Overcurrent Grading Tutorial

Overcurrent Grading Tutorial
OVERCURRENT GRADING TUTORIAL
System Diagram
500MVA Source
J 3000/5A
P141 Electricity Supply Authority Equipment
MAX LOAD
0.17 OHMS CURRENT
= 2775 AMPS
H 3000/5A
P141
11kV 3 Phase Fault Level

= 294 MVA
G 450/5A G 450/5A
P141 P141
PILOTS PILOTS
F 450/1A F 450/1A
P541 P541
MAX LOAD MAX LOAD

0.2 OHMS CURRENT 0.2 OHMS CURRENT
= 420 AMPS = 420 AMPS
F 450/1A F 450/1A
P541 P541
11kV 3 Phase Fault Level

= 237 MVA
(3 Phase Fault Level -
one feeder = 198 MVA)
E 300/5A
P141
5.0 MVA
%
0
1
=
X
D 1000/5A
P141
3 Phase Fault Level
3.3kV = 41.3 MVA
C 100A FUSE A 160A

HRC FUSE
B 100/5A
P141
Page 1
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
PROBLEM
To select the most appropriate settings for the relays for the system shown, ensuring co-ordination
between the overcurrent relays
1. Present the overcurrent relay characteristics chosen in graphical forms on a common voltage base.
INFORMATION
• Use a 0.4 second discrimination interval between relays.
• Base the current on 3.3kV.
• Origin of the vertical time axis for the graph = 0.01 second.
• Origin of the horizontal axis = 10A
• The relay current setting (P141) is from 0.1*IN to 25*IN in 0.01*IN increments.
• The relay TMS setting (P141) is from 0.025 to 1.5 in 0.025 increments.
• Motor rating is 200kW, 0.8 pf, 3300V, 50Hz and is direct-on-line started (starting current = 5 x full
load current for 5.5 seconds)
• For the differential protection scheme:

- Steady state line charging current = 45A.
- Resistance of single lead from relay to current transformers = 0.15Ω.
- Current transformers at relay location F: Kneepoint Voltage = 38V
Winding Resistance = 0.214Ω.
- X/R ratio of 20.
• Plot curves from 1.1*current setting up to the max fault level at that relay location.
CONSIDERATIONS
• The P141 relays will not completely reset until the current reduces to 95% of the relay setting.
• Include a 10% safely margin when selecting the current setting.
• Motor starting currents should be taken into account when calculating setting for relays D and E.
• Care should be taken in calculating prospective fault current when grading across the transformer.
Page 2
STARTING POINT
• The following fuses A and C and the relay at point B can be plotted directly.
• Relay J (the utility) can also be plotted directly, care should be taken to ensure the correct voltage
base is used.
160A H.R.C. FUSE CHARACTERISTIC – This can be plotted directly:

Fault Current (A) 430 650 1150 2000 3506
Arc Extinction Time (s) 100 10 1.0 0.1 0.01
RELAY B (TYPE MiCOM P141) – This can be plotted directly:

IDMT Characteristic Extremely Inverse
IDMT Current Setting 1.0 In
Time Multiplier Setting 0.1
Instantaneous Current Setting No
RELAY C (100A FUSE) – This can be plotted directly:

Fault Current (A) 300 400 500 600 700 800
Arc Extinction Time (s) 120 25 7.0 2.2 0.9 0.45
RELAY J (TYPE MiCOM P141) – This can be plotted directly:

IDMT Characteristic Standard Inverse
IDMT Current Setting 1.21 In
Time Multiplier Setting 0.45
Instantaneous Current Setting No
(* For example settings files see appendix A)
Page 3
MiCOM P140/P141/P142/P143
Page 4
MiCOM P140/P141/P142/P143
Page 5
(Solutions)
OVERCURRENT GRADING TUTORIAL SOLUTIONS
1. PLOT FUSES + RELAY B
Using the information provided, the fuses, as well as relay B,can be plotted.
These should be plotted using 3.3kV as the base voltage.
As this protection is at the bottom end of the system we are required to grade all the
upstream protection above this.
Relay B: P141
Details provided:
Extremely Inverse Characteristic
IDMT Setting : 1.0 In
TMS Setting : 0.1
Instantaneous Current Setting: No
CT Ratio : 100/5A
For an Extremely Inverse Characteristic,
80
t= x TMS
 I 2

