First Level:

Unit 1: Meeting someone.

Unit 2: Where are you from?

Unit 3: Jobs.

Unit 4: At Albert’s.

Unit 5: What’s… like?

Unit 6: What does he/she look like?

Unit 7: Going shopping.

Unit 8: Which way to…?

Unit 9: What to do?

Unit 10: What’s the matter?

Unit 11: The weather.

Unit 12: What did you do last vacation?

Second Level:

Unit 1: Have you been to Havana City before?

Unit 2: What were you doing there?

Unit 3: Writing letters.

Unit 4: Have you been working since then?

Unit 5: The Comparative and Superlative.

Unit 6: I had eaten when you arrived.

Unit 7: May I have your order?

Unit 8: Writing articles. How does it work?

Third Level:

Unit 1: The Continuous Tenses.

Unit 2: The Passive Voice.

Unit 3: What do you think about…?

Unit 4: The Indirect Speech.

Unit 5: Reading, writing and interpreting articles.

Unit 6: I agree or I disagree… I think so or I don’t think so…

Unit 7: Doing Spectrum tests.

Unit 8: The First, the Second and the Third levels.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
éi bi ci di i ef yi éich ái yéi kéi el em en

O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
óu pi kiú ar es ti iú vi dóbliu eks wái zi

Vowels and consonants: Pronunciation: Example:

ai éi pain
au o aunt
ea i beat
ee i feel
oa óu boat
oo u fool
ou áu out
g gue,gui (ye, yi) get, giraffe
h j hit
j ye Jack
ph f photo
sh sh shake
th Z española think
wh ju what
y i yes

The numbers:

1-One 11-Eleven 21-Twenty-one 1000-(One) Thousand

2-Two 12-Twelve 30-Thirty 2000-Two-Thousand
3-Three 13-Thirteen 40-Fourty 1000 000-One million
4-Four 14-Fourteen 50-Fifty 1000 000 000 000-(One) Billion
5-Five 15-Fifteen 60-Sixty
6-Six 16-Sixteen 70-Seventy
7-Seven 17-Seventeen 80-Eighty
8-Eight 18-Eighteen 90-Ninety
9-Nine 19-Nineteen 100-(One) Hundred
10-Ten 20-Twenty (Twenny) 200-Twoo-hundred

Personal Nouns:
I (yo) We (nosotros)
You (tú, usted, ustedes) They (ellos, ellas)
He (él)
She (ella)

To be:
I am We are
You are They are
He is
She is
It is

I am Samantha Knight.
I am here at home.

Verbs Conjugation:
Solo se le agrega una ‘S’ a HE ó SHE (3ª persona)

To eat:
I eat We eat
You eat They eat
He eats
She eats
Unit 1: Meeting someone.

-What’s your name, please?

-My name is Alekhine.

-Can (Could) you spell your name, please?

-A-L-E-K-H-I-N-E.

-What’s your last (family, second) name?

-McCartney.

-How old are you?

-I’m 25.

-Where do you live?

-I live in Toronto.

-Who do you live with?

-I live with my wife and my daughter.

-What’s your daughter’s name? (What’s her/his name?)

-Her name is Cynthia.

-How old is he/she?

-She is 7.

-What’s your address?

-My address is 8th Street building 32, apartment 7. Montecarlo neighborhood.
(My address is at 89 C Street. Jayamá neighborhood)

-What’s your phone number?

-My phone number is 2-7-1-7-3-7.

-Are you married or single?

-I’m single.

Days of the week: Months of the year: Ordinal numbers:

Monday January July 1st First 15th Fifteenth
nd
Tuesday February August 2 Second 16th Sixteenth
rd
Wednesday March September 3 Third 20th Twentieth
th
Thursday April October 4 Fourth 21st Twenty-First
Friday May November 5th Fifth 22nd Twenty-Second
th
Saturday June December 6 Sixth 23rd Twenty-Third
Sunday

-When were you born?

-I was born on November 6th, 1979.

-What date is today?

-Today is January 28th 2014.

-What day is today?

-Today is Monday.

-When is your birthday?

-My birthday is on November 6th.
Unit 2: Where are you from?

Countries: Nationalities: Countries: Nationalities:

Cuba Cuban England English
Canada Canadian Scotland Scottish
US Ireland Irish
States American Netherlands Dutch
United States Russia Russian
Mexico Mexican China Chinese
Brazil Brazilian Japan Japanese
Portugal Portuguese Korea Korean
Spain Spaniard/Spanish Australia Australian
France French Egypt Egyptian
Germany German South Africa South African
Italy Italian
Switzerland Swiss
Sweden Swedish

-Where are you from?

-I’m from Cuba.
-What nationality are you? (What’s your nationality?)
-I’m Cuban.

Unit 3: Jobs.

Enterprise: Hospital: School: Factory: Post-Office: Bank:

Enterpriser Doctor Principal Driver Postman Banker
Engineer Nurse Teacher Worker Post woman Cashier
Architect Lab Technician Cook Electrician Typist Teller
Boss Stretcher-Bearer Cleaner Technician
Security Staff Pioneer

-Where do you work? -What’s your job?

-I work in a bank. -I work in an enterprise. I’m an architect.
-What do you do?
-I’m a teller.

-I’m not working now. I’m a student. I mean, I study medicine.

-I’m unemployed.

-I’m a housewife.

-I’m looking for a job.

-Sorry, we’re stuffed.

-I have a part-time job.

-I own a coffee-shop.
Unit 4: At Albert’s.

