University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA

Basic Education Department – Senior High School

Gas Laws

John Neale Nayve Submitted to: Dr. Victorio B. Duyan

12 – Amethyst Submitted on: August 14, 2019

 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA
Basic Education Department – Senior High School

1. Boyle’s Law

Boyle's gas law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the
pressure of the gas when the temperature is held constant. Anglo-Irish chemist
Robert Boyle (1627–1691) discovered the law and for it he is considered the first
modern chemist. This example problem uses Boyle's law to find the volume of
gas when pressure changes. (P1V1 = P2V2)

Example #1

2.00 L of a gas is at 740.0 mmHg pressure. What is its volume at standard pressure?

Solution:

(740.0 mmHg) (2.00 L) = (760.0 mmHg) (x)

x = 1.95 L (to three significant figures)
Example #2

5.00 L of a gas is at 1.08 atm. What pressure is obtained when the volume is 10.0 L?

Solution:

(1.08 atm) (5.00 L) = (x) (10.0 L)

x = 0.540 L (to three sig figs)

Reference: https://www.thoughtco.com/boyles-law-example-problem-607551

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Boyle.html

2. Charle’s Law
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Basic Education Department – Senior High School

 Charles' law is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand
when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is: When the pressure on a sample
of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct
proportion.
V1   V2
––– = –––
Example #1 T1   T2

A gas is collected and found to fill 2.85 L at 25.0 °C. What will be its volume at
standard temperature?

Solution:
2.85 L x

––––– = ––––

298 K 273 K

x = 2.61 L
Example #2

4.40 L of a gas is collected at 50.0 °C. What will be its volume upon cooling to
25.0°C?

Solution:
4.40 L   x
––––– = –––––
323 K   298 K

x = 4.06 L

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%27s_law

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Charles.html
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Basic Education Department – Senior High School

3. Avogadro’s Law

 Avogadro’s law, a statement that under the same conditions of temperature

and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of
molecules. This empirical relation can be derived from the kinetic theory of gases
under the assumption of a perfect (ideal) gas. The law is approximately valid for
real gases at sufficiently low pressures and high temperatures.

(V1 / n1 = V2 / n2) or (V1n2 = V2n1)

Example #1

5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the amount of gas is increased to
1.80 mol, what new volume will result (at an unchanged temperature and pressure)?

Solution:

(5.00 L) (1.80 mol) = (x) (0.965 mol)

x = 9.33 L (to three sig figs)

Example #2

A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium, He, at room temperature.
More helium was added to the cylinder and the volume was adjusted so that the gas
pressure remained the same. How many grams of helium were added to the cylinder if
the volume was changed from 2.00 L to 2.70 L? (The temperature was held constant.)

Solution:

2.00 g / 4.00 g/mol = 0.500 mol

 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA
Basic Education Department – Senior High School

2.00 L / 0.500 mol = 2.70 L / x

x = 0.675 mol

0.675 mol - 0.500 mol = 0.175 mol

0.175 mol x 4.00 g/mol = 0.7 grams of He added

Reference: https://www.britannica.com/science/Avogadros-law

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Avogadro.html

4. Gay-Lussac’s Law

 Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies
directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept
constant.

(P1 / T1 = P2 / T2)

Example #1

10.0 L of a gas is found to exert 97.0 kPa at 25.0 °C. What would be the required
temperature (in Celsius) to change the pressure to standard pressure?

Solution:
97.0 kPa   101.325 kPa
––––––– = –––––––––
298.0 K   x

x = 311.3 K

Example #2

What is the new pressure (in atm) when a constant volume of gas is heated from 25.1
°C to 37.5 °C? The starting pressure is 755.0 mmHg.
 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA
Basic Education Department – Senior High School

Solution:
755.0 mmHg   x
–––––––––– = –––––––
298.1 K   310.5 K

x = 786.4 mmHg

(786.4 mmHg) (1 atm / 760.0 mmHg) = 1.035 atm

References: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/significant-figures

https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-sigfg.html

5. Dalton’s Law

 Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a
mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of the individual gases. This empirical law was observed by
John Dalton in 1801 and published in 1802 and is related to the ideal gas laws.