  ACTUAL  − 1
  I SET  
 
Using the 3 Phase Fault Level of 41.3MVA, the maximum fault current that can be
produced at location B is:
41.3 × 10 6
If MAX = = 7226 A
(
3 × 3.3 × 10 3 )
The operating time for some fault levels may be smaller then 0.02s, however the
relays fastest operation is 0.02s
Page 2
For example,
At twice the setting current (2 x 100 = 200A):
80
t= × 0. 1
  200  2 
 − 1
  100  
 
t = 2.66 seconds.
Operating Current Operating Time

(A @ 3.3kV) (seconds)
110 38.10
150 6.40
200 2.67
400 0.53
600 0.23
800 0.13
1000 0.08
2000 0.02
7226 (max If) 0.02
Notes:
We do not guarantee operating time at <2 times setting.

The minimum Op time = 0.02s.
Page 3
2. PLOT RELAY J
As with relay B, relay J can be plotted using the information provided. This relay is
located at the source of the system at 11kV and therefore we will be required to
grade the rest of the system, in terms of current and time below this relay. The
voltage base of this relay needs to be changed from 11kV to 3.3kV.
Details provided:
Standard Inverse Characteristic
IDMT Setting : 1.21 In
TMS Setting : 0.45
Instantaneous Current Setting: No
CT Ratio : 3000/5A
For a Standard Inverse characteristic,
0.14
t= x TMS
 I 0.02

  ACTUAL  − 1
  I SET  
 
Using the 3 Phase Fault Level of 500MVA at the source, the maximum fault current
that can be produced at location J is:
500 × 10 6
If MAX = = 26.243kA
(
3 × 11 × 10 3 )
Now, referring this to the 3.3kV base:
11 × 10 3
( 26.243 × 10 3 ) × = 87.477 kA
3.3 × 10 3
The operating times for the relay should be plotted using multiples of settings current.
Page 4
For example,
At twice the setting current (2 x (1.21 x 3000) = 7260A):
0.14
t= × 0.45
  7260  0.02 
 − 1
  3630  
 
t = 4.51 seconds.
Operating Current Operating Current Operating Time

(A @ 11kV) (A @ 3.3kV) (seconds)
3.99 13.3 33.28
4.95 16.5 10.12
7.26 24.2 4.51
10.0 33.333 3.07
15.0 50.0 2.19
18.0 60.000 1.94
20.0 66.0 1.81
24.0 80.0 1.64
26.243 (max If) 87.477 1.56
Notes:
1. We do not guarantee operating time at <2 times setting.

2. SI characteristic goes Definite Time after 31 x IS (if max fault level would
allow).
Page 5
RELAY SETTINGS
In order to represent the characteristics of the various overcurrent relays applied to

this system, on one grading diagram, it is necessary to represent them on a common
voltage base. It is usual to choose a voltage base common to the majority of the
relays and in this example a 3.3kV base is used.
Having plotted the characteristics of the 160A fuse (ref. A), the 100A fuse (ref. C) and
the extremely inverse overcurrent relay type P141 (ref. B) the next step is to consider
the characteristic and settings of the overcurrent relay on the incoming feeder to the
3.3kV distribution board.
3. PLOT RELAY D.
An extremely inverse characteristic must be chosen to allow adequate discrimination

