10MP Adp PDF

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics
10 MALAYSIA PLAN (10MP) CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS
Name of Programme: Agricultural Diversification Programme (ADP)
Section 1 – Background
1 Current Status
1.1 Vegetables
Vegetables are parts of herbaceous plants which form important component of

our daily diet that contributes to our well being. These vegetables supply rich in
protein, fibres, minerals like iron and calcium to our body. They also give us
phytonutrients like carotenoids, vitamins and folic acid. Consumption of fresh
vegetables can help to prevent numerous diseases such as heart disease and
stroke, high blood pressure, cancer, cataract and vision loss.
Currently Sarawak is a net importer of vegetables as our local production does

not meet our State‟s requirement. Sarawak is producing about 20,663.8 metric
ton of leafy vegetables and 22,626.2 metric ton of fruits vegetables annually
(Agriculture Statistics of Sarawak 2009), as against our state‟s requirement of
about 80,000 metric ton. This means that we are only about 50 percent self-
sufficient. By the year 2015, it is expected that the state will achieve 60 percent
self-sufficiency level in fresh vegetables.
In Sarawak, over 40 types of vegetables are planted, comprising leafy

vegetables, fruit vegetables and root vegetables. The main vegetable growing
areas are in the Districts of Kuching, Siburan, Asajaya, Serian, Sarikei, Sibu, Miri,
Bintulu and Limbang. An estimated 962 ha are planted yearly with vegetables.
Sarawak also possesses a range of unique indigenous vegetables, such as
„Terung Mas‟ and miding that can be marketed as niche products locally and
overseas.
The common practices of vegetables growing in the state are characterized by

scattered smallholders using traditional farming methods which result in low
production, unstable supply and doubtful quality and safety. Most vegetable
farms are small, usually less than 0.5 ha in size, except for few entrepreneur
farmers in the periurban areas who planted between 2 and 10 ha of vegetables
under net house.
In 2009, the State importation of vegetables was valued at RM164,159,791 while
its export value was only RM 2,003,258. The main imports are onion, shallot,
fresh & chilled vegetables, dried chili, mushroom, carrot and potato.
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1.2 Field Crops
An estimated 2,500 ha are planted yearly with field crops, mostly under maize
(including sweet corn, baby corn, and grain corn) and tapioca. Other field crops
include taro, sweet potato, tapioca, ground nut and sugar cane. Maize planting
is mainly for sweet corn and baby corn.
Field crops are generally planted as an off-season crop in wet paddy areas or as
an intercrop in hill paddy farms. Production is smallholder-based and targeted
at the local fresh markets.
Tapioca sweet type and taro are for food processing.
The single major import of field crops is potato which in 2009 amounted to
7,807 metric ton with a value of RM22,138,709. This is followed by groundnut
and its products (RM6,631,339), and sweet corn (RM2,409,922).
1.3 Perennial Crops
Perennial crops consist of coffee, sugarcane, roselle, etc. The estimated area
planted under coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 216 hectares and 269 hectares
respectively. The estimated production of coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 38
and 3,982 metric tons.
The main coffee growing areas are Simunjan (76.5 ha) and Marudi (67.4 ha)
districts, Kuching district is the main growing area for sugar cane (138.9 ha).
There was no record on the area planted with roselle.
The import of coffee beans and products in the year 2009 was 4,175.12 metric
tons (RM50,907,200) while the export figure was 6.08 metric tons (RM85,322).
1.4 Herbs and Spices
Herbs are all the useful plants that can be used or manipulated for health care,
culinary, flavoring, fragrances and cosmetic purposes. There is a keen interest
world-wide in herbal products. Currently kacangma has been marketed as a
herbal drink.
In 2009, the estimated area grown under ginger was 304 hectares and the
production in metric tons was 2,570. The area for clove was 9 hectares and the
production was 7 metric tons. Other herbs and spices include serai, kacangma,
bunga kantan, misai kucing etc.
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The import of spices in 2009 was 4,298.67 metric tons valued at RM20,956,708,
and export figure was 19.01 metric tons (RM74,269).
2. Policy Objectives
2.1 Development goals of DOA
(i) To increase and sustain the contribution of the food production

sector towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the state of
Sarawak.
(ii) To develop the food production industry into one that can
generate good incomes for the primary producers, processors and
businesses that are involved in the industry.
(iii) To promote food safety and sustainable development principles
in the pursuit of economic growth for the food production and
agriculture sector.
2.2 The objectives of the Agricultural Diversification Programmes under

10MP are specified by the respective programme components.
2.2.1 Vegetables Planting Project
(i) To promote the commercial production of high quality and

pesticide-safe vegetables to meet demand from both the
domestic and export markets and to reduce the import of
vegetables.
(ii) To promote and implement the Enclosed (Controlled
Environment) production system for growing selected high value
vegetables for import substitution.
(iii) To produce selected quality indigenous vegetables which have the
potential for export-market
(iv) To encourage more farms to practice GAP and be certified under
SALM and SOM.
(v) To support the production of quality and pesticide safe
vegetables for home consumption in the rural areas
(vi) To promote the development for downstream processing such as
terung mas.
2.2.2 Field Crop Planting Project
(i) To promote the commercial production of field crops to meet the

demand by the local market
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(ii) To promote the commercial production of field crops that has

the potential for value-added processing for the export market or
the local livestock feed industry.
(iii) To encourage the involvement of the private sector in field crop
production, processing and marketing.
(iv) To support the production of field crops for home consumption
by smallholders in the rural areas.
2.2.3 Perennial Planting Project (PPP)
The main objective of PPP is to encourage commercial planting of

perennial food crops such as coffee, sugar cane, roselle etc as a source
of cash income for the small holder farmers.
2.2.4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project
To promote the planting of herbs and spices used in the production of

traditional remedies and health supplements. It is encouraged as short
term cash crop intercropping in orchards, rubber and coconut holdings
as well as pure stand cropping. This will ensure adequate supply of raw
materials for the herb industry.
2.2.5 Support Services Programme
The purpose is to strengthen the essential services and activities that

support the programme (projects) implementation.
3 Broad/Strategic Objectives of DOA in 10MP
(i) To support the food production industry in increasing local food

production and reducing the food trade deficit
(ii) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the smallholder sector as a
means of commercializing smallholder agriculture
(iii) To increase rural farm incomes to a level at least above the poverty line
(iv) To support the sustained growth of the agriculture sector for increased
economic growth
(v) To facilitate the participation of private sector in agriculture production
(vi) To develop skilled and knowledgeable human resource within the
agriculture sector
(vii) To promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources
for agriculture production, and
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(viii) To promote the adoption of quality assurance systems in agriculture

production
Section II – Programme Components
1. Purpose
Purpose of ADP Programme are as follow:
(i) To diversify the economic base of the farm families and to maximize
income from agriculture through efficient utilization of resources.
(ii) To assist small holder farmers in establishing their farming enterprise
(iii) To reduce the food trade deficit
(iv) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the small holder sector as a
mean of commercializing small holder agriculture
(v) To promote recommended and appropriate technologies in food
production
2. Programme Components
2.1 Programme Components
In 10MP the ADP is classified into nine components, vis-a-vis Nethouse

Production System, Organic Vegetables (SOM), Open System (VCS/SALM
participants), Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants), Open System
(Indigenous vegetables), Field Crops Planting Projects, Perennials Planting
Projects, Herbs and Spices Planting Projects and Support Services. The detailed
classifications are as follow:
2.1.1 Nethouse Production System

(i) This system entails vegetable growing under nethouse structures
(ii) The scheme participant will gradually be accredited under the
DOA VCS programme, which later might lead to SALM
accreditation once the participant had been exposed and trained
on GAP practices.
(iii) Priority will be given to existing SALM / VCS participants
(iv) Reduced usage of pesticides will result in the production of
pesticides-safe vegetables.
2.1.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System

(i) Grown under rain shelter (plastic roofing) environment
(ii) It is suitable for all weather production
(iii) Vegetables produced are pesticides-safe
(iv) Vegetables produced are of high quality
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(v) Able to produce selected high value vegetables for import

substitution.
2.1.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)

(i) It is an environment-friendly production system
(ii) Organic farm is certified under SOM
(iii) Vegetables produced are free from chemical (pesticides, inorganic
fertiliser) usage
(iv) Vegetables produced are especially aimed at niche market and
health conscious consumers.
2.1.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participants)

(i) This system entails vegetable growing in open fields
(ii) It is an environmental friendly system and the produces are
pesticide-safe
(iii) This system can increase production by practicing GAP
2.1.5 Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants)

(i) The scheme is to support the production of vegetables for home
consumption as well as access for sale in the rural areas.
(ii) This is a traditional system but practising proper agronomic
practices like fertilizer application and judicious use of pesticides
(iii) This system can contribute towards increased vegetables
production
(iv) This is especially suitable to cater for rural and small-scale
farmers.
2.1.6 Open System (Indigenous vegetables)

(i) This system can take advantage of the uniqueness of certain
indigenous vegetables which have overseas market potential such
as terung mas, miding, timun dayak, etc.
(ii) The production of indigenous vegetables can cater for niche
markets both locally and overseas.
(iii) Produce such as terung mas has great potential for branding as
Sarawak niche product and it has an attractive fruit vegetable and
is of high value.
(iv) Potential for down-stream processing eg. terung in syrup, terung
pickle
2.1.7 Field Crop Planting Project

(i) It is a short term cash crop that includes sweet corn, baby corn,
grain corn, sweet potatoes, taro, tapioca, groundnut etc.
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(ii) For maize and baby corn, it is an off-season crop.

(iii) Crops such as tapioca, taro and sweet potato are raw materials for
the food cottage industry.
2.1.8 Perennial Crop Planting Projects

(i) Includes the planting of coffee, sugar cane, rosselle etc
(ii) This can cater for the needs of the local market
(iii) It can increase small holder income such as in the sale of fresh
cane juice
2.1.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and

Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting
(i) The selected herbs included ginger, kacangma, misai kucing,

bunga kantan, lemon grass and other herbal plants.
2.1.10 Support Services

The proposed budget for support services programme is around 10% of
the 10MP ADP ceiling, and will be utilized to fund the following activities.
(1) Extension and Technology Promotion

The training and visit (T&V) system is to be adopted in this
program. Fund will be used for:
(a) Upgrading the knowledge and skills of both the staff and
farmers. They need to be exposed to current knowledge and
technologies via training courses, seminars, conferences and
study tours.
(b) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication

materials and equipment required for the transfer of
technologies to the target groups by the extension agents.
(2) Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots
This is an essential activity to assess the in-situ effectiveness and

adoption of the new technology under the actual farmer‟s
managed condition. The R&D works cover mainly farm
productions and to some extent, post-harvest handling and value
adding processing.
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(3) Promotion of New Products

Fund is used for the following activities:
(a) R&D and promoting the use of machinery and equipment in
the farm
(b) For promoting new products in the markets as well as
establishing its market information system
(c) R&D in the products development (new or value-added
products)
(4) Quality Assurance Activity

Fund is used for the following activities:
(a) Purchase of farm produce for laboratory analysis
(b) Handling and transportation of samples
(c) Laboratory consumables
(5) Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.

Funds will be utilized for the implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of the projects.
3. Target Group
The target groups are:

(i) smallholders
(ii) entrepreneurs
(iii) Schools (projects for student) and
(iv) private investors,
Owners of the successful existing ADP projects (own planting or assisted

under governments grant, subsidies etc) shall be given higher priority in
selecting the scheme participant, should they wish to expand their
enterprises.
4. Eligibility / Selection Criteria
The eligibility / selection criteria for ADP projects are as stipulated below
and they are the same for all the programme components:
4.1 An applicant must be Malaysian citizen domiciled in Sarawak,

between the age of 18 to 65 years.
4.2 An applicant must be a full time farmer who owns

titled/NCR/rented lands. For Land under NCR, the application
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must be endorsed by Superintendent of Land and Survey

Department OR a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung; and if the
applicant is a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung, the application must
be countersigned by a Penghulu.
4.3 An applicant is preferably a member of the nearest PPK /

participants of Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan (TKPM)
4.4 Nethouse project – priority should be given to those interested

farmers who had not received any nethouse project assistance
before, and those who are in the category of below poverty line.
Other category of farmers will be assisted with half of the total
allocation (RM 84,000 per hectare).
4.5 Have access to suitable land of adequate size
4.6 An applicant must have sufficient labour to carry out the farm
activities
4.7 Have some experience in the projects applied
4.8 They must be able to find their own market outlet for their
produce
4.9 Willing to top up the financial assistance given by the

Governments
4.10 The project participants are required to follow the Departmental

instructions and guidance.
5. Project Value
The value of assistance is determined by the different components of the
programme, the details are as illustrated below:
5.1 Net-house Production System

Farm size : Minimum - 0.1 ha per participant
Maximum - 0.2 ha per participant
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Table 5.1 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Net-house Production System
0.1 ha
No Items
(RM)
1 Concrete Post / Belian Post 5,700
2 Nettings 3,000
3 Irrigation 3,500
Machinery (e.g. mini rotovator,
4 1,500
farm tools)
5 Planting Materials 800
6 Fertilizer 2,000
7 Pest & Disease Control 300
Total 16,800
Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as
a guideline.
Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from

Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman
Ibu Pejabat.
5.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System
Farm size : Minimum – 1 unit {6m (wide) x 30m (long) x 2.5m

(high)} per participant
Maximum – 2 units if implemented for the purpose of
model project by Research Branch.
Table 5.2 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Enclosed (Controlled

Environment) System
No Items 1 Unit (RM)

1 Rain Shelter 42,600
2 Fertigation System 15,500
Total 58,850
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a guideline.

Ibu Pejabat.
5.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)
Farm size : Minimum – 1 ha (including buffer zone and compost area

per participant)
Maximum – 2 ha (including buffer zone and compost area
per participant)
Table 5.3 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Organic Vegetables (SOM)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,000
Composting Incentives (Composting Shed =
2 18,000
RM10,000 / Shredding machine = RM8,000)
3 Irrigation 7,000
4 Planting Materials (non-GMO) 1,500
5 Pest & Disease Control (bio-pesticides) 500
Total 32,000
a guideline.

Ibu Pejabat.
5.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participant)

Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant
Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant
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Table 5.4 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (existing

VCS/SALM participant)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,500
2 Irrigation 7,000
3 Planting Materials 1,500
4 Fertilizer 6,000
5 Pest & Disease Control 1,000
Total 21,000
a guideline.
Ibu Pejabat.
5.5 Open System (Non-VCS/SALM participant)

Table 5.5 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (Non-

VCS/SALM participant)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini
1 5,000
rotovator,sprayer,small farm tools)
2 Planting Materials 1,500
3 Fertilizer 6,000
4 Pest & Disease Control 1,000
Total 13,500
a guideline.
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Ibu Pejabat.
5.6 Open System (indigenous vegetables)

Table 5.6 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (indigenous

vegetables)
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
Packaging & Post-harvest materials (vacuum-pack for
1 5,000
miding, etc.)
2 Machinery (e.g. farm tools) 5,000
4 Fertilizer 4,000
Total 15,000
a guideline.

Ibu Pejabat.
5.7 Field Crop Planting Project
Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant

Table 5.7 – Breakdown of Entitlement for Field Crop Planting Project
No Items 1 ha (RM)*
1 Planting materials 1,500
2 Pest & disease control 1,000
3 Fertilizer 2,000
4 Farm Implements 500
Total 5,000
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a guideline.

Ibu Pejabat.
5.8 Perennial Crop Planting Project

Table 5.8 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Perennial Crop Planting
Project
1 ha (RM)* Total
No Items
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (RM)*
1 Planting materials 900 0 0 900
2 Pest & disease control 1,000 650 650 2,300
3 Fertilizer 700 250 250 1,200
4 Farm Implements 600 0 0 600
Total 3,200 900 900 5,000
a guideline.

Ibu Pejabat.
5.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and

Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting.

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Table 5.9 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Herbs and Spices Planting

Project
1 ha (RM)*
No. Items Total (RM)
Year 1 Year 2
1 Planting materials 900 0 900
2 Pest/disease control 400 300 700
3 Fertilizer 700 500 1,200
4 Farm Implements 900 0 900
Total 2,900 800 3,700
a guideline.

Ibu Pejabat.
5.10 Support Services / Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation
The value of assistance will be much depending on the services and

activities requested and the availability of fund, and the guidelines are as
follows:
5.10.1 Extension and Technology Promotion
The farmers who are attending the formal residential short

courses/ training at ATCs and in-situ training at farm/District
Office are NOT eligible for pocket money allowance. They are
ONLY provided with food and refreshment at the rate of
RM30.00 per person per night (for overnight course/training) and
RM20.00 per person per day (for day-trip course/training). In
cases where the transport is NOT provided by the Department,
the farmers are eligible to claim the transportation allowance at
the rate of RM15.00 from home to ATC/farm/District Office and
RM15.00 from ATC/farm/District Office back home.
The farmers who are going for study tour are eligible for food
allowance at the rate of RM40.00 per person per day. They are
also eligible for hotel accommodation at the rate
RM50.00/person/night in Sarawak and Sabah while as in
Semenanjung the rate is RM70.00/person/night.
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The farmers who are attending farmers‟ dialogue and seminars

are eligible to claim the transportation, food and drink allowance
at the rate of RM15.00 per person per session.
(i) Pocket Money and Lodging (hotel) for Farmers‟ Study Tour,
Farmers‟ In-situ Training, Conferences and Seminar
Transportation Food Refreshment per

Allowance
Incentives person
Types of training Per Person
Person/session Overnight Day Trip
(RM)
(RM) (RM) (RM)
1. In-situ Training
at - - 30.00 20.00
Farm/District
2. Farmers‟
Dialogue and - 15.00 - -
Seminars
3. Formal
Training at 30.00 - 30.00 20.00
ATC
Hotel Rate
Hotel Rate in
in Sarawak
4. Farmers‟ Tour Semenanjung
& Sabah
- 40.00 50.00 70.00
(ii) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication

materials and equipment
The fund allocated for the procurement of appropriate extension

and communication materials and equipment are based on the
actual current prices of the goods/services available in the
market.
5.9.2 Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots
The expenses would be based on the actual current prices of the

goods/services available and also the availability of fund.
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5.9.3 Promotion of New Products/Technology
Promotion of new product/technology will be carried out if the

fund is available.
5.9.3 Quality Assurance Activity
Fund is used for the transportation of farm produce for

laboratory analysis.
5.9.4 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.
Funds will be allocated for the implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of the projects.
6 Implementation Method
The detailed work process and scheduling for the planning and
implementation of ADP will follow the procedures prescribed in the DOA
Operation Manual for Crop Planting Programmes. Project approval shall
be vested with the Divisional Planning and Development Committee
(DvPDC).
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Section III – Agronomic Practices, Crop Protection and Harvesting
This section includes: site selection, land preparation, recommended varieties,

planting/transplanting, seeds rate, fertilizer application, symptom of diseases & pest,
IPM, harvesting etc for certain components in ADP programme.
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND CROP PROTECTION
1 Vegetables
General Introduction to Vegetable Growing:
1.1 Selection of Site
An ideal site is an open area with fairly flat terrain or gently sloping land.
A fairly deep well-drained loam rich in organic matter is most suitable
for vegetable crops. Poor soils can be made fertile by adding organic
amendments (compost and manure) and lime. Humified peat soils are
also good for vegetable production.
Buffer zone under organic farming is essential.
Minimum buffer distance for different types of barriers
Elevation of organic farm Minimum

Barrier crops or
Barrier type in relation to the buffer distance
structures
convention farm (m)
Crops eg. banana, 10 m tall Organic and conventional 2
gliricidia, bamboo with dense farm are on same level
canopy Organic farm on higher 2
ground than conventional
farm
Organic farm on lower 5
farm
Structures eg. 10 m tall Organic and conventional 2
concrete or zinc farm are on same level
wall or fence Organic farm on higher 2
farm
farm
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Pond, stream, Organic and conventional 10

road, grass, farm are on same level
empty land Organic farm on higher 5
farm
farm
1.2 Preparing Vegetable Plots
Clear all vegetation (jungle growth, trees and weeds). Tilt the soil to a
depth of about 30cm, removing all the roots. Leave the ground to
„weather‟ for about a fortnight to allow the birds to eat any insect pests.
Form beds about 1 - 1.2m wide and 15 - 30cm high. The beds should be
about 50cm apart. When preparing the beds, incorporate well
decomposed animal manure at 1-2 kg/m2 or 3-5kg of compost per
square metre. Sprinkle about 100-200gm limestone or dolomite to every
square metre of the bed. Wood ash may be used as an alternative.
1.3 Raising Seedlings
Plants may be established in beds either by direct sowing or through

nursery and transplanting.
In direct planting, seeds are sown and later thinned to the required
population. Vegetables grown by this method are generally short term
types such as beans, cai xin, kangkong and bayam.
For those crops which are transplanted, the seedlings are raised either in
nursery beds, boxes or seeding trays filled with good friable top soil and
decayed compost mixed in equal proportion. Coarse sand may be added
to heavy soil. About 50 gm CIRP or TSP may be mixed with 1 m 2 bed
area. Vegetables such as chilli, brinjal, tomato and kailan may be grown
in this way.
1.4 Transplanting
Transplant the seedlings when they are 10 – 15 cm high. Discard week

seedlings. Transplanting should be done when the weather is not hot.
Water the beds an hour or two before the seedlings are planted. Place a
thin mulch of semi-decayed compost between the seedlings to conserve
soil moisture.
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1.5 Manuring
A good manure is a well composted manure. The chicken manure can be

stored under cover for its composting process. The chicken manure
provides nutrients as well as a conditioning effect on the soil. The
recommended rate is 1-2kg per square metre of the bed.
Chicken manure may be applied as a liquid fertiliser.
The addition of one part Superphosphate to eight parts of chicken

manure will improve the nutrient value and prevent loss of nitrogen. This
mixture of SSP and chicken manure is applied at 60 kg for 20 meters of
bed.
Guano is also a useful organic fertilizer. It supplies nitrogen and

phosphorus to the plants. It is used at 110 g per metre bed or soaked in
18 liters of water and watered onto the plants.
The above organic manures can be supplemented with inorganic

fertilizers to supply the nutrients to the plants.
(i) NITROGEN
This is important for leafy vegetables. For every running meter of

bed, supply either 75 g of sulphate of ammonia (SA) or 35 g of
urea.
(ii) PHOSPHORUS
This is important for seedlings and fruit vegetables. The source of

phosphorus is in the form of Superphosphate. It is applied at 75 –
105 g per metre2 bed.
(iii) POTASSIUM
Burnt earth or wood ash contains potassium. The source of

potassium is muriate of potash (MOP). It is applied at 35-75 g per
metre2 bed.
(iv) COMPOUND OR MIXED FERTILIZERS
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Formulations of 15: 15 : 15 (NPK) and 12: 12: 17: 2 + TE (NPK +

trace elements) are commonly used at 100g per metre2 bed.
1.6 Weed Control
Weed competition is very crucial in vegetable production. Hand weeding

for one to two rounds was necessary in the early stages of crop growth
to reduce weed competition and to offer optimum growing conditions
for the plants. Weeds can also be controlled by mulching with dried
paddy straw or plastic mulch cover.
1.7 Pest and Disease Control
Pests and diseases can be managed by practising integrated pest

management (IPM), which is a combination of preventive and curative
measures. The preventive measures are a priority and pesticides to be
used as the last option. The preventive measures include crop rotation,
crop fallow, proper planting density, proper soil tillage and proper farm
sanitation i.e. removal of crop residues and infested plants. The crop
residues and infested plants can be used for composting. The plant
growth should be managed properly. A healthy plant can resist pest and
disease.
2 Field Crops
2.1 SWEET CORN/ BABY CORN
2.1.1 Site selection
Sweet corn/baby corn can be grown on most soils provided the

drainage is good but usually it performs best on deep loams and silt
loams containing an abundance of organic matter and well supplied
with available nutrients. Sweet corn/baby corn can also be grown on
moderately acid soils ( as low as pH 5.0), but pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 is
the most favourable. An ideal site for planting sweet corn/baby corn
is an open of flat or gently sloping land.
Continuous planting with sweet corn/baby corn is not recommended.