Woman: Man: Woman: Man:

Hat Cap Pants Suit
Ribbon Handkerchief Panties Socks
Buckle Shirt Stockings Shoes
Earring T-Shirt High heel shoes Sport shoes
Lips stick Sweater Flip flop Slippers
Blouse Trouser Sandals Sneakers
Dress Short Platform Bag
Skirt Pants (underpants) Pocket Handbag

The colors:

White Blue Green Pink Gray Beige

Black Red Yellow Brown Violet Orange

Light-Dark

-May I help you? (What can I do for you?)

-I need to buy… (I’d like to buy…) (I want to buy…)

Ex: I need to buy a light blue shirt size L.

-Here (Here you are).

-Can I try it on, please?
-Yes, sure. Over there (over here)
-How much is it?
-$ 4.97
-Here, keep the change.
-Thank you, anything else?
-No, thanks. Bye.
-Bye.

-I’m just looking.

-I’m looking for a blue dress.
-It’s too expensive!
-Do you have any cheaper?
-I need a darker (lighter) (looser) one.

Tight – estrecho Loose – ancho Large – largo Short – corto

The possessive:

I my mine
You your yours
He his his
She her hers
We our ours
They their theirs

This: Se usa para el singular cuando el objeto está cerca o en las manos.
That: Se usa para el singular cuando el objeto está lejos o no esté al alcance de las manos.
These: Se usa para el plural cuando los objetos están cerca o en las manos.
Those: Se usa para el plural cuando los objetos están lejos o no están al alcance de las manos.

This is my pencil.
These are my books.
Unit 5: What’s … like?

Living-room: Bedroom: Bathroom: Kitchen:

Couch (Sofa) Bed Washstand Cooker
Little-table Fan (ventilator) Bowl Pot
TV-set Closet Curtain Dishes
Vase with flowers Wardrobe Soap Refrigerator
Pictures Computer Mirror Washing machine
Armchair Bookshelf Towel Glasses
Rocking-chair Phone Shower Blender

On Beside In front of
Over Beneath Behind
Above Aside In the middle of
Under Next to On the corner
Into Close to Between
Inside Near Among

1-I say WHERE is the object.

2-I say which one is around it.
3-There is/There are.
4-The object we’re talking about.

Ex: In the living-room there is a couch. Beside the couch there is a little-table.
1 2 3 4
You can say it like this: 3-4-1-2.

Ex: There is a little-table beside the couch.

In the living-room there is a TV-set (television-set). Above the TV-set there is a picture. Below the TV-set there is
a DVD-player. Beside the TV-set there is an armchair. In front of the TV-set there are two rocking-chairs.
Between the rocking-chairs there is a little table. On the little-table there is an ashtray, a figure and a vase with
red flowers (roses, daisies). Behind the little-table there’s a couch.

Present Continuous Tense: (ING)

1-Verbs that finish in “E” remove the “E” and add ING.
2-Verbs that finish in Vowel-Consonant add another consonant and ING.
3-Verbs that finish in Vowel-Vowel-Consonant add ING.

Note 1: Verbs that finish in “IE” change it for “Y” and add ING:
Note 2: Verbs that finish in ‘X’ add ING directly.
Note 3: Verbs that don’t have any of these rules add ING directly.

Ex:

1-Take: I am taking the bus in this moment.

2-Cut: She is cutting the bread now.
3-Eat: We are eating at home.

Note 1: Lie: You are lying to me.

Note 2: Fix: She’s fixing a radio.
Note 3: Wash: We are washing the car.
Unit 6: What does he/she look like?

Tall or short Fat or thin Athletic Strong Skins and bones

Straight black
Long Curly blond hair
Short Wavy brown
Kinky red
white

Chinese blue
round green
big brown eyes
small coffee
clear

Good looking. Pretty or handsome. Hot. Beauty. Ugly. He/ She stinks.

She is short, fat; she has wavy brown hair and coffee eyes. She is pretty.

To have:
I have We have
You have They have
He has
She has

Personal characteristics:

Amiable Unkind
Honest Noisy
Kind Gossiper
Polite Impolite
Friendly Thief
True Liar
Intelligent Brute
Lovely Fool
Easy going Hypocrite
Talkative Ironic
Helpful Selfish
Sincere Flatterer (adulador)
Quiet Fickle (caprichoso)
Funny Unbearable (insoportable)
Goodie (bonachón) Bragging (bravucón)
Hard-working (trabajador) Envious
Hotheaded (exaltado) Malicious
Extrovert Lazy
Healthy Sickly (enfermizo)
Succesful (triunfador) Gorger (glotón)
Sleepyhead (dormilón) Depressed (deprimido)
Mad (loco) Bad-tempered (malhumorado)
Shy Irritated (irritado)

-What does he like?

-He is intelligent, polite and very shy. He’s a beautiful person.
Unit 7: Going shopping.