with the 160A fuse at lower current values. The relay must also have a current and
time setting to maintain an adequate time margin for discrimination at the maximum
fault level with relay B. In addition the settings should ensure that if the 200kW motor
is started when the transformer is at full load current the relay will not pick up.
Therefore the relay should be set in accordance with:
(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.)
Where ‘n’ is the multiple of the motor full load current drawn under starting
conditions (i.e. n = 5)
5MVA
Transformer Full Load = = 874.77A
3 × (3.3 × 10 3 )
kW 200 × 10 3
Motor Full Load Current = = = 43.74A
kV × p. f . × 3 3.3 × 10 3 × 0.8 × 3
Using the above equation for setting the relay:
(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.) = 874.77 + ((5-1) x 43.74) = 1049.72A
Allowing for a 10% safety margin and 0.95 reset ratio, this will be
1.1
IS = × 1049.72 = 1215.5A
0.95
Page 6
In terms of setting current this is
1215.5
IS = = 1.215 In
1000
Therefore set I> to 1.22 In (1220A)
Relay D must have a 0.4 second discriminating interval with relay B at the maximum
three phase fault level on the 3.3kV busbar of 41.3MVA (= 7226A on 3.3kV base).
The operating time at of a P141 set with TMS = 1.0 can be obtained from inspection
of the characteristic curves or by calculation and is found to be:
80
t= ×1 = 2.34s.
  7226  2 
 − 1
  1220  
 
(Relay B op time + Grading margin) = 0.02 + 0.4 = 0.42 seconds.
The required time multiplier setting (TMS) is obtained by:
Total Operating time required

TMS =
Operating time on TMS = 1.0 (max fault )
This time is too slow, therefore a new TMS will be required.
0.42
TMS = =0.179
2.34
The TMS should be set to 0.175.
Page 7
The relay curve for a 1.22In current setting and TMS of 0.175 can now be plotted
using the P141 time current curves.
Setting Multiplier Operating Current Operating Time

1.1 1342 66.66
1.4 1708 14.58
1.6 1952 8.97
2.0 2440 4.66
3.0 3660 1.75
4.0 4880 0.933
5.922 (max If) 7225 0.41
Page 8
4. PLOT RELAY E
When grading through a delta/star transformer, a phase-phase fault condition on the

low voltage side (0.866 of the three phase fault value) produces the same magnitude
of fault current in one phase on the high voltage delta side (2-1-1 distribution) as
would a three phase low voltage fault condition and therefore, for this case,
discrimination should be ensured between relay D at 0.866 x 7226A and relay E at
7226A. Failure to allow for this can, in certain cases (especially with the more inverse
type relay characteristics) lead to an inadequate discrimination time interval.
Advantage can also be taken on transformer feeders in applying instantaneous high

set elements to the overcurrent relays on the high voltage side. Care must be taken
in the settings to ensure that these relays do not overreach during through fault
conditions and operate before the L.V. protection. With modern low transient
overreach relays 130% of the transformer through fault current would be an adequate
setting.
As with relay D above an extremely inverse characteristic must be chosen to allow

adequate discrimination with the downstream equipment. The relay must also have a
current and time setting to maintain an adequate time margin for discrimination at the
transformer on full load current, when the 200kW motor is started the relay should
not pick up.
Similar to relay D the setting should be in accordance with:
(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.)
5MVA
5.0 MVA Transformer Full Load Current = = 262.4A
3 × (11 × 10 3 )
kW 200 × 10 3
Motor Full Load Current = = = 13.12A
kV × p. f . × 3 11 × 10 3 × 0.8 × 3
(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.) = 262.4 + ((5-1) x 13.12) = 314.88A
Allowing for a 10% safety margin and 0.95 reset ratio, this will be
1.1
IS = × 314.88 = 364.6A
0.95
Referred to the 3.3kV side this is
11 × 10 3
× 364.6 = 1215A
3.3 × 10 3
Page 9
This is the same setting as Relay D (1220A) on the LV side of the transformer. There
is a possibility therefore that relay E could pick up before relay D, due to the
manufacturing tolerances of the associated plant. To avoid this a setting of 1.1 times
the relay D current setting should be set on E.
Therefore a relay setting of 1.34In can be chosen,
i.e. 402.6A on 11kV base