Crop rotation wherein sweet corn/baby corn is grown alternatively
with groundnut, soy bean, sweet potato, and other crops is very
beneficial in terms of crop production and soil management.
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2.1.2 Land preparation
Land preparation includes felling, burning and tilling, and in low-lying

land, the construction of drains to remove excess water. Land tilling
can be done either manually using hoe (cangkul) or mechanized
using a pedestrian power tiller.
A reasonably smooth and firm ploughed area provides favorable soil

condition for germination and seedling development. Too much
tillage, however, may destroy the soil structure and result in soil
compaction which should be avoided.
2.1.3 Planting
When land preparation has been completed, 2 seeds are dibbled in

each planting hole. The plants are spaced 60 cm between rows and
60 cm in the row. This spacing would require seedling rate of 10-12
kg/ha seed. Planting distance for baby corn is 45 cm x 45 cm and
about 20-25kg/ha seed is required.
2.1.4 Varietal recommendation
Sweet corn: Hybrid no.5, Masmadu and Thai Super Sweet

Baby corn: Thai Super Sweet
2.1.5 Isolation
Sweet corn should not be planted together with grain corn or

different varieties of sweet corn as this will affect the quality of
sweetness of fresh cobs.
2.1.6 Weeding
Sweet corn/baby corn does not tolerate strong weed competition. It

is important that the field be kept free from any weeds during the
first one month. Weed control can be done manually or mechanically
whereas in large plantation, it is necessary to use herbicides or the
mechanical method to control weeds.
A very good herbicide to use is Atrazine 80 WP at 5.6 kg/ha sprayed

twice, the first spray is to be applied as a pre-emergence and the
later spray at one or one and a half month after sowing.
22
2.1.7 Fertilizer
It is suggested to apply fertilizer 12:12:17:2 at the rate of 600 kg/ha

prior to planting or during planting and then to be top dressed with
150 kg urea/ha at about 5-6 weeks after planting.
Organic manures such as chicken manure, cow manure and compost

at 1-2 m.t./ha can also be used as basal dressing.
2.1.8 Harvesting
For sweet corn, harvests as soon as the kernels are well-filled (65-75
days after planting). For baby corn, harvest 2-3 days after silking (45-
50 days after planting).
It is important to note that sweet corn can loses its sweetness rapidly
and should be marketed and consumed immediately after harvest.
2.1.9 Pests
2.1.9.1 Stem Borer
Larva feeds on leaves, leaf tissue or even leaf whorl and

stem causing retarded growth and poor yield.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all sweet corn/baby corn stubble or

stalk after harvesting
(ii) One month after planting and three subsequent

applications at fortnightly interval if field condition
warrants it.
2.1.9.2 Cob borer
Major attack is generally at the flowering and fruiting

periods. Larva feeds on leaves or tender cobs. It bores and
lives inside the cob, thus impairing the formation of cobs
Control:
23
Difficult to control but Carbaryl (0.1 % a.i.) and Dimethoate

(0.03% a.i.) spray could be carried out where necessary.
2.1.10 Diseases
2.1.10.1 Leaf Blight
Lesion on leaves begin as light brown oval spot of 2.5cm in

size. Enlargement by coalescence of spots result in „blight‟
patches. Severely attacked leaves dried out and the sweet
corn/baby corn will die. The fungus spreads rapidly in
damp weather when gray black spores are liberated from
the lesions.
Control:
(i) Grow more resistant varieties.

(ii) Practise crop rotation and proper field sanitation
before sowing
(iii) Seed dressing with fungicides: Thiram or Captan at 12
teaspoon per 1.36 kg of seeds
2.1.10.2 Common Smut
Gall like swellings on cobs and other aerial parts. At first,

gals are silver-white but later on split to produce masses of
dark brown to black spores or smut.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all diseased materials
(ii) Seed treatment with Thiram 80% at 5g/100g seeds
2.1.10.3 Bacterial wilt
Diseased plants show dropping of top portion rapidly.

Cross-section of lower stem brown wound. Dipping cut
ends in water will excrete a slimy white sticky liquid typical
of bacterial „ooze‟.
Control:
(i) Sanitation by removing and burning of diseased
materials
24
(ii) Practise crop rotation and do not to plant in the

infested soil
2.1.10.4 Rust
Mature leaves, particularly the under surfaces, are covered

with small raised blister-like pustules containing millions of
orange rust spores.
Control:
(i) Plantvax & Vitavax @ 0.01 % a.i. spray may offer some
control
(ii) Burn all sweet corn/baby corn debris after harvest.
(iii)
2.1.10.5 Sheath Blight
Initially elongated, grey lesions occur on the leaf sheaths.

These enlarge, turn lighter in colour and develop blackish-
brown margins. Brown, globose or irregular seed-like
sclerotia (1-3 mm) may develop on the parts attacked.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all affected plants parts

(ii) Practise crop rotation
(iii) Avoid mechanical injuries which provide infection sites
for the pathogen
(iv) Spray benomyl (80% a.i) 18 g in 18 litres water may
reduce the disease incidence
2.1.10.6 Bacterial Stalk Rot
Plants are attacked at the internodes which become

brown, water-soaked, soft and slimy in appearance.
Diseased stem collapse and become twisted. Rotted areas
often give off a disagreeable odour.
Control:
(i) Remove and burn all plant debris after harvest (adopt
good cultural practices)
(ii) Choose well drained soil and avoid water-logging and
poor aeration
25
2.2 GROUNDNUT
2.2.1 Site Selection
Although groundnut thrives best on light sandy loam soil with good
organic content, a wide range of soil types would be suitable. However,
heavy clays should be avoided as these soils impede root penetration
and pod development. It also makes harvesting difficult.
2.2.2 Land Preparation
Since groundnut is a deep-rooting plant, sufficient depth fine,

crumbled soil after ploughing is needed for growth. Well-prepared
land is especially flavourable to the growth of this crop especially for
its root penetration and pod development.
In low-lying and flat areas, an efficient drainage system is necessary. It

is advisable to construct ridges in areas liable to flood.
2.2.3 Fertilizers
For every hectare of cultivated land, 1-2 metric tons of ground

limestone is applied 3 weeks prior to planting. In addition, a fertilizer
combination of 170 kg sulphate of ammonia and 90 kg of triple
superphosphate or 300 g/ha 15:15:15 is recommended for every
hectare of groundnut planted on soils of average fertility. Fertilizers are
applied during or after planting.
2.2.4 Planting
Seeds are planted to a depth of 2 cm, 2-3 weeks after liming. The
planting distance is at 45 cm x 15 cm interval. This would require a
total of 135-150 kg seeds per hectare.
2.2.5 Weed Control
Spraying of pre-emergent herbicide, Lasso at 4.2 litres/ha before or just

after sowing of the seed is recommended. Manual weeding, in lieu of
the emergent chemical can be carried out two to four weeks after
planting. Weeding after 6 weeks can be detrimental to the crop.
26
2.2.6 Harvesting
The crop is ready for harvesting 100 to 110 days after sowing, by then,
the beans are fully matured. For boiled nut-in-the shell, earlier
harvesting, e.g. after 95 days, is recommended.
2.2.7 Storage
Groundnuts used for seeds must be fully matured and dried to 12%
moisture in the shell and stored in dry and cool place in airtight
containers.
2.2.8 Pests
(i) Pod Borer
The larvae bore and tunnel in the young pods
Control: Spray with diazinon (@ 0.1 a.i) or chlorpyrifos (2% a.i.)
(ii) Caterpillar
Generally, the leaves are eaten although the young stems may
also be damaged.
Control: Spray with pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin @ 0.01 %
a.i.) if necessary.
(iii) Aphid
They suck sap from the flowers, pods and shoots. Damage to the
young shoots result in curled leaves and stunted growth of plants.
Control: Spray with white oil, dimethoate or malathion if

necessary.
2.2.9 Diseases
1. Cercospora Leaf Spot
Cercospora lesions are easily detected on leaves. The appearance

of minute, pale yellow spots on the upper surfaces of older leaves
indicate the early stage of Cercospora infection. These spots later
develop into circular or irregular lesions. The lesion is reddish
brown in color and may have a narrow yellow halo. Dark
elongated lesions with indistinct margin also occur on petioles,
stems and pegs. Wet weather condition favors the growth and
sporulation of the fungi.
27
Control:
(i) The following fungicides can be used for spraying:
 Benomyl (50% a.i) at 18 g in 18 litres water, at 2-3 week
intervals.
 Mancozeb (80% a.i) at 30-45 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day
intervals.
 Daconil (50% a.i) at 36 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day
intervals.
(ii) Remove crop residues and volunteer plants
(iii) Practise crop rotation with non-host crop
2. Leaf Rust
Severe leaf defoliation and the death of many groundnut plants,

is manifested by circular lesions on the leaves. The lesions are
surrounded by dull green or light brown leaf tissues.
On the under-surface of these leaves, orange-red pustules are
visible. The pustules will eventually turn dark brown and infection
sites may become coalesced. Normally the leaf tissues around the
infection sites die and dry out in irregular patches. Severely
infected leaflets curl and drop off.
Control
 Spray benomyl (Benlate) 0.02-0.04 a.i and alternate with
copper oxychloride 0.1 to check the disease.
 Spray with Oxycarboxin (Plantvax) .5% a.i + chlorothalonil
(Daconil) 1% a.i or carboxin (vitavax) 0.05% a.i + chloro
thalonil (daconil) 0.1% a.i
3. Stem Rot
White fungal threads are seen over affected plant tissues.

Normally only a light web of the fungus is seen on the affected
parts of the stem or just below soil level. Under very humid
conditions the fungus grows very fast and often the fungal mat
spreads over the adjacent soil and may then infect other plants.
Diseased areas on the stem, petioles and leaves of the affected

plant turn dark brown and small round bodies, about the size of a
mustard seed, are produced on the surface. The small round
bodies, known as sclerotia, are initially white in color, however,
they turn dark brown and shiny with increased length of time.
28
Control:
 Control weeds and volunteer groundnut plants
 Use PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene) as preplanting, soi
incorporated treatment
 Apply gypsum at the time of peak flowering
 Practise proper sanitation by removing crop residues and
fallen leaves
4. Bacterial Wilt
Infected plants appear unhealthy, chlorotic and wilt under water

stress. The xylem tissue in the stem turns dark brown. If the stem
is cut across at soil level, a grey slimy liquid can be pressed out of
the vascular bundles.
Control:
 Long crop rotation with non-host crop is important
 Sterilize the infested soil before planting.
 Remove and destroy infected plants and other Solanum sp.
2.3 SWEET POTATO

2.3.1 Site selection
Sweet potatoes tolerate wide range of soils, although a sandy loam is

preferred. Heavier soils may be used but should be well tilled and
ridged to provide good drainage. Planting on beds or ridges also makes
harvesting much easier.
In general sweet potato should not be grown on land that has

produced a root crop the previous season. However, continuous
planting is possible if there is no serious disease, insect and nematode
attack.
2.3.2 Land preparation
The land must be plough and turned over. Generally, one ploughing
and turning over is sufficient. Planting bed of 60 cm wide and 30 cm
high is prepared.
2.3.3 Recommended variety
Gendut & Cina variety – For fresh consumption
29
Unggu variety – For making kerepek
2.3.4 Planting materials
Sweet potato can be propagated in two ways: by its tuber and its
cuttings. Cuttings are cheaper and easier. To obtain planting materials
of about the same age, propagation period required is 50-60 days.
Then the stems are cut at 20-30 cm for field planting.
2.3.5 Field Planting
The cuttings are planted at an angle (slanting), with about 20 cm of the

cutting under the soil and 10 cm above the soil surface. Planting
distance recommended is 1.0m x 0.3m. If the weather is very hot and
dry, water the newly planted cuttings once a day. The creeping plants
should be collected and placed onto the beds at monthly interval to
avoid the roots from growing from the nodes along the stems. If this is
allowed, small tubers will be produced at the main stem.
2.3.6 Weed control
Weeds control is important for vigorous crop growth. Since pre-

emergent weedicide does not endanger the newly planted cuttings, it is
advisable to carry out this praying before planting.
2.3.7 Manuring
Liming at the rate 1.0 mt/ha is necessary 3 weeks before planting.

Initial top dressing at the rate of 600 kg of 15:15:15 per hectare is
applied one week after planting. This is followed b the subsequent top
dressing at one month later at the same rate.
The fertilizer is applied around each plant. Additional fertilizer at a

reasonable rate is applied if the growth is not encouraging. An
imbalanced manuring can cause the plant to produce more leaves and
less tubers.
2.3.8 Harvesting
Sweet potatoes can be harvested at 4 months after planting.
2.3.9 Disease
30
The Elsinoe batatas causes scab disease. The recommended control is

by planting a more resistant variety if any, and to spray fungicide
(Benlate - @ 200 g/100 litre water), Copper oxychloride & Maneb).
2.3.10 Pest
Sweet potato beetle (Cylas formicarius) is the most dangerous pest

causing serious damages to sweet potato plant, which attacks all parts
of the plant: tubers or roots, stems and leaves. The recommended
control is crop rotation, use pest-free planting material; planting
material should be treated before every cropping and to harvest timely
upon maturity.
2.4 TAPIOCA
Recommended Varieties
Sawah variety – Fresh consumption

Putih variety – Tapioca chips
Site Selection
The suitable soil for tapioca planting is a light, sandy loam soil of medium
fertility. Good drainage is also important. On clay or poorly drained soils, root
growth is poor, so that tuber-to-shoot ratio is considerably decreased.
Moreover, the poor soil aeration under such conditions causes the few tubers
formed to rot readily. Gravelly or stony soils tend to hinder root penetration
and are therefore unsuitable. Saline soils are also unsuitable. Tapioca can grow
and yield reasonably well on soils of low fertility where production of most
other crops would be uneconomical. Under condition of very high fertility,
tapioca tends to produce excessive vegetation at the expense of tuber
formation.
Land Preparation
One round of disc ploughing, followed by one round of harrowing or rototilling

is generally adequate. Planting beds of 60 cm wide and 20 cm high is prepared.
This will facilitate weed and water flow control.
Planting material
31
Cutting should be taken from mature stem portions, preferably from plants at
least 6 - 8 months old, free from pests and diseases and the cuttings should be
taken from the middle of the stem. If possible, cuttings should be collected
from plants which have received sufficient fertilizers in the previous season.
Planting/Transplanting
Stem cuttings, 30 cm long are planted in a slant position at an angle of 40 o –

45o, burying half their length and the buds facing upwards. Planting holes are
spaced at 1 m X 1 m. The planting rate is 10,000 cuttings per hectare.
Fertilizer Application
As a general guidance tapioca requires 450 – 1,000 kg/ha of a 12:12:17:2

complete fertilizer. The fertilizer is applied at planting and the second
application is two months after planting. Spot placement of fertilizer within or
just beside the planting hole is effective.
Harvesting
The exact time, in terms of months after planting, when it is best to harvest
tapioca depends very much on the variety. Some varieties, particularly the
sweet types, are ready for harvesting in about 9 – 12 months. Sawah variety
requires 10 months before it is ready for harvesting. Meanwhile Putih variety is
best harvested for making tapioca chips or kerepek at 9 – 10 months after
planting. Yields vary greatly according to the variety, soil, climate, age at
harvesting, etc.
2.5 SUGARCANE
Recommended Variety
Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice )
Site Selection
Sugarcane grows on a wide variety of soil types but does well on sandy loam. In
the absence of irrigation, a well distributed rainfall of 125 – 200 cm per annum
is ideal. Three to five months dry season with less than 5 cm per month
facilitates ripening and efficient preparatory tillage work. A well marked dry
season favours ratooning.
32
Land Preparation
Optimum tillage is essential for good germination of sugarcane setts and

subsequently for satisfactory growth of the crop.
When a piece of land is designated for sugarcane cultivation, it is necessary to

clear forest and undergrowth and to remove the stumps and timber before
proceeding to actual land preparation. Land preparation is carried out during
transitional period between wet and dry months with appropriate scheduling
for planting. Land is prepared by various combinations of ploughing, harrowing
and rotortilling, depending on the condition of the land.
Normally, land preparation starts with two rounds of ploughing to expose the
top soil and to break up the large clods. The frequency and the depth of
ploughing vary according to the soil conditions. For lighter soil, it is necessary to
plough to a depth of 10 – 20 cm, while a minimum of 30 cm is desired for a
heavier soil. For juice cane production, the land is ploughed once to a depth of
20 – 25 cm.
Planting material
Use disease free planting material from immature canes 5 – 7 months old. The
canes should be cut into small setts each containing 3 – 4 buds. The upper,
immature part of the cane can also be used for planting. Cover canes for
planting lightly with small trash for a few days before planting. This practice
improves germination.
Planting/Transplanting
Insert setts in the soil to a depth of 15 – 20 cm leaving about 5 – 10 cm above

the soil. Press the soil firmly. The planting distant is 1 m X 2 m. Such an
arrangement should accommodate 5,000 points per hectare.
33
Fertilizer Application
Fertilizer application for first crop and ratoon
Type of Rate of Method of Time of

fertilizer fertilizer application application
Sulphate of (1) 650 kg/ha Fertilizer mix with Basal dressing
Amonia top soil and placed in
the planting hole.
(2) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around 2 months after

the plant. planting
Sulphate of (3) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around 10 months after
Amonia the plant. first harvesting.
Sulphate of (4) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around 10 months after
Amonia the plant. second
harvesting.
Nitrophoska
green
2.6 TARO
Recommended variety
Thailand variety
Climate and Soil Requirement
he plant grows well in warm and moist soil deep, friable loams rich in organic
matter with high water table having pH 5.5 to 7.8. The ability of the plant to
transport oxygen from the leaves to the roots make the plant adaptable to
water-logged soils. So, the plant can be planted both on dry-land and wet land.
Planting Material
Suckers are used as planting material. The suckers with about 20 – 30 cm of

petioles are planted on prepared ridges or beds. The leaves had to be cut
before planting to the field.
Field Preparation
34
Selected sites are cleared of vegetation by means of herbicides or slash-and-

burn. Either beds or ridges are prepared for the planting.
Planting and Spacing
The suckers are planted to the prepared beds by first digging small holes of 5 –
7 cm deep each then putting in the suckers and covering them with soil. The
rows may be 90 – 120 cm apart with between plants spacing of 30 – 45 cm on
raised beds.
Manuring
Taro responds well to fertilization. Fertilizers at 30 g of 15:15:15 are applied per

point during planting and another 30 g at 3 – 4 months later. Weeding up to 3
months is necessary. Irrigation and some fertilizing are necessary to enhance
yield.
Harvesting
Taro can be harvested 8 – 12 months after planting depending on variety. For

“Thailand” variety it can be harvested 9 – 12 months after planting. As mature
corms or cormels are fully formed, they may be harvested either by pulling or
digging up with the hoe. The leaves may be removed by cutting and then the
corms and cormels may be selected.
3.0 Herbs and Spices - AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
3.1 MISAI KUCING (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth)
Misai Kucing or Java Tea originated from South Asia such as Thailand,
Indonesia, Phillipines including the Malay archipelagos, Malaysia. It had
been used in traditional medicine to cure urinary bladder stone, kidney
problems, gall bladder, rheumatism, diabetes and fever. Misai Kucing
had been identified as the potential commercial herb because of its
medicinal value and easy to plant.
Climate and soils suitability
Misai Kucing is suitable for planting in wide range of soils including

sandy and alluvial soils. It requires average monthly rainfall of 180-200
cm. Irrigation would be necessary during drier season. It can stands
35
waterlogged condition within 24 hours. It needs moist soil for vigorous

vegetative growth.
Land Preparation
The planting area should be rotovated one month before planting to get
rid of weeds. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is
applied during first rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The
rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for
Misai Kucing are between 5.5 to 6.0.
Planting Material
Planting materials are prepared by stem cuttings. The stem cuttings start
to root, two weeks after planting in the polybags. Rooted cuttings could
be transplanted to the field at the age of 4-5 weeks in the nursery.
Spacing
Recommended spacing is 1.5m between rows and 0.45m within row and
planting density of 14,800/ha.
Fertiliser application
Sandy Soils
Basal dressing of 10 tonne dried chicken dung broadcast and mixed to

the soil three days before field planting and 6 months later.
Alternatively organic based fertilizer N:P:K at the ratio of 10:10:10 could
be applied at the rate of 1,000kg/ha every six months interval.
Alluvial Soils
The same for sandy soils but at reduced rate of 5 tonne/ha and organic
based fertiliser at the rate of 500kg/ha.
Irrigation System
Depending on the soils type and water source, over head sprinkler could
be used for commercial production or dripped irrigation would be more
appropriate when silvery black plastic mulch is used.
36
Weed Control
Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Later

the canopy could suppress weeds growth. However silver black plastic
cover could be used to control weeds and at the same time to prevent
soils and chicken dung fertilizer splash to the leaves.
Pest Management
There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.
Shading
40 – 50% shading is only required for sandy soils especially during drier
months. Shading mat or shading crops/trees could be planted as inter
crop using hedge planting or traditional square planting system.
Harvesting
Manual cutting is usually practice. The first harvesting could be done10

weeks after field planting. About 30 cm of the twig is cut once in two
weeks interval. The average yield would be 5-6 tonne/ha/year dried
leaves at 10% moisture content.
3.2 KACANGMA (Leonurus sibiricus L)
Kacangma or Chinese Motherwart also known as Serating, Tebung Aga or

Padang Deman belongs to Labiatae family. It is a biennial herb used for many
conditions, especially those affecting women. The whole plant and seeds can
be used. Traditionaly it can be used as:
 Postnatal and as tonic
 The pink-flowered form is good for enriching the blood while the white-
flowered form is good for improving vigour.
 Raw seeds with the husk removed are a good tonic drink. It increases
strength, promotes blood circulation, enriches the bone marrow, soothes
the lungs and stops thirst.
 Regulates menses, for diuretic and anti-swelling.
37
Kacangma is a hairy annual herb of about 1m high. It prefers damp soils by

river banks and in paddy fields. There are two types of plant namely, pink-
flowered and white-flowered forms.
Land Preparation
The planting area should be rotovated. Raised beds of 1 meter wide are
prepared. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is applied during
rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The rate of liming is depending
on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH is between 5.5 to 6.0.
Planting Material
Propagation is by seeds which germinate about one week after sowing. Seeds
could be sown direct to the raised beds. The recommended rate is 2gm of dry
seeds per square meter of planting bed. The seeds are mixture with equal
weight of dry sand for even distribution of seeds on the surface of planning
bed.
Spacing
Raised beds are spaced about 40-60cm apart.
Basal dressing of 2kg/square meter of dried chicken dung and 100gm/square

meter of N:P:K compound fertilizer (15:15:15 broadcast and mixed to the soil
three days before seeds are sown.
Irrigation System
Over head sprinkler could be used for commercial production.
Weed Control
Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Regular

weeding is necessary. Plastic cover could be used to control weeds in between
beds.
Pest Management
38
Harvesting
From seedlings to maturity, the plants undergo numerous phase changes.