(PHe + PNe = Ptotal)

Example #1

80.0 liters of oxygen is collected over water at 50.0 °C. The atmospheric pressure in
the room is 96.00 kPa. What is the partial pressure of the oxygen?
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Basic Education Department – Senior High School

Solution:

Ptot = PO2 + PH2O

96.00 kPa = PO2 + 12.344 kPa

PO2 = 83.66 kPa

Example #2

If 60.0 L of nitrogen is collected over water at 40.0 °C when the atmospheric pressure
is 760.0 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of the nitrogen?

Solution:

Ptot = PN2 + PH2O

(7.3814 kPa) (760.0 mmHg / 101.325 kPa) = 55.4 mmHg

760.0 atm = PN2 + 55.4 mmHg

PN2 = 704.6 mmHg

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton%27s_law

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Dalton.html

6. Combined Gas Law

Combined gas law combines the three gas laws: Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-
Lussac's Law. It states that the ratio of the product of pressure and volume and the
absolute temperature of a gas is equal to a constant.

P1V1   P2V2
––––– = –––––
T1   T2
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Basic Education Department – Senior High School

Example #1

2.00 L of a gas is collected at 25.0 °C and 745.0 mmHg. What is the volume at
STP?

Solution:

P1 = 745.0 mmHg P2 = 760.0 mmHg

V1 = 2.00 L V2 = x
T1 = 298 K T2 = 273 K

P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

    P1V1T2
V2 = –––––
    P2T1

or

V2 = (P1V1T2) / (P2T1)

    (745.0 mmHg) (2.00 L) (273 K)

x = –––––––––––––––––––––––––
   (760.0 mmHg) (298 K)

or

x = [(745.0 mmHg) (2.00 L) (273 K)] / [(760.0 mmHg) (298 K)]

x = 1.796 L

to three significant figures, the answer is 1.80 L

Example #2
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The pressure of 8.40 L of nitrogen gas in a flexible container is decreased to one-

half its original pressure, and its absolute temperature is increased to double the
original temperature. What is the new volume?

Solution:

P1 = P1 P2 = P1/2

V1 = 8.40 L      V2 = x
T1 = T1 T2 = 2T1

P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2

V2 = P1V1T2 / T1P2

V2 = [(P1)(8.40 L)(2T1)] / [(T1) (P1/2) ]

V2 = 4(8.40 L)

= 33.6 L

Reference: https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-combined-gas-law-604936

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Combined.html

7. Graham’s Law

 Graham's law of effusion (also called Graham's law of diffusion) was

formulated by Scottish physical chemist Thomas Graham in 1848. Graham found
experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the
square root of the mass of its particles. (r1 / r2 = MM2 / MM 1)

Example #1

It takes 354 seconds for 1.00 mL of Xe to effuse through a small hole. Under the
same conditions, how long will it take for 1.00 mL of nitrogen to effuse?
 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA
Basic Education Department – Senior High School

Solution:

xenon ⇒ 1.00 mL / 354 s 

nitrogen ⇒ 1.00 mL / x

r1 / r2 = MM2 / MM 1

[(1/354) / (1/x)] = 28.014 / 131.293

x / 354 = 0.46192

x = 163.5 s

Example #2

What is the rate of effusion for a gas that has a molar mass twice that of a gas that
effuses at a rate of 4.2 mol/min?

Solution:

gas A = 1 
gas B = 2

r1 / r2 = MM2 / MM 1

x / 4.2 = 1 / 2

x / 4.2 = 0.70710678

x = 2.97 mol/min
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Basic Education Department – Senior High School

to two significant figures, the answer is 3.0 mol/min

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%27s_law

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Graham.html

8. Ideal Gas Law

Ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a
hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases
under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by
Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Boyle's law, Charles's
law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. (PV = nRT)

Example #1

 A sample of gas at 25.0 °C has a volume of 11.0 L and exerts a pressure of 660.0
mmHg. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

Solution:

(660.0 mmHg / 760.0 mmHg/1.00 atm) (11.0 L) = (n) (0.08206 L atm / mol K)
(298 K)

    (0.868421 atm) (11.0 L)

n = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––
    (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (298 K)
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n = 0.391 mol

Example #2

A sample of gas at 28.0 °C has a volume of 6.20 L and exerts a pressure of 720.0
mmHg. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

Solution:

(720.0 mmHg / 760.0 mmHg/1.00 atm) (6.20 L) = (n) (0.08206 L atm / mol K)
(301 K)

n = 0.238 mol

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Ideal.html