Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Seperation of power- to have three branches of gov (judicial, executive, and legislative)
Three estates- three social class, noblitly clergy and everyone else
Louis XVI- partied and watsed France's money until he was beheaded
Marie Antoinette- Austrian, married to Louis XVI and beheaed with him
Estates-General- the court called together by the king consisting of repaventative of the three
estates
Tennis Court Oath- when kept out of the National Assembly, the promise to make a declaration or
Great Fear- large amount of riots in response to the creation of the National Assembly and the
Legislative Assembly- moderates, conservative and radical, this group was part of the limited
monarchy.
Maximilien Robespierre- gained control over France after the execution of Louis XVI and lead
Committee of Public Safety- the group set up by Robespierre to make France safe for democracy but
Reign of Terror- the period of time in which Robespierre executed 3,000 people in a year
Napoleon- takes over France after the Directory in a coup d'etat and tries to improve Europe. His
conquest is ended after failing to blockade Britain and a series of other mistakes as a result of the
blockade.
Coup d'etat- illegal take over of government, how Napoleon came to power in France
Plebiscite- a vote
Lycees- government run public schools, kids who learned at Lyees became gov. officials
Concordat- agreement, in this case Napoleon has more power then clergy
Napoleonic code- law system that limited liberty and took away women's rights and created a fairer
tax code
Continental System- the other name for the blockade against Britian set up by Napoleon
Battle of Trafalgar- the British Royal Navy vs. French and Spanish fleets, British won
Peninsular war- Spain vs. Napoleon, caused by Napoleon tried to get to Portugal. Spain uses
Scorched Earth Policy- to burn or destroy anything useful to the enemy before leaving
Klemens Von Metternich- lead the Concert of Europe to continue the Balance of power and to keep
Congress of Vienna- short term- set Europe up to avoid future wars, Europe cooperated to control
political affairs/ long term- diminished the power of France, nationalism began to grow in Italy
Balance of Power- the alliance system put in place so that the two sides would be equal. Meant to
Concert of Europe- Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain lead by Metternich to keep balance of
power going
Nationalism- taking pride in one’s nation and one’s people and common culture, as opposed to just
Nation-state- a nation with a self-supporting government whose people are united through their
Otto von Bismarck- prime minister of Prussia who was responsible for creating the Triple Alliance
Giuseppe Garibaldi- leader of the Red Shirts, who united Southern Italy.
Camillo di Cavour- Leader of Sardinia who united Northern Italy and became King of Italy.
Enclosures- Large private areas of land used for agriculture bordered by vegetation.
Crop Rotation- agricultural cycle of draining and restoring soil’s nutrients based on the crop grown.
Industrialization- the mass production of cheap goods through the use of machines.
Factors of Production- resources needed for industrialization - land, labor and capital.
Middle Class- social class usually made of skilled workers who benifited most by industrialization.
Cottage Industry- skilled work who worked on their own and finished a expense product alone.
Laissez-faire- idea that government shouldn't interfere in commercial affairs and should let
Utilitarianism- where the people decide what industries are important in an economy.
Communism- the government owns the major factors of production and operates them for the
Unions- when a group of workers unite for equal wages and fair working conditions.
Collective Bargaining- when workers and employees negotiate in order to have a better work
environment.
Imperialism- the complete takeover of one territory by another country politically, economically, and
socially.
Social Darwinism- the belief that one civilization is better than another and that they will survive
longer.
Steam Engine- engine that is fueled by steam, which helped ships and trains move faster, brought
Maxim Gun- full automatic weapon, used by Europeans against African natives.
Quinine- drug used to fight malaria, also let Europeans into Africa
Berlin Conference- meeting of European nations to divide up Africa amongst themselves, no Africans
where there
Self-sufficient- being able to take care of one’s self and not relying on trade.
Opium War- war fought between the British and Chinese due to Britain selling them Opium. Britain
Treaty of Nanjing- treaty after Opium war, in which China had an open door policy with Britian, and
Extraterritorial Rights- when foreigners commit crimes in foreign countries, they won’t be put in jail,
only banished.
Taiping Rebellion- civil war in China when the people were unhappy with the Qing dynasty and
Spheres of Influence- areas of land where an outside source controls the trade.
Open Door Policy- policy where one country will trade with another no matter who controls the
Boxer Rebellion- rebellion in China when the people wanted to kick out the foreigners.
Treaty of Kanagawa- treaty between Japan and the U.S. for establishing trade between them.
Mutsuhito- ruler of Japan during Meiji Era, untied all of Japan at the age of 15. Made major reforms
Russo-Japanese War- war between Japan and Russia over Korea, Japan surprised world
Annexation- the completely and utter takeover and assimilation (peer pressuring) of one country by
another.
Zimmerman Letter- letter from Germany to Mexico saying they would help takeover the US if Mexico
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- style of warfare the Germans used in an attempt to blockade
Britain Submarines would fire openly on any ship that wasn’t part of Central Powers.
Treaty of Versailles- treaty between the Allies and Central Powers after WW1, saying Germany had
to pay the war debts of everyone and had its power massively limited, new countries were created
from territories given to Germany, Germany was held responsible for the war, and the League of
Western Front- war line between Germany and France where the fighting took place
Franz Ferdinand- Arch duke of Austria, was assassinated by the Black Hand.
Fourteen Points- Fourteen ideas made by Woodrow Wilson to help limit Germany’s power after WW1
Self-determination- the right of nations to determine their own political and ethnical standings.
Schlieffen Plan- plan used by the Germans in WW1, first attacking France then run east and
attacking Russia.
Alliances- when one party has an agreement with another party in which they agree to help each
Trench Warfare- used on the Western Front in WW1, soldiers dug trenches and fought out of them.
Total War- when all resources and developments made by a country are to support the war,
rationing is used and the government regulates the economy to help in the war effort.
Rationing- when supplies are limited to the people, as they are used in the war and are being
brought to soldiers.
Triple Alliance- Alliance between Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Germany. Italy and Russia
eventually leave.
Black Hand- secret organization that tried to release Serbia of Austria-Hungary’s rule.
Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Italy eventually left and
Propaganda- one sided information designed to persuade someone of something, in WWI meant to
Armistice- an agreement to stop fighting. NOT a peace treaty, the war continued but no one is killed
Censorship- hiding information in oder for one side to get its ideas and concepts shown unopposed