During the first month, the plant is a rosette of ovate and coarsely
crennulatedentate leaves on elongated petioles. In the second month of
growth, a single stem shoot up and cauline leaves developed. The stem begins
to bear flowers in the third month of growth. Usually the plants are harvested
after about two months of growth. Under local climatic conditions, production
can be all year round giving at least 4-5 rounds of harvest per year. Some lants
are allowed to grow for seed production for the next round of planting. The
fresh foliar yield is about 2.2 kg//square meter which is approximately 20
tonne/ha.
3.3 SERAI MAKAN/LEMON GRASS (Cymbopogen citratus (DC.) Staf.)
Serai makan (Lemon grass) originated from Sri Lanka and had been distributed
to wide area in the tropic such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Brazil,
Guatemala and China. Locally lemon grass is planted as backyard planting
mainly used as food flavouring. The extracts from lemon grass could be used in
cosmetic industry.
Lemon grass is suitable for planting in tropical climate, with sufficient sunshine
and rain. The best yearly rainfall ranged between 2,500 to 3,000 mm. It can
grow well on wide range of soils except heavy clay soils with poor drainage.
The best soil for lemon grass is sandy loam.
Land Preparation
Weedicide could be sprayed prior to ploughing of the land area. The planting
area should is then ploughed and rotovated. Liming using Ground Magnesium
Limestone (GML) is applied during rotovation allowing better mixing with the
soil. The rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for
is between 5.5 to 6.0.
Planting Material
Planting materials are prepared by using rooted suckers. The rooted suckers
are obtained from mature clump of 8-9 months old. Only healthy and larger
39
size suckers are used for planting. Leaves are cut leaving the stem of 20-25cm
for field planting.
Planting and Spacing
One or two rooted suckers are planted per planting hole. Recommended
spacing is 1.0m between rows and 0.5m within row giving the planting density
of 20,000 clump/ha.
Crop Management
Main Crop: Compound fertiliser (N:P:K at ratio of 15:15:15) applied between

the rows in three split application at the rate of 400kg/ha. First application is at
the first month after planting at the rate of 100kg/ha. Second fertilizer
application is at the third months after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha and the
third application is at the fifth month after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha.
Ratoon Crop: N:P:K(15:15:15) applied after harvesting at the rate of 10 kg/ha.

Second application is at the first month after harvesting at the rate of 150 kg/ha
and third application is at the third month after harvesting at the rate of 150
kg/ha.
Irrigation System
Tolerant to light drought and irrigation is not necessary, however it is advisable
that planting should be done at the beginning of rainy season for better
growth.
Weed Control
Weeds are controlled manually during the early stage of establishment. At later
age when plants are larger size contact weedicide such as paraquat dichloride
can be used if necessary however spraying should be done cautiously.
Pest Management
Harvesting
Fresh Use
40
Harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Clumps are dug by
hoe. Roots and leaves are cut leaving a clean stem of 15-20cm long. At planting
density of 20,000 clumps/ha, one clump can produce 25-30 stems. Therefore
for one hectare planting the total clean stems produce would be 500,000-
600,000 this is equivalent to about 16.6-20 tonne/ha (based on 30 stems/kg) of
fresh stem. Replanting is necessary for the next harvest.
Production of essential oils (“minyak pati”)
First harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Leaves are cut
10cm above ground level. The clumps are allowed to grow and reproduce.
Fertilisers are applied and harvesting could be done once in 3-4 months. 12-15
tonne/ha of fresh leaves could be harvested per round depending on age of the
crop and soil fertility. In the first year fresh leaves yield is about 24-30
tonne/ha (2 harvests) and in the second and subsequent years is about36-45
tonne/ha (three harvests). Yield reduction usually observed in the 4-5 years
after planting and replanting should be done at this time.
41
PEST AND DISEASES CONTROL

Table 1. Insect pests of common vegetables and their control measures
Crop Insect Pests Damage caused Control measures
Leafy and root Diamondback moth Larvae feed on underside of leaves, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Nethouse
vegetables (Plutella xylostella) leaving skeletal remains Vegetables
Crucifers Preventive Measures

Cabbage Centre grub Young larvae feed on leaves. Older  Use of netted structure to exclude adults of the
Chinese cabbage (Hellula undalis) larvae bore into growing points larger insects
Sawi bunga  Practice crop rotation to disrupt the pest life cycles
Sawi putih  Practice proper sanitation measures such as
Sawi pahit Cluster caterpillar Young larvae feed on leaves and removal and disposal of insect-infested plant parts
Sawi hijau (Crocidolomia young shoots. Webbing accompanies and crop residues
Sawi kerinting binotalis) damage  Use of flame thrower as surface soil treatment to kill
Lettuce the pests on the residual crops and the soil surface,
Carrot weed and grass seed
Cutworm Young larvae feed on masses initially  Practice proper planting density. A dense or
(Spodoptera litura) then on leaves, shoots and stem, overcrowded crop prevents good coverage during
sometimes stripping them bare spraying of insecticides and also provide hiding
places for the pests
 Observe of fallow period to break the pest life cycles
Flea beetle Adult chew many holes on leaves
and to prevent build up of pest population
(Phyllotreta sp.) many windows. Grubs feed on roots
 Practice proper tillage to expose and kill pests in soil
such as flea beetle
Earwig Both nymph and adult feed by nibbing  Use of yellow sticky traps for monitoring
(Chelisoches morio) on the young parts of the plants
causing scaring and dirtying the Curative Measures
remaining leaves  Bio-pesticides are safe to the users and the
environment (eg. Tuba root extracts and Bacillus
Aphid Adults and nymphs suck sap from thuringiensis)
(Aphis gossypii) young leaves and shoots resulting in  Biological control
(Myzus persicae) distortion of the foliage and stunting Control of pests by natural enemies
growth of the plant  Beneficial lady bird beetle feeding on aphids
 Assassin bug feeding on insect larva
 Adult Cotesia, parasitoid of diamond back
moth
Leaf miner Larvae mine leaves to form white  Spider feeding on insect larva
(Liriomyza sp.) blisters  Chemical control
Use only products recommended for the target pests
and crops. The user is encouraged to use products
with the ‘WHITE’ colour bands and ‘BLUE’ colour
bands on the labels.
(For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to
Table 4)
42
Table 2 : Insect pests of field crops and their control measures
Crops Insect pest Damage Control measure
Maize/swe Maize borer Newly emerged larva may feed on Cultural:

et corn/ (Ostrinia salientalis) the leaf tissue causing small Practice proper sanitation.
baby corn transparent patches, or bore Remove and burn all maize/sweet/baby corn stubble
through the leaf whorls resulting in or stalk before planting
horizontal rows of holes on the Chemical:
unfolded leaf. The larva may also (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer
migrate downwards to bore into the to Table 4)
stem
Aphid
Aphids suck sap from the shoots Biological:

Natural enemies of aphid are lady bird beetle and
syrphid
Taro Cutworm Larvae feed on leaves, causing Biological:

(Spodoptera litura) many holes Assasin bugs are natural predators
Cultural:
Hawk moth Pluck off infested leaves and destroy the larvae which
(Ytreta nessus) are usually found in clusters
Larvae feed on the leaves Cultural: Handpick the larvae
Tapioca Scale
Sweet Weevils Larvae burrow in the stems and Cultural:

potato (Cylas formicasius) tubers thus reducing the yield and Crop rotation,
quality Use pest-free planting material, harvest timely upon
maturity.
Plant the stems deep in the bed, raise the height of
the bed
43
Stem borer Cultural: Remove all crop residues before planting,

(Omphisa anastomosalis) Larvae bore in the petioles and good weed control
stalks and tunnel downwards into
the tubers causing the plant to wilt
Tortoise beetle
Grubs feed and tunnel in the tubers
Groundnut Cutworm Larvae feed on leaves Chemical:

(Spodoptera litura) (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer
to Table 4)
Leaf miner Young larvae mine the leaves and

(Aproaerema modicella) later instars exit the mine to web
together several leaflets. Chemical:
Damaged leaves become (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer
brownish, rolled and wilt to Table 4)
(Photo:
www.infonet-biovision.org)
Ginger Yellow peach moth Larva feeding in the centre of the Cultural:
(Dichocrocis punctiferalis) stem causes death of the ‘heart’, Practice proper sanitation. Remove all infested
which is visible when the terminal materials from the field for destruction
shoot is wilting
(Photo: Book of Crop Pests and

Their Management in Malaysia)
44
Table 3 : Insect pests of perennial crop and their control measures
Crop Insect pest Damage Control measure

Sugar Aphid Adults and nymphs may cause Biological:
cane (Ceratovacuna lanigera dessication of the leaves Parasitic wasps keep aphids under natural control
Zehntn.)
Sugarcane borer Larvae bore into and feed on the Chemical:

(Phragmataecia spp.) stem of the sugarcane (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer
to Table 4)
(Eucosma isogramma Meyr.) Larvae bore into and feed on the

stem of the sugarcane
(Proceras sacchariphagus ) Larvae bore into and feed on the Chemical:

stem of the sugarcane (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer
to Table 4)
(Photo: Book of Crop Pests and Their

Management in Malaysia)
45
Safe Use of Pesticides
Pesticide is a general name used to cover the group of products that include
acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides and
rodenticides. Pesticides must be handled and used in accordance with the
manufacturer‟s recommendation. Growers are advised to follow the instructions as
stated on the labels of the pesticide packing. Instructions on the label should be
closely followed to ensure effective application and to avoid risks to operators,
consumers and the environment. This is also to ensure that the farm produce, when
marketed both locally and internationally is safe for human consumption.
All pesticide applications should be regarded as technical operations. There is no room

for casual approach to pesticide application. The requirements for good agriculture
practices on pesticides include the following: choice of pesticides, advice on pesticides
usage, records of application, safety, training and instructions, protective clothing and
gears, pre-harvest interval, spray equipment, disposal of surplus spray mix, pesticide
storage, disposal of empty pesticide containers and disposal of obsolete pesticides
(Department of Agriculture, Malaysia; 2005).
1 Choice of Pesticides
Growers should only use pesticides that are officially registered under the
Pesticide Act. The pesticides used should be appropriate for a particular crop
and specific targeted pest or disease and which have minimal effect on
populations of beneficial organisms, aquatic life, workers, consumers and the
environment. An anti-resistance strategy should be adopted to avoid reliance
on any one chemical. In other words, crop producers are encouraged to
practice alternate use of different types of pesticides. In selecting a pesticide for
a pest problem, it is important to choose the least hazardous product that is
cost-effective against the targeted pest. As a general guide, the larger the LD50
values, the least toxic the product is to the spraying operators (Table 1).
46
WHO pesticide classification and their associated mammalian toxicity values

LD50 for rat (mg/kg body weight)
Colour
Class Hazardous level Oral Dermal
coding
Solids* Liquids* Solids* Liquids*
1a Extremely hazardous 5 or less 20 or less 10 or less 40 or less
Ib Highly hazardous 5 - 50 20 - 200 10 - 100 40 - 400
II Moderately hazardous 50 - 500 200 - 2000 100 - 1000 400 - 4000
III Slightly hazardous 500 - 5000 2000 - 20000 1000 - 10000 4000 - 40000
Unlikely to present a
IV Over 5000 Over 20000 Over 10000 Over 10000
hazard
* The term solids and liquids refer to the physical state of the active ingredient being classified
2 Advice on Pesticide Usage
Growers could seek advice on pesticide usage from agriculture officers and
other competent authorities. Perspective users of pesticides must identify their
pest or disease problem, in order to avoid unnecessary use of the products.
There may be circumstances where the use of pesticides would not be
appropriate, such as where cultural or biological methods of control are more
effective. IPM is the best option and using pesticides is the last resort.
3 Records of Application
Growers are advised to keep farm records for traceability purposes. The lists of
product that are used on the crops should be recorded. The record should also
include date of application, reasons for application, trade name of pesticide
used, dosage, method of application and name of operator.
4 Safety, Training and Instructions
Spray operators should be trained on safe and proper use of pesticides. Each
area of application should be field marked with appropriate warning signs.
5 Protective Clothing and Gears
In order to understand how to protect against the hazards of pesticides, it is

important to know how they might enter the body. There are three routes; via
the mouth (oral), the skin (dermal) and by breathing into the lungs via the nose
or mouth (inhalation). In most spraying operations, exposure to the skin is the
most likely route of contamination because of spillage, splashes or spray
47
contact. Thus, the emphasis is on how to minimise skin contact. The head is a
sensitive area due to a higher rate of absorption of products via the hair
follicles. The eyes are particularly sensitive and require special attention.
Spray operators should be equipped with suitable protective clothing and equipment,
in order to minimize health risk and safety. The minimum requirement includes the
wearing of long sleeve shirt, long pants, apron, cap, face mask, hand glove and long
boot (Fig. 5 a). Due to our humid environment, spraying activities should be carried
during the early morning or late evening. Protective clothing and gears should be
cleaned after use and stored separately from pesticides (Fig. 5 b). This is also to meet
the requirements for farm workers under the Occupational Safety and Health
regulations.
(a) Proper safety attire during spraying (b) Proper storage of aprons and face mask
OSHA model
(c) Protective clothing and gears
48
6 Pre-harvest Interval
Pre-harvest interval is the period of time which must elapse between the
application of a pesticide and the harvesting of a crop, to ensure that pesticide
residues on the produce are within permissible limits. Pre-harvest intervals as
prescribed on pesticide labels should be strictly adhered. This is very important
to avoid the pesticide residues on farm produce.
7 Spray Equipment
Spray equipment should be suitable for use on the crop and farm in question
and should be kept in good working condition (Fig. 7a). Calibration should be
carried out as and when necessary to ensure accurate delivery of the required
quantity of spray. When mixing pesticides, the correct quantity of spray mix for
the crop to be treated and the proposed treatment type should be calculated
and accurately prepared.
(a) Proper storage of sprayers, & Spray equipment
7.1 Measuring and Mixing
The recommended dose rates and dilutions on the labels should be adhered to.
Higher dosage will not produce better results while the lower dosage will be
less effective. The method adopted for measuring and preparation for use will
vary according to the product and the scale of use. Ready-to-use solid products,
such as dusts and granules, can be tipped or scooped from their packs directly
into the hoppers of the sprayers. Concentrates which mix easily with water, can
be measured out and then poured directly into sprayer tanks partly filled with
water. Wettable powders should be premixed with a little water before pouring
into a partly-filled sprayer tank. The tank should then be filled with water to the
correct level, and mixed well. Importantly, never use hands for mixing.
49
8 Disposal of Surplus Spray Mix
Surplus spray mix and tank washings should be sprayed over an untreated part
of the crop as long as the recommended dosage has not been exceeded or on
designated fallow land. Records should be kept of such spraying.
9 Pesticide Storage
Pesticides are valuable products which may deteriorate and become useless and
perhaps hazardous if they are not stored under proper conditions. There are
rules and regulations on storage of pesticides, be it at the sale outlet or at farm
level. Pesticides must be stored in a sound, secured, water resistant, well-
ventilated and well-lit location away from other materials. All shelvings should
be of non-absorbent material. The pesticide store should be able to retain
spillage. We should never place containers of pesticides directly on the floor.
Use bricks or timber under the containers so that leaks may be discovered
easily. Keys and access to the store should be limited to workers with adequate
training in the handling of pesticides. All pesticides should be stored in their
original packing and only those registered for use on the crops on the farm
should be stored. Pesticides in powder form are stored on shelves above those
in liquid form (Fig. 9 a). Herbicides are normally placed on the lowest shelf.
There is a need to place warning signs of potential danger on access doors (Fig.
9 b). There should be adequate facilities for measuring and mixing pesticides
and emergency facilities, e.g. plenty of clean water and bucket of sand (Fig. 9 c),
to deal with contamination and accidental spillage.
(a) Proper storage of pesticides
50
(b) Placing of a danger sign on door (c) Bucket of sand in store

of pesticide store
10 Disposal of Empty Pesticide Containers
Empty pesticide containers should not be re-used. They should be disposed in

a manner that avoids exposure to human and contamination of the
environment. There is a triple rinsing technique for the washing of these empty
containers. The three times rinsing with water is done in three positions each
(Fig. 10 a - c) and the washings are returned to the spray tank (Fig. 10 d). These
rinsed containers should be pierced to prevent reuse. They should also be
securely kept until disposal is possible (Fig. 10 e). In the absence of a collection
and disposal service for empty pesticide containers, these containers could be
buried in disposal pits away from dwellings, water sources and crops. These
disposal pits should be properly labeled.
(a) (b) (c)
51
(a) (e) (f)
Disposal of empty pesticide container
(a) Step 1 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container

(b) Step 2 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container
(c) Step 3 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container
(d) Return of washing from triple rinsing into the spray tank
(e) Proper storage of empty pesticide containers
(f) disposal pit, away from dwellings, water sources and crops and properly
labeled.
11 Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides
Obsolete pesticides should only be disposed through an approved chemical

waste contractor, in accordance with the standing environmental regulations.
52
Table 4. List of insecticides and molluscicides, which are allowed for use on
leafy and fruit vegetables
TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Kailan Siput
metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5
Achatina fulica
Ulat pangkas chlorfluazuron Atabron 5EC

Agrotis ipsilon deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Cylex 16 EC, Deploy 5.5 EC,
Flick 5.5 EC, Garrison 5.5 EC,
cypermethrin
Kutu daun Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600,
Aphis sp. Omega 5.5 EC, Trounce 16 EC
dimethoate +
Cyperdim 220 EC
cypermethrin
Kutu daun
cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600
Lipaphis sp.
Kutu daun
cypermethrin Halex Cypermethrin
Myzus persicae
chlorfluazuron Atabron
dimethoate +
Cyperdim 220 EC
Ulat Hellula cypermethrin
Hellula undalis deltamethrin Decis Minitab
trichlorphon Dipterex
Lintah bulan
metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5
Limax sp.
Kabuh lenting
deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Phyllotreta sp.
Ulat inti daun dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC
Phytomyza sp. cypermethrin
Abatin 1.8 EC, Agrimec 1.9 EC,
Ulat plutella Ancotin 018, Habamec 1.8 EC,
abamectin
Plutella xylostella Halex Abamectin 1.8 EC, Mectin
1.8 EC, Mutant, Vegegard
53

Kailan Ulat plutella fenvalerate AGR Fenrate 20 EC, AGR
Plutella Fenrate 35 EC
xylostella chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC
Bacillus thuringiensis Betee 32K, Florbac, Protect
subsp.Aizawai BT, Sentari WG, Xentari
Bacillus thuringiensis Biobit
subsp.kurstaki
(3A,3B)strain HD-1
diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Pengasus 250 SC,
Agus 24SC
emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B
indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Ulat ratus indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
Spodoptera
exigua
Ulat ratus chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC
Spodoptera deltamethrin Decis Minitab
litura trichlorphon Dipterex
emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B
Ulat ratus spinosad Success 25 SC
Spodoptera sp.
Hamama merah abamectin Abatin 1.8 EC, Brightin,
Tetranychus Mectin 1.8 EC, Mutant,
urticae Vegegard
flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC, Cascade 5.3
EC
profenofos Cleaver 45.0 EC, Clout 45.0
EC, Fenop, Seron
Hamama merah chlorfenapyr Kotetsu SC
Tetranychus quinalphos Minalphos
urticae fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC
diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
pyridaben Sanmite 20 WP
54

Kailan Hamama merah clarified hydrophobic Tripper
Tetranychus extract of neem oil +
urticae d-limonene
Kangkong Siput metaldehyde Meta 5G
Achatina sp.
Lintah bulan
Limax sp.
Brokoli Ulat plutella Bacillus thuringiensis B.tis, Bagone, Crymac
Plutella subsp.kurstaki
xylostella Bacillus thuringiensis Betee 32 K
subsp.Aizawai
Ulat jengkal Bacillus thuringiensis B.tis, Bagone, Crymac
Trichoplusia ni subsp.kurstaki
Bayam Siput metaldehyde Elatus, Metarex 5G, Snail