Grains: Vegetables: Meat: Meal:

rice tomatoes rabbit potatoes
beans cabbage chicken squash
corn lettuce beef yam
kidney beans cucumber turkey cassava
pea radish lamb sweet potatoes
chick pea Swiss chard (acelga) fish beet (remolacha)
lentil (lenteja) carrot veal
black beans asparagus venison (venado)

Fruits: Derivates: Ice-cream: Dressing: (seasoning, flavor)

mango milk chocolate garlic
guava cheese almond pepper
orange mayonnaise strawberry chili
tangerine (mandarina) butter French onion
plum (ciruela) hot chocolate vanilla ketchup
lemon coffee
cherry (cereza) coffee milk Beverages:
apple oil water
pear bread wine
peach (melocotón) minced meat (picadillo) rum
strawberry chop (chuleta) beer
melon ham (jamón) sparkling water
grapes (uvas) sausage (salchicha) soft-drink
avocado bacon (tocino) cocktail
papaya spare ribs (costillas) juice
pineapple steak
passion fruit (maracuyá) blood sausage (morcilla) ground meat (carne picada)

Dinner:
soup stir fry (revoltillo) in sauce (en salsa) pan fried (frito con poco aceite)
broth (caldo) pasta grilled (a la plancha) fried (frito)
stew (guisado) tossed salad (ensalada mixta) marinated (adobado) pickled (en vinagre)
pie (pastel, torta) green salad (ensalada verde) poached (escalfado) smoked (ahumado)
meatballs (albóndigas) dressing (condimento) mashed (puré) deep fried (bien frito)
omelette (tortilla) stuffed (relleno) baked (horneado) in syrup (en almíbar)
dressed (sazonado) steamed (al vapor) cured (curado) toast (pan tostado)

-I need to buy two pounds (kilos) of long grain American rice, please.

How much are they? Is the “How much is it?” plural.

Breakfast (desayuno) Have breakfast (desayunar)

Lunch (almuerzo) Have lunch (almorzar)
Dinner (cena) Have dinner (cenar)

Snack (merienda) Have snack (merendar) Snack bar (merendero)

Bread and cheese. Yellow rice and chicken.

When I have breakfast I prefer bread and omelet and coffee milk.

I’m all out of (steak) – No me queda nada de (filete).

Can (lata) Tub (recipient) Cartoon (botella de cartón o file de huevos)

Bag (saco) Stick (barra de mantequilla) Bottle (botella)
Jar (pomo) Package (paquete) Loaf (barra de pan)
Box (caja) Slice (rodaja) Pack (paquete)
Piece (pedazo) Tube (tubo) Bar (barra)
Eating out:

The Pearson family is eating in a restaurant, and Jim Phillips is their waiter.

A:

Jim: Hi. May I take your order?

Mr. Pearson: We need a few more minutes.
Jim: O.K. Take your time. I’ll come back.

B:

Jim: Are you ready to order?

Mrs. Pearson: Yes, I think so. I’d like the fried chicken, please.
Jim: Would you like French fries or a baked potato with that?
Mrs. Pearson: Umm… a baked potato.
Jim: Soup or a salad?
Mrs. Pearson: What kind of soup do you have?
Jim: Vegetable.
Mrs. Pearson: I’ll have soup.
Jim: Anything to drink?
Mrs. Pearson: Coffee, I guess.
Daughter: And I’ll have a roast beef sandwich with French fries and a large soda.
Jim: O.K. Would you like some soup or a salad to begin?
Daughter: No, thanks.
Jim: And what about you, sir?
Mr. Pearson: I’ll have the fried chicken, too. With a baked potato and a salad.
Jim: To drink?
Mr. Pearson: Just water. In fact, bring water for everyone.
Jim: All right. I’ll be back with your drinks in just a minute.

C:

Mr. Pearson: Excuse me.

Jim: Yes? What can I get you?
Mr. Pearson: We don’t have any napkins.
Jim: Oh, I’m sorry. I’ll go get some. Do you need anything else?
Mr. Pearson: Could you bring us some ketchup? This bottle is empty.
Mrs. Pearson: And some more water.
Jim: Certainly.

D:

Jim: Oh, Sandy, could you help me for a second?

Sandy: Sorry, Jim, I can’t right now. I’m busy. But maybe Carmen can.
Jim: Hey, Carmen, could you help me with that table over there?
Carmen: Sure. What do you need?
Jim: Could you give them some napkins and some water? And a bottle of ketchup? I’d really appreciate it.
Carmen: No problem.

E:

Carmen: Uh-oh. Whose briefcase is this? Somebody left it under the table.
Sandy: It probably belongs to that couple at the cashier. This was their table.
Carmen: I’ll go ask… Uh, excuse me. Whose briefcase is this?
Woman: Oh, that’s mine. Thank you very much.
Carmen: You’re welcome.
Unit 8: Which way to ...?

A B C
Bank
St. St. St.
GS

School

Thomas Jefferson St.

Central Park

Abraham Lincoln St.

Go straight ahead for (Go ahead for) (Ahead for)

Keep walking for

Stay on Lincoln St. for

Walk along for

A block (two blocks)

Turn right

Turn left

On the corner

Across from

-Which way to the groceries store? (How can I get the groceries store?)
-Go straight ahead for two blocks. Turn left and keep walking for a block. The groceries store is in the middle of
the block beside the school.

Groceries store Bank Restaurant Pharmacy

Theater Factory Bar Cemetery
Movies Post office Police Station Bookstore
Museum Fire Department Disco
Park Library Hotel
Hospital Department Store Drugstore
Unit 9: What to do?

Sweep the floor Set the table

Do the laundry Make the bed

Iron the clothes Take out the garbage

Wash the dishes Clean the house

Make dinner Go shopping

Watch TV Shake the furniture

Make love Cleaning the yard

Adverbios de tiempo cortos:

always

almost always

often

frequently

usually

sometimes

almost never

never

PP + adverb + verb + complement.

I always clean the house on weekends.

Adverbios de tiempo largos:

Once a day/week/month/year
Twice
Thrice

Every other day/week/month/year.

Everyday.

PP + verb + adverb.
Unit 10: What’s the matter?

