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John locke- enlightened thinker who made natural rights of life liberty and property.

Natural rights- right to life liberty and property

Baron Montesquieu- said a gov should be democratic/ separation of power

Seperation of power- to have three branches of gov (judicial, executive, and legislative)

Voltraire- said all man are equal, supported freedom of speech

Old Regime- social system of three estates, absolute monarchy, estates-general

Three estates- three social class, noblitly clergy and everyone else

Bourgesoisie- merchants who benifited from the rise of middle class

Louis XVI- partied and watsed France's money until he was beheaded

Marie Antoinette- Austrian, married to Louis XVI and beheaed with him

Estates-General- the court called together by the king consisting of repaventative of the three

estates

National Assembly- a meeting of france but with representative based on population

Tennis Court Oath- when kept out of the National Assembly, the promise to make a declaration or

make a new constitution for france

Great Fear- large amount of riots in response to the creation of the National Assembly and the

storming of the Bastille.

Declaration of Rights of Man- French consistitution

Legislative Assembly- moderates, conservative and radical, this group was part of the limited

monarchy.

Limited monarchy- king/queen with restricted power over country

Guillotine- favored way of executing traitors

Maximilien Robespierre- gained control over France after the execution of Louis XVI and lead

comittee of public safety/kill many people with the guillotine

Committee of Public Safety- the group set up by Robespierre to make France safe for democracy but

used to kill anyone apposing or threatening him

Reign of Terror- the period of time in which Robespierre executed 3,000 people in a year

Napoleon- takes over France after the Directory in a coup d'etat and tries to improve Europe. His

conquest is ended after failing to blockade Britain and a series of other mistakes as a result of the

blockade.

Coup d'etat- illegal take over of government, how Napoleon came to power in France

Plebiscite- a vote

Lycees- government run public schools, kids who learned at Lyees became gov. officials

Concordat- agreement, in this case Napoleon has more power then clergy

Napoleonic code- law system that limited liberty and took away women's rights and created a fairer

tax code
Continental System- the other name for the blockade against Britian set up by Napoleon

Battle of Trafalgar- the British Royal Navy vs. French and Spanish fleets, British won

Peninsular war- Spain vs. Napoleon, caused by Napoleon tried to get to Portugal. Spain uses

Guerrillas tactices to pick off french men

Scorched Earth Policy- to burn or destroy anything useful to the enemy before leaving

Klemens Von Metternich- lead the Concert of Europe to continue the Balance of power and to keep

monarcharys in place (known as legitimacy)

Congress of Vienna- short term- set Europe up to avoid future wars, Europe cooperated to control

political affairs/ long term- diminished the power of France, nationalism began to grow in Italy

Germany and Greece

Balance of Power- the alliance system put in place so that the two sides would be equal. Meant to

avoid war but when one was started everyone joined in

Legitimacy- wanted the restoration of monarchies to throne

Concert of Europe- Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain lead by Metternich to keep balance of

power going

Nationalism- taking pride in one’s nation and one’s people and common culture, as opposed to just

being united by a leader.

Nation-state- a nation with a self-supporting government whose people are united through their

similarities, be they race, language, religion, ect.

Otto von Bismarck- prime minister of Prussia who was responsible for creating the Triple Alliance

and uniting Germany. He practiced realpolitik.

Real politik- the use of realism in politics.

Kaiser- a term for a German emperor.

Giuseppe Garibaldi- leader of the Red Shirts, who united Southern Italy.

Camillo di Cavour- Leader of Sardinia who united Northern Italy and became King of Italy.

Enclosures- Large private areas of land used for agriculture bordered by vegetation.

Crop Rotation- agricultural cycle of draining and restoring soil’s nutrients based on the crop grown.

Industrialization- the mass production of cheap goods through the use of machines.

Factors of Production- resources needed for industrialization - land, labor and capital.

Urbanization- the mass migration of people into cities.

Middle Class- social class usually made of skilled workers who benifited most by industrialization.

Cottage Industry- skilled work who worked on their own and finished a expense product alone.

Laissez-faire- idea that government shouldn't interfere in commercial affairs and should let

businesses regulate themselves.

Adam Smith- created Laissez-faire which led to modern capitalism.


Capitalism- an economic system based on private ownership of property and investing money in

order to make money.

Prometheism- economic idea that God provides income (must know!!!)

Utilitarianism- where the people decide what industries are important in an economy.

Socialism- the government controls the major factors of production.