Achatina fulica Tox
Ulat pangkas fenvalerate Sumitower 303
Agrotis ipsilon
Kutu daun dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Aphis sp.
Kutu daun chlorpyrifos Mission 400
Myzus sp.
Lintah bulan metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox
Deroceras sp.
Limax sp.
Ulat hellula dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Hellula undalis
Pelombong dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
daun
Phyllocnistis
citrella
Ulat ratus cypermethrin Salithion 16%
Spodoptera fenvalerate Sumitower 303
litura
Hamama merah dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Tetranychus sp.
Kutu trip chlorpyrifos Mission 400
Thrips sp. dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
55

Kubis Cina Ulat pangkas deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Agrotis ipsilon fenvalerate Sumitower 303
Kutu daun cartap Cartap 98 SP

Aphis sp. hydrochloride
Kutu daun permerthrin Arsato
Brevicoryne
brassicae
Kutu daun fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC
Myzus persicae
Ulat hellula Decis, Decis 250, Decis
deltamethrin
Hellula undalis Minitab
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP
abamectin Zabamec 20
Kabuh lenting deltamethrin Decis Minitab
Phyllotreta sp.
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10 WP
Ulat plutella Agrimec 1.9 EC, Habamec
Plutella abamectin 1.8 EC, Halex Abamectin 1.8
xylostella EC
Bacillus Beetee 32K
thuringiensis
subsp.Aizawai
Decis, Decis 250, Decis
deltamethrin
Minitab
chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC
emamectin Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim
benzoate B
Sumicidin, Sumitower 303
fenvalerate
Ulat ratus Carbacide 85

Spodoptera carbaryl
litura
Spodoptera cartap Cartap 98 SP, Tadan 50 WP
litura hydrochloride
Fenditox 20 EC, Sumicidin
fenvalerate
10% WP, Sumitower 303
Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim
emamectin
B
benzoate
56

Kubis bunga Ulat pangkas
deltamethrin Action 250, Omelin 250
Agrotis ipsilon
Ulat pangkas Lonsat
deltamethrin
Agrotis sp.
Kutu daun dimethoate + Cyperdim 220 EC, Decor,
Aphis sp. cypermethrin Konsep 550
cypermethrin Satria 5.5 EC
Tamet 40
dimethoate
Kutu daun
Brevicoryne permethrin Arsato, Parasect 100
brassicae
Barrix 55, Bost 999, Chicop-
S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55,
cypermethrin Cypersan, Cypersect , Kontek,
Larvin, Oltex 55, Racer 55,
Unithrin 5 EC
chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin Gaya 505
Kutu daun
dimethoate Fezmet, Fezmet 40
Lipaphis sp.
lambda- Recca 280, Trekker 28
cyhalothrin
Kutu daun
diazinon Basudin EW
Myzus persicae
Dimet 40, Dimeto 400,
dimethoate
Roction 400
Kutu daun
Rothion
Myzus sp. dimethoate
57

Ulat
Kubis bunga crocidolomia lambda- Recca 280, Trekker 28
Crocidolomia cyhalothrin
binotalis
Ulat hellula
deltamethrin Catch
Hellula undalis
dimethoate +
Cyperdim 220 EC
cypermethrin
chlorpyrifos +
Decor, Gaya 505, Konsep 550
cypermethrin
Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, Rocthion
dimethoate
400, Rothion
Kabuh lenting
diazinon Basudin EW
Phyllotreta sp.
Ulat inti daun dimethoate +
Cyperdim 220 EC
Phytomyza sp. cypermethrin
Rothion
dimethoate
Ulat pieris lambda-

Recca 280, Trekker 28
Pieris rapae cyhalothrin
Ulat plutella
Action 250, Catch, Lonsat,
Plutella deltamethrin
Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC
xylostella
Bacillus
thuringiensis Beetee 32K
subsp.Aizawai
diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Agus 24SC
chlorpyrifos +
Konsep 550, Decor
cypermethrin
lambda-
cyhalothrin
diflubenzuron +
alphacypermethrin Trap
Ulat ratus
Steward, Tatum
Spodoptera indoxacarb
exigua
Action 250, Catch, Deltarin 280,
Ulat ratus
Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC
Spodoptera deltamethrin
litura
58
Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC,

Ulat pangkas
deltamethrin Deltafos 1.4 EC
Agrotis ipsilon
Ulat pangkas
deltamethrin Lonsat
Agrotis sp.
Lalat putih
Aleurodicus dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
dispersus
Lalat putih
dimethoate Dimeto 400, Roction 400
Aleurodicus sp.
Lalat putih
dimethoate Dimet 40
Bemisia tabaci
Halex Dimethoate 38 EC,
Kutu daun dimethoate
Lexide 400 EC
Aphis sp.
diazinon Mapa Diazinon 60
Pelombong daun Action 250, Decis, Decis 250,

deltamethrin
Kacang panjang Chromatomyia Decis Minitab, Omelin 250
horticola cyromazine Trigard 75 WP
Pelombong daun Decis, Decis 250, Decis

deltamethrin
Liriomyza sp. Minitab
diazinon Mapa Diazinon 60
Pelombong daun
Phyllocnistis citrella dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Pelombong daun
Phytomyza diazinon Basudin EW
atricornis
Pelombong daun
dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Phytobia sp.
Lelompat daun
acetamiprid Mospilan 3% EW
Empoasca fabae
Kumbang kura-
kura dimethoate Lexide 400 EC
Epilachna sp.
59

Kacang panjang Pengorek kacang
carbaryl CH Carbaryl 85
Euchrysops cnejus
Chichop-S161, Cidoff 10,
cypermethrin Cidoff 55, Clik, Kemiron,
Salithion 16%, Satria 5.5 EC
deltamethrin
Desec 140, Desec 280
Pengorek kacang Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan,
cypermethrin
Euchrysops sp. Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55
Pengorek buah
cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC
Euchrysops meruca
Ulat kuntum/ Ulat
pengorek kacang
cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC
Helicoverpa
armigera
Bacillus thuringiensis
subs.kurstaki (3A,3B) Biobit
strain HD-1
betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
cypermethrin Chipthrin 5.5

Dipel
subsp. kurstaki
lambda-chyalothrin Karate Zeon
lufenuron Match 050 EC

Ulat pengorek buah
cypermethrin Cypersing 550, Farmsect 550
Helicoverpa assulta
lufenuron Exodus 5.1 EC
Ulat pengorek buah Kontek, Mythrin, Nong Dat
cypermethrin
Helicoverpa sp. 500
Ulat pengorek buah
cypermethrin Kontex
Maruca sp.
Pengorek buah/
pucuk lufenuron Match 050 EC
Leucinodes sp.
Pengorek lengai cypermethrin ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM
Maruca testulalis Cyberthrin 5.5, Apture 5.5 EC,
Bina Cyper 10.5 EC, Bina
Cyper 5.5 EC, BL Cyper 10.5
EC, BL Cyper 5.5 EC, BM
Cythrin, Chipthrin 5.5,
Cyperact 10.5 EC, Cyper-Axe,
Cyper-EC, Cypersing 550,
Farmsect 550, Kemiron
60

Kacang panjang Pengorek lengai deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC,
Maruca testulalis Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4
EC, BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch,
Decis, Decis 250, Decis
Minitab, Dentafos 2.8, Desec
140, Shieldmate 2.8 EC
flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC
beta-cypermethrin Chix
imidacloprid + Confidor Matrix
cyfluthrin
lambda-cyhalothrin Karate
acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC, Mospilan
3% EC
Pengorek lengai cypermethrin Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,
Maruca testulalis Salithion 16%, Salithion 550
methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC

gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex
Kutu trip imidacloprid Admire 200 SL, Confidor,
Megalurothrips ConfIdor 200 SL, Indigo,
usitatus Provado 200 SL
cypermethrin Bugster
Kutu trip
Thrips palmi imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo
mercaptodimethur Mandate 50, Snapshot 50

Kutu trip
Thrips sp.
dimethoate Lexide 400 EC, Vita
Dimethoate
mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP
Lalat kacang
Melanagromyza dimethoate Dimet 40
phaseoli
Ulat daun
diazinon WA Diazinon EC
Omiodes sp.
Ulat inti daun diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon, WA
Phytomyza sp. Diazinon
61
BAHAN
TANAMAN PEROSAK NAMA DAGANGAN
AKTIF
Kacang Hamama Pegasus 250 SC
diafenthiuron
panjang Polyphagotarsonemus sp.
sulfur Microthiol 80 WG
Hamama merah amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac
Tetranychus sp. Roction 400, Vita
dimethoate
dimethoate
Hamama merah
Tetranychus urticae
Ulat ratus lambda-
Karate Zeon
Spodoptera exigua cyhalothrin
Decis Minitab, Delta 1.4
deltamethrin EC, Delta 2.5 EC, Deltafos
Ulat ratus 1.4 EC, Fujita B
Spodoptera litura Salithion 16%, Salithion
cypermethrin 550
62
BAHAN
AKTIF
Kacang Lalat putih
buncis Aleurodicus dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
dispersus
Lalat putih abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018
Bemisia tabaci dimethoate Dimet 40
Kutu daun
dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38 EC
Aphis sp.
Action 250, Decis, Decis 250, Decis
Pelombong daun deltamethrin
Minitab, Omelin 250
Chromatomyia
Brent 75 WP, Frontier 75 WP,
horticola cyromazine
Trigard 75 WP
Pelombong daun
deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab,
Liriomyza sp.
Pelombong daun
dimethoate Vita Dimethoate
Phyllocnistis citrella
Chicop-S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55,
Pengorek kacang
cypermethrin Clik, Kemiron, Salithion 16%,
Euchrysops cnejus
Salithion 550
Pengorek kacang Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan,
cypermethrin
Euchrysops sp. Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55
Pengorek buah
Euchrysops meruca
Bacillus
Ulat kuntum/Ulat
thuringiensis
pengorek
subsp.kurstaki Biobit
Helicoverpa
(3A,3B)strain
armigera
HD-1
Betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
Pengorek lengai deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC,

Maruca testulalis Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC,
BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis
250, Decis Minitab, Desec, Desec
280, Omelin 250, Shielmate 1.4 EC,
Shielmate 2.8 EC
lambda-cyhalothrin Vente 25
imidacloprid + Confidor Matrix

cyfluthrin
63
BAHAN
AKTIF
Kacang Buncis Cypergard 10 EW,
Pengorek lengai Cyperway 10 EW,
cypermethrin
Maruca testulalis Kemiron, Salithion 16%,
Salithion 550
Kutu trip
Megalurothrips usitatus imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo
Thrips palmi
Kutu trip
Thrips sp. Logor, Logor Blu, Vita
dimethoate
Dimethoate
diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon

Lalat kacang
Logor, Logor Blu, Vita
Melanagromyza phaseoli dimethoate
Dimethoate
Tritex 95 SP
trichlorphon
Lalat kacang
dimethoate Dimet 40
Ophiomyia phaseoli
Kabuh lenting
deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250
Phyllotreta sinuata
Kabuh lenting
Phyllotreta sp.
Ulat inti daun Dianet, SH Diazinon
diazinon
Phytomyza sp.
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera litura Salithion 16%, Salithion
cypermethrin
550
Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec
amitraz 21.6, Mirax 216, Mitac,
Hamama merah
Vintage 21.7 EC
Tetranychus sp.
Logor, Logor Blu, Vita
dimethoate
Dimethoate
64
BAHAN
AKTIF
Lalat putih
thiamethoxam Actara 25WG
Aleurodicus dispersus
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix
Lalat putih
abamectin Dyna-Mec 19
Bemisia tabaci
buprofezin Lanmertin
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC
cypermethrin CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperten
Kutu daun acetamiprid Dekker, Mospilan 3% EC
Aphis gossypii Mastin 88, Meothin 500,
permethrin
Parasect 100
carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G
CH Malaxion 570E, CH
malathion Malaxion 84.0, Teraxion
1000E
Kutu daun Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet
Aphis sp. dimethoate 40, Lexide 400EC, Rogor L-
Terung 40
Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper
cypermethrin
1600
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP
Kumbang daun CH Malaxion 570E, Teraxion
malathion
Aulacophora sp. 1000E
Lelompat daun Fusilier 18.3SL, Imida 200,
Empoasca fabae imidacloprid Kendor, Nexus 18.3SL,
Pack-It 200
Lelompat daun
Empoasca sp.
Hamama
propargite Omite 57EC
Eotetranychus sp.
trichlorphon CH Trichlorphon 95
Kumbang kura-kura deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250

Epilachna indica Dimeto 400, Fezmet,
dimethoate Fezmet 40, Roction 400,
Rogor L-40
65
BAHAN
AKTIF
Kumbang kura-kura deltamethrin Decis Minitab, Permit

Epilachna sp. dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38EC, Lexide 400EC
Chicop-S161, Cypersect, Kontek,
cypermethrin
alithion 16%
deltamethrin Desec 140, Desec 280

Ulat kuntum/ulat pengorek
Helicoverpa armigera permethrin Parasect 100
lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28

Terung
fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox 3.0
ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM Cyberthrin
5.5, Apture 5.5EC, Barrix 55, Bina Cyper
10.5EC, Bina Cyper 5.5EC, BL Cyper
10.5EC, BL Cyper 5.5EC, BM Cythrin,
Bost 999, Chicop-S161, Chipthrin 5.5,
Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55, Clik, Cylex 16EC,
Pengorek buah/pucuk
cypermethrin CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperact 10.5EC,
Leucinodes orbonalis
Cyperin 550, Cypersan,
Cypersect, Cypersing 550, Cyperten, E-
Lita, Farmsect 550, Flick 5.5 EC,
Garrison 5.5 EC, Ha Zhong Mah 50,
Halex Cypermethrin, Kemiron, Kontek,
Methrin 101, Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,
66
BAHAN
AKTIF
Action 250, Binadelta
1.4EC, Binadelta 2.8EC, BL
Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8
EC, Catch, Decis, Decis
deltamethrin
250, Decis Minitab,
Omelin 250, Permit,
Shieldmate 1.4EC,
Shieldmate 2.8 EC
AGR Agflow 10 EC, AGR
Pilar 10 EC, AGR Porex 10
EC, Agrivo 10 EC, Arsato,
Binasect 10EC, BL-Met 10
permethrin
EC, Kenbush, Kilsect 10EC,
Kilsect 20EC, Mastin 88,
Meothin 500, Parasect
100, Perkill
Alpha-Thrin, Atis, Orca
alpha-cypermethrin
030 EC,
Pengorek buah/pucuk Avin 85, Boly 85% WP, CH
Leucinodes orbonalis carbaryl Carbaryl 85, Rebel 85%WP,
Wesco Carbaryl 85
Terung
Brightflo
subsp.aizawai strain NB20
beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
thiocyclam-hydrogen
Evisect S
oxalate
lambda-cyhalothrin Karate, Vente 25
carbofuran Pofer 3G
fenvalerate Sumicidin 200

diflubenzuron + alpha-
Trap
cypermethrin
carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G
Pengorek buah/pucuk cypermethrin Citrinex, Cyper 50 EC,
Leucinodes sp. Slithion 16%
67
TANAMA
PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN
N
Kutu daun Kencis 1600
cypermethrin
Lipaphis sp. Ken-Cyper 1600
Pengorek lengai
Maruca testulalis
Kabuh lentinf
Phyllotreta sp.
Pelombong daun
Phytobia sp.
dimethoate Lexide 400EC
Ulat inti daun
Phytomyza sp.
Hamama amitraz Amatic 20 EC
Polyphagotarsonemus
Pengasus 250 SC
latus diafenthiuron
Hamama
Polyphagotarsonemus sulfur Micrithiol 80WG
sp.
Kutu trip
fipronil Regain 500
Scirtothrips sp.
Terung
Ulat ratus
Spodptera exigua
Ulat ratus Binadelta 1.4EC,
Spodptera litura Binadelta 2.8EC, BL
Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8
deltamethrin
EC, Decis Minitab,
Shieldmate 1.4 EC,
Shieldmate 2.8 EC,
Ulat ratus Catch, Deltarex 140,
Spodptera sp. deltamethrin Deltatox 140, FC Delta
140, Lonsat

Hamama merah bifenthrin Brigade 25 EC
Tetranychus sp.
malathion
Malaxion 84.0
amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac
68
BAHAN
AKTIF
dimethoate
Roction 400
spirodiclofen Envidor
Hamama merah
sulfur Microthiol 80WG
Tetranychus
urticae propargite Omite
lambda-cyhalothrin

Admire 200 SL, Confidor,
Confidor 100 SL, Confidor
200 SL, Confidor 70 WG,
imidacoprid
Elektra, Fantasia, Indigo,
Mafidor, Mattador,
Provado 200 SL
chlorfluazuron „Atabron‟ 5EC
Kutu trip imidacloprid +

Confidor Matrix
Terung Thrips palmi cyfluthrin
carbosulfan Marshal 20SC, Marsk

fipronil Regim 5SC
Spinosad Success 25SC

acetamiprid Tips
malathion Malaxion 84.0, SK
Malathion, Teraxion 1000E
Kutu trip
acetamiprid Dekker
Thrips sp.
dimethoate Lexide 400EC
fipronil Regain 500, Regent 50 SC
Lalat putih
Trialeurodus abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018
vaporariorum
69
BAHAN
AKTIF
cypermethrin Bugster
Confidor, Fusilier 18.3 SL,
Imida 200, Indigo, Nascent
18.2 SL, Nexus 18.3 SL,
imidacloprid
Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL,
RH Imidacloprid, SK
Imidacloprid
Kutu daun Cothrin, Cracko, Deltam,
Aphis gossyphii deltamethrin Destin 1.4 EC, Detin, Vancis,
Vanthrin 1.4 EC
Dewana Cyperchlor 505,
chlorpyrifos +
Dragon 505, Energy 505,
cypermethrin
Naga 505
chlorpyrifos Logic 75
esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28
AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma
10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC,
Chipthrin 5.5, Consult 5 EC,
Contest 50 EC, Cosmo 35,
Cili Crescent 5 EC, Cyper 50 EC,
Cyperin 550, Cypersing 550,
cypermethrin
Farmsect 550, Kencis 1600,
Ken-Cyper 1600, larvin,
Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,
Nullecide 10 EC, Unicide 5.5
EC, Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack
Kutu daun 150
Aphis sp. BM Malathion 84, Hextar
Malathion 57, Maladion 84
malathion E, Mapa Malathion 57, WA
Malathion 84, ZA Malathion
84 EC
Dimet 40, Dimexion 40,
Fezmet, Fezmet 40, Halex
Dimethoate 38 EC, Kenlogo,
dimethoate
lexide 400 EC, Logor, Logor
Blu,
Vita Dimethoate
Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox
fenvalerate
3.0
70
BAHAN
AKTIF
Kutu daun Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper
cypermethrin
Lipaphis sp. 1600
Kutu daun
azadirachtin AZ, Fortune Aza 3%
Myzus persicae
chlorpyrifos +
Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP
cypermethrin
AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR
Cyma 10 EC,
AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult
cypermethrin 5 EC,
Lalat buah Cosmo 35, Cresent 5 EC,
Bactrocera sp. Cyper 50 EC,
Nullecide 10 EC
chlorpyrifos Bodyguard
flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC
deltamethrin Lonsat
Confidor, Fusilier 18.3
Cili
SL, Imida 200,
Lalat putih Indigo, Nascent 18.2 SL,
imidacloprid
Bemisia tabaci Nexus 18.3 SL,
Pack-It 200, Palisade
18.2 SL
Lalat putih Duxon Insecticide
potassium oleate
Trialeurodus sp. Concentrate
Lalat putih Abamec 018, Avemec
abamectin
Trialeurodus vaporariorum 018
Kumbang kura-kura
Epilachna sp.
Kutu trip
fipronil Regim 5SC
Haplothrips floricola
Chipthrin 5.5, Nong Dat
cypermethrin
500
Kutu trip
deltamethrin Deltatox 140
Scirtothrips dorsalis
imidacloprid RH Imidacloprid, SK
Imidacloprid
71
BAHAN
AKTIF
Kutu trip
fipronil Regain 500
Scirtothrips sp.
Kutu trip Admire 200 SL, Confidor, Confidor
Thrips palmi 100 SL,
Confidor 200 SL, Elektra, Fantasia,
imidacloprid Fusilier 18.3 SL, Imida 200, Indigo,
Mafidor, Mattador, Nascent 18.2 SL,
Nexus 18.3 SL, Pack-It 200,
Palisade 18.2 SL, Provado 200 SL
minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix
deltamethrin Cothrin, Detin, Vanthrin 1.4 EC
cypermethrin Cypercing 550

acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC

Cili
spinosad Success 25 SC
lambda-cyhalothrin ZA Lambda
Kutu trip Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP, Agent 505,
Thrips sp. chlorpyrifos + Dewana Cyperchlor 505, Dragon 505,
cypermethrin Energy 505, Kayak 505, Naga 505,
Starfos 505
AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma 10 EC,
AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult 5 EC,
Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC,
cypermethrin
Farmsect 550, Larvin, Nullecide 10
EC,
Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack 150
Kutu trip carbosulfan Brightage 25 EC, Synton 25 EC
Thrips sp.
Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC,
deltamethrin Deltafos 1.4 EC, Destin 1.4 EC,
Fujita B, Lonsat, Wesilin 1.40
72
BAHAN
AKTIF
Dimeto 400, Dimexion 40,
Fezmet,
dimethoate Fezmet 40, Lexide 400
EC, Roction 400,
Vita Dimethoate
Kutu trip
Thrips sp. chlorpyrifos Lorsban 40 EC
lambda-cyhalothrin Regain 500, Regent 50 SC
malathion SK Malathion
fenvalerate Sumitox 3.0