The body:

Head (cabeza) Nape (nuca) Back (espalda) Shin (espinilla)

Forehead (frente) Shoulder (hombro) Little finger (meñique) Foot (pie)
Temple (sien) Arm (brazo) Ring finger (anular) Feet (pies)
Eyebrow (ceja) Forearm (antebrazo) Middle finger (del medio) Calf (pantorrilla)
Eyelash (pestaña) Elbow (codo) Index finger (índice) Heel (talón)
Eye (ojo) Wrist (muñeca) Thumb finger (pulgar) Ankle (tobillo)
Ear (oreja) Hand (mano) Fist (puño) Penis (pene)
Nose (nariz) Armpit (axila) Palm (palma) Foreskin (prepucio)
Cheek (mejilla) Chest (pecho hombre) Nail (uña) Testicle (testículo)
Mole (lunar) Breast (pecho mujer) Cuticle (cutícula) Cock, dick, prick
Mouth (boca) Nipple (pezón) Buttocks (nalgas) Labia (labios)
Lip (labio) Waist (cintura) Groin (ingle) Vagina
Jaw (mandíbula) Hip (cadera) Thigh (muslo) Urethra (uretra)
Chin (barbilla) Abdomen Leg (pierna) Clitoris
Neck (cuello) Navel (hombligo) Knee (rodilla) Pussy

Heart (corazón)
Liver (hígado)
Lung (pulmón)
Stomach (estómago)
Kidney (riñón)
Small intestine (intestino delgado)
Large intestine (intestino grueso)
Brain (cerebro)

Tongue (lengua)
Teeth (diente)
Tooth (muela)
Freckle (peca)

(Someone knocks at the doctor’s door)

-Come in!
-Good morning, doc.
-Good morning, Sr. Have a seat, please (Sit down). What’s the matter?
-I have fever, cough, and my body aches.
-OK, let’s see… Open your mouth. Say ‘ah’.
-Ah…
-I see… You’ve got the flue. Take an aspirin every 6 hours, vitamin C every 12 hours and take a rest for a week.
-Thank you, doc.
-You’re welcome. And get better!

Fever (fiebre)
Cough (tos)
Ache (dolor)
Pain (dolor)

Ache:
I have a headache (toothache, stomachache, backache).

Pain:
I have a pain in my left knee (I have a pain in my back).
Unit 11: The weather.

Climate (clima) Cloud (nube) Frost (escarcha)

Temperature (temperatura) Rain (lluvia) Ice (hielo)
Wind (viento) Storm (tormenta) Freeze (helada)
Atmosphere (atmósfera) Mist (neblina) Hurricane (huracán)
Sunshine (luz del sol) Fog (niebla) Tornado
Hail (granizo) Rainbow (arcoiris) Flood (inundación)
Thunder (trueno) Snow (nieve) Monsoon (monzón)

It’s sunny (soleado)

It’s hot (hace calor)
It’s cold (hace frío)
It’s windy (está ventoso)
It’s cloudy (está nublado)
It’s wet (está lluvioso)
It’s warm (está cálido)

I’m hot (tengo calor)

It’s raining (cats and dogs).

It’s 30 degrees.

The four seasons:

Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter

Future ‘WILL’:

Noun + WILL + verb + complement

Ex: I will take a shower.

Next (el próximo, la próxima)

Week (semana)
Weekend (fin de semana)
Holidays (Vacation) (vacaciones)

Next weekend I will go to camping with my family and friends. I will ride horse and bike and later I will swim in a
river. I will speak to my friends about my future plans. After that we will play dominoes and cards. We will drink
some beers and will eat some Italian food.

Future ‘GOING TO’:

Noun + TO BE + GOING TO + Verb + complement.

Ex: I’m going to read a book.

Unit 12: What did you do last holidays?

Last holidays I went to the beach with my girlfriend. We swam in the sea and made a sand castle. I played
football and she played volleyball. Later we ate some Cuban food such as congri rice, pork, fried banana, French
fries, tomatoes salad and drank some beer. After that we napped and spoke about many things. We walked
around the seaside and met new friends. Later we made love in the sea and spoke for a while. We came home
very tired but at the same time very happy. We spent a very nice time together.

Last week I went to camping with my family. We rode horse and bike and swam in a river. We walked around the
riverside and rented a boat. Later we played dominoes and danced to salsa and romantic music.

Last vacation I went to Havana City with my wife. We visited her sister. Next morning we went to a disco and
danced a lot. Later we visited the National Museum and saw many beautiful pictures. At night we went to a party
and drank some beers. We met some people and spoke about a lot of things. At midnight we came home and
made love all night long. Next day we went to the National Aquarium and saw the dolphins show. We enjoyed
very much.

Last summer I did lots of things. One of those Saturdays I went out to dinner with my friends. On Sundays I
stayed at home and watched TV. I saw many films and novels. I went shopping and bought some stuff, such as
clothes and shoes. I sometimes listened to romantic music and read a book. I wrote a letter to my friend Paul
who lives in Manchester.
Second Level:

Unit 1: Have you gone to Havana City before?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

Noun + HAVE-HAS + PP + complement.

I have gone to the beach with my girlfriend. We have swum in the sea and have made a sand castle. I’ve played
football and she has played volleyball. Later we have eaten some Cuban food such as congri rice, pork, fried
banana, French fries, tomatoes salad and have drunk some beer. After that we’ve napped and have spoken
about many things. We have walked around the seaside and have met new friends. Later we’ve made love in the
sea and have spoken for a while. We have come home very tired but at the same time very happy. We have
spent very nice times together.