1342A on 3.3kV base.
Relay E must have a 0.4 second discriminating interval with relay D at the
maximum three phase fault level on the 3.3kV busbar of 41.3MVA (= 7226A on
3.3kV base).
Relay E operating time with TMS = 1.0
80
t= ×1 = 2.84s
  7226  2 
 − 1
  1340  
 
To grade across the transformer we must consider the fault conditions on both sides.
Relay E must co-ordinate with relay D, so we will need to calculate the prospective
fault level of D on the HV side.
Relay D at 0.866 x IFmax = 7226 x 0.866 = 6258A
Relay D op time at this fault level
80
t= × 0.175 = 0.57s
  6258  2 
 − 1
  1220  
 
0.57 + 0.4
Therefore the required TMS setting = = 0.34
2.84
The TMS of this relay is 0.35
High Set
The relay High Set element I>>> has a setting range = 0.5 to 40*In, in step sizes of
0.05*In.
It is recommended to set the high set element (I>>>) to 130% of the maximum LV
fault level.
Page 10
Therefore,
Hi-Set is 1.3 x 7226 = 9393.8 @3.3kV

= 2818.1 @11kV
2818.1
In terms of CT Ratio this is = 9.39
300
Therefore set I>>> to 9.4 In = 2820 on 11kV base

9306 on 3.3 kV base.
The relay curve for a 1.34In current setting and TMS of 0.35 can now be plotted using
the P141 time current curves, up to 7 x current setting, after which the instantaneous
high set element will initiate tripping in 20 milliseconds.

1.1 1476 131.2
1.4 1878 29.0
1.6 2147 17.8
2.0 2684 9.26
3.0 3972 3.59
4.0 5368 1.86
5.0 6710 1.16
6.0 8052 0.79
6.93 (High Set) 9306 0.02
30.89 (max If) 41464 0.02
Page 11
5. PLOT RELAY F
The protection at this point is P541 pilot wire protection.
The basic operating principle of differential protection is to calculate the difference

between the currents entering and leaving a protected zone. The protection operates
when this difference exceeds a threshold.
Differential currents may also be generated during external fault conditions due to CT
saturation. To provide stability for through fault conditions, the relay adopts a biasing
technique. This method effectively raises the setting of the relay in proportion to the
value of through fault current to prevent relay maloperation. Figure 1 shows the
operating characteristics of the P541 phase differential element.
The differential current is calculated as the vector summation of the currents entering
the protected zone. The bias current is the average of the measured current at each
line end. It is found by the scalar sum of the current at each terminal, divided by two.
Figure 1: Relay Bias Characteristic
Page 12
The characteristic is determined by four protection settings:
Is1 The basic differential current setting which determines the minimum pick-up
level of the relay.
k1 The lower percentage bias setting used when the bias current is below Ιs2.
This provides stability for small CT mismatches, whilst ensuring good
sensitivity to resistive faults under heavy load conditions.
Ιs2 A bias current threshold setting, above which the higher percentage bias k2 is
used.
k2 The higher percentage bias setting used to improve relay stability under
heavy through fault current conditions.
The tripping criteria can be formulated as:
1. for |Ιbias| < Ιs2,
|Ιdiff| > k1.| Ιbias| + Ιs1
2. for |Ιbias| > Ιs2,
|Ιdiff| > k2.| Ιbias| - (k2 - k1). Ιs2 + Ιs1
Relay Settings.
1. Capacitive charging current
To avoid maloperation on line charging currents we require that the setting on the
most sensitive phase be greater than the steady state line charging current. From the
publication we get:
Is1 > 2.5 x steady state line charging current.
1
Hence Is > 2.5 x 45 x = 0.25A The next available setting on the relay is 0.26A
450
2. Is2, k1, k2 settings.
From the relay publication, it is recommended that default settings be used, as these
will give a relay characteristic suitable for most applications. These are:
Is2 = 2.0 p.u.