Action 250, Binadelta 1.4
EC,
Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL
Delta 1.4 EC,
BL Delta 2.8 EC, Brightis,
Catch,
Craco, Decis, Decis 250,
Decis Minitab, Deltafos
deltamethrin
2.8,
Cili
Deltam, Deltis 1.4 EC,
Desec 140, Desec 280,
FC Delta 140, Omelin
250,
Ulat kuntum / Ulat Shieldmate 1.4 EC,
pengorek Shieldmate 2.8 EC,
Helicoverpa armigera Vancis, Wesilin 1.40
AGR Cylac 10 EC,
AGR Cyma 10 EC,
AGR Jola 10 EC,
Bugster, Consult 5 EC,
Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC,
Cyper 50 EC, Cyper H20,
cypermethrin Cyper-axe, Cyper-EC,
Farmsect 550, Mythrin,
Nong Dat 500, Nullecide
10 EC,
Ripcord 505, WA Cyperin
100
73
BAHAN
AKTIF
Bacillus thuringiensis Bactospeine WG,
subsp. kurstaki Dipel WG,
(3A,3B) Lepicide WG
subsp.kurstaki Biobit
(3A,3B) strain HD-1
Bodyguard, Lorsban
chlorpyrifos
40 EC
fenpropathrin Danitol 10 SC
Ulat kuntum / Ulat Bacillus thuringiensis
pengorek Dipel
subsp.kurstaki
Helicoverpa armigera Karate, Karate
Zeon, Karate Zeon
lamda-cyhalothrin B, Recca 280,
Siloco 280, Trekker
28, ZA Lambda
Cili lufenuron Match 050 EC
emamectin benzoate Pictor 019

Pelombong daun
Phytobia sp.
Pelombong daun
fenpropathrin Scea Danitol 10 SC
Liriomyza sp.
Ulat inti daun
Phytomyza sp.
Pengorek lengai
Maruca testulalis
Ulat jengkal
Plusia chalcites
Hamama spirodiclofen Envidor
Polyphagotarsonemus
fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC
74
BAHAN
AKTIF
fenpyroximate + propargite Scoremite
Sulfur Microthiol 80 WG
Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec
21.6,
amitraz
Mirax 216, Mitac, Vintage
21.7 EC
BM Malathion 84, Hextar
Hamama merah
Malathion 57, Maladion
Tetranychus sp. malathion
84E, Mapa Malathion 57,
ZA Malathion 84 EC
dimethoate
Roction 400
sulfur Microthiol 80 WG
Cili
flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC
Kalos SC, Pegasus 250
diafenthiuron
SC
Ulat ratus methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC

Spodoptera exigua indoxacarb Steward, Tatum
deltamethrin Catch, Decis Minitab

Ulat ratus
cypermethrin Cypersing 550
Spodoptera litura
Ulat ratus esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28

Spodoptera litura gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex
Kutu trip
fipronil Regain 500
Scirtothrips sp.
75
BAHAN
AKTIF
Ulat ratus
Cili lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28
Spodoptera litura
Kutu daun
azadirachtin AZ, Fortune AZA 3%
Myzus persicae
Admire 200 SL,
Cili manis imidacloprid Confidor 200 SL,
Kutu trip
Thrips palmi Provado 200 SL
carbosulfan Marshal 20 SC
Kutu daun
Aphis sp.
Labu dimethoate Tamet 40
Hamama merah
Tetranychus sp.
Ulat pangkas
chlorpyrifos Embark 5G
Agrotis ipsilon
Ulat pangkas
Jagung Agrotis sp.
Kutu daun
Kencis 1600, Ken-
Aphis sp. cypermethrin
Cyper 1600
Lipaphis sp.
Ulat kuntum/ betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC
Ulat pengorek Bacillus thuringiensis
Helicoverpa subsp. kurstaki Dipel ES
armigera (3A,3B)
Ulat kuntum/
Ulat pengorek
cypermethrin Kemiron
Jagung Helicoverpa
assulta
Ulat pengorek
buah lufenuron Match 050 EC
Helicoverpa sp.
Ulat pengorek
Proclaim 019 EC,
tongkol emamectin benzoate
Proclaim B
Ostrinia furnacalis
76
BAHAN
AKTIF
chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri
Ulat pengorek batang betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC

Ostrinia salentialis
trichlorphon Dipterex
profenofos Selecron 500 EC, Vegecron
Ulat pengorek chlorpyrifos Logic 75

Ostria sp. lufenuron Match 050 EC
Ulat pengorek batang
Jagung profenofos Selecron 500 EC
Sesamia inferens
chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri
Ulat ratus cypermethrin Kemiron

Spodoptera litura quinalphos Relay, Relay 250, Zephos 250
profenofos Selecron 500 EC
Ulat ratus cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC

Spodoptera sp. quinalphos Rid-Off
Ulat pangkas
Agrotis ipsilon
Ulat pangkas
deltamethrin Lonsat
Agrotis sp.
Kutu daun acetamiprid Amani, Dekker

Aphis gossypii dimethoate Rogor L-40
Timun
malathion CH Malaxion 570E
Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet 40,
Kutu daun
dimethoate Kenlogo, Logor, Logor Blu,
Aphis sp.
Tamet 40
77
BAHAN
AKTIF
Kumbang daun malathion CH Malaxion 570E
Aulacophora sp.
cypermethrin Cyper 50EC
Decis, Decis 250,
deltamethrin Decis Minitab, Desec
140, Desec 280
Lalat buah
fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC
Bactrocera cucurbitae
Lalat buah Ch Fenthion 50,
Bactrocera sp. fenthion Lebaycid 550EC, Split
50EC
cypermethrin Cyper
Lalat putih Abamec 018, Abatin
Bemisia tabaci. 1.8 EC, Attic,
abamectin
Timun Avemec 018, Brightin,
Mectin 1.8 EC
Lalat putih
minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC
Trialeurodus vaporariorum
Ulat timun
carbaryl Carbacide 85
Diaphania sp.
Ulat kuntum
Helicoverpa assulta
Ulat gulung daun
acetamiprid Mospilan 20%WSC
Margaronia indica
Ulat jengkal
Plusia chalcites
Hamama
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC
Polyphagotarsonemus
Hamama merah malathion CH Malaxion 570E
Tetranychus sp. Dimet 40, Kenlogo,
dimethoate Logor, Logor Blu,
Tamet 40
78
BAHAN
AKTIF
Hamama merah
dicofol Meto
Tetranychus sp.
propargite Omite 30W
Hamama merah
dicofol Trithane
Tetranychus truncatus
Hamama merah
diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC
Tetranychus urticae
Ulat ratus
Spodoptera litura
Kutu trip chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC
Timun
Thrips palmi
mercaptodimethur Mandate 50
carbosulfan Marshal 20SC

Kutu trip CH Malaxion 570E,
malathion
Thrips sp. SK Malathion
mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP
Lelompat daun
Empoasca sp.
Kutu daun
dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction
Aphis sp.
Ulat akar
carbofuran Furadan 3G
Diabrotica sp.
Kacang tanah
Pelombong daun diflubenzuron +
Trap
Liriomyza sp. alphacypermethrin
Hamama merah
dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction
Tetranychus sp.
Kutu daun Cafuran 3G, Serbaco
carbofuran
Aphis sp. G33, Tri-Furan 3G
Tebu
Kutu daun Kenfuran, Kenfuran
carbofuran
Oregma sp. 3G
79
BAHAN
AKTIF
Pengorek batang Carboran, Furatox 3G,
Eucosma Kenfuran, Kenfuran 3G,
isogramma carbofuran MM Furan 3G, Naga 3G,
Pofer 3G, Serbaco G33,
Systemic 3G
Pengorek batang Cafuran 3G, Campaign
Eucosma sp. carbofuran 3G, Carbosip 3G, Tri-
Furan 3G
Anai-anai
fipronil Regim 3G
Macrotermes sp.
Lelompat daun Cafuran 3G, Kenfuran,
Perkinsiella sp. carbofuran Kenfuran 3G, Serbaco
G33, Tri-Furan 3G
Pengorek batang
carbofuran Furadan, Serbaco
Phragmataecia sp.
Tebu Pengorek batang
Proceras carbofuran Agritox 3G, Furadan 3G
sacchariphagus
Pengorek batang
carbofuran Cafuran 3G, Tri-Furan 3G
Proceras sp.
Tikus chlorophacinone Drat Bait
Rattus
argentiventer diphacinone Yasodion
warfarin Yasomin
Tikus
chlorophacinone Drat Bait
Rattus diardii
Tikus Tikumin 1000, Tikumin
warfarin
Rattus sp. 500
Hamama merah
tetradifon Tedion V-18
Tetranychus sp.
Siput Racun siput berbutir,
metaldehyde
Tanaman Achatina fulica Siputox, Snail Pellet
Ladang Lintah bulan Racun Siput Berbutir,
metaldehyde
Deroceras sp. Snail Pellet
80
Diseases Control
Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures

Infected leaves collapse, Leaf blight Remove and burn infected
turning dull grey-green leaves. Thin out to reduce
Causal organism: humidity and leaf contact. When
Rhizoctonia solani planting in the nethouse, try to
avoid water and heat stress.
Pathogen usually attacks Leaf rot Similar as above.

leaves and young stem. Area
infected is covered with grey Causal organism:
sporangiosphores with black Choanephora
heads. cucurbitarum
rucifers
Dark brown spots with Leaf spot This disease is of minor

concentratic rings (with darker importance, but can reduce the
colour) on leaves. Causal organism: cosmetic value of vegetables. If
Corynespora necessary, spray with fungicides.
casiicola
Irregular yellow spots on Downy mildew If necessary, spray with
upper surface with fungicides.
corresponding brown spots on Causal organism:
under surface of leaves. Peronospora
parasitica
Leaves rot till the entire plant Soft rot Practise crop rotation. Avoid
dies crop injury. Mulching would
Causal organism: reduce rain splashing and
Erwinia caratovora damage on leaves. Insect control
reduces infection.
Crucifers
(cauliflower or
brocolli)
81

V-shaped lesions on the leaves Black rot Practise crop rotation. Remove
and blackening of veins, infected leaves. Disease is seed
extending to the core. Causal organism: borne, therefore, treat seeds
Xanthomonas before sowing with hot water at
campestris 52oC for 30 minutes. Remove
plant residues to reduce
infection in the next season.
Crucifers
(cabbage)
Core of cabbage rots, due to Heart rot Similar as above.
soft or black rot
Causal organism:
Erwinia caratovora
or Xanthomonas
campestris
Small, white blister on under White blister / Remove and burn infected
surface of leaf. white rust leaves. Problem is more serious
Amaranths and during rainy season. If necessary,
kangkung Causal organism: spray undersides of leaves with
Albugo sp. copper fungicides.
Infected leaves rot Leaf rot Avoid over-crowding and over

watering. Plants should be spaced
Causal organism: properly.
Amaranths Rhizoctonia sp.
On ratoon crop, shoots turn Shoot dieback Remove all infected plants and
yellow and defoliate. Necrosis burn. Use separate knife for new
usually occurs on one side of crop and ratoon crop, after
Cangkok manis shoot. harvesting, sterilise knife in 10%
Chlorox. Select for resistant
varieties.
Dark brown target spots with Target leaf spot If necessary, use fungicides.
yellow halo
Causal organism:
Corynespora
Cangkok manis
cassiicola
Downy mildew Use resistant or tolerant varieties.

Cucurbits Numerous light brown spots If necessary, protect leaves with
occur on leaf, leading to Causal organism: fungicides.
leaves drying up Pseudoperonospor
a cubensis
82
Mosaic leaves patterns on Zuccini Yellow Destroy affected plants. Use

leaves and growth is stunted. Mosaic Virus disease free seeds. Control of the
Fruits are malformed aphids (vector) is important.
White powdery spots on both Powdery mildew Avoid over applying of Nitrogen.
upper and lower surface of In big planting, examine 5 mature
leaves. When majority of Causal organism: leaves once a week for powdery
foliage is infected, plant is Erysiphe mildew infection, and apply
weakened and fruit ripens cichoracearum fungicide when a single spot of
prematurely. powdery mildew is first seen.
Bitter Gourd Irregular brown spots with Leaf spot Use fungicide if necessary.
yellow margins on leaves Causal organism:
Corynespora sp.
Legumes Plants become stunted and Wilt Avoid planting long beans at
wilt. The xylem tissues and the same place where disease
roots become discoloured Causal organism: was detected. Use only
brown Fusarium tolerant varieties.
oxysporum
83

Circular, reddish brown Leaf spot Spray with fungicide if
spots occur on leaves. necessary.
Causal organism:
Cercospora sp.
Affected leaves rot Leaf rot Spray with fungicide if

Causal organism: necessary
Rhizoctonia sp.
Brown pustules surrounded Leaf rust Use fungicide if necessary.

by yellow halo develop on
leaves. The affected leaves Causal organism:
wither prematurely. Uromyces
phaseolii
Yellow-orange pustules on False rust Remove affected plants.

undersurface of leaves and
pods. This disease is most Causal organism:
common on mature plants Uromyces
phaseoli
Legumes
(Winged-bean)
84

Malvaceous (Lady’s Black mould occurs on Leaf mould Remove affected older leaves.
Fingers)
undersurface of leaf which Maintain good growth.
later turning yellow and Causal organism:
drying up Cercospora
fuligena
Solanaceous Pale brown rot on fruit, stem and Blight Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Use
branches. Infected branch wilts seeds from disease-free plants.
Causal organism: Practise crop rotation. Prune, remove
Phomopsis sp. and burn infected fruits and branches.
Spray with copper fungicides.
Chilli Sunken lesions are found on stalk Anthracnose Remove and burn infected fruits. Spray
and fruit and fungal spores are with fungicides if necessary.
produced in concentric rings Causal organism:
Colletotrichum
gloeosporiodes or C.
capsici
Circular dark brown spots on leaves. Leaf spot Maintain healthy plant growth.
When severely infected, the leaves
can drop Causal organism:
Cercospora sp.
Young leaves show mottling along Virus Aphids are the vector. Control aphids.
veins with mosaic patterns. The Use disease-free seeds. Intercrop with
leaves are stunted and crinkled other crops such as maize as barriers.
Tomato and brinjal Sudden wilt occurs while leaves are Bacterial wilt Plant resistant or tolerant varieties.
still green. Avoid planting at the places already
infected with disease. Practise crop
rotation. Sterilise soil before planting, if
possible.
85

Tomato Irregular crackling of skin near the Regulate water and calcium uptake in
fruit stalk plant. Use varieties that have less
tendency to crack.
The blossom end of the fruit rots. Regulate water and calcium uptake in
plant.
Small brown spots are seen on Leaf spot Maintain healthy plant growth.
leaves
Causal organism:
Corynespora sp.
Brinjal Sunken lesions can be seen on Anthracnose Use fungicides if necessary.

fruits. Fungal spores develop in
concentric circles Causal organism:
Colletotrichum sp.
Lobak putih Tuber rots and leaves eventually wilt Practise crop rotation. The rot is more
evident when plant is injured. Mulching
would reduce rain splash and damage
on leaves. Insect control reduces
infection.
Ginger Affected plants wilt and leaves turn Bacterial wilt Plant resistant or tolerant varieties.
yellow and dry up, finally dying Practise crop rotation. Avoid planting in
Causal organism: the same infected area.
Ralstonia
solanacearum
Yam Disease begins as purple-brown Leaf blight Use clean planting materials, avoid
water-soaked lesions on the leaf. planting at high density, practise crop
Lesions then enlarge, join together Causal organism: rotation and intercropping.
and eventually destroy the entire Phytophthora
leaf in 10-20 days. colocasiae
86

Tapioca Small brown spots occur on upper Brown leaf spot Select healthy stem cuttings for
leaf surfaces. Under severe attack, planting.
the infected leaves become yellow, Causal organism:
dry and die prematurely. Cercospora sp.
Maize Appearance of elongated spots on Leaf blight Before sowing new crops, remove old
older leaves. Unlikely to cause maize debris. Practise crop rotation.
severe damages unless it attacks Causal organism: Grow resistant or moderately resistant
during seedling or immature stage. Drechslera maydis varieties.
The first symptom is occurrence of Sheath blight Remove and burn infected leaves. Thin
elongated and grey lesions on leaf out to reduce humidity and leaf contact.
sheaths. The lesions will then Causal organism: Avoid water and heat stress. Spray with
enlarge, the colour turn lighter and Rhizoctonia solani fungicides if necessary.
develop blackish-brown margins. On
the parts attacked, brown and seed-
like sclerotia will from. In severe
infections, the rotting spreads to
inner leaf sheaths. Disease is often
serious during the first crop.
Gall-like swelling on the cobs and Boil smut Avoid heavy applications of nitrogenous
other above ground parts of the fertilisers. Avoid physical damage to
plant. Initially, the galls are silver Causal organism: plants. As soon as the smut appears,
white in colour, later it split to Ustilago maydis remove and burn the galls.
produce masses of dark brown to
black spores.
87
Initially, light, chlorotic areas appear Leaf rust The only practical control measure is
on leaf surface, then become light through planting resistant varieties.
orange-brown lesions, consisting of Causal organism: Sweetcorn hybrids tend to be most
individual small cone-shaped Puccinia graminis susceptible.
pustules. When mature, they appear
as bright-orange, always in clusters.
Greyish, elongated lesions appear Leaf blight Plant resistant varieties. If necessary,
on leaf surfaces, and may also use protective fungicidies.
develop on sheaths, stalks, husks, Causal organism:
ears and cobs. Helminthosporium
maydis
Pale yellow to white stripes or Downy mildew Remove affected plant debris. Spray
streaks appear at the base of the 3rd fungicide, if necessary.
to 6th oldest leaves. Plants may be Causal organism:
distorted with small, poorly filled Peronosclerospora
ears with mis-shapen tassels. Zinc sacchari
deficiency predisposes plants to
infection.
88
The chemical control for each individual crop listed above is as follows:
Type of Disease and Causal Active Ingredient

Trade Name of Chemical
Vegetables Organism of Chemical
Leaf blight Citara 10SC, Response 250,
difenoconazole
Rhizoctonia solani Zesco 250
hexaconazole Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC
Crucifers flutolanil Moncut 15%EC
(Sawi Hijau) Leaf spot Camp DP
copper hydroxide
Alternaria brassicae
Leaf spot Citara 10SC, Respon 250,
difenoconazole
Alternaria sp. Zesco 250
Leaf spot Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
propineb
Curluvaria sp.
Crucifers
Downy mildew Ridomil G MZ 68 WP
(Sawi Putih)
Peronospora metalaxyl-M + mancozeb
parasitica
Anthracnose mancozeb Dithane GR
Colletotrichum sp. maneb CH Maneb
Downy mildew CH Maneb
Peronospora maneb
parasitica
Downy mildew Agrozeb 80WP, Dithane GR,
Peronospora sp. D-Tane 80WP, Magamex M-
mancozeb
45, Mancozeb M-45,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP
Leaf blight Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC
hexaconazole
Rhizoctonia solani
Leaf spot BM Mancozeb
mancozeb
Corynespora casiicola
Amaranths White rust UCB Thionic WG
ziram
(Bayam) Albugo occidentalis
Leaf spot Agrozeb 80WP, BM
Cercospora sp. Mancozeb, Dithane M45,
Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow
SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC,
Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
mancozeb
Karbomate 80WP,
Mancozan M45, Miller M-
45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80WP, Penncozeb 80WP,
Spiro M-45, Trimanoc
80WP, Vondozeb 420
metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648
89

maneb Trineb 80WP
Leaf spot
Cercospora propineb Antari 007, Antracol 70 WP
brassicicola
Leaf spot
propineb Antracol 70WP
Anthracnose
Crucifers Colletotrichum sp.
(Kailan) Seedling blight
Phytophthora sp.
Downy mildew
Antracol 70 WP, Audix 70
Peronospora propineb
WP, Vesta 700
parasitica
Leaf blight hexaconazole
Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC
Rhizoctonia solani
Leaf spot
Downy mildew
Crucifers Peronospora
copper hydroxide Camp DP
(Brocolli) parasitica
Bacterial leaf spot
Xanthomonas
campestris
Alternaria blight
propineb Antracol 70 WP
Altenaria solani
Fruit rot
mancozeb Dithane GR
Altenaria sp.
Botrytis rot
iprodione Rovral
Botrytis cinerea
Leaf spot Ancom propineb, Audix 70
Cercospora capsici propineb WP, Foyer 70 WP, Haneb
70 WP, Vesta 700
Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC,
Chilli
Boulder 25.0 EC, Coral 25.0
difenoconazole
EC, Dawat, Fena 250,
Score, Sikor 250
Leaf spot Halex Thalonil 50 WP
Cercospora chlorothalonil
cucurbitarium
Leaf spot Agrozeb 80 WP, Blue
Cercospora sp. mancozeb Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb,
Dithane M45, Dithane M45,
90

Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane
80 WP, Euro SC, Grozeb
80WP, Karbomate 80WP,
Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb
80
carbendazim Benzim SC, Kazim SC,
Mero 50D, Myzim SC,
Occidor 42.5 SC, Vimax
50D, Zimlate SC
copper hydroxide Blue Shield
difenoconazole Citara 10 SC, Resspon 250,
Tekno 23.8EC, Zesco 250
chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil S,
Delcotac 500, Ke An Nin,
Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS,
Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rover 500 FW, Sar-Tek
23 SC, Teconil 500, Viro 75
WG
thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70
maneb Trineb 80WP

Shoot blight copper hydroxide Bluemax, Humibox GX37,
Choanephora Kocide 101, Kocide 2000,
cucurbitarum Kocide 4.5 LF, Parasol
chlorothalonil Delconac 500, Roconil 500,
Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rovaltac SPS
trifloxystrobin Flint
Anthracnose mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, CH
Colletotrichum capsici Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane
80WP, Euro SC,
Mancothane 80WP,
Mancothane M-75WG,
Mancozeb M45, Manzate
200, MZ-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80WP, Sabero
M-75WG, Trimanoc 80 WP,
Vondozeb 420
azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva
91

Ancom propineb, Antari
007, Antraneb, BCS
propineb Propineb 70WP, Catalyst
70WP, Lontari, Pineb,
Sabre 70WP
Anconil, Daconil WP,
Daconil 500, Daconil S,
Delcotac 500, Etanil WP,
Odyssey 500, Roconil 500,
chlorothalonil
Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rovaltac SPS, Rover
500 FW, Sar-Tek 23 SC,
Spectus 500, Teconil 500
Anthracnose Blue shield, Bluemax,
copper hydroxide
Colletotrichum capsici Kocide 2000, Parasol
prochloraz zinc complex Carabin 50 WP
maneb CH Maneb
tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL

Dawat, Fena 250, Score,
difenoconazole
Sikor 250
mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200
trifloxystrobin Flint
tebuconazole Folicur
Funong, Thiosin M-70,
thiophanate-methyl Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70,
Topsin M
cupric hydroxide Kocide 101
copper sulphate Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP
clarified hydrophobic TripperAntracol WG

extract of neem oil + d-
limonene
Anthracnose propineb Antracol WG
Colletotrichum
Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb
gloeosporioides
mancozeb 80WP, Red Mancozeb,
Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80
carbendazim Derosal 50D
Powdery mildew
sulfur Uniflow sulfur
Leveillula taurica
Fruit rot mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
92