I’ve gone to camping several times with my family. We’ve ridden horse and bike and have swum in a river.
We’ve walked around the riverside and have rented a boat. Later we’ve played dominoes and have danced to
salsa and romantic music.

On vacation I’ve been to Havana City with my wife. We’ve visited her sister a lot of times. Next morning we’ve
gone to a disco and have danced a lot. Later we’ve visited the National Museum and have seen many beautiful
pictures. At night we’ve gone to a party and have drunk some beers. We’ve met some people and have spoken
about a lot of things. At midnight we’ve come home and have made love all night long. Next day we’ve gone to
the National Aquarium and have seen the dolphins show. We’ve enjoyed very much.

On summers I’ve done lots of things. On Saturdays I’ve gone out to dinner with my friends. On Sundays I’ve
stayed at home and have watched TV. I’ve seen many films and novels. I’ve gone shopping and have bought
some stuff, such as clothes and shoes. I’ve sometimes listened to romantic music and have read a book. I’ve
written a letter to my friend Paul who lives in Manchester.

How long…? (¿Cuánto tiempo?)

Ex: How long have you been there?

Exercise:

1. Imagine you are going to visit a friend in another city or town. Answer his or her letter, saying what
you have and haven’t done.

2. Answer the questions with your own information.

a) How long have you lived in your town or city?

___________________________________________________________________________________

b) Where did you live before?

___________________________________________________________________________________

c) Where are you working and/or studying now?

___________________________________________________________________________________

d) How long have you worked/studied there?

___________________________________________________________________________________

e) Where did you work/study before?

___________________________________________________________________________________
Unit 2: What were you doing there?

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:

Noun + WAS-WERE + Verb-ING + complement.

Ex: I was taking a shower…

This tense is used to express two actions, but one of them happens while the other one IS HAPPENING at that
moment. So, it’s natural to find two tenses at the same sentence: SIMPLE PAST and PAST CONTINUOUS,
using WHEN or WHILE.

Ex: I was cleaning my bedroom when you arrived.

Exercise 1: Complete the story with either the past continuous or the simple past tense of the verbs in
parentheses:

While I was working (work) late one night, I __________________ (hear) a strange noise coming from the office
next to mine. I __________________ (think) all my coworkers were gone for the day, so the noise
__________________ (scare) me a little. I __________________ (get up) to find out what it was when I
__________________ (hear) it again. I __________________ (walk) to the door quickly and
__________________ (look) into the hallway. When I __________________ (not, see) anything, I
__________________ (decide) to go into the office next door. While I __________________ (turn) the
doorknob, I __________________ (hear) the noise again. I __________________ (open) the door slowly and
__________________ (look) into the office. I couldn’t see anything in the dark, so I __________________ (turn
on) the light. While my eyes __________________ (get) used to the light, I __________________ (hear) the
noise again. It __________________ (come) from behind the desk. While I __________________ (walk) quietly
toward the desk, I __________________ a pair of feet. My coworker Kathy __________________ (sleep) on the
floor behind her desk! Suddenly, she __________________ (wake up) and __________________ (see) me.
“Oh, no!” she said. “Is it morning?” I __________________ (laugh) very hard, so I __________________ (not,
answer) at first. Finally, while Kathy __________________ (get up) off the floor, I __________________ (stop)
laughing. “I’m so embarrassed!” she said. “While I __________________ (work) at my computer, I
__________________ (feel) really tired. I have to finish a report by tomorrow, so I __________________
(decide) to take a nap. I guess I was more tired than I __________________ (think)!”

Exercise 2: Complete the story with either the past continuous or the simple past tense of the verbs in
parentheses:

While I was working (work) late one night, I __________________ (hear) a strange noise coming from the office
next to mine. I __________________ (think) all my coworkers were gone for the day, so the noise
__________________ (scare) me a little. I __________________ (get up) to find out what it was when I
__________________ (hear) it again. I __________________ (walk) to the door quickly and
__________________ (look) into the hallway. When I __________________ (not, see) anything, I
__________________ (decide) to go into the office next door. While I __________________ (turn) the
doorknob, I __________________ (hear) the noise again. I __________________ (open) the door slowly and
__________________ (look) into the office. I couldn’t see anything in the dark, so I __________________ (turn
on) the light. While my eyes __________________ (get) used to the light, I __________________ (hear) the
noise again. It __________________ (come) from behind the desk. While I __________________ (walk) quietly
toward the desk, I __________________ a pair of feet. My coworker Kathy __________________ (sleep) on the
floor behind her desk! Suddenly, she __________________ (wake up) and __________________ (see) me.
“Oh, no!” she said. “Is it morning?” I __________________ (laugh) very hard, so I __________________ (not,
answer) at first. Finally, while Kathy __________________ (get up) off the floor, I __________________ (stop)
laughing. “I’m so embarrassed!” she said. “While I __________________ (work) at my computer, I
__________________ (feel) really tired. I have to finish a report by tomorrow, so I __________________
(decide) to take a nap. I guess I was more tired than I __________________ (think)!”
Unit 3: Writing letters.

October 9, 1994.

Dear Sam,

I have a new job. I work in a video store. I help customers and I order new movies. I usually work from 10:00
A.M. to 6:00 P.M. Monday to Friday, but sometimes I have to work on weekends too.

I like my job, but my free time is very important to me. On my days off, I almost always get up early, clean the
apartment, do the laundry, and go shopping. In the afternoon, I like to go to the movies. Sometimes I see two or
three movies in one day!