k1 = 30%
k2 = 150%
Page 13
3. tIdiff setting.
Ideally we would like the relay to trip instantaneously. To do this set “tIdiff” to 0. with
relation to CT requirements the Vk can be calculated.
Vk ≥ KS . KT . IN (RCT + 2RL)
Where:
Vk = Required IEC knee point voltage

KS = Dimensioning factor
KT = Operating time factor
IN = CT nominal secondary current
RCT = CT dc resistance
RL = One-way lead impedance from CT to relay
KS is determined as follows:
For X/R < 40
KS = 0.023 x If (X/R + 55) + 0.9 (X/R + 26)
Also, for applications where the relay is set to instantaneous (tIdiff = 0), a Kt value of
1 should be used.
Therefore,
VA 198 × 10 6
If = = = 10.392kA
3 ×V 3 × (11 × 10 3 )
10392
KS = 0.023 x (20 + 55) + 0.9 (20 + 26)
450
KS = 81.236
With a KT value of 1, the knee point of the CT will be:
VK ≥ 81.236 x 1 x 1 (0.214 + 2(0.15))

VK ≥ 41.75V
Page 14
Using the information provided, the knee point should be 38V. to achieve this, a new
value for KT needs to be found.
Therefore,
38
KT = = 0.91
41.75
Now, substituting back in to our formula:
VK ≥ 81.236 x 0.91 x 1 (0.214 + 2(0.15))

VK ≥ 37.99V
KT is a constant, which depends on the Current differential operating time setting

“tIdiff”. This will need to be adjusted according to our value of KT.
KT = 1 – (6.2 x tIdiff)
0.91 = 1 – (6.2 x tIdiff)
tIdiff = 0.0145
This shows that to obtain the new value of KT = 0.91 we will need to set the operating
time of the differential to 15ms. The next available setting in the relay will be 20ms.
Page 15
6. PLOT RELAY G
The settings on the differential protection at this location must be the same as those
selected at the remote end of the feeder.
MiCOM P141
*It should be noted that the protection at this point could have also been provided by
the P541, instead of the P141. However, to illustrate the overcurrent protection we
have used a separate P141 relay.
For the overcurrent relay, an extremely inverse time characteristic is chosen to

ensure that discrimination will be possible with the upstream protection. It should be
ensured that relay G discriminates with relay E at its high set setting.
The current transformer ratio = 450/5A and the maximum full load current per feeder
is 420A.
1. 1
Relay G setting = 420 x = 486A (@11kV)
0.95
A setting of 108% (1.08 In) should be chosen.
108% setting = 486A @ 11kV

= 1620A @ 3.3kV
This relay must grade with relay E at 9306A (the High Set).
Relay G operating time, with a TMS of 1

80
t= × 1 = 2.5s
  9306  2 
 − 1
  1620  
 
Relay E at 9306A (TMS = 0.34)

80
t= × 0.34 = 0.57s
  9306  2 
 − 1
  1340  
 
Page 16
Therefore the required TMS will be
0.57 + 0.4
TMS = = 0.388
2. 5
The TMS of the relay, will be 0.40
This could be plotted and the grading visually checked, or checked by calculation as
follows.
It should also be ensured that relay G discriminates with relay E for a through fault at
the maximum fault level, seen by both relays, of 198MVA (= 34.64kA on 3.3kV base).
Therefore at 34.64kA the operating time should be 0.02 (operating time of relay E) +
0.4 = 0.42 seconds.
The actual operating time of relay G at 34.64kA will be
80
t= × 0.4 = 0.070s
  34640  2 
 − 1
  1620  
 