Communism- the government owns the major factors of production and operates them for the

welfare of all, there is no private ownership.

Karl Marx- founder of Communism.

Unions- when a group of workers unite for equal wages and fair working conditions.

Strike- when workers refuse to work until a problem or disagreement is solved.

Collective Bargaining- when workers and employees negotiate in order to have a better work

environment.

Imperialism- the complete takeover of one territory by another country politically, economically, and

socially.

Social Darwinism- the belief that one civilization is better than another and that they will survive

longer.

Racism- the belief one race is better than another.

Steam Engine- engine that is fueled by steam, which helped ships and trains move faster, brought

European ships move into Africa further

Maxim Gun- full automatic weapon, used by Europeans against African natives.

Quinine- drug used to fight malaria, also let Europeans into Africa

Berlin Conference- meeting of European nations to divide up Africa amongst themselves, no Africans

where there

Self-sufficient- being able to take care of one’s self and not relying on trade.

Opium War- war fought between the British and Chinese due to Britain selling them Opium. Britain

won and continued to sell it.

Treaty of Nanjing- treaty after Opium war, in which China had an open door policy with Britian, and

gave Hong Kong to Britain.

Extraterritorial Rights- when foreigners commit crimes in foreign countries, they won’t be put in jail,

only banished.

Taiping Rebellion- civil war in China when the people were unhappy with the Qing dynasty and

wanted a revolution to cure their famine and opium addiction.

Spheres of Influence- areas of land where an outside source controls the trade.

Open Door Policy- policy where one country will trade with another no matter who controls the

country. China had to trade with Britian

Boxer Rebellion- rebellion in China when the people wanted to kick out the foreigners.
Treaty of Kanagawa- treaty between Japan and the U.S. for establishing trade between them.

Meiji Era- era of industrialization in Japan, under Mutsuhito.

Mutsuhito- ruler of Japan during Meiji Era, untied all of Japan at the age of 15. Made major reforms

based off of other countries

Russo-Japanese War- war between Japan and Russia over Korea, Japan surprised world

Annexation- the completely and utter takeover and assimilation (peer pressuring) of one country by

another.

Allies- US, France, Britain, Japan, Italy, Sweden, and Russia.

Triple Entente- alliance between Britain, France, and Russia in WW1

Zimmerman Letter- letter from Germany to Mexico saying they would help takeover the US if Mexico

helped them in WW1. This got the US into WW1.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- style of warfare the Germans used in an attempt to blockade

Britain Submarines would fire openly on any ship that wasn’t part of Central Powers.

Kaiser Wilhelm II- Kaiser/Emperor of Germany during WW1.

Treaty of Versailles- treaty between the Allies and Central Powers after WW1, saying Germany had

to pay the war debts of everyone and had its power massively limited, new countries were created

from territories given to Germany, Germany was held responsible for the war, and the League of

Nations was created.

Western Front- war line between Germany and France where the fighting took place

Franz Ferdinand- Arch duke of Austria, was assassinated by the Black Hand.

Fourteen Points- Fourteen ideas made by Woodrow Wilson to help limit Germany’s power after WW1

but make it more realistic and the goals more accomplishable.

Self-determination- the right of nations to determine their own political and ethnical standings.

Schlieffen Plan- plan used by the Germans in WW1, first attacking France then run east and

attacking Russia.

Alliances- when one party has an agreement with another party in which they agree to help each

other in times of need.

Trench Warfare- used on the Western Front in WW1, soldiers dug trenches and fought out of them.

Not very effective in moving forward

Total War- when all resources and developments made by a country are to support the war,

rationing is used and the government regulates the economy to help in the war effort.

Rationing- when supplies are limited to the people, as they are used in the war and are being

brought to soldiers.

Militarism- taking pride in one’s military and one’s standing army.

Triple Alliance- Alliance between Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Germany. Italy and Russia

eventually leave.
Black Hand- secret organization that tried to release Serbia of Austria-Hungary’s rule.

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Italy eventually left and

joined the Allies.

Propaganda- one sided information designed to persuade someone of something, in WWI meant to

make people want to support the war.

Armistice- an agreement to stop fighting. NOT a peace treaty, the war continued but no one is killed

Woodrow Wilson- president of the US during WW1

Eastern Front- war line between Russia and Germany.

Bolsheviks- a communist group in Russia led by Lenin

Bolshevik Revolution- when Lenin and the Bolsheviks took over .

Censorship- hiding information in oder for one side to get its ideas and concepts shown unopposed

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