In the evening, I meet my friends Molly and Dave for dinner. We prefer to eat out, but sometimes we cook –
usually at my apartment.

Well, I’ve got to go now. Write soon!

Warm regards,
Pete.

June 5, 2014.

Dear _______________,

I’m so happy to hear you can visit this summer. I would like to take you to see some of the sights, but I know
you’ve seen some of them already. Could you write and tell me what you’ve already done and what you’d like to
do here?

What historical places have you seen? Are there any interesting places you haven’t been to yet? Have you seen
much of the countryside?

My mother says to send her love to your family. See you in July.

Sincerely, Charlie.

December 4.

Dear _________________,

I haven’t written any letters in ages because I’ve been so busy, but I’ve been thinking about you lately. I just got
a scholarship to study in the U.S., and I’ll probably go there in September. I’m not sure where I want to go yet,
but I want to find a college with a good English program.

I’ve been studying very hard, so I haven’t had much free time. I’ve been swimming of course, and I’ve seen a
few movies –but that’s about all.

How have you been? What have you been doing lately? Have you been anywhere exciting? Please write soon.

Love,
Carmen.
Unit 4: Have you been working since then?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

Noun + HAVE-HAS BEEN + Verb-ING + complement.

Ex: I have been living here since 1992.

SINCE: indicates that there’s no a specific amount of time.

FOR: indicates a specific amount of time.

Lo usamos cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una acción que ha comenzado en el
pasado y que dura todavía en el presente o que acaba de terminar. Entonces utilizamos el pretérito perfecto
progresivo para referirnos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un período de tiempo, por ejemplo: for two
weeks, for two hours, for five minutes, since yesterday...

Example 1: I'm very angry. I have been waiting for two hours!

En este caso la acción empezó en el pasado y acaba de terminar pero los efectos o consecuencias de la acción
duran en estos momentos, que sería estar enfadados.

Example 2: I have been working in this issue since the morning. -now I'm still working on it-

En este caso he estado realizando una acción en el pasado, que todavía continúo realizando.

Example 3: I'm tired because I have been walking all the day.

En este caso nos habla de una acción que empezó en el pasado y que acaba de terminar y por la cual estamos
cansados ahora.

Example 4: It has been raining all the day.

En este caso la acción empezó en el pasado y continúa en el presente.

Example 5: I think she has been crying.

Cuando no indicamos la duración de la acción damos a entender con el PP que ha sido recientemente.

Example 6: They've been living here since I was young.

They've been working here since I was eighteen.

En estos dos ejemplos nos encontramos con los verbos Live y Work, donde no encontramos diferencia al hablar
en pretérito perfecto o pretérito perfecto progresivo.

Exercise: Complete the conversation, using for or since and questions with How long.

A: Hello, Beatrice. I haven’t seen you since the Ray’s party. How are you?
B: I’m just fine, thanks. Listen, Carlos, I saw Walter Kemp the other day. He says hello.
A: How long have you known Walter?
B: Oh, I’ve known him __________ elementary school. We grew up together in Boston. He’s living in Colorado
now, you know.
A: Really? ____________________________________________________________
B: _________ about three years, I think. After his wife died, he and the boys moved there.
A: Is he still a travel agent?
B: Yes, and he’s doing very well. He has his own agency now.
A: Good for him! _______________________________________________________
B: ___________ two years.
A: I hear you have your own business too.
B: __________ last January.
Unit 5: The Comparative and Superlative.

Reglas para formar los comparativos y los superlativos:

Para adjetivos cortos o de una sílaba:

Comparación:

Para formar comparaciones se le añade al adjetivo la terminación –er than.

Por ejemplo, el adjetivo fast (rápido) acabaría con -er: faster (más rápido).

A train is faster than a bicycle. (Un tren es más rápido que una bicicleta).
A sea is larger than a lake. (El mar es más grande que un lago).

Superlativo:

Para formar el superlativo el adjetivo acabará con -est.

Siempre irá precedido del artículo The.

Entonces el adjetivo old (viejo) acabaría con -est: the oldest (el más viejo/mayor).

My father is the oldest. (Mi padre es el más mayor).

An ocean is the largest. (Un océano es el más grande).

Excepciones en el Comparativo:

A los adjetivos que terminan en “E” se les coloca solamente “R” al final.
Los que terminan en Vocal + Consonante se les dobla la consonante y se agrega ER.
Los que terminan en “y” se sustituye por “i” y se añade ER.

Para adjetivos que terminan en "E" de dos sílabas:

Comparativo:

Por ejemplo, al adjetivo close (cerca) se le añade solamente la R (más cerca que).

That building is closer than the bank. (Ese edificio está más cerca que el banco).

Superlativo: (el más)

That building is the closest. (Ese edificio es el más cerca).

Para adjetivos que terminan en "Vocal + Consonante" de una o dos sílabas:

Por ejemplo, al adjetivo big (grande) se le dobla la G y se añade ER (más grande que).

The airplane is bigger than the bus. (El avión es más grande que el autobús).

Superlativo: (el más)

The airplane is the biggest. (El avión es el más grande).

Para adjetivos que terminan en "y" de dos sílabas:

Comparativo:

Por ejemplo, el adjetivo easy (fácil) acabaría con -ier: easier (más fácil que).

This work is easier than yours. (Este trabajo es más fácil que el tuyo).
Superlativo:

Por ejemplo, el adjetivo ugly (feo) acabaría con -iest: the ugliest (el más feo).

This man is the ugliest. (Este hombre es el más feo).