Thus, to ensure adequate discrimination it is necessary to increase the setting of

relay G to increase the operating time at 34.64kA.
By re-arranging the formula for the extremely inverse characteristic, the multiple of
current setting required to ensure the relay operates in 0.42 seconds can be found:
80 80
Required multiple of current setting (I) = +1 = + 1 = 13.8
t 0.42
34640
Therefore the primary current setting = = 2510A
13.8
To ensure adequate discrimination it is therefore necessary to increase the setting of

relay G by 154% (1.54 In)
To 1500 x 1.54 = 2310A at 3.3kV base.
To 450 x 1.54 = 693A at 11kV base.
Page 17
The operating time of the relay can be confirmed
80
t= × 1 = 0.357s
  34640  2 
 − 1
  2310  
 
Therefore the required TMS will be:
0.42
TMS = = 1.176
0.357
The TMS setting for the relay will be 1.175.
The relay curve for a 1.54In current setting and a TMS of 1.175 can now be plotted
using the P141 time current curves.

1.1 2541 447.6
1.4 3234 97.9
1.6 3696 66.48
2.0 4620 32.75
5.0 11550 3.89
10.0 23100 0.94
22.26 (max If) 51437 0.187
The maximum fault level seen by this relay is 294MVA, i.e. 51437A on 3.3kV base,
and the curve should be plotted up to this value.
Page 18
7. PLOT RELAY H
This relay should be set to discriminate with the supply authority relay which has a
standard inverse characteristic. Therefore a standard inverse characteristic has been
selected for relay H.
The current transformer ratio = 3000/5A and the full load current per feeder is 2775A.
1.1
Therefore, the recommended relay current setting = 2775 x = 3213A
0.95
3213
In terms of setting current this will be = 1.07.
3000
Therefore setting = 1.07In – 3213A @ 11kV
10710A @ 3.3kV
This relay must grade with relay G at for a fault on the busbar which feeds the
5.0MVA transformer. Relay H will see the full fault current of 41.46kA whereas relay
G will only see half of this 20.73kA, as the parallel feeders share the current. This
relay must also grade with the utility relay J at the maximum fault level.
Thus we need to grade with relay G at 20.73kA, with relay E at 41.46kA and relay J
at 51.44kA. From the characteristic curves plotted the operating time of relay G is
much higher then relay E and hence is the most onerous case.
Relay G at 20.73kA
80
t= × 1 = 1.00s
  20732  2 
 − 1
  2310  
 
H must be graded 0.4s above this, at 1.4s.
The actual operating time of relay H at this fault level will be
0.14
t= × 1 = 10.52s
  20732  0.02 
 − 1
  10710  
 
1.5
TMS = = 0.142 ≈ 0.15
10.5
Page 19
Relay J at 294MVA
294 MVA
IFL = = 51.44kA (15.432kA @ 11kV)
3 × (3.3 × 10 3 )
0.14
t= × 0.45 = 2.01s
  15432  0.02 
 − 1
  3300  
 
H must be graded 0.4s below this, at 1.6s.
The actual operating time of relay H at this fault level will be
0.14
t= × 1 = 4.39s
  51440  0.02 
 − 1
  10710  
 
1. 6
TMS = = 0.36
4.39
Therefore, for correct grading, the TMS should be between 0.15 and 0.36. for
simplicity we shall grade at 0.25.
The relay curve for a 1.07In current setting and TMS setting of 0.25 can now be
plotted using the P141 time current curves.

1.1 11781 18.34
1.4 14994 5.18
1.6 17136 3.705
2.0 21420 2.507
3.0 32130 1.57
4.802 51437 1.09
The maximum discriminative fault level seen by this relay is 294MVA, i.e. 51437A on
3.3kV base, and the curve should be plotted to this value.
•
Page 20
8. SUMMARY
Relay Relay C.T. Time Delayed Element Other

