Reduce Adjective clauses

Omit the clause connector (who, which, that) and the be- verb
With no be-verb, the connector is omitted and the verb is changed to -ing form.

Ex. The woman who is waving to us is our tour guide

The woman waving to us is our tour guide

Reduce adverb clauses

The adverb connector remains but the subject and the be-verb are omitted

Ex. Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
Although rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.

If there is no be-verb, the subject is omitted and the main verb is change to ing

Although he feels rather sick, the speaker will take the part in the seminar.
Although feeling sick, ….

Inverted subjects and verbs

To form a question with a helping verb

He can go to the movies
Can he go to the movies?

To form a question when there is no heñping verb, the helping verb Do is used
He goes to the movies
Does he go to the movies?

Inverted with question words

When the question word introduces a question, the subject and verb are inverted
question word+ v+ s
What are they?

When it connects two clauses is not inverted.

I know what they are.

Inverted with place expressions

When a place expression at the front of a sentence, the subject and the verb that follow are
inverted.
In the classroom were some old desks.

When a place expression at the front od a sentence contains extra information that is not
needed to complete the sentence, the subject and the verb tha tfollow are not inverted.
In the classroom, I studied very hard.

Inverted with negatives

When a negatice expression appears in front od a subject and verb at the beginning the
subject and verb are inverted
Rarely were they so happy.
Not once did I miss a question

Inverted with conditionals

When the verb in the conditional clause is ​had, should or were ​it is possible to omir if and
invert the subject and verb

If he had taken more time, the result would have been better.
He had taken more time, the results would have been better.

Invert the subject with comparisons

The subject and verb may invert after a comparison.
S+V+COMPARISON
We were more prepared than the other performers were.

S+V+CPOMPARISON+ VERB+ SUBJECT

We were more prepared than were the other perfotmers

This candidate has recieved more votes than has any other candidates.

THESE WORDS ARE GRAMMARICALLY SINGULAR, SO THEY TAKE SINGULAR VERBS

Anybody
anyone
anything
everybody
everyone
everything
nobody
no one
nothing
somebody
someone
something
each+ noun
every+ npun