Para adjetivos largos de dos, tres y cuatro sílabas:

Comparación:

Para formar comparaciones, el adjetivo irá precedido de la palabra more.

Por ejemplo, el adjetivo modern (moderno) sería more modern (más moderno).

This house is more modern. (Esta casa es más moderna).

Superlativo:

Para formar el superlativo, el adjetivo irá precedido por: The most.

El adjetivo beautiful (hermoso) sería: The most beautiful (el más hermoso).

This woman is the most beautiful. (Esta mujer es la más hermosa).

Los adjetivos irregulares:

Son unos adjetivos que tienen sintaxis particular para comparaciones y superlativos:

Adjective: Comparative: Superlative:

good (bueno) better (mejor) The best (el mejor)
bad (malo) worse (peor) The worst (el peor)
far (lejos) further-farther (más lejos) The furthet-farthest (el más lejos)

Another Examples:

I'm stronger. (Soy más fuerte)

I'm stronger than you. (Soy más fuerte que tú)
This car is more comfortable than yours. (Este coche es más confortable que el tuyo)
She's got the same dress than yours. (Tiene el mismo vestido que tú)
You are as fast as him. (Eres tan rápido como él)
You're not as good as him! (No eres tan bueno como él)
He's the richest man in the town. (El es el hombre más rico de la ciudad)
She's the most beautiful actress I know. (Ella es la actriz más hermosa que conozco)

Fast faster than the fastest

Close closer than the closest
Big bigger than the biggest
Busy busier than the busiest
Noisy noisier than the noisiest
Funny funnier than the funniest

Polite more polite than the most polite

Gossiper more gossiper than the most gossiper
Interesting more interesting than the most interesting
Intelligent more intelligent than the most intelligent
Sensitive more sensitive than the most sensitive
Expensive more expensive than the most expensive
Inexpensive less expensive than the least expensive
Impoliteless polite than the least polite
Unit 6: I had eaten when you arrived.

Noun + HAD + PP + complement.

1. Use the past perfect to emphasize that one event in the past occurred before another.

I had (I’d) already finished school when I got my first job.

(First, I finished school. Then I got the job).

2. Use the past perfect to refer to something that began in the past and continued until another point in the past.

I had (I’d) always enjoyed running until I entered my first race.

Unit 7: How much or how many.

Se utiliza "much" (mucho) y "little" (poco) con sustantivos que no se pueden contar:

-Did he drink much water?

-No, he drank little water.

-Do you have much time?

-No, I have little time.

Mientras que "many " (mucho) y "few" (poco) se utilizan con sustantivos que se pueden contar:

-Do you have many books?

-No, I have few books.

-Does he have many brothers?

-No, he has few brothers.

"Much" y "many" se utilizan principalmente en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, ya que en oraciones

afirmativas se suelen sustituir ambos por "a lot of" (muchos, un montón):

-Do you have many friends?

-Yes, I have a lot of friends.
-No, I don't have many friends.

-Did you spend much money?

-Yes, I spent a lot of money.
-No, I didn't spend much money.

No obstante, "much" y "many" sí se utilizan en oraciones afirmativas cuando van precedidos por algunas
partículas, como "so" (tanto), "too" (demasiado), etc.:

-He has so many friends....

-You have too many doubts.

-We drank too much alcohol.

-We spent so much money....

Unit 8: Writing articles. How does it work?

Spectrum 5:

Dialogue 1:

Dialogue 2:
Dialogue 3:

Dialogue 4:
Dialogue 5:

Dialogue 6:
Dialogue 7:

Dialogue 8:
Dialogue 9:

Dialogue 10:
Dialogue 11:
Third Level:

Unit 1: The Continuous Tenses.

1. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

I am taking a shower in this moment.

2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:

I was taking a shower when you came.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

I have been taking a shower for two hours.

4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:

I will be taking a shower when you call.

Negative sentences:

TO BE: All Continuous tenses use this form. TO DO: (All verbs except TO BE or any PERFECT TENSE)

PRESENT TENSE: PRESENT TENSE:

-Are you Mr. Harrison? -Do you need a car?
-No, I’m not (Yes, I am). -No, I don’t (Yes, I do).

-Is she in the yard? -Does she prefer the apple?

-No, she isn’t (Yes, she is). -No, she doesn’t (Yes, she does).

-Are you studying? PAST TENSE:

-No, I’m not (Yes, I am). -Did you like the performance?
-No, I didn’t (Yes, I did).
PAST TENSE:
-Was he in the park?
-No, he wasn’t (Yes, he was).

-Were you dancing?

-No, I wasn’t (Yes, I was).

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: All verbs.

-Have you been to Havana City?

-No, I haven’t (Yes, I have).

-Has he written a letter to Mary?

-No, he hasn’t (Yes, he has).

FUTURE TENSES: All verbs.

-Will you come tomorrow night?

-No, I won’t (Yes, I will).
Unit 2: The Passive Voice.

Forma pasiva:
La forma pasiva en inglés, al igual que en castellano, se forma utilizando el verbo auxiliar "to be", acompañado
del participio (past participle) del verbo principal:

The match is played. (El partido es jugado)

The house is built. (La casa es construida)
The book is read. (El libro es leído)

La diferencia que se puede observar con el castellano es que, mientras en éste el participio concuerda en
género y número con el sujeto; en inglés, al ser la forma del participio única, no se produce dicha concordancia:

The boy’s hair is combed. (El niño es peinado)

The girl’s hair is combed. (La niña es peinada)
The children’s hair is combed. (Los niños son peinados)

Si mencionamos en la oración el sujeto agente, es decir, el sujeto que realiza la acción, éste va introducido por
la preposición "by":

This boy’s hair is combed by his mother. (Este niño es peinado por su madre)
The book is read by my sister. (El libro es leído por mi hermana)
Dinner is cooked by her husband. (La cena es preparada por el marido)

Cuando transformamos una oración activa en su equivalente pasiva el proceso es el siguiente:

a) El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser sujeto de la pasiva.
b) El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, acompañado del participio del
verbo principal.
c) El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva.