Phytophthora capsici 45, Blu Manzeb 80, BM
Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb,
Comet M45, Cozeb-MZ,
Dithane M45, Dithane NT,
Dithane Yellow SC,
Emthane M-45, Encozeb M-
45, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP,
Insure 80, Kencozeb M45,
Magamex M-45,
Mancothane 80WP,
Mancozan M45, Mancozeb
M45, Miller M-45, MZ-45,
80, Socozeb, Spiro M-45,
Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb
420
propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700
propamocarb Bricur, Mocarb
hydrochloride
copper hydroxide Camp DP, Humibox Gx37
chlorothalonil Conil 50 FW, Delcotac 500,
Odyssey 500, Roconil 500,
Rover 500 FW, Spectus 500
Phytopthora blight
Phytopthora sp.
Seedling blight captan ACM captan 50%WP
Pythium sp.
propamocarb
Previcur N
hydrochloride
Seedling blight propamocarb
Bricur, Mocarb
Pythium ultimum hydrochloride
Root rot
Rhizoctonia sp.
carbendazim Vimax 50D
Stem rot
Sclerotium rolfsii
Stem rot
tolclofos-methyl Rizolex 50WP
Sclerotium sp.
Bacterial leaf blight
Bluemax, Camp DP, Kocide
Xanthomonas copper hydroxide
2000
campestris
Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF
93

Xanthomonas sp. cupric hydroxide Kocide 101
Leaf blight
Helminthosporium
maydis tebuconazole Folicur
Rust
Maize
Pucciana sorghi
Seedling blight
Pythium sp., thiram Imas-Thiram 80
Rhizoctonia sp.
Powdery mildew
Lady’s Fingers Erysiphe sulfur Uniflow sulfur
cichoracearum
Leaf spot mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb
Altenaria sp. 80WP, Insure 80, Miller M-
45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80WP, Redmancozeb 80,
Redozeb 80, Spiro M-45
iprodione Rovral
Leaf spot mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC
Alternaria citrullina
carbendazim D-Shield
Leaf spot
Alternaria cucumerina
Leaf spot carbendazim Bastin 50WP, Crop-care
Cercospora citrullina 500 SC, Difotan 50, D-
Cucurbits Shield, Vimax 50D
(Cucumber)
mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Dithane
Yellow SC, Euro SC,
Redmancozeb 80, Redozeb
80
thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70
Leaf spot mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane
Cercospora sp. 80WP
Anthracnose mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
Colletotrichum 45, Blu Manzeb 80, CH
lagenarium Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Encozeb M-45, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
Magamex M-45, Mancozeb
94

M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80WP, Red
Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80,
Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420,
Disan 45, Dithane GR,
Mancozeb 80WP,
Karbomate 80WP,
Penncozeb 80WP,
Sancozeb 80WP
propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP,
Lontari, Vesta 700
carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim
50WP, Halex Carbendazim
50WP
maneb BM Maneb, Trineb
copper hydroxide Camp DP, Kocide 4.5 LF
chlorothalonil Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787,
Daconil 500, Delcotac 500,
Dynam 500, Falcon 700,
Passport, Roconil 500,
Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac
SC, Rovaltac SPS, Teconil
500
thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70,
Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70,
Top-Plus M70
difenoconazole Score
Anthracnose mancozeb Cozeb-M45
Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum
Anthracnose mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane
Colletotrichum sp. 80WP
maneb CH Maneb
difenoconazole Respon 250, Zesco 250

chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG
Leaf spot
chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Teconil 500
Corynespora citrulina
Powdery mildew hexaconazole Anvest, Anvil, Rostigo,
95

Erysiphe Samprol, Vantil, Xzole 50
cichoracearum carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim
50WP, Derosal 50D, Halex
Carbendazim 50WP, D-
Shield, Vimax 50D
tridemorph Calixin
difenoconazole Dawat, Fena 250

thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70, Topsin
M, Funong
sulfur Kumulus DF, Uniflow Sulfur
Powdery mildew
carbendazim Mero 50D
Erysiphe sp.
Fusarium wilt
carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP
Fusarium oxysporium
Root rot
chlorothalonil Passport, Rovaltac 50WP
Fusarium sp.
Downy mildew trifloxystrobin Flint
Peronospora cubensis
cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706
Seedling blight mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
Phytophthora sp. 45, Blu Manzeb 80,
Encozeb M-45, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80WP, Red
Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420,
Mancozeb 80WP,
Karbomate 80WP,
Penncozeb 80WP, Cozeb-
M45, Dithane Yellow SC,
Mancozan M45, Red
Mancozeb 80, Trimanoc
80WP
maneb Trineb 80WP

Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF, Kocide 2000,
96

Pseudomonas
slachrymans
Bacterial leaf spot

Pseudomonas sp.
Downy mildew azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva
Pseudomonas chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Daconil 2787,
cubensis Delcotac 500, Dynam 500,
Falcon 700, Passport,
Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS,
Brightconil 75WP, Cha
Othanil, Daconil 720,
Daconil S, Ke An Nin,
Macconil 75WP
propineb Antracol 35WP, Audix
70WP, Vesta 700
carbendazim Benzim SC, Carflo 42 SC,
Kazim SC, Meizim 50WP,
Myzim SC, Zimec SC,
Zimlate SC
mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, CH
Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Dithane Yellaw SC, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Magamex
M-45, Halex Mancozeb
80WP, Insure 80,
Karbomate 80WP,
Mancozan M45, Mancozeb
M-45, Manzate 200, Miller
M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80WP, Penncozeb 80WP,
80, Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro
M-45, Trimanoc 80WP,
Vondozeb 420, HM
Mancozeb 80WP
copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp
DP, Funguran-OH,
Humibox GX37, Kocide
2000, Kocide 4.5 LF,
Parasol
97

maneb BM Maneb, CH Maneb,
Trineb 80WP
metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ, Galaxy

58WP, Ridozeb 58WP,
Serbamil MZ 58WP, Teem
648
metalaxyl-M + mancozeb Ridomil GMZ68WP
copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper 85WP,
Coc 85
cymoxanil + mancozeb Edition 72WP, Vamos,
Pingo, Spaco
famoxadone + cymoxanil Equation
metalaxyl-M + Folio G
chlorothalonil
copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable
zineb Perosin 800

propamocarb + fosetyl Previcur 840
propamocarb Previcur N, Proplant
hydrochloride
benalaxyl + mancozeb Tairel-M
Downy mildew zineb Zinacol
Pseudoperonospora
parasitica
Downy mildew mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane
Pseudoperonospora 80WP
sp. chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter
cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M

chlorothalonil Rover 500FW, Teconil 720,
Viro 75WG
Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora copper hydroxide Camp DP
syringae
Stem rot Bastin 50WP, Difotan 50,
carbendazim
Rhizoctonia solani Vimax 50D
Benex, Besuto, Mendate
benomyl
50WP
98

Stem rot
Sclerotium rolfsii carbendazim Vimax 50D
Powdery mildew
trifloxystrobin Score
Sphaerotheca fuligena
Powdery mildew difenoconazole Reexpon 250, Zesco 250
Sphaerotheca sp.
Leaf spot mancozeb Insure 80, Miller M-45,
Altenaria sp Spiro M-45
Anthracnose maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80WP
Colletotrichum
mancozeb Euro SC, Insure 80,
lagenarium
Mancozan M45, Miller M-
45, Penncozeb 80WP,
Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420
Powdery mildew tridemorph Calixin
Erysiphe
cichoracearum maneb Trineb 80WP
Cucurbits Root rot mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45,

(Pumpkin) Phytophthora sp. Miller M-45, Penncozeb
80WP, Spiro M-45,
Trimanoc 80WP
maneb Trineb 80WP
Downy mildew maneb BM Maneb
Pseudoperonospora
mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45,
cubensis
Miller M-45, Penncozeb
80WP, Manzate 200,
Trimanoc 80WP
Leaf spot
Alternaria solani
Leaf spot
Cercospora capsici
Brinjal copper hydroxide
Fruit rot Camp DP
Phytophthora capsici
Phytophthora blight
Phytophthora
parasitica
Phytophthora blight maneb CH maneb, Trineb 80WP
Phytophthora sp.
Leaf spot propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700
99

Curvularia sp.
Ascochyta blight maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP

Ascochyta
phaseolorum tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
Leaf spot Dithane M45, Dithane NT,
Cercospora canescens Euro SC, Halex Mancozeb
80 WP, Karbomate 80 WP,
Mancozan M45, Nufarm
mancozeb
Mancozeb 80 WP,
Penncozeb 80 WP,
Trimanoc 80 WP,
Vondozeb 420
carbendazim Vimax 50 D
Leaf spot propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
Cercospora sp difenoconazole Dawat
Shoot blight Funguran-OH, Parasol
copper hydroxide
Choanephora sp.
Legumes
Anthracnose Encozeb M-45, Vondozeb
(Long bean) Colletotrichum mancozeb 420
lagenarium
Anthracnose Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb
Colletotrichum M-45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane
lindemuthianum M45, Dithane NT, Euro SC,
Insure 80, Karbomate
mancozeb 80WP, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Nufarm
Mancozeb 80 WP,
Penncozeb 80 WP, Spiro
M-45
propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
BASF Metiram,
metiram
Polyram WG
maneb BM Maneb
Derosal 500, Mero 50 D,
carbendazim
Vimax 50 D
Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin
zineb
800, Zinacol
copper oxychloride Oxytox 84, Pipertox 84.0
100

Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS,
chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG
Anthracnose Agrozeb 80 WG, Dithane

Colletotrichum sp. GR, D-Tane 80 WP,
mancozeb
M-45, Sancozeb 80 WP
difeconazole Dawat
Powdery mildew tridemorph Calixin
Erysiphe poligoni difenoconazole Dawat
Powdery mildew sulfur Uniflow Sulfur
Oidium sp.
Seedling blight mancozeb Halex mancozeb 80 WP,
Pythium sp. HM Mancozeb 80 WP
Rust mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob MX
Uromyces 80, Blucozeb M-45, Cozeb-
appendiculates M45, Dithane GR, Dithane
M45, Dithane NT, D-Thane
80 WP, Encozeb M-45,
Euro SC, Insure 80,
Karbomate 80 WP,
Magamex M-45, Mancozan
M45, Manzate 200, Miller
M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb
80 WP, Penncozeb 80 WP,
Sancozeb 80 WP, Spiro M-
45, Trimanoc 80 WP,
Vondozeb 420
difenoconazole Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC,
Boulder 25.0 EC, Caral 25.0
EC, Dawat, Perano 250,
Score
BASF Metiram, Polyram
metiram
WG
Bluemax, Funguran-OH,
copper hydroxide
Kocide 2000, Parasol
copper oxychloride Coc 85, Copcide

Daconil 500, Rovaltac SC,
chlorothalonil
Rovaltac SC, Teconil 500
zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin
101

800, Zinacol
oxycarboxin Plantvax
Rust propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700
Uromyces sp. maneb BM Maneb
Resppon 250, Tekno 23.8EC,
difenoconazole
Zesco 250
chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG
myclobutanil Systhane
Rust hexaconazole Anvil
Uromyces vignae
mepronil Basitac
Legumes (French Ascochyta blight
bean)
Ascochyta maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP
phaseolorum
Leaf spot mancozeb Euro SC, Karbomate 80 WP,
Cercospora canescens Pencozeb 80 WP, Trimanoc
80 WP, Vondozeb 420,
Mancozan M45
carbendazim Vimax 50 D
Leaf spot propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700
Cercospora sp.
difenoconazole Fena 250
Shoot blight
copper hydroxide Funguran-OH
Choanephora sp.
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum mancozeb Vondozeb 420
lagenarium
Anthracnose mancozeb Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb
Colletotrichum M-45, Cozeb-M45, Euro
lindemuthianum SC, Insure 80, Karbomate
80WP, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80
WP, Spiro M-45, Encozeb
M-45
chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Etarul WP,
Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS,
Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG
102

propineb Antraneb, Audix 70 WP,
Pineb, Vesta 700
maneb BM Maneb
carbendazim Derosal 50 D, Mero 50 D,
Vimax 50 D,
zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin
800, Zinacol
Powdery mildew
difenoconazole Fena 250
Erysiphe poligoni
Powdery mildew
sulfur Uniflow Sulfur
Oidium sp.
Phytophthora blight
Phytophthora
phaseoli
Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora
syringae
Bacterial blight
Pseudomonas copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF
phaseolicola
Bacterial blight
copper hydroxide Kocide 101
Pseudomonas sp.
Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob
MX80, Blucozeb M-45,
Cozeb M-45, D-Tane 80
WP, Encozeb M-45, Euro
mancozeb SC, Insure 80, Karbomate
80 WP, Mancozan M45,
Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80
WP, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc
80 WP, Vondozeb 420
Rust
Uromyces
Bluemax, Funguran-OH,
appendiculates
copper hydroxide Humbox GX37, Kocide
2000, Kocide 4.5 LF
copper oxychloride Coc
Fena 250, Perano 250,
difenoconazole
Score
Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800,
zineb
Zinacol
oxycarboxin Plantvax
Rust tebuconazole Folicur
103

Uromyces vignae
Bacterial leaf spot

Xanthomonas copper hydrocide Camp DP
campestris
Bacterial blight
Xanthomonas cupric hydroxide Kocide 101, Kocide 4.5 LF
phaseoli
Tomato Brown spot
chlorothalonil Kenconil 500
Alternaria alternata
ACM Captan 50%WP,
captan
Criptan 50WP
Agrozeb 80WP, Ancozeb,
BG Ancozeb 80, Blue
Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb,
CH Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Disan 45, Dithane M45,
Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow
SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Halex
mancozeb Mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80,
Carbomate 80WP,
Kenkozeb, Kenkozeb M45,
Ken-Manco, Miller M-45,
Alternaria blight Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Alternaria solani Procozeb Code 45, Red
Socozeb, Spiro M-45
Ancom Propineb, Antari
007, Antracol 35WP,
propineb Antracol 70WP, BCS
Propineb 70WP, Catalyst
70WP, Lontari, Sabri 70WP
Attila, Dawat, Fena 250,
difenoconazole
Sikor 250, Sonata
Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp
DP, Kocide 101, Kocide
copper hydroxide 2000, Kocide 4.5LF, Parasol,
Humibox GX37, Funguran-
OH
maneb BM Maneb, Trineb
104

Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787,
Daconil 720, Daconil S,
Dynam 500, Falcon 700,
Farmconil 500, Farmon 500,
Halex Thalonil 50WP,
chlorothalonil
Passport, Proconil 500,
Rovoltac 50WP, Rovoltac
SC, Rovoltac SPS, Rover
500FW, Spectus 500, Viro
75WG, Odyssey 500
chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter
Coc 85, Copside, Copper
copper oxychloride
85WP, Coppertol 870
tebuconazole Fulicur
Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800,
zineb
Zinacol
flutriafol Pointer
iprodione Rovral
ziram Thionic 80WP, Thionic WDG

clarified hydrophobic
extract of neem oil + d- Tripper
limonene
Alternaria blight metiram BASF Metiram, Polyram WG
Alternaria sp.
maneb CH Maneb
Citara 10SC, Zesco 250,
difenoconazole
Resspon 250, Tekno 23.8EC
cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M, Pingo, Vamos
Dithane GR, Magamex M-
mancozeb 45, Mancozeb M-45,
Sancozeb 80WP
chlorothalonil Teconil 720
Vamos
cymoxanil + mancozeb
105

Botrytis rot Bastin 50WP, Carben-50,
Botrytis cinerea carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP, Derosal
50D, D-Shield
Funong, Rally, To-Plaz M70,
thiophanate-methyl
Top-Plus M70, Topsin M
iprodione Rovral
Botrytis rot Bavistin FL, Crop-Care
Botrytis sp. 500SC, Difotan 50, Halex
carbendazim Carbendazim 50WP, Mero
50D, Occidor 42.5SC, Vimax
50D
Leaf mildew
Brightconil 75WP, Macconil
Cercospora fuligena chlorothalonil
75WP
carbendazim Halex Carbendazim 50WP

mancozeb Karbomat 80WP
Leaf spot Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
Cercospora sp. mancozeb 45, Cozeb-M45, Encozeb M-
45, Vitazeb 88
Leaf mildew Bastin 50WP, Cakera 50WP,
Cladosporium fulvum carbendazim Derosal 50D, Difotan 50,
Rapture 50WP, Vimax 50D
mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC
Leaf mildew
carbendazim D-Shield, Mero 50D
Cladosporium sp.
Anthracnose Blue Manzeb 80, BM
Colletotrichum capsici Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb,
Comet M45, Dithane M45,
Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC,
Grozeb 80WP, Halex
mancozeb 80WP, HM
Mancozeb 80WP, Karbomat
mancozeb
80WP, Mancothane 80WP,
Mancozan M45, MZ-45,
Penncozeb 80WP, Red
Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb
420
carbendazim Carben-50, Cropdazim
50WP, D-Shield, Halex
Carbendazim 50WP
106

chlorothalonil Delcotac 500, Proconil 500,
Roconil 500
copper hydroxide Parasol
metalxyl + mancozeb Teem 648
Thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70

maneb Trineb 80WP
Fruit rot mancozeb Blue Manzeb, BM
Colletotrichum Mancozeb, Grozeb 80WP,
phomoides Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,
Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb,
carbendazim Cakera 50WP, Rapture
50WP
chlorothalonil Odyssey 500, Spectus 500
Anthracnose mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-
Colletotrichum sp. 45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane GR,
Encozeb M45, Insure 80,
M-45, Miller M-45,
Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro M-
45, Vitazeb 88
carbendazim Bavistin FL, Derosal 50D,
Occhidor 42.5SC, Vimax
50D
Leaf spot chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil 720,
Corynespora casiicola Delcotac 500, Roconil,
Teconil 500
Leaf spot
chlorothalonil Teconil 720
Corynespora sp.
Fusarium wilt
carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP
Fusarium oxysporum
Downy mildew
cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706
Peronospora sp.
Phytophthora blight ACM Captan 50%WP,
captan
Phytophthora Criptan 50WP,
infestans Agrozeb 80WP, Ancob
MX80, Blucozeb M-45, Blue
Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb,
mancozeb
CH Mancozeb, Comet M45,
Cozeb-M45, Disan 45,
Dithane Yellow SC
107

azoxystrobin Amistar
chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Brightconil
75WP, Conil 50 FW, Daconil
500, Daconil 720, Daconil S,
Delcotac 500,
propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP,
BCS Propineb 70WP,
Metiram BASF Metiram
Copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Bluemax, Camp
DP
maneb BM Maneb
Metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ,
Chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter

Copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper
85WP,Coppertol 870,
Coprantol 870,
Tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL
Mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200
108
Section IV – Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting

1.0 Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting
Project implementation involves not only field supervision but also includes
monitoring and reporting, evaluation and record-keeping. The responsibility for
project supervision lies at all levels of the DOA organization, starting from the
project level, through to the Station, Subdistrict, District, Divisional and HQ
levels. The centres for monitoring and reporting at the HQ, Divisional and
District levels of DOA organization are their respective Unit Perolehan dan
Bekalan (UPB). The UPB is expected to perform the role of Scheme/project and
Project Secretariat, coordinating the management of project and scheme
information at their respective levels.
An effective monitoring and reporting system is a critical part of

scheme/project supervision Regular reports on physical and financial progress
are essential. The monitoring formats are specific and format below are
recommended to be used:
a) Monthly Work Reports of Project Supervisor

b) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Project/Scheme by
Project Supervisor (PS)/Area Staff (AS)
c) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Program by District and
Divisional UPB
d) Annual Assessment Reports by SAAO/AAO
Proper records must be maintained and updated for the implementation of

schemes and projects. The detailed records are to be kept at the District level.
The PS/AS will have the primary responsibility for keeping the current
scheme/project records. The main records to be maintained at the
District/Sub-District level include.
a) Register of Project/Scheme Application

b) Schedule of Recommended/Approved, Reserve and Rejected list
c) Project File
d) Project/Scheme record card
The individual Project File shall be used to keep copies of the following
records:
a) Project application form
b) Letter of approval, Letter of Acceptance by the participant
c) Project development plan
d) Project Annual Operational Plan (AOP) & budget
109
e) Reminder and warning notice

f) Certificate of Withdrawal, transfer and cancellation
g) Project Record Card
h) Acknowledgment Receipts of project materials
i) Other correspondence relating to specifically to the project.
Regular checks must be carried out by the UPB at District, Divisional and HQ
levels on the project/scheme Record Cards.
Details of Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting are as spelt out in the Operation
Manual for Crop Planting Programmes.
Section V – Farm Inputs Procurement and Delivery
To follow procedures designed by the Procurement and Supply Unit (PSU) HQ.
110
Appendices
Appendix 1
BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAMME
Based on the funds allocated in the year 2011 (taking the allocation in year 2011 as
yearly average figure), a total of about 3,080 participants from various categories of
the industry are expected to benefit from the Agricultural Diversification Programme
in the 10 MP.
The benefits of the Agricultural Diversification Programme are as follows:-

(1) Create direct investment opportunity to agropreneurs & private sectors
interested in the food production programme
(2) Optimise land use for food production
(3) To maximize food production by adopting modern agricultural technology, such
as nethouse vegetable production system.
(4) The nethouse system will ensure a continuous supply of quality pesticide-safe
vegetables for the local market.
(5) This program is expected to benefit about 480 vegetables farm families. This
can increase farmers net income to RM 2,000 per ha per month (nethouse
crucifer vegetable).
(6) This program will help to ensure a stable price of fresh vegetables for the
consumers
(7) The volume of imported vegetables will be reduced and at the same time the
export value of indigenous vegetables will contribute to the State economy.
(8) Uplifting of the socio-economic status of ADP participants and at the same time
contributing towards stable income.
(9) Provide direct and indirect employment opportunities for farming community
(10) With the Federal assistance, the Department Of Agriculture Sarawak will be able
to increase its food production programme in the State. In the 10 MP, the Dept.
will accelerate the process of agriculture transformation from its present small
scale production to that of market oriented commercial food production in
order to stay competitive.
(11) This ADP is one of the strategies to diversify the economic base of the small
holder farmers. This will help to reduce the poverty rate in the State. This can
be achieved by providing opportunities for them to be involved in the
commercial planting of vegetable, field crops, perennials and herbs & spices.
111
Summary of the Details of Expected Participants, Physical Target & Budgeting for
different components
Value Expected no Expected Expected

