Backwash time = 8 min Diameter = 20 ft
Find the amount of water for backwash Cylindrical shape
(information on per foot of filter given, but Find the total gallons of water contained in
want to find total water needed to backwash the tank.
the entire filter). a. Find the volume in cubic feet.
a. Find total filtration rate.
v = 0.785 ¥ (Diameter ) ¥ H
2

15 gal ¥ 300 ft 2 = 4500 gal min

= 0.785 ¥ (20 ft ) ¥ 100 ft
2

b. Find the amount of water in gallons

required for each backwash (gallons per = 0.785 ¥ 400 ft 2 ¥ 100 ft
8-min backwash time).
= 31, 400 ft 3
4500 gal min ¥ 8 min = 36, 000 gal
b. Find the amount of gallons of water it will
Distance Traveled contain?
17.36. Velocity =
t
31, 400 ft 3 ¥ 7.48 gal ft 3 = 234, 872 gal
600 ft
=
5 min 17.47. Rapid mix, flocculation, sedimentation
17.48. The removal of color, suspended matter, and
= 120 ft min
organics
17.37. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 17.49. The goal of chemical precipitation is to trans-
17.38. Chlorination and filtration form soluble ions to insoluble compounds.
17.39. Pump more than rated capacity 17.50. Add 3 to 4 times the theoretical amount.
17.40. Hypochlorous acid 17.51. 5%

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

 17.52. Given the following:
Distance = 1500 ft
t = 4 min
Find the velocity in feet per minute and feet
per second.
a. Find the velocity in feet per minute.
1500 ft
V=
4 min
= 375 ft min
b. Convert minutes to seconds
375 ft min ¥ 1 min 60 sec = 6.25 ft sec
17.53. Gate
17.54. A treatment facility must achieve optimum
corrosion control.
17.55. 50%
17.56. Sodium fluoride (NaF)
17.57. Mottled teeth enamel
17.58. 0.90 – 0.15 = 0.75 mg/L
17.59. Amount of chlorine to add for breakpoint chlo-
rination; correct amount of coagulant to use
for proper coagulation; length of flash mix;
proper amount of mixing and settling time.
17.60. Corrosion control technology
17.61. Given the following:
Q = 350 GPM
Pipe Size = 6 in.
Find the average velocity.
a. Convert gallons to cubic feet.
350 gal min
= 46.8 ft 3 min
7.48 gal ft 3
b. Find the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
A = p ¥ r2
= 3.14 ¥ 3 in. ¥ 3 in.
17.63. pH, alkalinity, hardness
17.64. Adsorption
17.65. An additional source of alkalinity is most
effective when added prior to the rapid mix
basin.
17.66. Supplemental backwash air flow and surface
sweeps should be turned off before the back-
wash, when water reaches the lip of the wash
water trough.
17.67. Chlorine
17.68. True
17.69. True
17.70. Aeration, boiling, adsorption
17.71. Vol = (3.14) (15 ft2) ¥ 15¢ ¥ 7.48 gal/ft3 =
79,269 gal
17.72. Powdered activated carbon
17.73. Iron and manganese
17.74. Copper
17.75. Soluble polyvalent cations
17.76. The iron atom gains an electron in going
from the +2 oxidation state to the +3 form.
17.77. Bicarbonate
17.78. Negative head
17.79. Gravity
17.80. Influent
17.81. Uniform
17.82. Maximize the conversion of organic carbon
from the dissolved phase to the particulate
phase; the removal of natural organic mate-
rial; optimize the removal of DHP precursor
material.
17.83. 30 h
17.84. Phenyl arsine oxide
17.85. Given the following:
Surface area of pond = 20 acres
Height of water collected = 2 in.
Find the number of gallons collected in the
reservoir after the storm.
a. Convert acres to square feet.

= 28.26 in.2 20 acres ¥ 43, 560 ft 2 acre = 871, 200 ft 2

c. Convert square inches to square feet. b. Convert inches to feet.

28.26 in.2 2 in. ¥ ft 12 in. = 0.167 ft

= 0.20 ft 2
144 in.2 ft 2 c. Find the volume of water collected.
d. Find velocity in feet per minute.
v=A ¥ H
3
46.8 ft min
V= = 234 ft min = 871, 200 ft 2 ¥ 0.167 ft
0.20 ft 2
e. Convert minutes to seconds. = 145, 490 ft 3

234 ft min ¥ 1 min 60 sec = 3.9 ft sec d. Convert cubic feet to gallons.