Active Form: Passive Form

I watch this program. This program is watched by me.
I cleaned my car. The car was cleaned by me.
You have read this book. This book has been read by you.

Todas las formas activas tienen su equivalente pasiva, incluidas las formas continuas. Todas ellas se
construyen, como hemos indicado, poniendo el verbo auxiliar de la oración pasiva en el mismo tiempo que el
verbo principal de la oración activa:

I watch my hands. My hands are watched by me.

I watched my hands.
I will watch my hands.
I am watching my hands.
I have watched my hands.
I would watch my hands.
My hands were watched by me.
My hands will be watched by me.
My hands are being watched by me.
My hands have been watched by me.
My hands would be watched by me.

Generalmente y no siendo absolute, la fórmula usada sería:

Active: Noun + verb + complement.

Passive: Complement + TO BE (in the same Tense the main verb is in the active) + PP + BY + Noun.

Ex:

Active: Mary writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Mary.

Unit 3: What do you think about…?

Movies. Music. Love. Family. Friendship. English.

Fashion. Marriage. Health. War. Youth. Old age.

I think…

In my point of view…

In my opinion…

In my way to see the life…

Unit 4: The Indirect Speech.

The Rule in the Indirect Speech:

IF: Present Tense USE: Past Tense

Past Tense Past Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense

Future WILL Conditional WOULD

I go to the beach.
He said that he went to the beach.

I went to the beach.

She said that she had gone to the beach.

I’ve gone to the beach.

He said that he had gone to the beach.

I’ll go to the beach.

She said that she’d go to the beach.
Unit 5: Reading, writing and interpreting articles.

IT:

1-Indicating specific situation: used to refer to a situation just described, or to an unspecified or implied
situation:

He's very upset, but he won't talk about it.

2-Indicating point of view: used to indicate feelings or a viewpoint on a particular situation:

It's strange how things turn out.

3-Indicating something reported: used in the formation of passive sentences reporting a situation:

It was reported that several people had been arrested.

4-Indicating weather: used as the subject of verbs such as "be," "get," "seem," and "feel" in order to describe
something about the environment such as the temperature or the weather:

It's cold and rainy.

5-Indicating time: used to state the time, e.g. the time of day, the month, the year, or the season:

It's six o'clock.

6-Indicating description of experience: used to refer to life or a particular experience:

What's it like being famous?

7-Emphasizing following clause: used to draw attention to the person, thing, or clause that immediately
follows:

It's you who are always complaining!

It isn't that I don't care.

8-Indicating crisis: the crucial or ultimate point, the perfect situation, person, or thing, or the death or end of
somebody or something:

When the car turned over I really thought that was it.

9-Attractive or selling quality: a quality considered by somebody to be the most important, e.g. talent, charm,
sex appeal, or profitability (informal):

You either have it or you don't.

10-LEISURE: player in children's games: in children's informal games, the player who must do something to
the others, e.g. run after and touch them in the game of tag:

You're it!
Unit 6: I agree or I disagree… I think so or I don’t think so…

VERBOS MODALES:

Can: Indica habilidades o posibilidad.

Ejemplos:
I can speak English.
The doctor can see you at 3.00.
Can you speak German?

Could: Es el pasado de can. También se utiliza para preguntar por algo, pero más educadamente que con can.
Ejemplos:
Could you speak Japanese before you went to Japan?
Tony could swim when he was six.
Could you help me?

May: Lo utilizamos para decir que algo es posible o muy probable. Lo usamos con el presente o futuro. También
se utiliza para preguntar por algo pero más educadamente que con el could.
Ejemplos:
I may stay at home or I may go to a disco.
May I use your dictionary?

Might: Es el pasado de may. También se usa para expresar una eventualidad pero con más probabilidad.
Ejemplo:
Be careful. You might burn yourself.

Must: Se utiliza cuando pensamos o realizamos algo que es necesario o muy probable. La forma negativa
equivale a una prohibición. Para hablar en pasado o futuro debemos usar el modal have to.
Ejemplos:
I am really tired. I must go home now.
You must keep your room tidy (ordenada).

Have to: Lo utilizamos para expresar que algo es necesario. Para formular la pregunta y la negación debemos
utilizar el auxiliar do. El pasado es had to.
Ejemplos:
You have to drive on the right in the USA.
I don't have to wear a uniform at school.
Did you have to work yesterday?

Should: Se utiliza para dar consejo o una opinión.

Ejemplos:
You should have a holiday.
You shouldn't work so hard.
What do you think I should do?

Ought to: Tiene el mismo uso que should, para dar consejo u opinión.
Ejemplos:
Your uncle was very kind to me. I ought to write him a letter to thank.

Would / would like: Would se utiliza en general para las frases condicionales. Lo usamos para predicciones,
ofrecimientos y para preguntar por algo educadamente.
Ejemplos:
I would like to go to London.
Peter was working very hard. He would be tired tomorrow.

Unit 7: Doing tests.

Unit 8: The First, the Second and the Third levels.