No. Components per ha of physical Location budget
(RM) participants target (ha) (RM)
1 Nethouse 168,000 75 7.5 1,260,000
2 Organic
32,000 25 25 800,000
vegetables
3 Open system
21,000 40 20 420,000
(VCS / SALM)
4 Open system
(non-VCS/ 13,500 300 200 2,700,000
SALM)
5 Open system
15,000 40 20 300,000
(indigenous)
6 Field crops 5,000 800 410 2,050,000
7 Perennial
5,000 800 440 2,200,000
crops
8 Herbs and
3,700 1,000 540 1,998,000
spices
Total 3080 1,662.5 11,728,000
112
Appendix 2
Summary of Project Size
The maximum and minimum project size entitled for each applicant is very much
influenced by the types of programme components. The general guidelines are as
indicated in the table below:
Minimum and Maximum of Project Size:
Eligibility per participant (Ha)

No Programme Components
Minimum Size Maximum Size
Vegetables Planting Projects
(i) Nethouse Production System
0.1 0.2
{(33m x 33m) = 0.1 ha.}
(ii) Organic Vegetables (SOM) 0.5 2.0
1
(iii) Open System (VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0
(iv) Open System (non VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0
(v) Open System (Indigenous
0.5 2.0
vegetables)
2 Field Crop Planting Project 0.5 2.0
3 Perennial Planting Project 0.5 2.0
4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project 0.5 1.0
113
Appendix 3a
Drawing Design of Compost Shed
114
Appendix 3b
Sketch Drawing of Nethouse
115
116
Appendix 3c
Nethouse Specifications
A) Materials
1. Net mesh transparent/ colourless net

Mesh sizes; 16 x 16; 24 x 24; 32 x 32
2. Recommend HDPE with UV resins stabilized
3. Net length 100 ft/200 ft x 12 ft wide HDPE
4. HDPE Black Cord 1.8 mm, 4 mm (or steel cable of equivalent strength)
5. Sawn hardwood posts: 3-4” x 4” x 12 ft or equivalents eg: pepper post
6. 3-4 ft x 3-4 “ x 3-4” wooden stakes for reinforcement slanting net at sides
7. Used plastic containers for covering post-ends
B) Nethouse Standards
1. Unit size: Box shape : Height x width x length of nethouse – 10 ft (H) x 96 ft (W)
x 100 ft (approx. 30 m x 30 m) (Sarawak standard)
2. Slanting net at sides with ends buried 1 ft in grounf
3. Doors: Double net door 3-4 ft x 3-4 ft: open outside for exterior dooe and open
inwards for interior door –Stitching
4. Siting: well drain flat to gentle hill slope with friabe soils
5. Net mesh: 16 x `6; 24 x 24; 32 x 32
6. Strainer peg: 3-4” x 3-4” x 3-4 ft wooden peg
7. Drain: Open drains 1ft x 0.5-1 ft
8. Bed size: 1.2 m wide x 16 m long
9. Stitch net using 1.8 mm black cord as in sewing
10. Irrigation: sprinkler / tape / mist / spray
11. Cropping system: All in all out (All/none system)
12. Crop rotation and fallow: rotational with resting/ fallow period: 14 days or more
13. Cultivation: To comply with MS-GAP
C) Installation of Structure Netting
1. Erect and position of the post according to plan as in figure 1 below

2. Tie and tighten all the supporting UV wire for all the post structures before
install the netting (Fig. 2,3, & 4)
3. Tie and tighten PV rope (4mm) across the top roofing with 25 ft distance
4. Use 8 roll netting for roofing, 1.8 mm PV rope for sewing netting before install
to the top roofing.
5. Use 4 roll netting for wall and door, bury the end of the netting into the
ground.
117
Appendix 4
FARM ACCREDITED SCHEME OF MALAYSIA
Skim Amalan Ladang Baik Malaysia ( SALM )
INTRODUCTION
SALM is a national program implemented by Department of Agriculture to recognize

and accredited farms which adopts good agricultural practices (GAP), operated in an
environmentally friendly way and yielding products that are of quality, safe and
sustainable for human consumption.
The SALM Standard on GAP is a document that sets out performance levels of
agricultural production, which must be achieved and are encouraged among the
producers. It is designed to encourage producers to go through the following
practices: (a) understand the current situation on the ground relative to the
performance levels they are required to meet, (b) planning how to get from the
current to the future situation, (c) implementing the plans to conform to the
requirements of the standard, (4) monitoring whether the plans are being
implemented and whether they are working. The rules of the standard are not
prescriptive approaches to manage agricultural production but rather an approach
which combines defined performance targets with the freedom for users to decide
themselves how to achieve the target.
The SALM Standard of GAP is essentially based on the Malaysian Standard MS 1784 :
2005 Crop Commodities – Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). In addition, the SALM
Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are derived from: (a) specific legal
provisions of national laws to control the hazards that impact the environment, food
safety and worker‟s health and safety, and (2) EurepGAP Protocol for Fruits and
Vegetables that are not defined in MS-GAP.
PROCESS OF ACCREDITATION
Accreditation is achieved through visitations by inspectors/auditors to the participating

farms. The inspectors/auditors inspect the farms and evaluate the farming practices
carried out by the farmer to manage his farms. All the farming practices must conform
to the stipulated conditions imposed by standards, guidelines and regulations currently
in place under SALM Standard.
FORMS OF RECOGNITION
The inspectors/auditors make recommendation to the State/National SALM Committee

which farms are eligible be given recognition on the GAP. Farms conforming to the
118
stipulated conditions will receive a certificate of official recognition. In other words,

the producers are allowed to affix seals of quality (SALM) on their products destined
for domestic and international markets.
SCOPE OF EVALUATION
During their visit to the farms, inspectors/auditors will evaluate three major aspects,
covering different conditions of conformance before a farm is accredited. Most of the
conditions evaluated are similar to those listed under MS 1784 Crop Commodities-
Good Agricultural Practices, EUREGAP Protocol for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and the
CODEX Code of Hygienic Practices for Primary Production and Packaging of Fresh
Fruits and Vegetables.
The three aspects are conditions relating to (a) the environmental setting of a farm, (b)
farmer‟s adherence to good agricultural practices and (c) safety of the produces. Data
and information required for the purpose of this evaluation are sourced from site
investigations, farm records, field observations, interview the farmer, and through
sampling of products for analysis.
ELEMENTS EVALUATED UNDER SALM STANDARD
1. Environmental Setting of the Farm

- Legality of the farm
- Altitude above sea level
- Previous use or history of the land
- Soil type and suitability of the farm
- Slope and terrain of the farm
- Soil erosion risk factor
- Source and quality of irrigation water and farm use
- Source and distances from pollution centers.
2. Verifications of Farm Practices
- Farm records of activities undertaken

- Soil and substrate preparation and management (including soil fumigation, if
any)
- Selection of planting materials (variety, root stock, clones, etc)
- Crop nutrition or fertilizer program
- Crop pest management system (pesticides usage, IPM, etc)
- Harvesting techniques and field transport
- Post harvest treatment, grading and packaging
- Storage of farm inputs and products
119
- Farm waste disposal system (empty pesticide containers and other non-
degradeble products)
- Farm workers legal status, welfare and safety training of farm operatives
3. Safety of Farm Products

Physical and chemical analysis of ex-farm gate produces covering:
 Physical quality of produce such as appearance, infestation from pests and
taste.
 Levels of pesticide residue in the produce covering groups such as
dithiocarbamates, organo-chlorine, organo-phosphates and synthetic
pyrethroids
 Contamination of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium
THE MAJOR MUST OF ACCREDITATION FOR A FARM UNDER SALM STANDARD

The minimum standards of conditions that must be fulfilled before accreditation is
given to the farm are as follows:
1. The farm is a legal entity.

2. The farm has a soil inspection report.
3. The soil and terrain is suitable for the intended crop.
4. The farm is situated at an elevation less than 1000 meters above sea level.
However, exemption is given to the farms operated before 2002.
5. The farm practices sound soil conservation measures.
6. The farm maintains up-to-date records of activities (17 types, using forms JP
BEST 4(1-17).
7. Sewage or industrial sludge is not permitted for fertilization.
8. Genetically modified planting materials are not permitted.
9. The pesticides used are legally registered by the Pesticide Boards.
10. The farm practices integrated pest management (IPM).
11. The farm possesses a proper storage area for pesticides and fertilizers.
12. The farm workers use personal protective clothing when applying pesticides.
13. The farm possesses a proper waste disposal plan.
14. The farm practices good harvesting techniques, handling and transport.
15. The farm employs worker that are legal, with ages more than 16 years.
16. Pesticide residues in the farm produce are less than the Maximum Residue
Limits (MRL) of Schedule 16 of the Food Act 1983.
17. Contents of heavy metal below the permissible limits of Schedule 14 of the
Food Act, 1983.
120
Appendix 5
MALAYSIAN ORGANIC SCHEME (SOM)
Introduction
Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program implemented by

Department of Agriculture to recognize farms which cultivate crops organically
according to the criteria and requirements spelt out in SOM Standard.
The Standard of Organic Agriculture for SOM is essentially based on the Malaysian
Standard, MS 1529:2001 – The production, proc essing, labeling and marketing of plant
based organically produced foods.
In addition to this, the SOM Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are
derived from specific legal provisions of national laws to control the hazards that
impact the environment, food safety, workers‟ health and safety.
Basis for certification of organic farm.

The SOM Standard applies to farms of unprocessed plants and plant products which
are intended to carry a descriptive labeling referring to organic production methods. It
does not cover the downstream processed products which are derived from
unprocessed plants and plant products.
Certification for organic production under SOM is attained if the farm confirms to the
requirements of SOM Standard. The requirements of the SOM Standard are listed
below.
1. Traceability
Organic produce shall be traceable to the farm where it has been originally
produced. In other words, the produce shall be tagged and labelled prior to the
delivery to the marketing outlets.
2. Record keeping
All records kept by the farm shall be up to date and maintained, with all
esswential elements captured. The farm record shall include:
 Area palted and types of crops

 Purchased and usage of farm inputs
 Maintenance of machine and equipment
 Crop yield, total production and sale
121
3. General production management
Cultivation shall be carried out in accordance to land, soil, water, fertility and
pesticide management to avoid a negative impact on crops, land quality and the
environment.
4. Responsibility for organic integrity
Operators are responsible for the integrity of their organic production and
products throughout the entire chain of custody within the scope of their
management.
5. Conversion period from conventional farming to organic farming
Farms must undergo a conversion period at least two years of organic

production from conventional farming and at least one year for virgin jungle
and organic farming.
6. Buffer crop and buffer distance
Operators shall take action to prevent or minimize the risk of contamination of

prohibited or undesirable materials used on lands next to registered organic
fields or crops.
7. Land and soil management
Farm layout should be prepared for the farm, which can then be used to plan
rotations, planting and growing programs. Operators shall take reasonable and
appropriate measures to minimize loss of topsoil through minimal tillage,
contour plowing, crop selection, mainrenance of cover crops and other
management practices that conserve soil.
8. Water management
Operators shall take reasonable and appropriate measures to prevent the

pollution of ground and surface water. Organic handlers shall install systems
that permit the responsible use and recycling of water without pollution or
conatamination either by chemicals, or b animal or human pathogens.
122
9. Crop production
Use of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and products thereof is

prohibited in all aspects of organic production and handling without exception.
Seeds and vegetative reproductive material should be from plants grown in
accordance with the provisions of this standard for at least one generation or in
the case of perennial crops, two growing seasons.
10. Handling, packaging, transporting and storage of produce
Waste from handling shall be managed so as to have minimum effect on the

environment. Where appropriate, organic waste shall be used for nutrient
recycling in production fields. Organic producde shall not be kept in containers,
packaging or wrapping material in which conventional produce have previously
been kept, unless these have been carefully cleaned. Transportation of organic
products shall not be done together with non-organic products unless they can
be clearly identified and labelled, separated and adequate measures are in place
to prevent contamination or mixing. Operators shall be responsible for all
storage and handling within and outside the operator‟s unit up to the time of
sale. Organic products must be protected and labelled at all times from co-
mingling with non-organic products.
11. Workers’ health, safety and welfare
Workers and operators should receive basic training in hygiene requirements

for the handling of organic produce. First Aid Box shall be available at
permanent sites on the farm. Workers shall have access to clean toilet and
washing facioities in the viinity of their work. They shall be made aware of the
requirement should they contract any tranferable diseases, which may render
them unfir to work in the vicinity of produce destined for human consumption.
12. Analysis of produce
All products shall be analysed for pesticide residue and heavy metal content.
Similarly, water for irrigation and post harvest washing shall be analysed for
contamination.
13. Waste management
Having identified wastes and pollutants, a plan shoul;d be developed and

implemented to avoid or reduce wastage and pollution. Whenever possible,
avoid land filling or burning, the wastes should be recyled through composting.
123
14. Record of complaints
Records of complaints on all produce not in compliance with the requirements

in the SOM Standard and their remedial actions shall be made avcailable on the
site.
Benefits of SOM
Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labelled as
organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM)
on all of his products. Labelled as such, the products may be marketed as organic
produce at appropriate prices.
The scheme give assurance the consumers that organic products purchased are
actually organically produced and do not contain unwanted chemical residues. In the
absence of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in organic farming, contamination to
environment and cases of worker poisoning are drastically reduced.
Who can participate?
The scheme is open to all growers who are engaged in the primary production of fresh
organic produce. The APLICATION FORM and the SOM Standard may be obtained
from:
Secretariat,
Malaysian organic Scheme (SOM),
Agriculture Research Centre Semonggok
Department of Agriculture
Kuching, Sarawak
124
Appendix 6
Organic Farming
Introduction
The environmental cost incurred through modern, chemical-intensive farming are no

longer acceptable. Rampant pesticide use, soil depletion and genetic homogenization
of crops threaten the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land we depend on
for food and habitat. Organic, sustainable agriculture is a realistic and necessary
alternative to those practices.
Organic farming is production system which evades the use of synthetic (inorganic)
fertilizers and pesticides. Apart from this, the farmer also takes steps to protect the
environment and conserve biodiversity. Compost, animal wastes, leguminous plants,
green manure and organic fertilizers are used to improve soil fertility and plant
growth. Mechanical and physical methods as well as cultural practices including
rotational cropping and biological control are used to tackle the problem of pests,
diseases and weeds. Therefore, the products from systematic organic farms are safe
from undesirable chemical pesticide residues.
In the supermarkets, you can see that there are fruits and vegetables labeled “organic”.
Both the organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables look fresh and plump, but the
organic food costs almost twice as much. Then, you ask a question, can I trust the label
“organic food”? Only the fruits and vegetables which have been produced by a
certified organic farm can be labeled as organic.
Certification of Organic Farm
Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program which is implemented by

DOA Sarawak, to accredit the farmer who operates his farm in compliance with the
standard conditions set by the national organic standard, MS 1529:2001. The standard
sets out guidelines concerning:
 suitability of planting site,

 transition period from conventional to organic system production,
 pesticide residue and heavy metal,
 crop buffer and buffer zone
 soil fertility management,
 good water management,
 use of seed and plant materials,
 use of fertilizers, soil conditioners, and pest and disease control measures,
125
 management of weeds, pests and diseases,

 wrapping, storage and transport of farm products,
 direct sale, and
 record keeping.
Farm inspection is carried out by the inspector from DOA and the decision to certify
whether a farm is organic or not is made by a Certification Committee comprising of
members from various government departments/agencies.
Organic Products
Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labeled as
organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Organik Malaysia on all of his
products. Labeled as such, the products may be marketed as organic products at
appropriate prices.
The consumer is assured that organic products that he buys are truly organic and safe
from undesirable chemical residues as they have been produced in compliance with
the national organic standard (SOM).
126
Appendix 7
Bayam (Chinese Spinach) - Kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan
Anggaran kos pengeluaran bayam/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 8 cm x 10 cm
Kepadatan : 166 667 pokok/ha
Masa memungut hasil : 28-30 hari selepas menanam
Jumlah
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga kos
bahan/susut
nilai (RM)
Hari
(RM) tenaga* Kos (RM)
Biji benih1 280.00 - - 280.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas
(kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00
Menanam - 4 100.00 100.00
Membaja2 2 132.00 6 150.00 2 282.00
Merumput - 10 250.00 250.00
Menjarang - 14 350.00 350.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit3 390.59 4 100.00 490.59
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air4 100.00 - - 100.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik
dan 50.00 - - 50.00
enjin pam air5
Memungut hasil - 60 1 500.00 1 500.00
Jumlah kecil 3 652.59 98 2 450.00 6 102.59
Cukai tanah6 1.52 - - 1.52
Susut nilai**
Sistem pengairan pemercik 116.67 - - 116.67
Pam air 6.67 - - 6.67
Enjim pam air 43.33 - - 43.33
Penyembur galas 3.33 - - 3.33
Cangkul 1.20 - - 1.20
Stor dan bangsal 41.67 - - 41.67
Jumlah kecil 214.39 - - 214.39
Jumlah besar 3 866.98 98 2 450.00 6 316.98
Nota:
1Benih 7kg @ RM40.00/kg
2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM 1220.00/t)
Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t

Baja daun 4 L @ RM10.00/L
Kapur (GML) 4 t @ RM 140.00/t
3Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @ RM28.00/1000g
41 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan
127
61 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun
*1 hari tenaga = RM25.00
Pendapatan
Anggaran pendapatan daripada bayam/ha/musim
Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang
RM0.80 kg RM0.85/kg RM0.90/kg
Rendah Kasar 9600.00 10200.00 10800.00
(12 000) Bersih 3283.02 3883.02 4483.02
Buruh keluarga 5733.02 6333.02 6933.02
Sederhana Kasar 11200.00 11900.00 12600.00
(14 000) Bersih 4883.02 5583.02 6283.02
Buruh keluarga 7333.02 8033.02 8733.02
Tinggi Kasar 12000.00 12750.00 13500.00
(15 000) Bersih 5683.02 6433.02 7183.02
Buruh keluarga 8133.02 8883.02 9633.02
128
Appendix 8
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung sayur/ha/musim
Masa memungut hasil : 50 hari selepas menanam
Tenaga keluarga
Jumlah
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga
Hari Kos kos (RM)
tenaga* (RM)
Biji benih1 78.00 - - 78.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00
Mengapur 420.00 1 25.00 445.00
Menanam (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00
Membaja 2 1802.00 9 225.00 2027.00
Merumput 3 160.00 8 200.00 360.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit 4 200.00 5 125.00 325.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 83.50 - - 83.50
enjin pam air6
Memungut hasil,mengupas,memotong dan
membungkus - 20 500.00 500.00
Jumlah kecil 3860.50 63 1575.00 5435.5
Cukai tanah 7 2.53 - - 2.53
Susut nilai**
Pam air 11.13 - - 11.13
Enjim pam air 72.37 - - 72.37
Cangkul 2.00 - - 2.00
Jumlah kecil 358.01 - - 358.01
Jumlah besar 4218.51 63 1575.00 5793.51
Nota:
2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg +TE 12:12:17+ TE), 0.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)

Urea 0.26 t @ RM700.00/t
Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t
3Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 11L @ RM58.00/4L (RM14.50/L)
4Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @
RM28.00/1000g
51.67 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan
71.67 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun
129
Anggaran pendapatan daripada jagung sayur/ha/musim
Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di

Hasil Pendapatan ladang
Rendah Kasar 37500.00 48 750.00 60 000.00

(15 000) Bersih 31 706.49 42 956.49 54 206.49
Buruh keluarga 33 281.49 44 534.49 55 781.49
Sederhana Kasar 50 000.00 65 000.00 80 000.00
(20 000) Bersih 44 806.49 59 206.49 74 206.49
Buruh keluarga 45 781.49 60 781.49 75 781.49
Tinggi Kasar 62500.00 81 250.00 100 000.00
(25 000) Bersih 56 706.49 75 456.49 94 206.49
Buruh keluarga 58 281.49 77 031.49 95 781.49
130
Appendix 9
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Bendi/ha/musim
Masa memungut hasil : 45 hari selepas menanam
Jumlah
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga kos
bahan/susut
nilai (RM)
Hari
(RM) tenaga* Kos (RM)
Biji benih1 180.00 - - 180.00

Menanam - 15 375.00 375.00
Menjarang - 2 50.00 50.00
Membaja (4 kali) dan mengapur2 2660.00 6 150.00 2810.00
Merumput3 116.00 18 450.00 566.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 289.80 15 375.00 664.80
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 250.00 - -
enjin pam air6 250.00
Memungut hasil - 120 3 000.00 3000.00
Meratun - 32 800 800.00
Jumlah kecil 4 695.80 208 5 200.00 9 895.80
Cukai tanah7 7.58 - - 7.58
Susut nilai** 1.52
Pam air 33.33 - - 33.33
Enjim pam air 216.67 - - 216.67
Cangkul 6.00 - - 6.00
Jumlah kecil 1 071.91 - - 1 071.91
Jumlah besar 5 767.71 208 5 200.00 10 967.71
Nota:
2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM1220.00/t)

Kapur (GML) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t
3Racun rumpai (diikuti dengan tangan) gramoxone 8L @ Rm58.00/ 4L
4 Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh dan penyakit), thriam 18 g @ RM 28.00/1000g
5 5bulan @ RM100.00/bulan
6 5 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan
131
Anggaran Pendapatan Daripada Bendi/ha/musim

Kasar 16 800 19 200 21 600.00
Rendah
Bersih 5832.29 8 232.29 10 632.29
(12 000)
Buruh keluarga 11 032.29 13 432.29 15 832.29
Kasar 25 200.00 28 800.00 32 400.00

Sederhana
(18 000) Bersih 14 232.29 17 832.29 24 432.29
Buruh keluarga 19 432.29 23 032.29 26 632.29
Kasar 33 600.00 38 400.00 43 200

Tinggi
Bersih 22 632.29 27 432.29 32 232.29
(24 000)
Buruh keluarga 27 832.29 32 632.29 37 432.29
132
Appendix 10
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung Manis di Tanah Mineral

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kuantiti Kos (RM)
(i) Kos bahan input