Ref Type Ratio Current Time Settings
B P141 100/5 1.0In TMS = 0.1
D P141 1000/5 1.22In TMS = 0.175
E P141 300/5 1.34In TMS = 0.35 IINST = 9.4In
K1 = 30%
F P541 450/1 IS1 = 0.25In tIdiff = 0.02 K2 = 150%
Is2 = 2.0In
P541 450/1 IS1 = 0.25In tIdiff = 0.02 (same as F)
G
P141 450/5 1.54In TMS = 1.175
H P141 3000/5 1.07In TMS = 0.25
J P141 3000/5 1.21In TMS = 0.45
Page 21
Tutorial: Grading Study
1000
150A Fuse
100A Fuse
Relay B
Relay J
Relay D
Relay E
Relay G (1st)
100 Relay G (2nd)
Relay H
10
Time (seconds)
0.1
0.01
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Current (Amps 3.3kV base)
Page 22

Overcurrent Grading Tutorial

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Overcurrent Grading Tutorial

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Overcurrent Grading Tutorial

OVERCURRENT GRADING TUTORIAL

11kV 3 Phase Fault Level

MAX LOAD MAX LOAD

11kV 3 Phase Fault Level

C 100A FUSE A 160A

• For the differential protection scheme:

160A H.R.C. FUSE CHARACTERISTIC – This can be plotted directly:

RELAY B (TYPE MiCOM P141) – This can be plotted directly:

RELAY C (100A FUSE) – This can be plotted directly:

RELAY J (TYPE MiCOM P141) – This can be plotted directly:

(* For example settings files see appendix A)

1. PLOT FUSES + RELAY B

These should be plotted using 3.3kV as the base voltage.

For an Extremely Inverse Characteristic,

At twice the setting current (2 x 100 = 200A):

Operating Current Operating Time

We do not guarantee operating time at <2 times setting.

For a Standard Inverse characteristic,

Now, referring this to the 3.3kV base:

At twice the setting current (2 x (1.21 x 3000) = 7260A):

Operating Current Operating Current Operating Time

1. We do not guarantee operating time at <2 times setting.

In order to represent the characteristics of the various overcurrent relays applied to

An extremely inverse characteristic must be chosen to allow adequate discrimination

Therefore the relay should be set in accordance with:

(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.)

Using the above equation for setting the relay:

(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.) = 874.77 + ((5-1) x 43.74) = 1049.72A

In terms of setting current this is

Therefore set I> to 1.22 In (1220A)

(Relay B op time + Grading margin) = 0.02 + 0.4 = 0.42 seconds.

The required time multiplier setting (TMS) is obtained by:

Total Operating time required

This time is too slow, therefore a new TMS will be required.

The TMS should be set to 0.175.

Setting Multiplier Operating Current Operating Time

When grading through a delta/star transformer, a phase-phase fault condition on the

Advantage can also be taken on transformer feeders in applying instantaneous high

As with relay D above an extremely inverse characteristic must be chosen to allow

Similar to relay D the setting should be in accordance with:

(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.)

(Transformer F.L.C.) + ((n-1) Motor F.L.C.) = 262.4 + ((5-1) x 13.12) = 314.88A

Therefore a relay setting of 1.34In can be chosen,

i.e. 402.6A on 11kV base

Relay E operating time with TMS = 1.0

Relay D at 0.866 x IFmax = 7226 x 0.866 = 6258A

Relay D op time at this fault level

The TMS of this relay is 0.35

Hi-Set is 1.3 x 7226 = 9393.8 @3.3kV

Therefore set I>>> to 9.4 In = 2820 on 11kV base

Setting Multiplier Operating Current Operating Time

The protection at this point is P541 pilot wire protection.

The basic operating principle of differential protection is to calculate the difference

Figure 1: Relay Bias Characteristic

The characteristic is determined by four protection settings:

The tripping criteria can be formulated as:

1. for |Ιbias| < Ιs2,

|Ιdiff| > k1.| Ιbias| + Ιs1

2. for |Ιbias| > Ιs2,

|Ιdiff| > k2.| Ιbias| - (k2 - k1). Ιs2 + Ιs1

1. Capacitive charging current

Is1 > 2.5 x steady state line charging current.