17.62. Air, chlorine, or potassium permanganate 145, 590 ft 3 ¥ 7.48 gal ft 3 = 1, 089, 013 gal

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

 17.86. 20.0 lb/d Cl2 18.22. 9.41 lb/gal
18.23. To ensure proper operation, cutters may be
17.87. 70 ft ¥ 0.4 = 28 ft sharpened or replaced when needed. Cutter
28 ft ¥ 0.433 = 12.1 psi alignment must be adjusted as needed.
18.24. Grit is heavy inorganic matter. Examples
17.88. Groundwater include sand, gravel, metal filings, egg shells,
17.89. Aeration, boiling, adsorption coffee grounds, etc.
17.90. Addition of powdered activated carbon 18.25. 0.7 ft/sec
17.91. Permeability 18.26. This indicates that there is a large amount of
17.92. Water table organic matter in the gut. The aeration rate
17.93. Waterborne must be increased to prevent settling of the
17.94. Coagulant organic solids.
17.95. Greater 18.27. The purpose of primary treatment is to
17.96. Copper sulfate remove settleable and flotable solids.
17.97. Lime 18.28. The purpose of the settling tank is to remove
17.98. Disinfected the settleable solids formed by the biological
17.99. Oxygen activity.
17.100.Binary fission 0.785 ¥ 90 ft ¥ 90 ft ¥ 12 ft ¥ 7.48 gal cu ft ¥ 24 hr day
18.29.
2.25 MGD ¥ 1, 000, 000 gal MG
CHAPTER 18 = 6 hrs

2.25 MGD ¥ 1, 000, 000

18.1. Both the licensed operator and the responsi-
ble official must sign the DMR. 0.785 ¥ 90 ft ¥ 90 ft
18.2. The COD test measures the amount of = 354 gpd sq ft
organic material in a sample that can be oxi- 2.25 MGD ¥ 1, 000, 000 gal MG
dized by a strong oxidizing agent. 3.14 ¥ 90 ft
18.3. Prevent disease, protect aquatic organisms,
= 7951 gpd ft
protect water quality
18.4. Dissolved and suspended 18.30. Stabilization pond, oxidation pond, polishing
18.5. Organic indicates matter that is made up pond.
mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and 18.31. Settling, anaerobic digestion of settled sol-
will decompose into mainly carbon dioxide ids, aerobic or anaerobic decomposition of
and water at 550°C. Inorganic matter con- dissolved and colloidal organic solids by
sists of mineral materials, such as salt, ferric bacteria that produces stable solids and car-
chloride, iron, sand, gravel, etc. bon dioxide, photosynthesis.
18.6. Algae, bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, virus 18.32. Summer effluent is high in solids (algae) and
18.7. Carbon dioxide, water, more organics, stable low in BOD; winter effluent is low in solids
solids and high in BOD.
18.8. Toxic matter, inorganic dissolved solids, 18.33. Using mechanical or diffused aeration equip-
pathogenic organisms ment eliminates wide diurnal and seasonal
18.9. Raw effluent variation in pond DO.
18.10. Disease-causing bacteria originate from 18.34. Standard, high rate, and roughing
body wastes of humans who have diseases. 18.35. Increase waste rate
18.11. Disease-causing 18.36. Decrease; decrease; decrease; increase;
18.12. Domestic waste increase
18.13. Industrial waste 18.37. 10 containers
18.14. 4.4% 18.38. 88 d
18.15. 2.3 ft 18.39. $2,823.49 (103 cylinders)
18.16. 43,785 lb (5,250 gal ¥ 8.34 lb/gal) 18.40. 4,716 lb/d
18.17. 14,362 gal 18.41. 21.5 lb
18.18. 850.7 lb/d 18.42. 27 d
18.19. 686 kg/d 18.43. 64.1%
18.20. 0.121 MGD 18.44. National pollutant discharge elimination
18.21. 8477 people/d system

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 18.45. A primary sludge can be freshened by 18.68. The operator would increase MLVSS con-
increasing the primary sludge pumping rate centration.
or by adding dilution water. 18.69. Decreased waste rate
18.46. 7 18.70. Decreased MCRT
18.47. The seeded BOD test is required either 18.71. The Gould sludge age assume the source of
because the microorganisms have been killed the MLVSS in the aeration tank is the con-
or are absent. centration of aeration influent solids.
18.48. The time to do the test (3 h vs. 5 d) 18.72. Complete mix is more resistant to shock
18.49. Dark greasy loads.
18.50. The activity of the bacteria increases. 18.73. Decrease the grit channel aeration rate.
18.51. Temperature, pH, toxicity, waste rate, aera- 18.74. Increase
tion tank configuration 18.75. Floor level
18.52. Facultative organisms can function with or 18.76. $22.77
without DO. DO is preferred, but chemically 18.77. Anoxic
combined oxygen, such as sulfate or nitrate, 18.78. C:N:P
can be used.
18.79. Secondary
18.53. Organic
18.80. False
18.54. Living organisms
18.81. 2 ft/sec
18.55. Final
18.82. The pH of wastewater would be lowered.
18.56. Colloidal
18.57. Not possible 18.83. Chlorine residual
18.58. Aerobic; facultative 18.84. 2 h
18.59. Different 18.85. 0.1
18.60. Reduced 18.86. 800 gal/d/ft2
18.61. Temperature 18.87. Monochloramine
18.62. BOD 18.88. 0.2; 0.5
18.63. F:M 18.89. Nitrogen
18.64. Secondary clarifier weirs 18.90. Decrease explosive hazard, decrease odor
18.65. The purposed of the secondary clarifier is to release, maintain temperature, and collect
separate and return biosolids to the aeration gas
tank. 18.91. Algae
18.66. Declining 18.92. Dissolved solids
18.67. 1.5; 2.5 18.93. 0.0005 ppm

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