10 kg @ 1kg/RM83.30 - Hybrid
(a) Benih no.5 833.00*
10 kg @ 1kg/RM11.60 - Super
sweet corn 116.00
(b) Baja
NPK 12:12:17:2 600kg@ 50 kg/RM 63.00 756.00
Dolomite 1000kg @ 50 kg/Rm12.00 240.00
(c) Racun Kimia

Gramozone 8 liter @ 4 liter/ RM51.95 103.90
Endosulfan 5 liter @ 1 liter/ RM 18.80 94.00
Benlate 500 gm @ 500 gm/RM 26.60 26.60
Gesaprim 8 liter @ 1 liter/ RM35.00 280.00
Jumlah kecil (i) 2,333.50*
1,616.50
(ii) Kos input tenaga hari (t.h) @
RM15.00
(a) Penyediaan tanah Kontrak 500.00
(b) Menanam 15 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 225.00
(c) Meracun/menyembur 30 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 450.00
(d) Membaja 11 t.h @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 165.00
(e) Memungut hasil 10 t.h. @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 150.00
Jumlah kecil (ii) 1,490.00
Jumlah Kos pengeluaran (i+ii) 3,823.50*
3,106.50
133
Anggaran pendapatan dari jualan tongkol jagung segar
Butir-butir Tenaga upah (RM)
(a) Pendapatan kasar @ RM 0.40/tongkol jagung besar 6920.00
(b) Kos pengeluaran tongkol jagung sehektar 3823.50
3106.50
(c) Kos pengeluaran/tongkol jagung 0.22*
0.18
Pendapatan bersih (a-b) 3096.50
3,813.50
Nota : Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan pendapatan ini dibuat pada tahun 2002. Ianya
akan berubah mengikut keadaan semasa.
134
Appendix 11
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Sehektar Bagi Tanaman Roselle (T.Bris) (11,000 pokok/ha)
Bil. Item Kuantiti RM
Harga/kg/mt/liter Jumlah kos
(A) Pendapatan Kasar
1 Hasil/kg @ RM0.80 12,000 0.80 9600.00
(B) Bahan
1 Benih 1.2 kg 35 42.00
2 Baja Organan 7.5 mt 140 1050.00
3 Baja Kimia
15:15:15 300 kg 1.12 336.00
12:12:17:2 1000kg 1.20 1200.00
Urea 150kg 2.00 300.00
4 Kapur GML 1 mt 200 200.00
5 Racun Perosak 136.00
6 Racun Rumpai 136.00
7 Minyak diesel 300 liter 0.70 210.00
8 Pelbagai 10% dari kos bahan 361.00
Jumlah Kecil 3971.00
(C) Tenaga Kerja
1 Penyediaan Kawasan Kontrak 15.00 180.00
Penyediaan Semaian dan

2 8 15.00 120.00
mengerek
3 Mengapur dan membaja 6 15.00 90.00
4 Meyediakan batas Kontrak 180.00
135
5 Menggali lubang tanaman 5 15.00 75.00
Menanam/pindah anak
6 16 15.00 240.00
pokok
7 Kawalan perosak 10 15.00 150.00
8 Pembajaan tambahan 40 15.00 600.00
9 Memungut hasil 160 15.00 2400.00
Jumlah Kecil 4035.00
Kos tetap 160.00
Kos kontigency 200.00
Jumlah Kos pengeluaran 8366.00
Pendapatan Bersih @
1234.00
Rm0.80
136
Appendix 12
Production Cost Estimates ( Groundnut )
Variety :-
Density : 148,148 points/ha.
Planting distant : 0.45 m X 0.15 m
Production acreage : 1 hectare
Maturing : 100 – 110 days
Type of preparation/ Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost

material Man Day*** Cost ( RM ) ( RM )
Planting material 600.00 - - 600.00
( 150 kg/ha )
Site preparation and beds - 20 300.00 300.00
Planting - 15 225.00 225.00
Lime* 1,000.00 4 60.00 1,060.00
Manuring** 600.00 8 120.00 720.00
Weedicide & weeding 200.00 20 300.00 500.00
Chemical (Insecticide &
300.00 5 75.00 375.00
fungicide )
Harvesting - 40 600.00 600.00
Total Production Cost 2,700.00 112 1,680.00 4,380.00
*Dolomite @ RM400.00 per ton

** NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
137
Appendix 13
Production Cost Estimates of Sugar Cane
Variety : Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice )

Density : 5,000 cuttings or setts/ha.
Planting distant :1mX2m
Maturing : 8 – 10 months

Planting material* 1,000.00 - - 1,000.00
Planting - 30 450.00 450.00
Manuring** 2,600.00 12 180.00 2,780.00
Weeding and removing
30 450.00 450.00
leaves
Chemical ( weedicide,
200.00 6 90.00 290.00
insecticide & fungicide )
Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00
*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings

**Sulphate of ammonia/Nitrophoska Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
138
Appendix 14
Production Cost Estimates ( Sweet potato )
Variety : Gendut, Cina and Unggu

Density : 33,333 cuttings /ha.
Maturing : 4 months

material Man Day** Cost ( RM ) ( RM )
Planting material - - - -
Planting - 16 240.00 240.00
Manuring* 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00
Weedicide & weeding 200.00 10 150.00 350.00
Chemical (Insecticide & 300.00 10 150.00 450.00
fungicide )
Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00
* NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton

**1 man day = RM15.00
139
Appendix 15
Production Cost Estimates Tapioca
Variety : Sawah & Putih

Density : 10,000 points/ha.
Planting distant :1mX1m

Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00
Dolomite**** 400.00 2 30.00 430.00
Planting - 10 150.00 150.00
Manuring** 2,000.00 6 90.00 2,090.00
Weed control
300.00 6 90.00 390.00
( Weedicide )
Chemical ( insecticide &
300.00 10 150.00 450.00
fungicide )
Harvesting - 55 825.00 825.00
*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings

**NPK Blue @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
****If necessary
140
Appendix 16
Production Cost Estimates - Taro
Variety : Thailand
Density : 18,518 suckers/ha.

Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00
Planting - 20 300.00 300.00
Manuring** 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00
Weeding, mulching and
- 127 1,905.00 1,905.00
removing suckers
Chemical ( weedicide,
500.00 10 150.00 650.00
insecticide & fungicide )
Harvesting - 48 720.00 720.00
*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 suckers

**NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton
***1 man day = RM15.00
141
Appendix 17
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Halia Muda/ha/musim
Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 – 6 bulan selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga/ Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos
Bahan/susut Hari Kos (RM)
Nilai (RM) tenaga*
Biji benih1 6250.00 - - 6

250.00
Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - -

700.00
Menanam - 20 500.00
500.00
Membaja (3x) dan mengapur2 3360.00 20 500.00

3860.00
Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah3 116.00 48 1200.00

1316.00
Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 520.00 30 750.00

1270.00
Minyak diesel dan pelincir untuk enjin pam 530.00 - -

530.00
air5
Penyelenggaraan system pemercik dan 265.00 - -

265.00
enjin pam air6
Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1

000.00
Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - -

250.00
142
Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3950.00

15941.00
Cukai tanah7 8.04 - -

12.89
Susut nilai**
Sistem pengairan pemercik 618.33 - -

991.67
Pam air 35.33 - -

56.67
Enjin pam air 229.67 - -

368.33
Penyembur galas 17.67 - -

28.33
Cangkul 6.36 - -
10.20
Stor dan bangsal 220.83 - -

354.17
Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1

136.23
Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17

077.23
Nota:
1Benih 2500kg @ Rm2.50/kg
2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ Rm62.00/50kg (RM1 240.00/t)
Tahi ayam, 4t @ RM200.00/t
Kapur (GML-guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5t @ RM140.00/t
143
i. Pendapatan Halia muda

RM2.00/kg Rm2.15/kg RM2.25/kg
Rendah Kasar 16 000.00 28 000.00 18 000.00

(14 000)
Bersih -1077.23 9 756.74 922.77
Buruh keluarga 2 872.77 13 706.74 4 872.77
Kasar 20 000.00 32 000.00 22 500.00

Sederhana
(16 000) Bersih 2 922.77 13 756.74 5 422.77
Buruh keluarga 6 872.77 17 706.74 9 372.77
Kasar 24 000.00 40 000.00 27 000.00

Tinggi
(20 000) Bersih 6 922.77 21 756.74 9 922.77
Buruh keluarga 10 872.77 25 706.74 13 872.77
144
Appendix 18
Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Halia/ha/musim
Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 - 6 bulan selepas menanam
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Jumlah kos

Tenaga Keluarga
bahan/susut nilai (RM)
(RM) Hari
Kos (RM)
tenaga*
1
Biji benih 6 250.00 - - 6 250.00
Menanam - 20 500.00 500.00
2
Membaja (3x) dan mengapur 3 360.00 20 500.00 3860.00
3
Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah 116.00 48 1200.00 1316.00
4
Mengawal musuh, penyakit 520.00 30 750.00 1270.00
5
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air 530.00 - - 530.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik
dan 265.00 - - 265.00
6
enjin pam air 250.00
Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1 000.00
Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00
Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3 950.00 15 941.00
7
Cukai tanah 8.04 - - 12.89
Susut nilai**
Pam air 35.33 - - 56.67
Enjim pam air 229.67 - - 368.33
145
Cangkul 6.36 - - 10.20
Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1 136.23
Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17 077.23
Nota:
1
Benih 2500kg @ RM2.50/kg
2
Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)
Kapur (GML - guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5 t @ RM 140.00/t
3
Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 8L @ RM58.00/4L
4
Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit)
5
6
7
5.3 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun
146
Anggaran pendapatan daripada halia/ha/musim
RM1.60/kg RM2.00/kg RM2.30/kg
i.Halia tua
Kasar 22 400.00 28 000.00 32 200.00

Rendah
(14 000) Bersih 4 156.74 9 756.74 13 956.74
Buruh keluarga 8 106.74 13 706.74 17 906..74
Kasar 25 600.00 32 000.00 36 800.00

Sederhana
(16 000) Bersih 7 356.74 13 756.74 18 556.74
Buruh keluarga 11 306.74 17 706.74 22 506.74
Kasar 32 000.00 40 000.00 46 000.00

Tinggi
(20 000) Bersih 13 756.74 21 756.74 27 756.74
Buruh keluarga 17 706.74 25 706.74 31 706.74
147
Appendix 19
Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Serai/ha/musim
Jarak penanaman : 0.5 m x 1 m
Kepadatan : 20 000 rumpun/ha
Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga Keluarga Jumlah kos
bahan/susut nilai (RM)
(RM) Hari Kos

tenaga* (RM)
1
Biji benih 1 600.00 - - 1 600.00
2
Mengapur 420.00 1 25.00 445.00
Menanam. - 20 500.00 500.00
3
Membaja 835.00 20 500.00 1335.00
Merumput - 20 500.00 500.00
4
Mengawal musuh, penyakit 78.00 4 100.00 178.00
5
Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air 700.00 - - 700.00
Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 350.00 - - 350.00
6
enjin pam air
Memungut hasil - 100 2 500.00 2500
Jumlah kecil 4 683.00 165 4 125.00 8 808.00
7
Cukai tanah 10.62 - - 10.62
Susut nilai**
148
Pam air 46.67 - - 46.67
Enjim pam air 303.33 - - 303.33
Cangkul 8.40 - - 8.4
Jumlah kecil 1 500.69 - - 1 500.69
Jumlah besar 6 183.69 165 4 125.00 10 308.69
Nota:
1
Benih 40 000 batang @ RM0.40/10 batang
2
Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM7.00/beg 50 kg (RM 140.00/t)
3
Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17) 250 kg @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)
Urea 130kg @ Rm 35.00/beg 50kg (RM700.00/t)
4
Racun perosak dan penyakit (mengikut jenis perosak dan penyakit)
5
6
7
149
Anggaran pendapatan daripada serai/ha/musim

Kasar 8 951.92 12 788.46 18 543.27
Rendah
(12 788.46) Bersih -1356.76 2 479.77 8 234.58
Buruh keluarga 2 768.24 6 604.77 12 359.58
Kasar 9 423.08 13 461.54 19 519.23

Sederhana
(13 461.54) Bersih -885.61 3 152.85 9 210.55
Buruh keluarga 3 239.39 7 277.85 13 335.55
Kasar 9 894.23 14 134.62 20 495.19

Tinggi
(14 431.62) Bersih -414.45 3 825.93 10 186.51
Buruh keluarga 3 710.55 7 950.93 14 311.51
150
ADP - Work Flow Chart Appendix 20
Schedule Activities Authority Responsible
April Received Application Form District PS/AS
April - October DsPDC

Field investigation
Screening of Application
Approved
SubmitField
recommendation
investigation List
November to Divisional Office S/AAO District
December Endorsement DvPDC
Approval List received

December/January DAO / S/AAO
by District
February -December Work Progress Report & S/AAO / PS / AS

Achievement
Project Implementation
February -December S/AAO District / PS/ AS
February -December Supervision, T & V, PS / AS/ PMU Dist/

Monitoring
PMU Div
January-February Evaluation Annual Workshop
151
Appendix 21
Borang JP/2010/1
JABATAN PERTANIAN SARAWAK
PERMOHONAN
PROGRAM PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN
BAHAGIAN :____________________________DAERAH :________________
Sila tandakan kotak yang berkenaan ()
Tanaman Perikanan Darat
Ternakan Industri Asas Tani
I : MAKLUMAT PEMOHON
Nama : ______________________ Kaum : _____________________
No.KP Baru : ______________________ Pekerjaan (Gaji bulanan): ____________
PPK (No.Ahli) : ______________________ No. Tel : _______________________
Alamat Rumah:________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Maklumat Projek Sedia ada/Kegiatan Aktiviti Utama Masa Kini:
Purata Harga Purata

Keluasan/Unit Keluaran/hasil
Bil Jenis Aktiviti Jualan Pendapatan
(ha) (Kg/Bil/tahun)
(RM/Kg) Tahunan (RM)
Maklumat Lesen/Permit/Syarikat: ____________________________________________
152
Bantuan Kerajaan yang pernah diterima(dalam tempoh 5 tahun):
Bil Jenis bantuan Tahun Nilai Bantuan (RM) Nama Agensi
II. Maklumat Projek Yang Dipohon :
Jenis Projek : ____________________ Keluasan/Unit :__________________

Nilai Bantuan (RM) : ____________________ Jenis Tanah :__________________
Senaraikan Keperluan Bantuan: _________________________________________
_________________________________________
Status Tanah
Bergeran Sistem Perlaksanaan Individu
Sila ()
TOL Berkelompok
PL (Provisional Lease) Estet Mini
NCR
Tanah Sewa
Alamat Lokasi Projek :

_______________________________________________________________________
Saya mengakui bahawa semua maklumat di atas adalah benar. Jika diluluskan, saya akan patuh
kepada semua arahan, syarat/peraturan serta kaedah/Prosidur perlaksanaan pembangunan pertanian
Jabatan Pertanian Sarawak.
Tandatangan : ____________________ Tarikh : _________________
III : PERAKUAN KETUA KAMPUNG/TUAI RUMAH (jika berkenaan)
Saya memperakukan yang pemohon serta keluarga adalah penduduk kampung/rumah panjang ini dan
telah mengusahakan kawasan tanah/projek pertanian yang dipohon.
Tandatangan : _____________________ Tarikh : ________________________

Nama : _____________________
Cop Rasmi Ketua Kampung/Tuai Rumah
Nama Kampung/Rh.Panjang:
______________________________
______________________________
153
UNTUK KEGUNAAN PEJABAT PERTANIAN DAERAH
COP TERIMAAN BORANG: Tindakan: Tanaman

Perikanan Darat
Ternakan
IATM
Tandatangan(OIC): _______________________
Nama : _______________________ Tarikh : _______________________
Rujukan Pejabat : ________________________
Saranan Tadatangan:______________________________
Tidak disokong Nama:___________________________________
Tindakan lanjut Jawatan:_________________ Tarikh: _________
Borang yang lengkap diisi hendaklah dikembalikan ke Pejabat Pertanian/Veterinar terdekat pada atau
sebelum 30 April.
154
Appendix 22
Fertigation Structure of 6 m (wide) x 30 m (long) and 2.5 m (high) and Fertigation System.
1.0 Fertigation structure – see diagram 1 for overall structure
A. Post and frame

- To use 2” x 2” square hollow metal post.
- To use galvanise pipe of 2” for all top frame as in diagram 2.
- To use 1 ½” x 1” and 1” x 1” hollow metal for all support as in diagram
- Installation of post and top frame, please refer to diagram 2.
- all joint to use spring clip and plastic clip. Plastic clip to be installed at 12”
interval. Please refer to diagram 3a and diagram 3b.
B. Footing.
- 2’ x 2’ x 2 1/2’ deep R.C footing.
- 1 : 2 : 4 mixed concrete footing R/w BRC 65 on 2 nos 3” diameter belian
post for 6’ deep. Refer to diagram 3.
C. Drip system.
Using Loop system/trap/close system- where all joint to use T joint or L joint.
Please refer to diagram 4 and, diagram 5a and 5b
- Flexible hose - micro tubing 1 mm with yellow stripe
- 20 mm LDPE tubing blue stripe - 1 roll
- pH meter
- Digital timer (battery operated). - 1 inno
- Weed suppressor black (100%) - 1 roll
D. EC Meter (Conductivity tester)

- Refer to diagram:
- Specification:
1 Measure range 0
2. Resolution 1
3. Accuracy
4 Power supply 2 x 3 v (CR 2030 Battery)
5 Operated Temperature
6. Calibration
7. Dimension
8. Weight: 46 g
1
2.0 Water system
A. Pump Area Structure
Please refer to diagram
- Size of 20’ x 10’
- Cement Floor
E. Water pump system
- 200 gallon water Tank c/w Brass Float Valve - 2 innos (untuk air bersih)
- 180 Litre Nutrient tank - 2 innos (For Fertilizer)
- 1 hp Electric pump (60 litre/min) - 1 no
- Digital timer - 1 inno
- 1 “ Disc filter - 1 inno
- 25 mm HDPE pipe - 1 roll
- Ball valve, Tee, elbow, tank adapter, PVC pipe etc for the installation of the
water pump system.
2
Diagram 1
30 m L
2” galvanise
pipe
Green coated wire

interval of 2’
2.5 m (H)
6 m (W)
1. The structure is 30 m long, 6 m wide and 2.5 m

height. With 12 piling. The top is covered with
UV transparent plastic sheet. The UV transparent
plastic sheet should be installed very firm, so that
the plastic wouldn’t hold any water.
2. To install green coated wire at every 2’ interval
of the galvanise frame.
3
Diagram 2
2” galvanise pipe
1” x 1 ½” hollow metal
2” x 2”
hollow metal
Front View
30 m
1’ x 1 ½” hollow metal
2.5 m (H)
30 m
To Diagram 3 12 nos footing
Side View
4
Diagram 3
2” x 2” square hollow metal
2.5 m (H)
Ground level
60
1:2:4 mix cm
concrete
footing
BRC 65
Belian post
-2 innos 3” diameter
and
6’ long
5
Diagram 3A
Spring clip
Diagram 3B
Plastic clip
6
Diagram 4
Loop/ close/trap system using T joint.
7
Diagram 5A Water Tank system
Paip pembahagi
20 mm LDPE
Diagram 5B
Tiub spageti 1
mm garis pusat
Paip Tertier
20 mm garis
pusat
Arrow dripper
8
Costing
The costing is spread over 3 years as illustrated in table below:
Items Rate (RM/unit) Total (RM)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Rain shelter structure
complete with irrigation 25,000 0 0 25,000
system
Pump house complete with
10,500 0 0 10,500
tanks and system parts
Inputs for:
Chili 2,200 2,200 2,200 6,600
Tomato 1,600 1,600 1,600 4,800
Melon 3,200 3,200 3,200 9,600
Total (RM) for:
Chili 37,700 2,200 2,200 42,100
Tomato 37,100 1,600 1,600 40,300
Melon 38,700 3,200 3,200 45,100

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Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

10 MALAYSIA PLAN (10MP) CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS

Name of Programme: Agricultural Diversification Programme (ADP)

Vegetables are parts of herbaceous plants which form important component of

Currently Sarawak is a net importer of vegetables as our local production does

In Sarawak, over 40 types of vegetables are planted, comprising leafy

The common practices of vegetables growing in the state are characterized by

1.2 Field Crops

1.3 Perennial Crops

1.4 Herbs and Spices

2.1 Development goals of DOA

(i) To increase and sustain the contribution of the food production

2.2 The objectives of the Agricultural Diversification Programmes under

2.2.1 Vegetables Planting Project

(i) To promote the commercial production of high quality and

2.2.2 Field Crop Planting Project

(i) To promote the commercial production of field crops to meet the

(ii) To promote the commercial production of field crops that has

2.2.3 Perennial Planting Project (PPP)

The main objective of PPP is to encourage commercial planting of

2.2.4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project

To promote the planting of herbs and spices used in the production of

2.2.5 Support Services Programme

The purpose is to strengthen the essential services and activities that

3 Broad/Strategic Objectives of DOA in 10MP

(i) To support the food production industry in increasing local food

(viii) To promote the adoption of quality assurance systems in agriculture

Section II – Programme Components

In 10MP the ADP is classified into nine components, vis-a-vis Nethouse

2.1.1 Nethouse Production System

2.1.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System

(v) Able to produce selected high value vegetables for import

2.1.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)

2.1.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participants)

2.1.5 Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants)

2.1.6 Open System (Indigenous vegetables)

2.1.7 Field Crop Planting Project

(ii) For maize and baby corn, it is an off-season crop.

2.1.8 Perennial Crop Planting Projects

2.1.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and

(i) The selected herbs included ginger, kacangma, misai kucing,

2.1.10 Support Services

(1) Extension and Technology Promotion

(b) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication

(2) Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots

This is an essential activity to assess the in-situ effectiveness and

(3) Promotion of New Products

(4) Quality Assurance Activity

(5) Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.

The target groups are:

Owners of the successful existing ADP projects (own planting or assisted

4. Eligibility / Selection Criteria

4.1 An applicant must be Malaysian citizen domiciled in Sarawak,

4.2 An applicant must be a full time farmer who owns

must be endorsed by Superintendent of Land and Survey

4.3 An applicant is preferably a member of the nearest PPK /

4.4 Nethouse project – priority should be given to those interested

4.5 Have access to suitable land of adequate size

4.7 Have some experience in the projects applied

4.9 Willing to top up the financial assistance given by the

4.10 The project participants are required to follow the Departmental

5.1 Net-house Production System